DOCSLIB.ORG

Seminar Brazil–India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seminar Brazil–India ICWA-FUNAG SEMINAR BRAZIL–INDIA: 70 YEARS OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 16 – 17 May 2018 Paulo Nogueira Batista Auditorium Brasilia Lecture Series “70 Years of Brazil-India Relations (Where we came, current challenges in bilateral relations and road for greater approximation)” Prof. Abdul Nafey School of International Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi • ’70 Years’ is a fairly long time-frame to identify “challenges” and delineate scope for “greater approximation”. Let me cover the last 10-12 years – that is, the period since 2006 when Brazil and India decided to lock themselves into a ‘strategic partnership’. The period tells us a lot about the possibilities of “greater approximation” and also the “challenges” which are, I am afraid, mostly of our own making. Here four points are in order: 1. A seminar like this, brining the two think-tanks together, would have been unthinkable some ten years ago. Of all the countries in the LAC region, Brazil alone is India’s ‘strategic partner’ – meaning thereby that there are some identified long-term complementarities in the areas of development, democracy, security and diplomacy, etc. 2. The two countries have rich intellectual capital – an intellectual capital which is capable of developing alternative discourse on development and global order. 3. As their horizons expand and capabilities rise, the challenge for Brazil and India is whether they want to seize the momentum of agenda-setting at regional and global levels. 4. At the minimal level, they need to talk to each other regularly. Simply because, it is in their respective “national interests” – doesn’t matter how narrowly their governments of the day define the term “national interest”. The state of ‘in-betweenity’ • States such as India and Brazil are “in-between” states. What is this state of ‘in- betweenity’? They do many things; but they cannot do everything. They are not a pushover either. Also they are too big to fit into anybody’s pocket. Countries like Brazil and India invariably would have a mind of their own on most issues of global and regional importance. • In the past, they had more limited number of resources; may be they still need resources more to spend on their huge domestic agendas. But as their capabilities rise, you see them undertake greater responsibility ; and even launch global initiatives on their own. The capability-commitment gap has narrowed down a lot. • From their own historical experiences, they also bring to the international agenda new issues and values to champion – issues and values which are much closer to the hearts and minds of other developing countries too. • India and Brazil do lots of things which are right at the international level; though they may not be grabbing the global headlines – the way great powers do. • All of the above make the ‘in-between’ states essentially coalition builders. Brazil and India are excellent coalition builders. By that very experience, they also bring consensus and harmony in diverse national positions on specific issues. Strategic partnership: for what and why?; • The answer perhaps lies in the statement, signed here in Brasilia in September 2006, and the Joint Statement that was released after the bilateral meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Brazilian President Michel Temer in Goa in October 2016. The two statements incorporate a whole range of ideas; they read almost like a wish-list. They are an expression of intention; an identification of wide-ranging interests where mutuality and complementarities exist between the two countries. 2006 – The 2006 document identified 3 principal strands to their strategic partnership: bilateral, regional and international – To “intensify” links in trade, agriculture and science and technology. The two countries also signed some eight MOUs; interestingly in some very specific areas – human settlement, plant health protection, cultural festivals; (& football). – To start a strategic dialogue on “regional and international issues” – among others on energy security, and international terrorism. – “Closer coordination in international forums”. Mention was made of WTO and the UN Security Council – one stuck on the issue of protectionism and trade distorting practices of the rich countries, and the other on its outdated composition and structure. Context and the mood was very different • There was a context, a background to the Joint Statement and creation of the ‘strategic partnership’ in 2006. • Starting in the 1990s, Brazil’s foreign policy orientation and interests had begun moving towards the dynamic economies of Asia. As for India, the process of economic liberalization, which started in the early 1990s, had begun producing positive results in the second half of the 1990s in the form of higher and sustained growth rates. • At the turn of the century, thoughts, interests and policies had begun converging. As Brazil and India discovered complementarities, they had also begun to converge their views on a number of global issues: crisis of UN multilateralism; discriminatory and trade distorting practices of the developed world; and negative fall-outs of economic globalization. • The upshot of all this was the increase in the number of high level visits; and rise in two-way trade. Starting around 2001, Brazil discovered the Indian pharmaceutical sector. By 2005, Indian pharmaceutical firms had a the annual business of over $400 million with Brazil – supplying bulk drugs, finished formulations as well as local production. Major Indian pharma companies had set up subsidiaries/manufacturing plants by 2005-06 – Ranbaxy, Strides Arco Labs, Torrent, Claris Life Sciences and Wockhardt. It is said that thanks to cooperation in the area of pharmaceuticals, Brazil had become the fifth largest producer of generic drugs by 2005 – which had a deep meaning for Brazil’s public health programme. • Indian IT companies also made a huge impact. TCS had set up its software development centres in various countries of the LAC region; its operation in Brazil alone employed more than 1200 local staff in 2005. Be it pharma or IT, Indian companies, it was said, created jobs and imparted new skills and knowledge to the local staff. Given the value addition and knowledge-based thrust of Indian ventures, a write-up in the New York Times (21 June 2006) had speculated whether India could be a model of a knowledge economy for Latin America. • Ethanol and sugar were other areas where Indian business showed interest in investment. ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL), followed by other Indian oil companeis, had arrived in Brazil in search of both oil producing assets and prospecting and production in the offshore sector. • Two-way trade crossed the $2 billion mark. In 2005, Indian export to Brazil had reached $1.20 billion and import from Brazil was $1.13 billion. Increased numbers in visits and trade were a reflection of change in the mindsets at the political and business levels in the two countries. • India’s GDP growth rate of 9% and above, starting 2005, made big Brazilian companies take note of the promise and power of the emerging economy. CVRD, the mining giant of Brazil, announced opening of its office in New Delhi. Petrobras of Brazil showed keenness to enter into oil exploration and production and had a tie-up with GAIL. Marco Polo, the Brazilian bus body building company, formed a joint venture with Tata Motors in 2006. There was scope for production of aircrafts in collaboration with Embraer of Brazil. Defence was another area wherein India and Brazil showed interest for cooperation. • In 2004, President Lula visited India. He galvanized the Mercosur into signing the Preferential Trading Agreement (PTA) with India in March 2005. Preferential duty (10-20 per cent in most cases) was given to 450 Indian products entering Mercosur and reciprocal concession given to 450 products of Mercosur entering India. It was agreed that the PTA would become effective in 2006 after parliamentary approvals. • Mind-sets had changed at both the levels of government and private business. In 2007, Brazilian president came to India at the head of more than 100 Brazilian businessmen. Brazil-India CEOs Forum was established with Tata and Petrobras heads leading the charge. • Global context was favourable. In a span of two months, Brazil and India had become one trillion dollar economies – Brazil in April and India in May 2007. At multilateral level, the two countries were also moving in concert – formation of the G-4; India and Brazil in G-20+ of agricultural exporting countries etc. • Historical context thus tells us that the ‘strategic partnership’ had a rationale and a justification. 2016 • A decade later, the two countries decided to “reinforce” their strategic partnership. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Michel Temer agreed in their bilateral meeting at Goa in 2016 to “scale up” their engagement. – The world had changed a lot since 2006. The Joint Statement (16 October 2016) acknowledges that the decade long bilateral strategic partnership has “opened a new phase” for India-Brazil relations. The detailed document, running into about two thousand words, covers about everything that Brazil and India could conceivably think of for cooperation. – The Joint Statement also elaborated upon the institutional mechanisms. It contains a list of fairly large number of commissions, committees and panels for dialogue and to hammer out convergences to cover a host of issues from trade to agriculture, science & technology to animal husbandry. – As in 2006, the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • China-India Relations Strategic Engagement and Challenges
    AAssiiee..VViissiioonnss 3344 ______________________________________________________________________ China-India Relations Strategic Engagement and Challenges ______________________________________________________________________ Zhang Li September 2010 . Center for Asian Studies The Institut français des relations internationals (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-86592-774-6 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2010 IFRI IFRI-BRUXELLES 27, RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THERESE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 – FRANCE 1000 – BRUXELLES – BELGIQUE Tel: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tel: +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax: +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] WEBSITE: Ifri.org China Program, Center for Asian Studies, IFRI The Ifri China Program‟s objectives are: . To organise regular exchanges with Chinese elites and enhance mutual trust through the organi- zation of 4 annual seminars in Paris or Brussels around Chinese participants.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Powers: India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) and the Future of South-South Cooperation
    AUGUST 2009 SPECIAL REPORT EMERGING POWERS: INDIA, BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA) AND THE FUTURE OF SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION INTRODUCTION Paulo Sotero, Director Brazil Institute, Woodrow Wilson Center India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA) are transcending geographical, historical, and regional differences in order to promote their individual and collective interests at a time when the current economic hardship and declining U.S. hegemony mean greater opportunities for emerging countries in the global South. Since its inception at the margins of the expanded G-8 Summit held in Evian, France, in 2003, the group, officially established in 2004 as the IBSA Dialogue Forum, has held three Summits – in Brasília in 2006, in Pretoria in 2007, and in New Delhi in 2008. The three foreign ministers have met at least once a year and a num- ber of trilateral official consultations have taken place at lower levels. The IBSA Forum has also facilitated interaction amongst Indian, South African and Brazilian academics, business leaders, and other members of civil society. Despite IBSA’s contributions to the future of multilateralism, it continues to face profound challenges in distinguishing itself from other similar groupings. The proliferation of regional organizations in the post-cold war era begs the question: “What makes IBSA unique, what has it achieved in its first five years of existence, and what is its future?” On May 22, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Brazil Institute, Africa Program, and Asia Program jointly welcomed politicians and scholars from the IBSA countries to discuss these questions and the implications of IBSA coop- eration for its member countries and the greater developing world.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Relations of India from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Foreign relations of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia India has formal diplomatic relations with most nations; it is the world's second most populous country, the Navigation Republic of India world's most-populous democracy and one of the fastest growing major economies.[1] With the world's seventh Main page largest military expenditure,[2] ninth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest by purchasing power Contents parity, India is a regional power,[3] a nascent great power and a potential superpower. India's growing Featured content international influence gives it a prominent voice in global affairs. Current events India is a newly industrialized country, it has a long history of collaboration with several countries and is Random article considered a leader of the developing world.[4][5] India was one of the founding members of several international Donate to Wikipedia organizations, most notably the United Nations, the Asian Development Bank, G20 industrial nations and the founder of the Non-aligned movement. India has also played an important and influential role in other Interaction international organizations like East Asia Summit,[6] World Trade Organization,[7] International Monetary Fund (IMF),[8] G8+5[9] and IBSA Dialogue Forum.[10] Regionally, India is a part of SAARC and BIMSTEC. India has Help taken part in several UN peacekeeping missions and in 2007, it was the second-largest troop contributor to the About Wikipedia United Nations.[11] India
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 32, Issue 2 2008 Article 1 The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas Dr. Rafael Leal-Arcas∗ ∗ Copyright c 2008 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas Dr. Rafael Leal-Arcas Abstract This Article aims at understanding the potential of partnerships of the European Union (‘EU‘) with emergent global actors (the so-called new leading powers (‘NLPs‘) or ‘BRIC countries‘), focusing on international trade law and policy. Although the power base of these actors (Brazil, Russia, India, and China–the BRIC countries) is their respective region (South America for the case of Brazil, Eastern Europe for Russia, the Subcontinent for India, and the Far East for China), there may be specific policy areas in which their influence might be global. With this in mind, the Article raises interesting questions: Is the EU an attractive trade partner for the new leading powers? Does the EU want cooperation with the BRIC countries? What can the EU expect from cooperation with the BRIC countries? What are the characteristics of these partners? What are the EU’s priorities in its foreign trade policy? With which partners should the EU cooperate in which policy areas? With which instruments can the EU engage these partners and how can internal coordination within the EU be ensured? ARTICLES THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NEW LEADING POWERS: TOWARDS PARTNERSHIP IN STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY AREAS* Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • India: Latin America's Next Big Thing? Making Perspective.” Latin America's Next Big Thing?
    INTEGRATION AND TRADE “This book makes an unprecedented contribution to understanding the past, present, and possible futures of economic relations between Latin America and India. Will these relations follow the same path taken by Latin America and China? If not, how might they differ? Using solid knowledge of economic history, hard-to-get data, and sound comparative analysis, the authors shed light on challenges that will be faced in India: coming years to intensify these relations, arguing that eventual success can be a win-win proposition. A book worth reading from both an academic and a policy- India: Latin America's Next Big Thing? making perspective.” Latin America's Next Big Thing? Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Institute Mauricio Mesquita Moreira (IFHC), Former President of Brazil Coordinator "India and Latin America are increasingly important actors on the global economic stage. Yet in terms of their engagement with each other, they could be likened to two giant ships passing in the night. India: Latin America's next big thing? poses a highly pertinent question and explains why the answer may well be affirmative sooner than we might guess. Thoroughly researched and clearly presented, this study examines C the major economic questions facing India and Latin America. By elucidating the M uneven and sequentially eccentric development paths both have taken, the study Y asks how their growing interaction could benefit each. A very useful source for CM economists and non-economists alike interested
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the SSE Landscape in India and Brazil Through South-South and Triangular Cooperation
    Mapping the SSE Landscape in India and Brazil through South-South and Triangular Cooperation: Gender-Based Initiatives in Social and Solidarity Economy By Anup Dash and Leandro Morais Research Coordinated by: Anita Amorim Emerging and Special Partnerships Unit Partnerships and Field Support ILO, Geneva December 2015 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2016 First published 2015 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN numbers: 978-92-2-131201-7 (print) 978-92-2-131202-4 (web pdf) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharing of Social Sectors Experiences in IBSA: Assessment of Initiatives and Way Forward
    A Think-Tank RIS Discussion Papers RIS of Developing Countries Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) is a New Delhi–based autonomous policy research institute that specialises Sharing of Social Sectors Experiences in IBSA: in issues related to international economic development, trade, Assessment of Initiatives and Way Forward investment and technology. RIS is envisioned as a forum for fostering effective policy dialogue and capacity-building among developing Beena Pandey countries on global and regional economic issues. The focus of the work programme of RIS is to promote South-South Cooperation and collaborate with developing countries in multilateral negotiations in various forums. RIS is engaged across inter-governmental processes of several regional economic cooperation initiatives. Through Discussion Paper # 201 its intensive network of think tanks, RIS seeks to strengthen policy coherence on international economic issues and the development partnership canvas. For more information about RIS and its work programme, please visit its website: www.ris.org.in Policy research to shape the international development agenda RIS Research and Information System for Developing Countries RIS Research and Information System Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India. for Developing Countries Ph. 91-11-2468 2177-80, Fax: 91-11-2468 2173-74-75 Email: [email protected], Website: http://www.ris.org.in Sharing of Social Sectors Experiences in IBSA: Assessment of Initiatives and Way Forward Beena Pandey RIS-DP # 201 January 2016 Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 (India) Tel: +91-11-2468 2177/2180; Fax: +91-11-2468 2173/74 Email: [email protected] RIS Discussion Papers intend to disseminate preliminary findings of the research carried out within the framework of institute’s work programme or related research.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Better Global Economic Brics
    Economics Global Economics Research from the GS Financial WorkbenchSM at https://www.gs.com Paper No: 66 Building Better Global Economic BRICs n In 2001 and 2002, real GDP growth in large emerging market economies will exceed that of the G7. n At end-2000, GDP in US$ on a PPP basis in Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) was about 23.3% of world GDP. On a current GDP basis, BRIC share of world GDP is 8%. n Using current GDP, China’s GDP is bigger than that of Italy. n Over the next 10 years, the weight of the BRICs and especially China in world GDP will grow, raising important issues about the global economic impact of fiscal and monetary policy in the BRICs. n In line with these prospects, world policymaking forums should be re-organised and in particular, the G7 should be adjusted to incorporate BRIC representatives. Many thanks to David Blake, Paulo Leme, Binit Jim O’Neill Patel, Stephen Potter, David Walton and others in the Economics Department for their helpful 30th November 2001 suggestions. Important disclosures appear at the end of this document. Goldman Sachs Economic Research Group In London Jim O’Neill, M.D. & Head of Global Economic Research +44(0)20 7774 1160 Gavyn Davies, M.D. & Chief International Economist David Walton, M.D. & Chief European Economist Andrew Bevan, M.D. & Director of International Bond Economic Research Erik Nielsen, Director of New European Markets Economic Research Stephen Potter, E.D. & Senior Global Economist Al Breach, E.D & International Economist Linda Britten, E.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emerging Economies and Climate Change
    SHIFTING POWER Critical perspectives on emerging economies TNI WORKING PAPERS THE EMERGING ECONOMIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE A CASE STUDY OF THE BASIC GROUPING PRAFUL BIDWAI The Emerging Economies and Climate Change: A case study of the BASIC grouping PRAFUL BIDWAI* Among the most dramatic and far-reaching geopolitical developments of the post-Cold War era is the shift in the locus of global power away from the West with the simultaneous emergence as major powers of former colonies and other countries in the South, which were long on the periphery of international capi- talism. As they clock rapid GDP growth, these “emerging economies” are trying to assert their new identities and interests in a variety of ways. These include a demand for reforming the structures of global governance and the United Nations system (especially the Security Council) and the formation of new plurilateral blocs and associations among nations which seek to challenge or counterbalance existing patterns of dominance in world economic and political affairs. BASIC, made up of Brazil, South Africa, India and China, which acts as a bloc in the negotiations under the auspices of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is perhaps the most sharply focused of all these groupings. Beginning with the Copenhagen climate summit of 2009, BASIC has played a major role in shaping the negotiations which were meant to, but have failed to, reach an agreement on cooperative climate actions and obligations on the part of different countries and country-groups to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions, warn scientists, are dangerously warming up the Earth and causing irreversible changes in the world’s climate system.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with India: a Window of Opportunity
    Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with India: A window of opportunity Extra-Regional Relations Regional Meeting on economic and trade relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with nations of the Pacific, India and Africa Caracas, Venezuela 9 and 10 October 2014 SP/RRRECALCPIA/DT N° 2-14 Copyright © SELA, October 2014. All rights reserved. Printed in the Permanent Secretariat of SELA, Caracas, Venezuela. The Press and Publications Department of the Permanent Secretariat of SELA must authorise reproduction of this document, whether totally or partially, through [email protected]. The Member States and their government institutions may reproduce this document without prior authorisation, provided that the source is mentioned and the Secretariat is aware of said reproduction. Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean with India: SP/RRRECALCPIA/DT N° 2-14 A window of opportunity C O N T E N T S FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 5 1. Background 6 2. India within the international context 6 3. India’s basic profile: Territory, population and income 7 4. India’s economy and competitiveness 9 I. RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 14 II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT 16 1. India’s international trade 17 2. Doha Round negotiations: Areas of common interest 21 3. Imports 26 4. Exports 27 5. Investment 28 III. INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 32 1. Coincidences in regional and multilateral organizations 32 2. Education and Innovation 38 3. SMEs 39 4. Tourism and transport 39 5. Environment and energy 40 IV. AREAS OF OPPORTUNITY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42 1. Economic-trade area 42 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining the BRICS Summit Solid, Strengthening Success1
    Explaining the BRICS Summit Solid, Strengthening Success1 John J. Kirton John J. Kirton —Professor, co-director, BRICS Research Group, co-director, G20 Research Group, director, G8 Research Group, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, 1 Devonshire Place, Room 209N, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3K7, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The BRICS have emerged as a solid, increasingly comprehensive, cooperative success, both alone and within the G20, on behalf of all emerging countries, as demonstrated by its summit performance since its start on the margins of the G8’s Hokkaido Summit in 2008 through to its gathering at the G20’s Brisbane Summit in 2014. This success is due primarily to the failure of the other international institutions from the 1944–45 and 1975 generations to give the leading emerging powers an equal, effective place and thus to solve the new, compounding global financial crisis and other challenges arising since 2008. The BRICS is a plurilateral summit institution growing in its level, membership, agenda and interaction intensity, with its summit performance rising substantially across an increasing array of major dimensions of global summit governance. This performance has been driven somewhat by the global financial, economic and food shocks since 2008, but primarily by the failure of the multilateral organizations from the 1940s, the G8-plus process from 2003 to 2009 and the first two G20 summits to give the big emerging powers the equal role, rights, responsibilities and effective influence warranted by their rising relative capability and international openness and needed to solve the new challenges of an intensely interconnected world.
    [Show full text]
  • BRICS and African Region Partnership: Challenges and Opportunities
    • p- ISSN: 2521-2982 • e-ISSN: 2707-4587 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(IV-IV).07 • ISSN-L: 2521-2982 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(IV-IV).07 Muhammad Atif * Muqarrab Akbar† BRICS and African Region Partnership: Challenges and Opportunities • Vol. IV, No. IV (Fall 2019) Abstract BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) has • Pages: 59 – 69 amplified its regional and global impact. The economic success of BRICS is a motivation to Africa because BRICS and African region have a similar historical background. The partnership between Africa and the BRICS has Headings extended fresh drive and created ample interest in last decades because BRICS • Abstract is playing an important role in international trade, investment and global • Key Words governance. Growing economic relations of the BRICS with African region can be • Introduction exemplary for global world. These relations are prospective of a suitable way of • Theoretical Framework economic change and sustainable progress in the African region. The resource of • BRICS interests toward African African region makes many opportunities and challenges among BRICS- African Region region’s partnership. The interest of western powers also prevail in the African • Opportunities for African Region region. This article commences a fair inquiry of the BRICS relation with African • Trade Opportunity region, possible opportunities and challenges. • Conclusion • References Key Words: BRICS, Global Governance, Regionalism, WTO, United Nations, African Region, Africa Introduction The abbreviation ‘BRIC’ was first invented as a capable economic bloc by Jim O’Neil in 2001 (O'Neill 2001). The bloc has started his first interactions in 2005 at the time of the meeting of G7 Finance Ministers.
    [Show full text]