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Acquisition System for Arabic Noun Morphology

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Acquisition System for Arabic Noun Morphology Acquisition System for Arabic Noun Morphology Saleem Abuleil Khalid Alsamara Martha Evens Information System Department Computer Science Department Chicago State University Illinois Institute of Technology 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL 60628 10 West 31 Street, Chicago IL 60616 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] all the roots in the file. Al-Shalabi reduced the Abstract processing, but he discussed this from point of view of verbs not nouns. Anne Roeck and Many papers have discussed different Waleed Al-Fares (2000) developed a clustering aspects of Arabic verb morphology. Some of algorithm for Arabic words sharing the same them used patterns; others used patterns and verbal root. They used root-based clusters to affixes. But very few have discussed Arabic substitute for dictionaries in indexing for noun morphology particularly for nouns that information retrieval. Beesley and Karttunen are not derived from verbs. In this paper we (2000) described a new technique for describe a learning system that can analyze constructing finite-state transducers that Arabic nouns to produce their involves reapplying a regular-expression morphological information and their compiler to its own output. They implemented paradigms with respect to both gender and the system in an algorithm called compile- number using a rule base that uses suffix replace. This technique has proved useful for analysis as well as pattern analysis. The handling non-concatenate phenomena, and they system utilizes user-feedback to classify the demonstrate it on Malay full-stem reduplication noun and identify the group that it belongs and Arabic stem inter-digitations. to. Most verbs in the Arabic language follow clear rules that define their morphology 1 Introduction and generate their paradigms. Those nouns that are not derived from roots do not seem to follow a similar set of well-defined rules. Instead there A morphology system is the backbone of a are groups showing family resemblances. natural language processing system. No We believe that nouns in Arabic that are application in this field can survive without a not derived from roots are governed not only by good morphology system to support it. The phonological rules but by lexical patterns that Arabic language has its own features that are not must be identified and stored for each found in other languages. That is why many noun. Like irregular verbs in English their forms researchers have worked in this area. Al-Fedaghi are determined by history and etymology, not and Al-Anzi (1989) present an algorithm to just phonology. Among many other examples, generate the root and the pattern of a given Pinker (1999) points to the survival of past Arabic word. The main concept in the algorithm forms became for become and overcame for is to locate the position of the root’s letters in the overcome, modeled on came for come, while pattern and examine the letters in the same succumb, with the same sound pattern, has a position in a given word to see whether the tri regular past form succumbed. The same kinds graph forms a valid Arabic root or not. of phenomena are especially apparent for proper Al-Shalabi (1998) developed a system nouns in Arabic derived from Indian and Persian that removes the longest possible prefix from the names. Pinker uses examples like this, as well as word where the three letters of the root must lie emerging research in neurophysiology, to argue somewhere in the first four or five characters of for the coexistence of phonological rules and the remainder. Then he generates some lexical storage of English verb patterns. combinations and checks each one of them with We believe that further work in Arabic instruments are derived; some are inert. key ﻣﻔﺘﺎح :computational linguistics requires the Example development of a pattern bank for nouns. This An adjective is considered to be a type paper describes the tool that we have built for of noun in traditional Arabic grammar. It this purpose. While the set of patterns for describes the state of the modified noun. .Mr ﺳﻴﺪ beautiful ﺟﻤﻴﻞ :common nouns in Arabic may soon be Example big آﺒﺒﺮ Professor ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ established, newspapers and other dynamic sources of language will always contain new An adverb is a noun that is not derived proper names, so we expect our tool to be a and that indicates the place or the time of the permanent part of our system, even though we action. Example: north ﺷﻤﺎل city ﻣﺪﻱﻨﺔ Month ﺷﻬﺮ .may need it less often as time goes on A proper noun is the name of a specific 2 Nouns in the Arabic Language person, place, organization, thing, idea, event, date, time, or other entity. Some of them are A noun in Arabic is a word that indicates a solid (inert) nouns some of them are derived meaning by itself without being connected with [Abuleil and Evens 1998]. the notion of time. There are two main kinds of noun: variable and invariable. Variable nouns 3 Noun Classification have different forms for the singular, the dual, the plural, the diminutive, and the relative. In this paper we focus on the following nouns: Variable nouns are again divided into two kinds: genus nouns, agent nouns, instrument nouns, inert and derived. The inert noun is not derived adjectives, proper adjectives (adjectives derived from another word, i.e. it does not refer to a from proper nouns), proper nouns, and adverbs. verbal root. Inert nouns are divided into two Some of these nouns are not derived from verbs kinds: concrete nouns (e.g., lion), and abstract and some are. All of these nouns use the same nouns (e.g., love). Derived nouns are taken from pattern when it comes to the dual form either for another word (usually a verb) (e.g. office); they masculine or feminine, but there are many ways have a root to refer to. A derived noun is usually to form the plural noun. Some of the nouns have close to its root in meaning. It indicates, besides both masculine and feminine forms, some of the meaning, the concrete thing that caused its them have just feminine forms and some have formation (case of the agent-noun), or just masculine forms. A few nouns use the same underwent its action (case of the patient-noun), format for both the plural and the dual (e.g. (teachers used for both dual and plural ﻣﺪرﺳﻴﻦ or any other notions of time, place, or instrument. The following are the noun types: For most nouns, when they end with the letter ,this indicates the feminine form of the noun ,(ة) A genus noun indicates what is common to every element of the genus without sometimes it does not, but it changes the ﻣﻜﺘﺐ .being specific to any one of them. It is the word meaning of the noun completely (e.g library). Sometimes the same ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ,naming a person, an animal, a thing or an idea. office book consonant string with different vowels has آﺘﺎب man رﺟﻞ :Example ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ ,school ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ .An agent noun is a derived noun different meanings (e.g indicating the actor of the verb or its behavior. It teacher). Nouns are not like verbs in the Arabic has several patterns according to its root. language, there is no clear rule to define the Example: morphological information and generate the the person who studies morphology paradigms for them. Instead each دارس A patient noun is a derived noun group of nouns follows its own pattern. indicating the person or thing that undergoes the We have classified the nouns into 84 action of the verb. Patient nouns have several groups according to their patterns for singular, patterns depending in the verbal root. Example: plural, masculine and feminine. We generated a the thing that has been studied method for each group to be used to find the ﻣﺪروس An instrument noun is a noun morphological information and to form its indicating the tool of an action. Some paradigm. Very few of these groups have a unique pattern for plural and singular; and most noun by running several tests: Database lookup, of them share the same pattern with other particle check, check on adjectives derived from groups. Table 1 shows some examples of these proper nouns, parse of noun phrases and verb groups and their patterns. The digit 9 stands for phrases, the affix check and the pattern check and This module was built by Abuleil and Evens ”[ء] stands for “hamzh ‘ ,”[ع] the letter “ayn since there is no (1998, 2001). We use this module in our new ”[ﻩ] stands for “ta @ corresponding letters in English for these letters. system to find all nouns and extract them from the text. Table 1. Pattern Classification S-M S-F P-M P-F f9l X af9al X Interface f9l f9l@ af9la’ af9la’ X f9l@ X f9l fa9l fa9l@ f9al/f9l@ f9al/f9l@ User- DB f9al X X af9l@ Feedback Checker mf9l X mfa9l X fa9wl X fwa9el X mf9el X mfa9el X X fa9l@ X fa9lat Noun Database f9el f9el@ f9la’ f9la’ Morphology S: Singular F: Feminine Analyzer P: Plural M: Masculine Type- X: not available Finder 4 Acquisition System Suffix Pattern Analyzer Generator The system reads the next noun in the text, isolates and analyzes the suffixes of the noun, generates its pattern, and uses either the Classified Noun Table, the Suffix/Pattern Figure 1. The Acquisition System Analysis or the User-Feedback Module to find the group to which the noun belongs to identify 4.3 Database the rules that applies to this group to generate all The database includes a Classified Noun Table morphological paradigms with respect to the that contains each root noun (singular: number and gender and updates the database.
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