Japan Im Ersten Weltkrieg

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Japan Im Ersten Weltkrieg ÖSTERREICHISCHEÖMZ MILITÄRISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT In dieser Onlineausgabe Harald Pöcher Japan im Ersten Weltkrieg Nikolaus Scholik Power-Projection vs Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) Die operationellen Konzepte von U.S. Navy (USN) und Peoples Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) im Indo-Pazifischen Raum Andreas Armborst Dschihadismus im Irak Andreas Steiger Die Berufsoffiziersausbildung an der Theresianischen Militärakademie in Wr. Neustadt Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bundesheeres der 1. Republik von 1934-1938 Zusätzlich in der Printausgabe Walter Schilling Die Problematik der pazifistischen Grundströmung in Deutschland Hans Krech Die direkte Einflussnahme der strategischen Führungsebene von Al Qaida auf interne Konflikte in den Regionalorganisationen Heino Matzken Zwist statt Liebe in der Geburtskirche Ewiger christlicher Zankapfel auch Spielball im palästinensisch-israelischen Staatspoker! Klaus-Jürgen Bremm Die elektrische Telegraphie als Mittel militärischer Führung und der Nachrichtengewinnung in den deutschen Einigungskriegen sowie zahlreiche Berichte zur österreichischen und internationalen Verteidigungspolitik ÖMZ 4/2014-Online ÖMZ itärisc Mil he Z e ei h ts sc c i h h r Japan im Ersten Weltkrieg c i i f e t r r e t s Ö w Peer Revie Harald Pöcher 1808 er japanische Beitrag zum Ersten Weltkrieg Nation-starke Armee). Unmittelbar nach der Öffnung des führte zu einer Neugestaltung des westpazi- Landes gaben sich die ausländischen Militärdelegationen - Dfisch-ostasiatischen Raumes und schuf damit auch in der Hoffnung auf gute Geschäfte für ihre Rüstungs- den Nährboden für die nachfolgenden Erschütterungen der industrien - die Türklinken in die Hand und versuchten ihr europäischen Kolonialpolitik im Pazifik. Zum besseren Militärsystem in Japan salonfähig zu machen. Am nach- Verständnis der weiteren Ausführungen muss auf die haltigsten schafften dies noch die Briten bei der Aufstel- japanischen außenpolitischen Interessen vor dem Ersten lung der modernen japanischen Seestreitkräfte, wogegen Weltkrieg beziehungsweise auf die innenpolitischen Ver- beim Heer die Franzosen zunächst tonangebend waren.3) hältnisse eingegangen werden. Nach der Niederlage Frankreichs gegen Preußen 1870/71 wurden allerdings vermehrt japanische Offiziere zum Die Geschichte Japans am Vorabend Studium der Erfolge des deutschen Heeres zu deutschen des Ersten Weltkrieges Militärschulen und anderen militärischen Einrichtungen Nach mehr als 250 Jahren der Abschottung Ja- entsandt. Damit nahm der Einfluss des deutschen Heeres pans vom Rest der Welt erzwang der US-Commodore auf die Ausgestaltung des kaiserlich japanischen Heeres Matthew C. Perry mit seinen modernen Dampfschiffen seinen Anfang. Die österreichisch-ungarischen Streitkräfte 1853 eine Öffnung des Landes.1) Dem ersten Japanisch- spielten für die Japaner bei der Einrichtung einer modernen Amerikanischen Vertrag über Handel und Freundschaft Armee hingegen keine große Rolle. Österreich-Ungarn (1854) folgten bald die Großmächte Europas mit ähnlichen kann für sich aber als Positivum verbuchen, dass der ungleichen Verträgen, in denen territoriale und hoheitliche Major des Generalstabes Theodor Edler von Lerch (1869- Rechte an ausländische Mächte abgetreten wurden. Nach 1945) anlässlich seines Studienaufenthaltes in Japan im heftigen Kämpfen im Lande gewannen die kaiserlichen Jahre 1911 bei den japanischen Streitkräften den alpinen Truppen das Ringen um die Macht; seitdem gilt das Jahr Schilauf eingeführt hatte.4) 1868 als Beginn der Restauration der kaiserlichen Macht. Die wohl wichtigste Ausbildungs- und Beratungs- Im Gegensatz zu den als „Halbgöttern“ verehrten Tennos leistung vollbrachte der deutsche Major im Generalstab im alten Japan waren die Tennos nach der Restauration Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel (1842-1906),5) der 1885 von Politikern missbrauchte Halbgötter. Die Berater des nach Japan kam und dort bis 1888 an der Stabsakademie Kaisers Mutsuhito (wie in Japan üblich, erhielt Mutsuhito lehrte. Auf seinen Rat hin wurden ein eigener Generalin- nach seinem Ableben den Namen Meiji-Tenno) versuchten spekteur und Stabsspiele eingeführt. Die Grundlagen der alles zu unternehmen, um das in vielen Lebensbereichen Taktik, Führung im Frieden und Einsatz und Logistik, die rückständige Japan rasch zu modernisieren. Japaner be- gaben sich auf Studienreisen, beispielsweise die Iwakura- Mission, die zwischen 1870 und 1873 Nordamerika und Europa besuchte, u.a. während der Weltausstellung 1873 auch Österreich-Ungarn, das erstmals 1869 mit Japan diplomatische Beziehungen aufgenommen hatte.2) Ein bedeutender Teil dieses Aufholprozesses Japans betraf die Streitkräfte, die um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im Ver- gleich zu den großen Mächten jener Zeit maßlos veraltet waren. OMMONS Die führenden Politiker waren C sich damals im Klaren, dass den IKIMEDIA W Streitkräften eine wichtige Rolle Fünf hochrangige japanische Politiker bereisten als „Iwakura-Mission“ von zukommen muss, und ersannen 1871 bis 1873 Europa und Nordamerika, um Anregungen für die Entwicklung dafür auch den passenden Wahl- Japans zu sammeln (Bild: die Iwakura-Mission in London 1872 mit ihrem Leiter spruch „fukoku kyohei“ (Reiche Iwakura Tomomi in der Mitte). ÖMZ 4/2014-Online ÖMZ ÖMZ 4/2014 3 Pöcher: Japan im Ersten Weltkrieg solle. Danach sollten in einem Krieg mit Rus- sland die Mandschurei erobert und Teile Nord- chinas besetzt werden. ph Als Fernziele waren die OTOGRA H P Besetzung Südostasiens, ENTER von Niederländisch-In- C AL C dien, letztlich die Ero- ISTORI berung des Südseearchi- H AVAL pels bis Hawaii und die N . S U. Eroberung Australiens Die Hiei gehörte zur 1. Flotte der japanischen Marine und wurde nach dem 1. Welt- und Neuseelands vorge- krieg als Schulschiff verwendet (Bild: hier als Schulschiff um 1933; das Fehlen des sehen. Japan ging bei der Gürtelpanzers ist zu erkennen). Umsetzung der Pläne Meckel in all seinen Kursen und Schriften den Japanern gründlich vor. Während des Boxeraufstandes 1900 stellte hinterlassen hatte, prägten das kaiserliche japanische Heer Japan das größte militärische Kontingent und trug damit bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. wesentlich zur Niederschlagung des Aufstandes bei. Im 1885 kann auch als Ausgangsdatum angesehen wer- Russisch-Japanischen Krieg (1904/05) schlug Japan den, in dem die Gunbatsu (= Militärfraktion) den bedeu- unter Aufbietung aller Kräfte das zaristische Russland. tenden Einfluss auf die Kontrolle und Entscheidungen in Die militärischen Siege führten zu Gebietszuwächsen am der Innen- und Außenpolitik der Regierung erhielt. Von asiatischen Festland, die 1910 durch die Annexion Koreas 1885 bis 1945 stellte das Militär mit 15 von 30 die Hälfte konsolidiert wurden. Mit der Annexion Koreas erfüllte sich aller Ministerpräsidenten und ein knappes Viertel aller Japan einen lang gehegten Traum, der im dritten Jahrhun- Kabinettsmitglieder. Die Kriegs- und Marineminister dert nach Christus seinen Anfang genommen hatte, als waren damals bis auf wenige Ausnahmen stets aktive Japan zum ersten Mal eine militärische Expedition nach Generäle und Admiräle und unterstanden nur dem Kaiser. Korea schickte, aber damals genauso scheiterte wie 663 n. Japan wurde am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges zumeist Chr. oder während der Invasionsversuche gegen Ende des von ultrakonservativen Ministerpräsidenten regiert. Einer 16. Jahrhunderts. Japan bekam nach der Annexion Koreas dieser Ministerpräsidenten, Katsura Taro, ein wichtiger nur Hunger nach mehr, der nach Ansicht führender Kreise Schützling von Yamagata Aritomo, dem Mitbegründer in Tokio am leichtesten durch die Eroberung der deutschen des modernen japanischen Heeres, beherrschte zwischen Kolonien in Ostasien und im westlichen Pazifik zu stillen 1898 und 1911 das innen- und außenpolitische Geschehen. war. Dieser Hunger Japans fiel in zeitlicher Hinsicht mit Neben Katsura beeinflusste Saionji Kinochi das innen- den schicksalhaften Ereignissen in Europa im Sommer politische Geschehen. Saionji wandelte sich, durch das 1914 zusammen. Zehn Jahre nach dem Erfolg gegen Studium in Frankreich beeinflusst, vom Konservativen Russland trat Japan in den Ersten Weltkrieg ein. Bevor zum Liberalen und hatte dadurch einen anderen Zugang die Ereignisse des Ersten Weltkrieges mit japanischer zum Militärapparat. Er versuchte u.a. während seiner Beteiligung untersucht werden, ist es erforderlich, einen Amtszeit das Militärbudget einzuschränken, was ihm aber Überblick über die damalige Stellung des Deutschen nicht gelang, da der Heeresminister zurücktrat und sich das Reiches in Fernost und Westpazifik zu liefern. Heer weigerte, einen anderen Vertreter in die Regierung zu entsenden. Das Deutsche Kolonialreich Der militärische Aufstieg Japans und die Entstehung in Ostasien und im Pazifik des japanischen Imperialismus ab der zweiten Hälfte des Während andere europäische Mächte bereits ab dem 19. Jahrhunderts begannen mit der handstreichartigen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts begannen, Kolonien in Übersee Eingliederung des Königreichs der Ryūkyū-Inseln im zu gewinnen, schloss sich das geeinte Deutsche Reich erst Jahre 1871 und mit der Strafexpedition nach Taiwan 1874. ab 1884 den europäischen Kolonialmächten an. Im Pazifik Knapp 20 Jahre danach war Japan bereits so stark, dass annektierte das Deutsche Reich die mittelpazifische Insel es im Ersten Chinesisch-Japanischen Krieg (1894/95) Nauru, und 1897/98 wurde das chinesische Kiautschou das Kaiserreich China entscheidend schlagen konnte. mit dem Hafenort Tsingtau deutsches Pachtgebiet. 1913 Als Folge davon musste China u.a. auch Port Arthur bestand
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