Microbial Community Composition of Nest-Carton and Adjoining Soil of the Ant Lasius Fuliginosus and the Role of Host Secretions in Structuring Microbial Communities
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Fungal Ecology xxx (2018) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Microbial community composition of nest-carton and adjoining soil of the ant Lasius fuliginosus and the role of host secretions in structuring microbial communities Pina Brinker a, 2, Alfons Weig b, Gerhard Rambold c, Heike Feldhaar a, 1, * Simon Tragust a, , 1, 3 a Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitatsstraße€ 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany b Genomics & Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Universitatsstraße€ 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany c Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitatsstraße€ 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany article info abstract Article history: The ant Lasius fuliginosus stabilizes its carton-nest structures through the growth of fungi. Here we Received 17 January 2018 investigated the fungal and bacterial community composition in nest-carton and adjoining soil of Received in revised form L. fuliginosus. We found that fungal communities in the nest were stable and distinct from surrounding 19 July 2018 soil over 2 y, while bacterial communities were not stable with the differentiation between nest and Accepted 16 August 2018 surrounding soil changing over the years. This suggests that in contrast to bacterial communities, fungal Available online xxx communities in the nest are actively managed by the ant L. fuliginosus, a result that was corroborated by Corresponding Editor: Henrik Hjarvard de additional growth assays. In these assays we found that an antagonistic fungus was inhibited when Fine Licht incubated with extracts of ant body parts, while fungal associates were not only not affected but even partly favoured in their growth. Overall our results support a role of host secretions in shaping the as- Keywords: sociation between L. fuliginosus and fungal partners. ARISA © 2018 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Microbiome meta-Community Host-symbiont interaction External immune defence Microbe manipulation Capnodiales Symbiosis 1. Introduction bacterial as well as fungal species that potentially interact in complex networks (Little and Currie, 2008). Among these associa- Animals commonly host a wide variety of microbes and closely tions the cultivation of fungi either as a food source or for structural interact with microbes in their environment. Ants are no exception support of the nest has received considerable attention (Chomicki to this and are known to entertain diverse associations with mi- and Renner, 2017), especially in the well-studied case of fungus- crobial partners (Zientz et al., 2005; Russell et al., 2017). These ant- growing ants that depend on the cultivation of basidiomycete microbe associations can show a continuum of specificity ranging fungi as a food source (Mueller et al., 1998; Munkacsi et al., 2004; from highly variable (Vasse et al., 2017) to highly specialized with Kooij et al., 2015). Fungal cultivation is also found in ants that nest exclusive vertical transfer (Sauer et al., 2000) and can comprise in specialized hollow plant structures, termed domatia, and in ants that fabricate carton, a cardboard-like material from masticated plant fibres, for the construction of nests. Both of these forms of * Corresponding author. ant-fungus association are widespread and involve a range of un- E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Tragust). related ant species (Maschwitz and Holldobler,€ 1970; Kaufmann 1 Authors contributed equally. and Maschwitz, 2006; Leroy et al., 2011; Mayer et al., 2014). 2 Current address: Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science (GELIFES), Numerous recent investigations have started to characterize these University of Groningen, PO Box 1103, 9700 CC Groningen. 3 Current address: General Zoology, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle,Germany. associations and to identify and describe the involved fungal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2018.08.007 1754-5048/© 2018 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Brinker, P., et al., Microbial community composition of nest-carton and adjoining soil of the ant Lasius fuliginosus and the role of host secretions in structuring microbial communities, Fungal Ecology (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.funeco.2018.08.007 2 P. Brinker et al. / Fungal Ecology xxx (2018) 1e10 partners. These studies revealed that fungal partners inside from this material. Carton-nests are built along tree roots under- domatia and carton-nests mostly belong to the order Chaetothyr- ground or in hollow trees close to the ground. Morphological and iales in the Ascomycota, and, to a lesser extent, Capnodiales and the molecular characterization of fungal isolates from the carton-nest family Venturiaceae (Schlick-Steiner et al., 2008; Defossez et al., of several temperate Lasius species including L. fuliginosus 2009; Mayer and Voglmayr, 2009; Ruiz-Gonzalez et al., 2011; revealed a complex association of several species of fungi with the Voglmayr et al., 2011; Nepel et al., 2014; Kokolo et al., 2016; Nepel different ant species (Schlick-Steiner et al., 2008). In a first step of et al., 2016; but see Baker et al., 2017 for the presence of other the present study, we investigated the composition of the whole fungi). Many of these studies used culture-dependent approaches metacommunity including bacteria and fungi, not only in the to detect fungal associates, which are potentially limited in carton-structure but also the adjoining soil at two sampling time uncovering fungal associates and the fungal community composi- points via the fingerprinting method ARISA (Automated Ribosomal tion in the nest. In addition, the fungal and bacterial community Intergenic Spacer Analysis). This allowed us to investigate whether found in the environment of these ant-nests, e.g. the nest refuse the same or different processes govern the diversity and compo- pile or foraging ground, has so far received little attention (but see sition of fungi and bacteria in the nest-carton and adjoining soil Baker et al., 2017 and Lucas et al., 2017 for a comparative commu- over time. In accordance with L. fuliginosus cultivating fungal as- nity analysis of the nest versus the environment). sociates in their carton-nest, we expected to find a higher stability Inclusion of all microbes in studies of ant-fungus associations is and similarity of fungal communities in the nest-carton compared however important, as host-microbe associations are known to be to adjoining soil, while bacterial communities were not necessarily shaped not only by the abiotic environment (Russell and Moran, expected to follow this pattern. In a second step, we aimed to reveal 2006; Colman et al., 2012) but also by the biotic environment, i.e. whether L. fuliginosus ants have the potential to manage the fungal by horizontal transfer with free-living microbial populations (Adair community in their carton-nests via chemical control. In growth and Douglas, 2017), and by microbe-microbe interactions (Goto assays we incubated supernatants from body parts that bear anti- et al., 2006; Dittmer et al., 2016). Potential environmental acqui- microbial substance producing exocrine glands with fungal solu- sition and interactions with adjoining microbial communities may tions that were either derived from the carton-nest or from an play an important role in shaping microbial communities in ants antagonist of the ants, an entomopathogenic fungus. We expected building carton-structures. In carton-structures, several fungi an inhibitory effect against the entomopathogenic fungus, while appear to colonise the carton and to show a low specificity with fungi from the carton-nest were expected not to be affected. regard to the identity of carton-making ant (Mayer and Voglmayr, 2009; Nepel et al., 2014, but see Schlick-Steiner et al., 2008; Ruiz- 2. Materials and methods Gonzalez et al., 2011 for the presence of only few or a single dominant fungus). In line with this, a recent phylogeny of chaeto- 2.1. Soil and nest material collection thyrialean fungi with representative samples from ant-fungus as- sociations, but also free-living species, showed that ant-associated Nest material and adjoining soil of nine different L. fuliginosus fungal taxa are not necessarily host-specific, but can occur in niches colonies were collected from nine different locations during August other than ant nests (Vasse et al., 2017). 2013 near Bayreuth (Germany, Bavaria, see Supplementary Another important factor shaping host-microbe associations are Table S1). The same locations were revisited in June 2014 and the hosts themselves (Duarte et al., 2017). To maintain stable as- nest material and adjoining soil re-collected. Sampling was sociations with microbial partners, organisms need to tend asso- repeated to investigate the stability of microbial community ciates and to manage them, i.e. to control and manipulate them. composition over time, as this provides insight into whether as- Management of the microbial community surrounding an organ- sociations are actively managed and maintained. Nest material was ism via externalised antimicrobial substances - a form of external collected manually (using gloves sterilised with ethanol) by grab- immune defence - is known from several different animals (Otti bing into the nest entrance and recovering nest material in a depth et al., 2014) and has likely been favoured in social insects