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An Ethno-Historical Perspective of Punta Allen NEGOTIATED LIVING: AN ETHNO-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PUNTA ALLEN David McRae, B.A., B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2016 APPROVED: Andrew Nelson, Committee Chair Alicia Re Cruz, Committee Chair Irene Klaver, Committee Member Lisa Henry, Chair of the Department of Anthropology David Holdeman, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Vice Provost of the Toulouse Graduate School McRae, David. Negotiated Living: An Ethno-Historical Perspective of Punta Allen. Master of Science (Applied Anthropology), December 2016, 89 pp., 9 figures, references, 7 titles. Situated within the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Tulum and within the Sian Ka'an Biosphere gives the village of Punta Allen a distinctive agency in determining their role in the on-going development of tourism in the region that is not given to other communities in the state. This unique circumstance facilitates a dialogue between the reserve, the municipality, and the business cooperatives of Punta Allen that produce a negotiated living. Through the negotiations with the reserve and Tulum, the lobster fishing and tourism cooperatives are given the opportunity to have a relatively significant role in determining the future of Punta Allen in regards to tourism. Copyright 2016 By David McRae ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my sincere thanks and deepest appreciations for both of my committee chairs, Professors Andrew Nelson and Alicia Re Cruz for their constant support and guidance throughout this project. I am incredibly grateful to have both of them as my chairs; their counsel has been absolutely irreplaceable. Thank you to Professor Irene Klaver for serving as an outside committee member and for her advice and help in the construction of my thesis. Thank you Mr. Robin Polseno for your advice and support from the very beginning. And special thanks to Román Sauza and Laura Arciga for all of their hard work and invaluable help conducting fieldwork in Punta Allen, without their assistance this project would simply not have been possible. I cannot understate the importance of their contributions and the sincere gratitude I have for both of them taking the time to join me in this project. To the owners of Costa del Sol, Mario Ancona Nuñez and his wife, and to Michael Severeign and all of the staff of Costa del Sol staff a tremendous thank you for hosting us. To the people of Punta Allen thank you so much for sharing your lives and your village with us. To Alina, Emilio, Rosendo, Manuel, Amy, and so many others I could not possibly name them all here, thank you all so much. To my wife Carol who has been a constant source of strength and support through the long nights and early mornings, thank you for from the bottom of my heart for the uncountable things you’ve done and continue to do for our family. To my parents, none of this would have been possible without your help and support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to Punta Allen .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Design ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose of Study and Deliverables ......................................................................... 4 1.4 Ethnographic Overview ........................................................................................... 6 1.5 Operational Terms .................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Limitations............................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................................ 11 2.1 Introduction to Relevant Literature ...................................................................... 11 2.2 Theories on the Global Dissemination of Culture and Ideas ................................ 13 2.3 Land, Culture, and the Impact of Tourism ............................................................ 17 2.4 Framing Space ....................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Determining Agency.............................................................................................. 19 2.6 Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXT FOR CONTEMPORARY PUNTA ALLEN ............. 26 3.1 Early History .......................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Life Before Punta Allen: Camp Vega ..................................................................... 27 3.3 Establishing Javier Rojo Gomez ............................................................................ 32 3.4 Rise of the Lobster Industry .................................................................................. 34 3.5 Lobster Crisis ......................................................................................................... 39 3.6 The Introduction of Tourism ................................................................................. 40 3.7 Punta Allen in the Past Twenty-Five Years ........................................................... 42 3.8 Spatial Context in Tulum and Cobá ....................................................................... 45 3.9 Spatial Context in Playa del Carmen and Cancun ................................................. 48 iv CHAPTER 4. NEGOTIATED LIVING AND TOURISM......................................................................... 50 4.1 Introduction to Discussion on Negotiated Living.................................................. 50 4.2 Negotiated Living .................................................................................................. 52 4.3 Issues with Solidarity: Limiting Negotiated Living ................................................ 55 CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENTALISM AND PUNTA ALLEN ............................................................... 62 5.1 Introduction to the Environmentalism of Punta Allen ......................................... 62 5.2 Importing and Exporting Notions of Environmentalism ....................................... 64 5.3 Responding to Sargassum ..................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 6. PERSONAL REFLECTION AND CONCLUDING THOUGHTS .......................................... 74 6.1 Reflection .............................................................................................................. 74 6.2 Concluding Thoughts ............................................................................................ 81 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 89 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Lighthouse at the end of Punta Allen. ........................................................................... 29 Figure 2. Concrete sombras on the beach. ................................................................................... 35 Figure 3. Painted history in Vigía Chico business building ............................................................ 37 Figure 4. The road to Punta Allen. ................................................................................................ 60 Figure 5. Lobster fishing in the Bay of Ascension. ........................................................................ 67 Figure 6. Sargassum floating in after a storm. .............................................................................. 69 Figure 7. Freshly deposited sargassum. ........................................................................................ 69 Figure 8. First sargassum meeting. ............................................................................................... 71 Figure 9. Fly-fishing guide. ............................................................................................................ 82 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Punta Allen Punta Allen is a small coastal village that roughly 500 Maya and Mestizo residents call home today located in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico on the southeastern coast at the end of the Boca Paila Peninsula. The village marks the northern most point of the Bay of Ascension and is the largest village in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, one of the oldest protected ecosystems in the Yucatan Peninsula established in 1986. Since the creation of the megaresorts in Cancun and Playa del Carmen in the mid 1970s and 1980s respectively, tourism along the coast of Quintana Roo has exploded with activity in what has been referred to as the Riviera Maya. Punta Allen’s inclusion in the Riviera Maya has heavily impacting existing conditions in the village over the past 20 to 25 years by bringing new economic activity, greater financial circumstances for villagers, shifts in culture,
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