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139. Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie

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139. Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE Marine Biological Laboratory MAY;^3 lb55 WOODS HOLE, MASS. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No.l39 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Explanatory Note The series embodies results of investigations, usually of re- stricted scope, intended to aid or direct management or utilization practices and as guides for administrative or legislative action. It is issued in limited quantities for the official use of Federal, State or cooperating agencies and in processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publication. United States Department of the Interior, Douglas McKay, Secretary, Fish and Wildlife Service, John L. Farley, Director LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE By Stillraan Wright Fisher;'- Biologist With chapters on "he Phy toplankton of Western Lake Erie in collaboration with L. H. Tiffany and The Zooplankton of Western Lake Erie in collaboration with Wilbur M. Tidd (Originally submitted for publication June 1933) Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 139 Washington, D.C. January, 1955 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, I'. S. Qorernraent PrintlnR Offlce. Washington 25, D. C. Price $2.50 CONTENTS Page General summary 1 Introduc tion 1 Physical limnology 2 Chemistry 2 Phytoplankton h Zooplankton 6 Bottom organisms 8 Effects of pollution on the fishery 9 General introduction 10 Need for investigation 10 Previous investigations in Lake Erie 11 History of the present investigation 12 Plan of investigation l6 Scope of the report 19 Acknowledgments 20 Physical limnology of VJestern Lake Erie 22 Hydrography 22 Fluctuations of lake level 32 Fluctuations owing to changes in volume 32 Seasonal fluctuations 32 Annual fluctuations 35 Fluctuations in glacial and post-glacial time 35 Transient fluctuations 35 Waves 37 Seiches 38 Tides 38 Currents 39 Meteorological data Ul Water temperature UU Introduction UU Thermal stratification UU Seasonal changes in temperature 52 Transparency 55 A chemical study of Western Lake Erie 57 Introduction 57 Previous investigations in the Great Lakes 57 Scope and me thods 60 Data and discussion 6l Island Section 6l Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen-ion concentra- tion 61 Season of 1928 6l Season of 1929 63 Season of 1930 70 General discussion 78 i'age Chloride and nitrogen 80 Conclusions regarding pollution 85 Sewage dilution in the tributaries 86 Portage River Section 88 Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen-ion concentration.... 88 Chloride and ni trogen 90 Conclusions regarding pollution 93 Maumee Baj'- Section 93 Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen-ion concentration.... 93 Season of 192B 93 Season of 1929 9h Season of 1930 97 Chloride and nitrogen 103 Conclusions regarding pollution 110 River Raisin Section Ill Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen-ion concentration.... Ill Chloride and nitrogen 117 Conclusions regarding polxution 122 Detroit River Section 122 Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen-ion concentration.... 122 Chloride and nitrogen 130 Conclusions regarding pollution 13U Cheinical conditions near the west shore in winter 13U Evidence of poisons in the water 137 Chloride content of Lake Erie 139 The phytoplankoon of Western Lake Erie 139 Introduction 139 Previous investigations in the Great Lakes 139 Materials and methods l[i2 Acknowledgments 1U7 Data and discussion l[i7 Quali tati ve data lUl Quantitative data ll^J Island Section Ili7 Horizontal distribution lli7 Vertical distribution l[i8 Seasonal distribution liiB Season of 1929 lU8 Season of 1930 l55 Comparison of the s easons of 1929 and 1930 l62 Adequacy of the sampling program 171 Abundance of phytonlankton compared with that of other lakes 173 Portage River Secti on 179 Maumee Bay Section l82 River Raisin Section I89 Detroi t River Section I92 Comparison of abundance of phytoplankton in different sections of Western Lake Erie I97 Page The zooplankton of Western Lake Erie 200 Introduction 200 Pre\dnus investigations in the Great Lakes 200 Materials and me thods 201 Data and discussion 208 Qualitative data 208 Quantitative data 210 Island Section 210 Horizontal distribution 210 Vertical distribution 211 Seasonal dis tribution 212 Season of 1928 212 Season of 1929 2l5 Season of 1930 219 Comparison of seasonal distribution in 1928,1929 and 1930 223 Adequacy of the sampling program 226 "Abundance of zooplankton compared with that of other lakes 227 Portage River Section 229 Maumee Bay Section 231 River Raisin Section 237 Detroit River Section 238 Comparison of abundance of zooplankton in different sections of Western Lake Erie 2U2 The bottom organisms of the offshore waters of Western Lake Erie 2^9 Introduction 2U9 Previous investigations in the Great Lakes 2^9 Materials and metho ds 2^0 Criteria of pollution 252 Acknowledgments 256 Data and discussion 256 Qualitative data 256 Organisms taken in quantitative dredges 256 Organisms taken in bottom sled 258 Quantitative data 259 Island Section 259 Abundance of bottom organisms 259 Weight of organisms 266 Portage River Section 267 Maumee Bay Section 267 Regular stations 267 Extent of pollution out from the mouth of Maiimee River. 273 Pollution near the entrance to Toledo Harbor 275 Summary statement regarding pollution in the Maumee Bay Section 281 River Raisin Section 282 Station 117 282 Extent of pollution out from mouth of River Raisin... 28U Page Pollution between Stations 117 and 25U 286 Pollution inshore 286 Pollution offshore 28? Summary statement regarding pollution in the River Raisin Section 289 Detroit River Section 291 Regular stations 291 Pollution in the Detroit River Section 293 Summary statement regarding pollution in the Detroit River Section 298 Areas of the zones of pollution 299 Effects of polluti on on the fishery 299 General statement 299 Chemistry 301 Bacterial pollution 30U Pollution of the bo ttom 305 The plankton 309 Conclusion 310 Bibliography 311 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Western Lake Erie, showing sections and principal stations 21 2. Lake Erie 25. 3. Western Lake Erie showing principal hydrographic features 27 U. Islands, shoals and reefs in the eastern part of './estern Lake Erie 30 $. Averages of monthly mean lake levels at Cleveland, Ohio for the period 1860-1930 3U 6. Courses taken try drift-bottles, 1928 UO 7. Progressive change in temperature conditions at Station 37A over a period of 3 months in 1930 5l 8. Comparison of mean water temperatures at Station 158 in 1929 and 1930 53 9. Comparison of mean v;ater temperatures at Station 3F in 1929 and 1930 ". 5U 10. Comparison of the mean water temperatures at Stations l58 and 37A, 1930 56 11. Dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, methyl orange alkalinity and pH of the surface water at Station 37A, 1929 65 12. Dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, methyl orange alkalinitj'- and pH of the surface water at Station 37A, 1930 7h Figure Page 13. Seasonal distribution of diatomfi, greens and blue-greens in the Island Section, 1929 l5l lU. Seasonal distribution of diatoms, greens, and blue-greens in the Island Section, 1930 l53 15. Comparison of seasonal distribution of diatoms in 1929 and 1930 l61i 16. Comparison of seasonal distribution of greens in 1929 and 1930 167 17. Comparison of seasonal distribution of blue-greens in 1929 and 1930 170 18. Average abundance of phytoplankton groups, and of albuminoid and free ammonia, in the Maumee Bay Section in July, Augus t and September 1930 190 19. Seasonal distribution of plankton Crustacea in the Island Section, 1929 ?17 20. Seasonal distribution of plankton Crustacea in the Island Section, 1930 221 21. Comparison of the seasonal distribution of Crustacea in 1929 and 1930 22I; 22. Ab\indance of Tubificidae and Hexagenia at 11 stations along a line from, the mouth of Maumee River to a point 20 miles out in the lake 276 23. Sampling stations and zones of pollution of the botton in west part of Western Lake Erie 280 LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE General Sunmaxy Introduction ^or many decades Lake Erie supported a highly nroductive commercial fishery, but within the past 2$ years there has been an alarming decline in oroduction of the more highly prized species, in spite of an increase of fishing intensity, following the virtual collapse of the cisco fishery in 1925, fishermen, conservation officers, and fisheries biologists alike real- ized the necessity of a scientific investigation to determine the cause or cau5=es of the decline, and to determine possible remedial measures. A number of explanations were offered for the decrease of the catch. Fishermen were persistent in their claim that pollution had made parts of the lake unsijitable for fishes. Attention was directed particularly to the western part of the lake because of a number of conditions which make it esoecially subject to pollution, and because of its importance in the fishery. The conditions which make it especially subject to pollution are: (1) the presence of large industrial communities on the shores of Maumee, Raisin, and Detroit Rivers, which empty into this part of the lake: (2) the extreme shallowness and consequent small volume of water: (3) the presence of two peninsulas and numerous islands which partially separate this area from the rest of the lake, and which tend to prevent free outflow of water. The im- portance of Western Lake Erie in the fishery arises from the facts that: (1) large numbers of fish are caught there; (2) the area is used as a spawn- ing ground by all of the commercial species except, possibly the blue pike- perch. The Division of Conservation of the State of Ohio war the first to inves- tigate the degree and extent of pollution with reference to its effect on the fishery of Lake Erie. In the month of August, 1926, and in autumn and winter of 1927, special parts of the lake, particularly along the Ohio shore from Toledo to Cleveland, were studied. In 1926, 1929, and 1930, work was con- centrated on the part of the lake west of Point Pelee.
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