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Boreal Subarctic Lake Water Quality, Zooplankton Communities, and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Areas Impacted by Wildfire

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Boreal Subarctic Lake Water Quality, Zooplankton Communities, and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Areas Impacted by Wildfire Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2020 Boreal Subarctic Lake Water Quality, Zooplankton Communities, and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Areas Impacted by Wildfire Thomas J. Pretty [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Integrative Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pretty, Thomas J., "Boreal Subarctic Lake Water Quality, Zooplankton Communities, and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Areas Impacted by Wildfire" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 2266. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2266 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Boreal Subarctic Lake Water Quality, Zooplankton Communities, and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Areas Impacted by Wildfire. Thomas J. Pretty Honours BSc Business Administration and Biology, Trent University, 2009 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Biology Faculty of Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Integrative Biology Wilfrid Laurier University 2020 Thomas J. Pretty© Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Derek Gray for the invaluable support and for entrusting me to fulfill this large endeavour. The guidance given by him steered me into becoming an effective researcher and teaching me so many crucial lessons to succeed into the future. Thank you to all my friends and colleagues at Wilfrid Laurier University, especially the first cohort of the Gray lab (Mariam Elmarsafy, Matt Teillet, Mercedes Huynh, and Rachel Cohen) that were there for both emotional and scientific support. Thank you to Matt Chanyi and Nicole Wuzynski who were a huge help in identifying zooplankton and quality assurance for identifying benthic macroinvertebrates. Thank you to Catherine Kuhn who introduced me to some of the incredibly useful applications remote sensing can offer. Thank you to the pilot, Nigel Schatz, who got us onto some small lakes that only a true professional could do. Thank you to Kayla Tasky-Karman who helped me collect all these samples under such a tight schedule. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. Jennifer Baltzer, Dr. Kelly Munkittrick, and my external committee member Dr. Mike English who challenged me to be a better scientist. And most important of all, thank you to my family members, my parents Caroline Liberty, my father Ron Pretty, and especially my grandfather (Opi) Herman Leckette who inspired me to overcome all the odds and keep learning about science and nature. ii Abstract Wildfires are a natural phenomenon in the boreal forest, but recent studies suggest that there will be increases in the frequency and severity of fires in this region over the next century. When wildfires occur in lake catchments, they may affect water quality and invertebrate communities living in associated lakes. Invertebrates, including zooplankton and benthic invertebrates, play important roles in aquatic food webs, acting as conduits of energy from primary producers to larger organisms such as fish and water birds. Therefore, it is important to understand how these groups will respond to changes caused by fires. Unfortunately, few studies have been conducted in the northern boreal forest to examine how wildfires might impact lakes in this region. For my thesis, I collected data on water quality, macrophytes, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrates from 20 lakes in the Sahtú Settlement Area of the Northwest Territories, which has been impacted by recent fires. Nine of these lakes were affected by fires in their catchments 4-5 years prior to data collection, while eleven were not. My results showed that surprisingly few water quality variables were related to burn history, but lake colour and phenols were higher in lakes affected by burns, and pH and dissolved oxygen were lower in those lakes. Remote sensing data suggest that macrophyte biomass could have increased in lakes affected by burns following the 2014 fires, and macrophyte biomass was an important predictor of community composition for both zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. In addition, burn history was an important predictor of zooplankton richness, and benthic macroinvertebrate richness and abundance. However, my analyses also revealed that natural variability in catchment and lake properties was more important for explaining differences in invertebrate communities among lakes than the effects of wildfires. Overall, my results suggest that shifts in the lake water quality and biology are still detectable 4-5 years after burns in their catchments, iii suggesting that increased frequency and severity of burns in the north could have long-term impacts on boreal lakes. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Literature Review and Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................................ 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................... 3 Frequency and Severity of Wildfires ................................................................................................... 3 Runoff ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Water Quality ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Methylmercury ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Primary Producers ............................................................................................................................. 11 Zooplankton ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Benthic Macroinvertebrates............................................................................................................... 12 Study Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 14 Site Location .......................................................................................................................................... 15 The Reference Condition Approach .................................................................................................... 17 References .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: Field Study .............................................................................................................................. 33 Abstract (175 words) ............................................................................................................................. 34 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Sample Sites ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Water Quality ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Biological ............................................................................................................................................ 41 GIS-Based Data and Remote Sensing ................................................................................................. 42 Statistical Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 43 Results .................................................................................................................................................... 45 Physical and water quality variables .................................................................................................. 45 Zooplankton ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Benthic Macroinvertebrates ................................................................................................................ 48 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 49 References .............................................................................................................................................. 66 Chapter 3: Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 84 Summary ...............................................................................................................................................
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