A Csepel-Sziget És a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna Történeti Földrajzi Kutatásai ___ 6 2.2

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A Csepel-Sziget És a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna Történeti Földrajzi Kutatásai ___ 6 2.2 1 TARTALOM 1. Előszó __________________________________________________________________ 4 2. Bevezetés _______________________________________________________________ 6 2. 1. A Csepel-sziget és a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna történeti földrajzi kutatásai ___ 6 2.2. A Csepel-sziget és a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Dunaág történeti földrajzára vonatkozó források és szakirodalom __________________________________________________ 9 2.2.1. Források __________________________________________________________ 9 2.2.2. Szakirodalom _____________________________________________________ 19 2.3. A téma feldolgozása során alkalmazott módszerek _________________________ 27 3. A Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna történeti vízrajza ______________________________ 30 3.1. A Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna jellemzői, elnevezései ________________________ 30 3.1.1. A folyóág kialakulása, jellemzői ______________________________________ 30 3.1.2. A folyóág megnevezései ____________________________________________ 31 3.2. A Soroksári-Duna bal partjának és környékének vízrajza __________________ 34 3.2.1. Az Ős-Duna „harmadik” ága _________________________________________ 34 3.2.2. Gyáli-patak _______________________________________________________ 36 3.2.3. A folyó árapasztó erei ______________________________________________ 36 3.2.4. A Pesti Duna-völgy lecsapolása _______________________________________ 39 3.2.5. A csatornarendszer végleges kialakítása ________________________________ 40 3.2.6. A Duna − Tisza-csatorna ____________________________________________ 41 3.3. A Soroksári-Duna lezárása és a XX. század első felének eseményei ___________ 49 3.3.1. A mellékág lezárása ________________________________________________ 49 3.3.2. A lezárás hatásai __________________________________________________ 50 3.3.3. A Soroksári-Duna csatornázása 1910–1929 _____________________________ 52 3.3.4. A csepeli Szabadkikötő megépítése ____________________________________ 55 3.4. A Soroksári-Duna a XX. század második felében és napjainkban ____________ 57 3.4.1. Az ipari szennyezés ________________________________________________ 57 3.4.2. A Soroksári-Duna üdülőövezetté válása ________________________________ 58 3.4.3. Természetvédelem _________________________________________________ 61 3.4.4. A Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna műtárgyai ________________________________ 64 3.5. A folyó hasznosítása __________________________________________________ 68 3.5.1. Halászat _________________________________________________________ 68 3.5.2. Hajómalmok ______________________________________________________ 70 4. A Csepel-sziget __________________________________________________________ 74 4.1. A Csepel-sziget elnevezései_____________________________________________ 74 4.1.1. A „Csepel” név ___________________________________________________ 74 4.1.2. A Sziget egyéb elnevezései 1526 előtt _________________________________ 76 4.1.3. A Csepel-sziget török korban használt nevei _____________________________ 78 1 4.1.4. A Sziget elnevezései a XVIII. századtól ________________________________ 79 4.2. A Sziget keletkezése, felszíne, formája ___________________________________ 82 4.2.1. A dunai szigetképződés általános jellemzői______________________________ 82 4.2.2. A Csepel-sziget keletkezése __________________________________________ 82 4.2.3. A Csepel-sziget formája, kiterjedése ___________________________________ 85 4.3. A Csepel-sziget vízrajza _______________________________________________ 90 4.4. A dunai árvizek és hatásuk a Csepel-szigetre és környékére _________________ 94 4.4.1. A dunai árvizek típusai és okai _______________________________________ 94 4.4.1.1. A jeges árvizek kialakulása _______________________________________ 94 4.4.1.2. A zöldár kialakulása ____________________________________________ 96 4.4.2. Az árvizek hatásai _________________________________________________ 96 4.4.3. A történeti forrásokból ismert, 1838 előtti árvizek ________________________ 97 4.4.4. A Duna fővárosi és főváros alatti szabályozásának összefüggései ___________ 100 4.4.5. Az 1838-as árvíz és előzményei _____________________________________ 100 4.4.6. Árvizek 1838 és 1872 között ________________________________________ 102 4.4.7. A Soroksári-Duna lezárása és az 1872-1875 közti szabályozási munkák ______ 104 4.4.8. Az 1876-os árvíz _________________________________________________ 105 4.4.9. A Duna-szabályozás újabb szakasza 1876-1885 _________________________ 108 4.4.10. A Csepel-szigeti töltésrendszer megépítése 1898-1909 __________________ 110 4.4.11. A XX. századi árvizek. A szabályozások befejeződése ___________________ 114 4.5. Birtokviszonyok és igazgatás a Csepel-szigeten ___________________________ 115 4.5.1. A királyi birtoklás és a közvetlen királyi ispáni igazgatás a Csepel-szigeten ___ 115 4.5.2. A csepeli ispánság mint királynői jegyajándék __________________________ 120 4.5.3. Egyházi és világi birtokok a Szigeten _________________________________ 121 4.5.4. Magánbirtokból ismét királyi birtok __________________________________ 124 4.5.5. A szigeti ispánság Szigeten kívüli birtokai _____________________________ 126 4.5.6. A Sziget és a vármegyerendszer kapcsolata a középkorban ________________ 127 4.5.7. Egyházigazgatás a Csepel-szigeten ___________________________________ 131 4.5.8. A Csepel-sziget a Hódoltságban _____________________________________ 132 4.5.9. A Ráckevei Uradalom kialakulása ____________________________________ 134 4.5.10. A Csepel-sziget a Habsburg család birtokában _________________________ 138 5. Települések a Csepel-szigeten és a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna bal partján _______ 142 5.1. A Csepel-sziget települései ____________________________________________ 142 5.1.1. A Csepel-sziget települései a középkorban _____________________________ 143 5.1.2. Török kor _______________________________________________________ 147 5.1.3. Csepel-sziget települései a XVIII-XIX. században _______________________ 151 5.1.4. A települések a XX-XXI. századi Csepel-szigeten _______________________ 155 5.2. Települések a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna bal partján _____________________ 159 5.2.1. A Soroksári-Duna bal parti települései a középkorban ____________________ 160 5.2.2. A bal parti települések a török korban _________________________________ 163 5.2.3. A Soroksári-Duna bal partjának települései a XVIII-XIX. században ________ 167 5,2.4. A Soroksári-Duna bal partjának települései a XX-XXI. században __________ 171 2 6. A két folyóág szigetei ____________________________________________________ 174 6.1. A szigetek általános jellemzői _________________________________________ 174 6.2. A Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna szigetei __________________________________ 181 6.3. A Nagy-Duna szigetei ________________________________________________ 204 7. A Duna elválaszt és összeköt _____________________________________________ 212 7.1. Közlekedés _________________________________________________________ 212 7.1.1. Kapcsolat a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna jobb és bal partja között____________ 212 7.1.2. Kapcsolat a Nagy-Duna jobb és bal partja között ________________________ 214 7.1.3. Közlekedés a Csepel-szigeten és a Soroksári-Duna bal partján _____________ 216 7.2. Hajózás ___________________________________________________________ 218 7.3. A Soroksári- és a Nagy-Duna átkelői ___________________________________ 222 8. Utószó ________________________________________________________________ 232 Bibliográfia _____________________________________________________________ 233 3 1. Előszó „A Csepel-sziget és a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna-ág történeti földrajza” című doktori értekezés a Duna második legnagyobb szigetét és a tőle elválaszthatatlan mellékágat mutatja be számos szempontból. A téma nagyon közel áll hozzám, ugyanis Csepelen születtem, eddigi életem nagy részét itt töltöttem és a Sziget nagyon sok pontján személyesen is megfordultam. Emellett, a Kis-Duna bal partján fekvő Taksony történetével foglalkozó könyvem megírása során felvetődött bennem, hogy a község határain túllépve, történeti forrásain és szakirodal- mán keresztül is megismerjem annak, illetve ezzel együtt a szülőhelyem tágabb környezetét. Mindazonáltal a célom eredetileg „pusztán” a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna vízrajzának, a vízrajz időbeli változásainak bemutatása volt, felkutatva, megvizsgálva azokat a forrásokat, amelyekben felbukkan, és egybe gyúrni a mellékágról szerzett ismereteket. Azonban egy fo- lyamról van szó, amely természeténél fogva mozgásban van, ezért nem lehetett figyelmen kívül hagyni a víz természetes építő- és romboló munkáját, amivel a partjait és medrét alakí- totta, illetve árvizeivel befolyással volt az emberi életre is. Így kikerülhetetlen volt a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Dunához, illetve annak túlsó, bal partjához ezer szállal kötődő Csepel-szigetnek, valamint a Kis- és a Nagy-Duna szigeteinek vizsgálata. Az anyaggyűjtés során kiderült továb- bá, hogy a szóban forgó mellékágtól keletre eső medencével szintén foglalkozni kell, ugyanis ez a terület vízrajzi, vízügyi szempontból szorosan kapcsolódik a mellékághoz. Ezért, ha egyes kérdésköröknél csak érintőlegesen is, de végül az eredetileg elgondoltnál egy jóval na- gyobb földrajzi területre kellett kiterjednie a kutatásnak. A fenti területet és részeit pontosabban meghatározva, a Ráckevei (Soroksári)-Duna a Dunának azon baloldali mellékága, amely a mai Budapest területén szakad ki és valamivel több, mint 57 kilométeren keresztül zömében párhuzamosan halad a főággal – körülölelve a Csepel-szigetet, és meghatározva annak méreteit, formáját – majd Tass település külterületén
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