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Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA MENINJAU ULANG ROMANTISISME PADA PUISI ROMANTIK KOREA TAHUN 1920-AN: ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK DAN ASPEK PUISI YI SANG HWA, KIM SO WOL, DAN HAN YONG UN HALAMAN JUDUL NASKAH RINGKAS Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Humaniora BRIGITTA ADRIANA 1206238425 FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI BAHASA DAN KEBUDAYAAN KOREA DEPOK DESEMBER 2016 2 Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 Meninjau Ulang Romantisisme Pada Puisi Romantik Korea Tahun 1920-an: Analisis Karakteristik dan Aspek Puisi Yi Sang Hwa, Kim So Wol, dan Han Yong Un Brigitta Adriana, Eva Latifah, S.S., Ph. D Program Studi Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Korea, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok Jawa Barat, 16424, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak Makalah ini mengkaji perbedaan dan persamaan karakteristik dan aspek puisi-puisi dari Yi Sang Hwa, Kim So Wol, dan Han Yong Un yang merupakan penyair romantik Korea dari tahun 1920-an. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan perkembangan aliran romantisisme di Korea persamaan dan perbedaan tema dan karakteristik pada penyair romantik Korea pada tahun 1920-an. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan sastra. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan dan persamaan karakteristik dan aspek puisi yang membentuk puisi romantik Korea tahun 1920an. Kata kunci: sastra Korea, romantisisme, sastra kolonialisme Revisiting Romanticism on 1920s Korean Romantic Poetry: Characteristic and Aspect Analysis on Yi Sang Hwa, Kim So Wol, and Han Yong Un’s Works Abstract This paper discusses the difference and the similarities in terms of characteristics and aspects of poems written by Yi Sang Hwa, Kim So Wol, and Han Yong Un who were korean romantic poets from the 1920s. The purpose of this research is to describe the development of romanticism in Korea as well as the difference in theme and characteristics on Korean romantic poets of 1920s. The method used in this research is qualitative method along with several literature approaches. The result of this research shows the difference and the similarities in characteristics and aspects that forms the korean romantic poetry in the 1920s. Keywords: Korean literature, romanticism, colonialism literature 1 Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 1. Pendahuluan Selama beberapa abad, Korea dikenal sebagai sebuah negara yang sangat tertutup. Interaksi dengan masyarakat lain hanya dilakukan dengan negara-negara Asia Timur lainnya seperti Tiongkok dan Jepang. Jauh sebelum abad ke-19, Korea dikenal oleh bangsa Barat sebagai negara yang menyambut orang asing dengan kecurigaan. Hal ini menyebabkan Korea buta akan segala perkembangan yang terjadi di dunia, termasuk perkembangan teknologi dan budaya. Penerimaan pengaruh asing ke dalam kehidupan masyarakat Korea juga bukanlah keinginan masyarakat Korea sendiri, melainkan sesuatu yang dipaksakan oleh Pemerintahan Imperialisme Jepang 1 kepada mereka. Hal tersebut dipelopori oleh ditandatanganinya Perjanjian Ganghwa-do yang memberikan Jepang hak ekstrateritorial dan hak untuk membuka beberapa pelabuhan Korea untuk perdagangan internasional. Terbukanya pelabuhan-pelabuhan Korea untuk perdagangan internasional menyebabkan tidak hanya pengaruh dari Jepang, tetapi juga budaya dari Barat sehingga mulailah Masa Pencerahan di Korea. Masa Pencerahan membawa berbagai macam perubahan pada dinamika masyarakat Korea seperti dari segi politik, sosial, gaya hidup, teknologi, dan pendidikan. Salah satu bidang yang mendapat pengaruh cukup signifikan dari perubahan ini adalah tren literatur. Munculnya buku-buku yang berisi ilmu dari Barat dan berkembangnya teknologi percetakan memunculkan popularitas tren literatur dari Barat, salah satunya adalah aliran romantisisme. Romantisisme sendiri adalah tren budaya yang muncul sebagai akibat dari peristiwa- peristiwa sejarah yang terjadi pada akhir abad ke-18 hingga abad ke-19 seperti Revolusi Industri, dan Perang Napoleon. Romantisme dalam bahasa Korea disebut sebagai 낭만주의 (nangmanju’ui)2, secara etimologis berasal dari karakter hanja 浪漫主義 (làngmàn zhǔyì) yang berarti ‘romantis’ dan ‘doktrin’. Istilah ‘romantisisme’ sendiri baru muncul di Korea pada tahun 1907 melalui sebuah buku sejarah dunia yang ditulis oleh Yoo Seung Kyeom. Namun yang muncul hanyalah istilah semata tanpa penjelasan lebih lanjut sehingga para pembaca tidak memiliki bayangan akan konsep romantisisme. asyarakat Korea baru 1 Munculnya imperialisme di Jepang dipengaruhi oleh Restorasi Meiji (1868). Para birokrat pemerintahan Meiji memutuskan untuk mengadopsi sistem pemerintahan Barat untuk pemerintahan baru mereka. Jepang menciptakan konstitusi yang dibuat berdasarkan pemerintahan Jerman yang pada saat itu merupakan negara monarki dan juga negara kapitalis berkembang (Kim, 1996 : 22). 2 Pada penelitian ini, penulis akan menggunakan sistem romanisasi Revised Romanization of Hangeul (국의 로마자 표기법 Guk’ui Romaja Pyogibeob). Sistem ini merupakan sistem romanisasi yang sudah diresmikan oleh Kementrian Budaya dan Olah Raga Korea Selatan untuk menggantikan sistem McCune-Reischauer. 2 Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 mendapatkan bayangan akan apa itu romantisisme saat mendapatkan gambaran dari Jepang pada pertengahan dekade 1920-an. Sejak saat itu, istilah romantisisme mulai muncul di berbagai media cetak, seperti pada buku 문예사조 (Mun’ye Sajo) oleh Kim An Seo, buku- buku Ch’oi Hak Sông dan Baek Dae Jin tentang teori sastra Barat, walau pun penjelasan yang ada masih sangat sedikit. Selain itu, muncul gerakan-gerakan romantisisme di Korea seperti 백조 (baekjo), 폐허 (p’yeheo), dan (장미촌) jangmich’on. Banyak puisi romantik di Korea muncul pada dekade 1920-an dan sangat berkaitan dengan pergerakan kemerdekaan Korea. Puisi yang muncul pada masa ini bertemakan kesedihan luar biasa masyarakat Korea akan kegagalan meraih kemerdekaan, rasa keputusasaan dan kehilangan tujuan hidup. Jika dilihat secara lebih dekat, puisi-puisi tersebut dikatakan romantik karena mereka mengutarakan perasaan mendalam, menggunakan simbol- simbol untuk mengekspresikan keinginan dan harapan mereka. Romantisisme yang digunakan oleh para penyair Korea pada masa tersebut adalah ungkapan kesedihan mendalam akibat duka dan beban yang telah mereka tanggung pada masa kolonialisme. Namun, pada kenyataannya, aliran romantisisme tidaklah sesempit itu. Salah satu penyair Korea bernama Han Yong Un banyak menulis puisi bernuansa alam dan koneksi antara alam dan perasaan. Banyak pakar yang mengatakan bahwa karya- karya Han Yong Un bukan puisi beraliran romantisisme, melainkan beraliran ekologi. Penyair lain yang berasal dari Korea dan berasal dari masa yang sama dengan Han Yong Un adalah Kim So Wol. Banyak pakar dan buku-buku sejarah kesusastraan Korea yang mengaitkan kemiripan gaya penulisan Kim So Wol dengan Han Yong Un yang didominasi oleh alam, rasa perpisahan, dan cinta. Namun sama halnya seperti Han Yong Un, Kim So Wol tidak dikaitkan dengan aliran romantisisme. Hal ini tentu bertentangan dengan konsep romantisisme yang muncul pada tren literatur di Eropa seperti Wordsworth dan Blake. Berdasarkan konsepsi ini, dapat dikatakan bahwa Korea memandang romantisisme sebagai suatu tren literatur yang mengekspresikan rasa sedih melalui simbol-simbol untuk menyampaikan pesan mereka. Di satu sisi, hal tersebut adalah benar. Namun, di sisi lain, hal tersebut sangat mempersempit konsep romantisisme sendiri. Jika menggunakan pandangan masyarakat Korea untuk mendefinisikan romantisisme, maka lebih tepat jika romantisisme pada puisi Korea adalah sebuah media untuk mengekspresikan kesedihan mendalam yang mereka rasakan dilatarbelakangi oleh persitiwa-peristiwa sejarah yang terjadi sejak dimulainya masa pencerahan di Korea hingga akhir masa penjajahan Jepang di Korea. 3 Meninjau Ulang ..., Brigitta Adriana, FIB UI, 2016 2. Tentang Romantisisme 2.1 Definisi, Filosofi, dan Karakteristik Romantisisme Secara etimologis, kata romanticism memiliki tiga makna terpisah; roman, imbuhan - tic yang mengacu pada suatu sifat, dan imbuhan -ism yaitu mengacu pada ideologi. Kata roman pada awalnya berasal dari bahasa latin romant yang berarti “in a roman way” atau dalam bahasa Indonesia, “dengan cara roma.” Menurut Kamus Oxford Dictionary of English (2010), romantisisme memiliki makna sebagai “a movement in the arts and literature which originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Often contrasted with classicism.” Margaret Drabble mendefinisikan romantisisme sebagai asersi ekstrem dari diri dan nilai pengalaman pribadi dan dua ciri khas romantisisme adalah intensitas dan imajinasi. Selain itu, Drabble juga menyatakan bahwa romantisisme memberi penekanan pada emosi, imajinasi, individualitas dan penolakan terhadap Pencerahan yang muncul pada akhir abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18. Jika ditinjau dari sudut pandang sejarah, maka secara luas dapat disimpulkan bahwa inti dari semangat romantisisme adalah penolakan terhadap konvensi dan segala peraturan mengikat yang umum ditemukan pada aliran klasisisme.3 Hulme (1911) menyatakan bahwa romantisisme di Inggris dan di Perancis diasosiasikan dengan pandangan politik tertentu. Beranjak dari pernyataan Rosseau bahwa pada dasarnya semua manusia adalah baik dan yang menyebabkan kekacauan adalah peraturan dan kebiasaan buruk yang menekan mereka, Hulme mengemukakan
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