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El Colegio De La Frontera Sur El Colegio de la Frontera Sur La Participación Social en la Construcción de Procesos de Gobernanza Ambiental en la Reserva Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, México TESIS Presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias en Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable por José Rudier López Hernández 2013 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur San Cristóbal de las Casas, 14 de junio de 2013. Las personas abajo firmantes, miembros del jurado examinador de: José Rudier López Hernández hacemos constar que hemos revisado y aprobado la tesis titulada La Participación Social en la Construcción de Procesos de Gobernanza Ambiental en la Reserva Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, México para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias en Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable Nombre Firma Tutor Dr. Eduardo Bello Baltazar Asesora Dra. Erin Ingrid Jane Estrada Lugo Asesora Dra. Marie Claude Brunel Manse Asesor D r. C é s a r A d r i á n R a m í r e z M i r a n d a Sinodal adicional Dr. Pedro Antonio Macario Mendoza Sinodal adicional Dr. Juan Manuel Pat Fernández Sinodal suplente Dra. María Lorena Soto Pinto Dedico este trabajo A tres mujeres que han sido un sustento en mi camino y dan fuerza a mi existir Adinda, Paqui y Trine i AGRADECIMIENTOS A los pobladores de las tres comunidades de estudio por su hospitalidad y enseñanza de sus prácticas productivas, en especial a Don Baltasar Ohil, Miguel Ramírez, Guillermo y Víctor Hoil de Punta Herrero; Don Feliciano e Isidro Cruz y Armando de X-hazil; Don Casimiro Choc y Víctor Barrera de Punta Allen. Al Dr. Eduardo Bello Baltazar por confiar en mí y aceptar la tutoría y por todos los consejos y asesorías. A la Dra. Erin Ingrid Jane Estrada Lugo, por sus atinadas observaciones y consejos. A la Dra. Marie Claude Brunel Manse, por sus atinadas observaciones y sugerencias, pero sobre todo por su amistad. Al Dr. César Adrián Ramírez Miranda, por las observaciones y sugerencias a la tesis. Al Dr. Pedro Antonio Macario Mendoza, por todo el apoyo brindado en la fase de campo y las recomendaciones a la tesis. A la Dra. Lorena Soto Pinto y Dr. Juan Manuel Pat Fernández, por sus sugerencias a la tesis. A Yliana y Katia amigas, compañeras que en este andar compartieron enseñanzas, consejos y convivencias. A Mónica gracias por todo amiga. A Fátima por ser parte de este esfuerzo. A todas y todos que en algún momento formaron parte de este caminar: Cristina, Citlalli, Ursula, Gaby, Rogelia, Abril, Liz, Diana, Giss, Benjamín, Ivar, David, Rausel, Dídac, Eric, Ronny, Romeo y Memo gracias por todas las vivencias. ii A Claudia Hernández de la coordinación de posgrado por el apoyo en los trámites de la tesis. Al consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca otorgada para los estudios doctorales (2009-2012). Al apoyo del Fondo Institucional de Fomento Regional para el Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación (FORDECYT) del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología a través del Convenio 116306: Innovación socioambiental para el desarrollo en áreas de alta pobreza y biodiversidad de la frontera sur de México. A Amigos de Sian Ka´an AC por la hospitalidad brindada. iii ÍNDICE LISTA DE TABLAS ................................................................................................. VI LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................. VII LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS ...................................................................................... VIII CAPÍTULO I ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .................................................................................. 1 PREMISA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................. 3 ENFOQUE TEÓRICO ............................................................................................................. 5 OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................... 10 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .............................................................................................. 10 METODOLOGÍA.................................................................................................... 12 ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS ............................................................................... 15 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO II ......................................................................................................... 20 INSTITUCIONES LOCALES Y PROCESOS ORGANIZATIVOS: EL CASO DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFE RA SIAN KA′AN .......................................................... 20 RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 21 LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS. THE CASE OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE SIAN KA'AN, QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO................................................................................... 22 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 22 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 23 2. CONFORMACIÓN HISTÓRICA DEL ESPACIO REGIONAL MAYA Y DECRETO DE LA RESERVA SIAN K A′AN ............................................................................. 30 3. ORGANIZACIONES E INSTITUCIONES LOCALES EN LA RESERVA SIAN KA′AN .................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 EJIDO X- HAZIL SUR Y ANEXOS ..................................................................................... 36 3.2 COOPERATIVAS PESQUERAS QUE HABITAN AL INTERIOR DE LA RESERVA, COOPERATIVA VIGÍA CHICO Y COOPERATIVA JOSÉ MARÍA AZCORRA ............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.1 COOPERATIVA PESQUERA VIGÍA CHICO ................................................................. 43 3.2.2 COOPERATIVA PESQUERA JOSÉ MARÍA AZCORRA ................................................ 51 iv 4. PERCEPCIONES SOBRE LA INSTITUCIONALIDAD LOCAL ¿UNA DISPUTA POR LA SUSTENTABILIDAD? ............................................................................. 54 5. CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................. 58 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................... 61 CAPÍTULO III ........................................................................................................ 65 PROCESOS PARTICIPATIVOS DE TRES ORGANIZACIONES EN LA CONSERVACIÓN. EL CASO DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA SIAN KA´AN65 RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 65 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 66 ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS Y ACTORES LOCALES ........................... 66 PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS ACTORES LOCALES ................................................. 70 METODOLOGÍA.................................................................................................... 75 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .............................................................................................. 75 PROPUESTA DE ANÁLISIS ................................................................................. 79 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................. 80 PRINCIPALES ACTORES SOCIALES Y SU QUEHACER EN LA RESERVA .... 80 LA VOZ DE LOS ACTORES LOCALES EN LOS PROCESOS PARTICIPATIVOS .............................................................................................................................. 85 EL CONSEJO ASESOR DE LA RBSK .................................................................. 89 LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL .................................................................................................... 90 REPRESENTATIVIDAD Y LEGITIMIDAD ................................................................................ 91 REUNIONES INFORMALES .................................................................................................. 92 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 97 AGRADECIMIENTOS ......................................................................................... 100 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 101 CAPÍTULO IV ...................................................................................................... 105 DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................... 105 ESPACIO GEOGRÁFICO E INSTITUCIONES LOCALES ........................................................ 107 POLÍTICA PÚBLICA Y PROCESOS DE GOBERNANZA AMBIENTAL EN LA RBSK ¿GOBERNANZA TURÍSTICA ? ............................................................................................ 116 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 127 v LISTA DE TABLAS Capítulo I Tabla 1. Categorías y variables de estudio Capítulo II Tabla
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