The Historical Fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: a Reconstruction of Trawl Gear, Effort and Trends in Demersal Fish Stocks
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University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 2012 The historical fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A reconstruction of trawl gear, effort and trends in demersal fish stocks Giacomo Chato Osio University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Osio, Giacomo Chato, "The historical fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A reconstruction of trawl gear, effort and trends in demersal fish stocks" (2012). Doctoral Dissertations. 678. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/678 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The historical fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: a reconstruction of trawl gear, effort and trends in demersal fish stocks BY Giacomo Chato Osio B.S., Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, 2001 M.S., Marine Ecology, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, 2001 Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Natural Resources and Environment September 2012 UMI Number: 3533708 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3533708 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2012 Giacomo Chato Osio This dissertation has been examinecLaiid approved Dissertation Director, ^padrew A. Rosenberg, PhD Professor of Natural Resources and the Envi ronment, University of New Hampshire Andrew B. Cooper, Ph.D. Associate Professor Resources and Environ mental Management, Simon Fraser University UPVv, Christopher Glass,, P\D. Research Professor, University of New Hamp shire Fiorenza Micheli, Ph.D. Professor, Stanford University Timothy J. Miller, Ph.D. National Marine Fisheries Service til3)13 Date iii DEDICATION This Dissertation is dedicated to my Family. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank a number of people without whom this thesis would have been impos sible. I am deeply thankful to Prof Andrew Rosenberg for being supportive and inspiring for all these years and surely many more, the latter at least. My committee members, Fiorenza Micheli and Christopher Glass were always available and ready to provide valu able advice, thanks you. I am particularly indebted with Tim Miller and Andrew Cooper for great support and feedback with the statistical models. This project relied on support from many Mediterranean colleagues and Institutes who believed in the value of recovering and analyzing historical data. In primis I want to thank Francesco Ferretti whith whom I shared the ups and downs of recovering scattered data and analyzing it. I am grateful to Henry Farruggio and Jean Marc Fromentin who facilitated access to French data, to Paolo Sartor, Mario Sbrana and Alessandro Ligas of CIBM for sharing valu able series and working on the EVOMED project. All colleagues on the EVOMED project were wonderful collaborators. A great thanks goes to Francesc Maynou and Charles Bas for providing the Catalan LPUE data and very useful advice for the analysis. The support from Alessandra Zampieri, Jann Martinshon and Thomas Barbas was very important, es pecially some flexibility in the final days of this work. Similar gratitude goes to my JRC colleagues for discussion and feedback. The thorough editing of the text from Kat Goetting and Karen Alexander was extremely valuable and grately improved the entire manuscript and I can't be thankful enough. Thanks to Massimiliano Cardinale for support and contin uous feed-back and encouragement. This research was funded by the Fulbright Commission, the OAK foundation, HMAP and EC DG MARE via the EVOMED project. I also wish to express my gratitued to Paul Rago for the hospitality as visiting researcher at the NOAA NMFS Marine Lab in Woods Whole in June and July 2011. Without all this support this project would have not been possible and I am deeply thankful. v CONTENTS Page Dedication iv Acknowledgments v LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xv Abstract xxvi CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND-INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Historical shifting baselines 1 1.1.1 Mediterranean geophysical description 5 1.1.2 Nutrients and Eutrophication 6 1.1.3 Mediterranean fisheries description 7 1.1.4 Status of fish stocks and current management 9 1.2 Research Questions 11 1.3 Data Sources 13 1.3.1 Data mining 13 1.3.2 Landings and Fishing effort data 14 1.3.3 LPUE data 15 2. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF BOTTOM TRAWL GEAR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Sail trawling 1200-1930 17 2.2.1 French sailing trawl gear 18 2.2.2 Spanish sailing trawl gear 23 2.2.3 Italian sailing trawl gear 27 vi 2.3 The transition from sailing to mechanized trawling 1900-1950 32 2.3.1 Steam Trawling 32 2.3.2 Motorized trawl gear in Spain 33 2.3.2.1 Catalan rig 35 2.3.2.2 Charleston rig 35 2.3.3 Motorized trawl gear in Italy 38 2.4 Modern trawl gear 1960-present 41 2.4.1 Nets 41 2.4.1.1 Vertical Opening 42 2.4.1.2 Net resistance, color, less drag 43 2.4.2 Otter doors 47 2.4.3 Vessel rigging 47 2.4.3.1 Navigation equipment 49 2.4.3.2 Deck equipment 49 2.5 Historical and modern trawl gear performance 52 2.5.1 Literature estimates of performance 54 2.5.1.1 Data and Methods 54 2.5.2 Results 59 2.5.3 Discussion 60 2.5.4 Simulation of Trawl gear 64 2.5.4.1 Data and Methods 64 2.5.4.2 Results and Discussion 65 2.5.5 Summary of 300 years of trawl gear evolution 68 2.6 APPENDIX 1 71 2.6.0.1 Net and mesh measurement in 1768 73 2.6.0.2 Gangui 74 2.6.0.3 Gangui-Boeuf 75 2.6.0.4 Tartanne 75 2.7 APPENDIX 2 79 RECONSTRUCTION OF DEMERSAL TRAWL FISHING EFFORT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 85 viii 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 The expansion of sail trawling and subsequent social conflict 1200-1930 85 3.2.1 Trawl fleets in France 86 3.2.2 Trawl fleets in Spain 90 3.2.3 Trawl fleets in Italy 91 3.2.3.1 Adriatic Sea 93 3.2.3.2 Tyrrehnian Sea 94 3.2.3.3 LigurianSea 95 3.2.3.4 Southern Italy 95 3.2.4 Quantifying fishing days of sail trawlers 96 3.3 The transition from sailing to mechanized trawling 1900-1950 97 3.3.1 Motorized Trawling 97 3.3.2 Trawl fleets in Italy 97 3.3.2.1 Adriatic 98 3.3.2.2 Tyrrhenian Sea 100 3.3.2.3 Southern Italy 100 3.3.3 Trawl fleet in Spain 102 3.3.4 Trawl fleets in France 105 3.4 The growth in fishing power 1950-present 106 3.4.1 The Trawl fleet in France 106 3.4.1.1 Effort Control policies of 1970s in France 109 3.5 Temporal and spatial trends in fishing effort development 110 3.5.1 HP of a Sail Trawler Ill 3.5.1.1 Relation between speed and power need Ill 3.5.1.2 Vessel ratios 113 3.5.1.3 Conclusions 115 3.5.2 Reconstruction of trawling effort 116 3.5.2.1 HMAP Catalonia 119 3.5.2.2 ISTAT and IREPA Italian fleet 119 3.5.2.3 EU Fleet register data 120 3.5.3 Methods 121 3.5.4 Results and Discussion 123 ix 3.5.4.1 Spain, Catalonia 123 3.5.4.2 France, Gulf of Lions 127 3.5.4.3 Italy, Adriatic 130 3.5.5 Conclusions 133 3.6 APPENDIX 3 134 4. MEDITERRANEAN TOTAL DEMERSAL CATCH TRENDS FROM COMMERCIAL TRAWL LPUES 140 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Historical LPUE description 140 4.2.1 Description of historical trawl LPUE (pre-1950) 142 4.3 Modern Commercial LPUE 150 4.3.1 France, Pt. Vendres and Sete, 1950-present 150 4.3.1.1 Sete and Port Vendres 154 4.3.2 Adriatic Sea, data description former Yugoslavia 1950-present 155 4.3.3 Italy, data description Adriatic and Tuscany 1950-present 161 4.3.3.1 Tuscan Archipelago 161 4.3.4 Sicilian Channel 162 4.3.5 Spain, Blanes 163 4.4 Change in fishing power 164 4.4.1 Estimates of fishing power change 165 4.5 Analysis of commercial LPUE by sub-areas 169 4.5.1 Data description and preparation 172 4.5.2 Modelling 174 4.5.3 By Country models 180 4.5.3.1 France 180 4.5.3.2 Catalonia 190 4.5.3.3 Italy - Tuscany 195 4.5.3.4 Adriatic 200 4.5.3.5 Sicilian Channel and Tunisia 204 4.6 LPUE analysis all areas Western Mediterranean 207 4.6.1 Total Catch (kg/fishing day) 207 X 4.6.2 Total Catch (kg/60min) 214 4.6.3 Results 218 4.6.4 Discussion and Conclusions 221 4.6.4.1 Effect of fishing power 221 4.6.4.2 Effect of fishing areas 224 4.6.4.3 Effect of discard rates 226 4.6.4.4 Conclusions 227 4.7 APPENDIX 4 227 5.