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A B Young mouse Old mouse skin skin p65 p65 levels: 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 Human kidney Medulla Human kidney Cortex Human muscle (Arm/Leg) Human fibroblasts Human muscle (Abdomen) Human brain NFKBIA p105 CHUK NFKB1 IL1R1 PTPLAD1 MYD88 p50 NKIRAS1 IL1A p105 levels: 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 TRAF6 p50 levels: 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.2 TLR8 MALT1 MAP3K7 IκBα TNFRSF10A STAT1 IκBα levels: 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 CARD10 IRAK1 CARD14 ACTIN TNFRSF10B TNFRSF1A IKBKB MAP3K1 TIAF1 TNFAIP3 MAP3K7IP1 FADD B pathway genes (Biocarta) κ NKIRAS2 TNF NF- TLR1 ZNF675 TBK1 TLR6 MAP3K14 RIPK1 TRADD IKBKG TLR4 TLR3 RELA Genes induced with age (P<0.05) Genes repressed with age (P<0.05) Supplementary Figure 1. Diverse mechanisms of increased NF-κB activity with age. (A) Western analysis of two independent young and old mouse skin samples shows that NF-κB subunits p65, p50, and p105 weakly increase with age, while IκBα protein expression weakly decreases with age. Quantification was performed with ImageJ (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). (B) Expression of 38 genes found in NF-κB signaling pathways (BioCarta Molecular Pathways: http://www.biocarta.com) were anlayzed in six human tissues. One-sided t-tests identified genes whose expression significantly changes with age (P<0.05) in the indicated tissue. Some genes showed consistent change in multiple tissues, while many genes showed tissue specific effects. A B Input IP α-ER -ER -ER -ER -ER ∆ SP SP SP SP SP + LacZ + NFKB1 -ER ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ GFP GFP NFKB1 NFKB1 GFP GFP NFKB1 NFKB1 4-OHT: 4-OHT 0h - + - + - + - + NFKB1∆SP-ER p65 p50 WB 4-OHT 2h RelB cRel ∆SP NFKB1 -ER localization p52 C D -ER SP ∆ -SR α B κ I GFP ∆SP NFKB1 NFKB1 - -ER -ER + 4-OHT κ α SP SP GFP + TNF + Antibody GFP ER I B -SR ∆ ∆ -SR + 4-OHT NFKB1∆SP-ER α B TNF: κ - + + - + GFP NFKB1 NFKB1 I -p50 -p65 -cRel -p52 -RelB 4-OHT: ACTIN ---- α α α α α - - + + + +TNF -ER -ER + 4-OHT SP SP ∆ ∆ B responsive genes -SR κ α B- κ NFKB1 I GFP NFKB1 NF-κB : IRF 147 NF- NF-κB : CCANNAGRKGGC NF-κB : GATA4 AP1 : ZID AP2-α : POU1F1 : RREB1 Average exp. targets +TNF -1.5 +1.5 -2.5 +2.5 Supplementary Figure 2. Characterization of NFKB1∆SP-ER specificity in primary human keratinocytes. (A) NFKB1∆SP-ER (green) translocates to the nucleus (DAPI, blue) of keratinocytes upon addition of 4-OHT for 2 hours. (B) Immunoprecipitation (IP) of NFKB1∆SP-ER in keratinocytes reveals that NFKB1∆SP-ER interacts strongly with endogenous p65 in a 4-OHT-dependent fashion, weakly with p50 in a ligand-independent fashion, and no appreciable interaction is detected with RelB, cRel, or p52. (C) NFKB1∆SP-ER blocks p65:p50 NF-κB heterodimer. Left: EMSA supershift assay with the indicates antibodies identifies p65:p50 as the predominant heterodimer in keratinocytes. Right: In GFP-expressing cells, TNF-α strongly induces heterodimer formation, while expression of NFKB1∆SP-ER strongly inhibits TNF-α-induced heterodimer formation. (D) NFKB1∆SP-ER inhibits the same TNF-α-induced genes as IκBα-SR (super repressor). For keratinocytes transduced with each of the indicated genes, TNF-α-treated samples (labeled with Cy5; red) and control-treated samples (labeled with Cy3; green) were competitively hybridized to microarrays; average data of duplicate samples are shown. Left bottom: Analysis of motif modules identifies specific motif combinations similarly affected by NFKB1∆SP-ER and IκBα-SR. Right: Genes that are repressed by IκBα-SR as compared to GFP or NFKB1∆SP-ER (no 4-OHT) are also repressed by NFKB1∆SP-ER, albeit to a lesser extent. 8 6 4 1.2 1 2 0.8 expression (fold) 0.6 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 κ 0.4 NF- B target genes NFKBIA -2 0.2 4-OHT treatment expression -4 Relative 0 -6 NF-κB target gene repression: EtOH treatment P = 1.6x10-5 4-OHT treatment -8 EtOH treatment expression Supplementary Figure 3. Expression levels of NF-κB target genes are reduced in aged K14:NFKB1∆SP-ER skin after 4-OHT treatment. Left: The average expression level of each gene in old EtOH-treated skin (x-axis) and the contralateral 4-OHT-treated skin (y-axis) was plotted for all genes (the raw expression values are in log2 space) and shown in gray. Shown are the expression levels of several canonical NF-κB target genes (red squares), including NFKBIA, STAT5A, IRF1, PTX3, CD83, and CSF2 that were previously shown to be induced by NF-κB in primary human keratinocytes (Hinata et al., Oncogene, 2003). NF-κB target genes were coordinately repressed upon 4-OHT addition (P = 1.6x10-5, hypergeometric distribution). Dashed line indicates linear regression trend line for all genes; most red squares are below the dashed line, indicating NF-κB target gene repression after 4-OHT treatment. Right: Quantitative RT-PCR confirms repression of NFKBIA after 4-OHT treatment. PI3 kinase complex mitotic checkpoint translation regulator activity receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway chromatin assembly or disassembly cell cycle protein deubiquitination mitochondrion organization and biogenesis GO modules (n = 1308) inflammatory response immune response Induced expression Repressed expression 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Expression change upon NF-κB blockade (P-value) Supplementary Figure 4. Gene Ontology categories affected by NF-κB blockade. We used gene module map to identify coordinate induction or repression of genes that comprise each Gene Ontology (GO) category (Harris et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 2004). We calculated the average expression of all genes in each module and determined the significance of expression changes upon NF-κB blockade in old mice using Student's t-test. Red indicates that average expression of all genes in a GO category is induced upon 4-OHT addition; green indicates repression. Several GO categories that were altered upon NF-κB blockade are highlighted (P<0.1, dashed line). Genes in the immune response and inflammatory response GO terms were not significantly altered. 6 4 2 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 Observed -2 -4 4-OHT-induced gene expression changes: FDR>0.19 -6 Expected Supplementary Figure 5. 4-OHT treatment has no effect on gene expression. To control for gene expression changes induced by the drug 4-OHT, we carried out the same drug/control treatment as described in the main text in duplicate on a 20 month old non-transgenic mouse that was of identical genetic background. Two-class SAM was used to identify genes that changed expression between EtOH- and 4-OHT-treated samples. Increased and decreased expression associated with 4-OHT treatment is represented as upward and downward deflections from the above plot comparing observed data in the y-axis and expected data from permutation in the x-axis. No genes were significantly induced or repressed upon 4-OHT addition (dashed lines, FDR>0.19). Cleaved Caspase-3 Newborn Young EtOH Old 4-OHT 30 µm Supplementary Figure 6. NF-κB blockade in old skin does not induce apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry of Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression, which detects the activated form of Caspase-3 found in cells undergoing apoptosis, in the epidermis of paraffin-embedded sections of K14:NFKB1∆SP-ER mice is shown. NF-κB blockade did not induce aberrant apoptosis in old skin. A Genes induced with senescence 0.8 (Mammary Fibroblasts) 0.6 Correlation of gene 0.4 expression to age: Skin Fibroblasts 0.2 Kidney Medulla (expression) Kidney Cortex 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 Brain -0.2 Muscle (Abdomen) senescence genes Muscle (Arm/Leg) -0.4 Average log -0.6 Age (years) -0.8 B Mouse Samples: Young Old EtOH Old 4-OHT Tgfb1i4 * Rest * Pja2 * Rab14 * Akap9 * Bcl6 * Pja2 Vdp P4ha1 Nr4a3 with age in mouse Aplp2 Senescence genes induced -1.5 +1.5 Supplementary Figure 7. Expression of several senescence markers are reversed upon NF-κB blockade in mouse skin. (A) The average expression of genes whose expression is induced after senescence initiaion in mammary fibroblasts (Hardy et al., Mol. Bio. Cell, 2005) showed consistent increase with age in six human tissues. (B) Shown are the senescence genes that showed induction with age in K14:NFKB1∆SP-ER mouse skin (P<0.05, Student’s t-test between Young and Old EtOH). Six of the eleven genes were coordinately re-silenced upon NF-κB blockade by addition of 4-OHT in old skin (*, P<0.05, Student’s t-test between Old EtOH and Old 4-OHT). A K14:NFKB1∆SP-ER Wild-type K14:MYC-ER 4 4 4 Keratin 6 * 3.5 Keratin 17 3.5 3.5 3 3 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 * 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 Gene expression (fold change) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 Young Old EtOH Untreated Untreated Old-4 OHT 4-OHT (1d) 4-OHT (4d) 4-OHT (1d) 4-OHT (4d) B Dominant negative cJun K14:β-Catenin-ER skin IRF6 null skin p63 null skin (primary keratinocytes) ) 1.2 n 1.2 1.2 1.2 o i s s 1 1 1 1 e r e r p x u t 0.8 e 0.8 0.8 0.8 a e n n g i e 0.6 s 0.6 0.6 0.6 g g e n v i i 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 t g a A l e r 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 d l o f ( 0 0 0 0 WT β-Catenin WT IRF6 null WT p63 null LacZ DN-cJun active Supplementary Figure 8.
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    www.intjdevbiol.com doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160040mk SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL corresponding to: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes craniofacial neural crest induction from human pluripotent stem cells SUMIYO MIMURA, MIKA SUGA, KAORI OKADA, MASAKI KINEHARA, HIROKI NIKAWA and MIHO K. FURUE* *Address correspondence to: Miho Kusuda Furue. Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan. Tel: 81-72-641-9819. Fax: 81-72-641-9812. E-mail: [email protected] Full text for this paper is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.160040mk TABLE S1 PRIMER LIST FOR QRT-PCR Gene forward reverse AP2α AATTTCTCAACCGACAACATT ATCTGTTTTGTAGCCAGGAGC CDX2 CTGGAGCTGGAGAAGGAGTTTC ATTTTAACCTGCCTCTCAGAGAGC DLX1 AGTTTGCAGTTGCAGGCTTT CCCTGCTTCATCAGCTTCTT FOXD3 CAGCGGTTCGGCGGGAGG TGAGTGAGAGGTTGTGGCGGATG GAPDH CAAAGTTGTCATGGATGACC CCATGGAGAAGGCTGGGG MSX1 GGATCAGACTTCGGAGAGTGAACT GCCTTCCCTTTAACCCTCACA NANOG TGAACCTCAGCTACAAACAG TGGTGGTAGGAAGAGTAAAG OCT4 GACAGGGGGAGGGGAGGAGCTAGG CTTCCCTCCAACCAGTTGCCCCAAA PAX3 TTGCAATGGCCTCTCAC AGGGGAGAGCGCGTAATC PAX6 GTCCATCTTTGCTTGGGAAA TAGCCAGGTTGCGAAGAACT p75 TCATCCCTGTCTATTGCTCCA TGTTCTGCTTGCAGCTGTTC SOX9 AATGGAGCAGCGAAATCAAC CAGAGAGATTTAGCACACTGATC SOX10 GACCAGTACCCGCACCTG CGCTTGTCACTTTCGTTCAG Suppl. Fig. S1. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of the ES cells and the cells induced by NC and NC-B condition. Scatter plots compares the normalized expression of every gene on the array (refer to Table S3). The central line
  • Off the Beaten Pathway: the Complex Cross Talk Between Notch and NF-Kb Clodia Osipo1,2, Todd E Golde3, Barbara a Osborne4 and Lucio a Miele1,2,5

    Off the Beaten Pathway: the Complex Cross Talk Between Notch and NF-Kb Clodia Osipo1,2, Todd E Golde3, Barbara a Osborne4 and Lucio a Miele1,2,5

    Laboratory Investigation (2008) 88, 11–17 & 2008 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/08 $30.00 PATHOBIOLOGY IN FOCUS Off the beaten pathway: the complex cross talk between Notch and NF-kB Clodia Osipo1,2, Todd E Golde3, Barbara A Osborne4 and Lucio A Miele1,2,5 The canonical Notch pathway that has been well characterized over the past 25 years is relatively simple compared to the plethora of recently published data suggesting non-canonical signaling mechanisms and cross talk with other pathways. The manner in which other pathways cross talk with Notch signaling appears to be extraordinarily complex and, not surprisingly, context-dependent. While the physiological relevance of many of these interactions remains to be estab- lished, there is little doubt that Notch signaling is integrated with numerous other pathways in ways that appear increasingly complex. Among the most intricate cross talks described for Notch is its interaction with the NF-kB pathway, another major cell fate regulatory network involved in development, immunity, and cancer. Numerous reports over the last 11 years have described multiple cross talk mechanisms between Notch and NF-kB in diverse experimental models. This article will provide a brief overview of the published evidence for Notch–NF-kB cross talk, focusing on vertebrate systems. Laboratory Investigation (2008) 88, 11–17; doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700700; published online 3 December 2007 KEYWORDS: Notch signaling; NF-kB cross talk; non-canonical signaling; IKK kinases CANONICAL NOTCH SIGNALING endocytosed into the ligand-expressing cell.10 This unmasks Canonical Notch signaling has been recently reviewed by the HD and triggers an extracellular cleavage in it by ADAM several authors,1–6 and the reader is referred to these reviews (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) 10 or 17,1,2 followed by for detailed information and additional references.