YORKSHIRE No.17 ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY

Britain’s Oldest Brain

Inside: Dating the Roman Defences ARCHAEOLOGICAL Heslington Brain TRUST Industrial Yorkshire Archaeology Today

Autumn 2009

Contents Number 17 New Light on the Roman Fortress Defences 1 Editors: Richard Hall, Christine Kyriacou Industrialisation in Hungate 5 Photo editing, design & layout: Lesley Collett Cover Design: Richard Hall Not A No-Brainer 10 Yorkshire Archaeology Today ‘One of the Bewties of this Realme’ 12 is published twice a year. UK subscriptions: £8.00 a year. Overseas subscriptions: £12.00 (sterling) a year. Newcastle and Bust 14 To subscribe please send a cheque payable to Yorkshire Archaeology Today to: Outreach and Education at Hungate 17 York Archaeological Trust, 47 YO1 7BX Voices 21 or through Postgiro/CPP to: ACCOUNT 647 2753 National Giro, Bootle, ‘Oh Crikey!’ 23 Merseyside, GIR 0AA

JORVIK 25th Anniversary Conference 24 Yorkshire Archaeology Today is published by York Archaeological Trust. Editorial and contributors’ views are independent and do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Trust. Copyright of all original YAT material reserved; reproduction by prior editorial permission only. © September 2009

York Archaeological Trust is a registered charity, Charity No. 509060: A company limited by guarantee without share capital in England number 1430801. Tel: 01904 663000 Email: [email protected] http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk ISSN 1474-4562

Unless stated otherwise, illustrations are by Lesley Collett and Russell Marwood; photos are by Mike Andrews, Richard Hall and members of YAT staff and are © York Archaeological Trust

Cover Photo Exceptional preservation of brain material recovered from a skull excavated at Heslington East (see p.10). Photo: Richard Hall. The claim is The otherwise based on architectural has been found within the extended rampart. grounds, as some 3rd material century of date in archaeological on emperor partly is This 306. Yorkin declared was who Great, the were Constantine of time defences the around constructed south-west massive more theYorkshire the Museum. of gardens in standing seen be can walls, fortress adjoining the Tower,and Multangular the as known better tower, corner west impressive The wall. fortress the beyond project not do that structures modest more are elsewhere towers the whereas wall, fortress the of line the beyond project fronts their and massive are towers defences the the of side south-west notably, the on Most brickwork. of bands are there but plinth no is there west the wall has a plinth near the corner, base, whereas to the east the towards next. example, the For to fortress the of part one from towers andgateways instone. the rebuilding and rear, the to rampart the of size the increasing rampart, turf original a stone wall up the to 7m high at the front of Basically, the rebuilding involved constructing stone probably began early in the 2nd century. the defences in timber,and but rebuildingof turf in and built initially were defences buildings internal the AD71, around York at TodayArchaeology training in a appear excavation2001-4, during as run were the which excavations, of (accounts thought previously than earlier much be could Tower, Multangular the fortress,including the the of south-westside on defences stone impressive the indicating that evidence revealed has Hospital Leonard’s St at excavations Trust’s Archae- ological York of analysis Post-excavation A Trajanic datefortheMultangular Tower? defences New lightontheRoman fortress t a gnrly en huh ta these that thought been generally has It differs defences stone the of form The fortress a established Romans the When issues2,4and8). Yorkshire einr frrs dfne. h ery uf turf early The defences. fortress legionary the of history construction the on evidence further obtain to was excavations Hospital were threatenedbyfortresses raiding. period (late 3rd onwards),century when even Roman later the during date a with keeping in more be woulddefensive,which primarily suggest that the purpose the of structures was the walls. features the These military front of could provide enfilading fire (crossfire) along house on artillery their uppermost storey, and to large the sufficiently were towers Furthermore, projecting Serbia. modern-day in Gamzigrad, at palace Imperial century 4th ular Tower the early in plan are the towers of Multang- the to parallels closest the addition, In century. 4th the in early Constantine built by were which Constantinople, of walls the to similar appearance an produce brick and stone of bands alternating parallels.The n o h am o h S Leonard’s St the of aims the of One Museum Gardens, York. The Multangular Tower in

1 2 main Romanfeatures. excavation: trenchesand St Leonard’s Hospital grey). modern streetplan(in York, superimposedon major roadsofRoman Plan ofthedefencesand earlier phase of stone defences,stone which would of phase earlier note of was the absence any of evidence for an Also investigated. was rampart later massive the and identified, were towers interval west the Multangular Tower the south- and one of of details structural defences, stone later the Of expected. as encountered was rampart pottery. 3rd-century contained rampart extended the Trajan (97-118) later,or whereas during the reign of built were towers the that suggests the finds recoveredof during the excavations internal corner and small interval towers. Provisional dating by characterised been have were sentfordating. meaningful results, and the so timbers two of obtaining of chance best the provided it but dates, radiocarbon the of cost the increased these techniquesgreatly this field.The use of in specialist a Marshall, Peter of services the date range even further, and so YAT the obtained narrowing available, now also are dates radiocarbon multiple of reliability statistical the increasing for techniques mathematical Secondly,century. one around to range date the reduce could University,which Glasgow Universitiesat (SUERC) ResearchCentre Environmental Scottish the from case this in dates, radiocarbon high-precision obtain to be could possible was it Firstly, stages. two technique in refined then the was that It discovered episodes. building between different distinguishing for useless almost it making period, Roman the for years 200 towithin accurate dates obtain to difficult very normally is it technique the in quirk to a due but considered, was dating timbers the of Radiocarbon the Tower. of construction Multangular the precise to obtaining relating of dates terms in line the of growth rings thatareunsuitablefortree-ringdating. inconsistent has oak unlike which alder, be to proved they unfortunately but complete timber piles were indeed recovered, almost Three season. a even or year a within the tree) to provide a date (the felling date of can circumstances right the in which dating, tree-ring for suitable be might timber Such Professor 1926. in excavations his during by Miller Stuart observed been had subsoil, soft the in settling from massive foundations tower the prevented which piles, These Tower. Multangular the beneath from piles the trees. Removing large amounts of wood of amounts large Removing trees. the branches,which occur close tothe surface of indicated by knots the from presence small of trees the is This piles. the of shape to removed been had parts outermost the of little, very probably but Some, confidence. 95% of level accepted statistically the at AD25-130, to other the and AD5-85 to dated is timber h rsl o h eecs i ta one that is exercise the of result The end the be to seemed this Initially, wasIt retrieveto hoped also timber some the south-west side of the fortress defences, fortress the of side south-west the fortress’s lifeasitmay have beenlateron. motivation was at least as relevant early in the is often it suggested, could be argued that this as might, Romanmilitary express to order in the south, were built on a massive scale partly to any traveller approaching the fortress from the from visible and riverOuse, the across settlement civilian was that fortress the of side the on defences, south-west the if And time. long remarkably a years; 200 over for rampart timber and turf a maintained army the means it century, 4th the in built were all, and Tower Multangular defences, stone the fortress.If the of south-westside the on an stone earlier absence defences phase of of One point in its favourcloser scrutiny? is the earlier than the generally accepted date. accepted earlier than the generally centuries two fully AD80-110, during point some at Towercommenced Multangular the of construction the that seems therefore It any piles.weretheyas before usedtime of length for felling after around lying left been no believeto reason wouldtimbers the that have is There suggested. is AD80 around of date felling earliest an that, after felled time some were timbers the and AD71 around establishedwas indeed fortress the Assuming that the first timber was felled before AD110. unnecessary work. Consequently, much it is considered meant very likely have also would It should also be noted that the build on build the that noted be also should It to up stand evidence dating this Does (scale intervals:100mm) Multangular Tower. the foundationsof Wooden pilesbeneath

3 4 the piles.(SUERC) the samplestakenfrom calibration plotofone Above: Radiocarbon t enr’ Hsia ta te apr was rampart the that Hospital Leonard’s St was at evidence There constructed. been had wall the after built been havewould rampart However, the rampart. extended the in finds west defences is the occurrence 3rd of century south- the for date early an support not does re-useonthetimbers. evidence of preferred as timber; structural and there is no alder had a use structural previously, as oak is and the decay that likely it as is Nor activity. such woodworm wood, the in evident century. deterioration of 4th signs no However,are there the in re-used then previously were elsewhere and used been had piles originated. the concept where been have even may York at fortress in the Roman Empire in the the 2nd century; elsewhere towers projecting of examples are There beginning. the from view impressive an create to meant side south-west the on towers projecting massive the with early, is build this that plausible more is It at time. the old-fashioned very towers seemed internal have small would of use the century, 4th were defences north-west the If towers. courses, internal small has which side, north-west the bonding brick TowerMultangular the continuesfrom along with complete n bd o vdne ht apparently that evidence of body One timber the that possibility the is There f te t enr’ Hsia excavation Hospital Leonard’s continues. St the of fortress will no doubt be made as the analysis completed untillater. not was rampart extended the if especially Hadrian’sWall,build help to break a despite the 2nd century of been built in the first half the stone fortress defences at York could have that possible quite seems 1,000 therefore It by men). years 3 to 2 in constructed been legionary have the could Scotland in Inchtuthil at fortress of defences stone massive less the that estimated is it comparison, (in years 15 to work10 in completed havebeen could the that possible is it work, building the undertaking and materials building the preparing and procuring on solely worked – assuming 500 men – the about legion 10% of year.However,per project the on spent time workforcethe of amount the and of size the as factors such on available data little very is there as make, to difficult notoriously are times construction of Estimates quickly? so achievedbeen have undertaking massive this Hadrian’s Wall during some this of time, could at York would have in building been engaged based legion the of part least at that mind in century.Bearing that of middle the by stone in entirely rebuilt been had defences fortress the that seem wouldcentury, it 2nd early the the wall construction. than longer much take to allowed was this that case the been have well may it and stages, latter its in difficult increasingly been have therefore would rampart 5m-high the The of construction the ditches.and soil of procurement defensive external the from upcast as produced been have would than more far considerable, is rampart form later to the required material of volume The way.some in occupied was rampart the and ceased had construction rampart when times and were there that indicating surfaces features structural cobble with slowly, up built Further Further insights into the Roman legionary in built were defences south-west the If Kurt Hunter-Mann Flour Mill From GasworkstoSawMilland ( Company Gasworks Union York the of development and history the revealing Foss, river the of bank documentary- in northern the land abutted which of Hungate piece and a of investigation out based archaeological carried Trustan Archaeological 2008, March York and 2007 October Between Leetham’s FlourMillandBellerby’s Sawmill Industrialisation inHungate: fthe19thcentury. of half second the across industry flour-milling British the of transformation national a of heart the at firms influential most the among were they Moreover,Cardiff. and Hull, Newcastle in operations and with Hungate, within beyond both expanded had Sons and York’sLeetham 1900, By of contributors. ‘forgotten’ one is particular, in Mill, Flour Leetham’s development. industrial nation’s, the city’s,and the to important equally were smaller and less well-known operations many which were there firms these to addition in contribution to York’s their industrial heritage. Yet for renowned are works, engineering associated its with railway the and Sons, and Terry Joseph and Ltd Co. and Rowntree of the 19th of century. The confectionery works half second the across expansion industrial Sawmill andLeetham’s FlourMill. its closure in the Bellerby’smid-19th century: after gasworks the replaced had which firms manufacturing two exposing arose, Hungate of part this of history industrial the explore to opportunity area. further a 2009, Hungate February In the the of of regeneration part urban as Ltd Regeneration (York) Hungate by financed were excavations The ucae fu o h nn lt, n which on lots, nine the of four purchased nine lots for sale by auction. William Bellerby into divided was Hungate in site Company oks cnm ws rnfre by transformed was economy York’s In May 1850, the York United Gasworks YorkUnited the 1850, May In okhr Acaooy Today Archaeology Yorkshire

14). hree b sm 75 floig the following 7.5m some been by had which shortened building, House Retort gasworks’ the its of Part equipment. and associated complex sawmill the of layout the expanding hisbusinessacrossthesite. lots, original the of two further had a he acquired years twelve within and success, a was firm His business. sawmill his up set he h ecvto rvae eiec for evidence revealed excavation The Council courtesy ofCity York Image reproduced York City Archives: ground. 1904. be seenintheback Foss. Leetham’s millcan on thebankofriver Bellerby’s timbersheds picture canbeseen Below: To theleftofthis Above: Sitelocation. -

5 6 south. after excavation,looking and Bellerby’s Sawmill Leetham’s FlourMill the engine operated a saw in the sawpit. the engineoperatedasaw inthesawpit. that possible is it and sawmill Bellerby’s for infrastructure the of part formed equipment the that likely is it said, That possible. was features these of interpretation further no robbing and truncation of in later phases that degree the was such but engine, this for pit stoking a been have may bases the of north number.that An L-shaped pit immediately to the of oven retort a of base the originally was it that perhaps suggesting surface, upper The stone northern had an incised engine. figure 12 on its steam vertical small a of base the form to re-set haveovens,been may and gasworks settings, of possibly elements the bases for re-used retort been have to thought are bases These planks. timber and mortar of bed a on end-to-end, laid recesses, with two rectangular sandstone bases consisted of wasthis muchwhichsetting, a larger westof the to and small, base, sandstone a dressed, was crudely sawpit possible 2.7m the Some of south identified. also were settings engine and machine Further possible sawpit. for evidence possible a as interpreted provisionally level, deep floor sawmill 1.4m the chamber from a create make-up to deposits ground and sub-floor gasworks former the through cut was This brick-lined chamber. deep a was wall northern built newly the into Incorporated complex. the in re-used was end, northern its of demolition fiin odn n nodn f timber. efficient loadingandunloadingof shed on the bank facilitating as the a means of timber a positioning by frontage river the of use the maximised Bellerby that shows Foss operation. A photograph taken from the River several times over the decades that the sawmill was in altered been have would structures the that likely is it although here, undertaken debris were found of to elucidate the activities wall. No secure use-deposits or accumulations that in breaks with and associated be wall to seemed building main the of abutted two which least at engines, or machines large of number a to also and structures, or lean-to sheds several to home was yard the that further possible is however, making it difficult; interpretation activity, later by truncated severely and robbed all were These the sawmill. of life sequence the to relating a buildings small suggested of yard sawmill the in Ordnance SurveymapofHungate.(IanMilsted) The excavationtrench,superimposedonthe1892 of greystones…’ three pairsofFrenchandonepair gine, tubularboiler, forcepump, ‘a costlyandpowerfulsteamen ragd rud cnrl oryr, with courtyard, central a around arranged factory a proposed 1851, drawn in mill, flour the of plan architect’s Pickersgill’s Thomas mill.flour a as re-developed was 5, Lot site, A large number of postholes and settings and postholes of number large A A further lot within the former gasworks former the within lot further A - Enterprise andExpansion thecity. of out and in routes trade the and system river with York’s of knowledge him background important provided undoubtedly packets steam two least at of master a as his experience however, industry; flour-milling the to new seemingly was trade, by mariner master a Leetham, John 1854. of sale the through mill flour the acquired he that possible is it and Leetham, Henry son, his with Hungate was then running the flour milling business in Directory for 1861 records that John Leetham Yorkthe in entry An YorkshireGazette. the business in sale for advertised was it long.1854 for the In operated have to not appear andthey unknown, currently are mill flour shown inthearchitect’s plan. that to comparable broadly position a in be to these found were which bases, of mill-stone early some of remains also the excavation uncovered The match. do precisely wall-lines not the F1 although Block Pickersgill, by the of designed outline the reflect part generally trench northern the in excavated structures The power. steam by driven were they that indicating boiler, and house engine an with along building, mill the within arranged were millstones large Four south. the to sheds animal and stables and north-west, potential the to accommodation domestic and sale-room a site, the of north-east part the in located building mill the by an extensive four-storey bridge. The The bridge. four-storey extensive an by Islands, A which was connected to the mainland Hungate. of Fosson built been also had warehouse grain west the to constructed been had buildings mill new several and 5, Lot within contained area small the beyond extended had complex mill the century 20th the of beginning the business.By the in him joined gradually Richard and Alfred Ernest, Henry Leetham’s when four of sons, Sidney, 1862, Henry in death John’s in until together Hungate business milling flour the ran Leetham Henry and John century. 19th late expanded considerably over the the course of h iiil we ad eeoe o this of developer and owner initial The The Leetham family business in Hungate Hungate in business family Leetham The 80, ae ih h aoto o eastern- of adoption the with came 1860s, the in Britain into introduced rollers, steel of advent The mill. roller large a into plant millstone steam-driven small a from mill the and, from the 1880s onwards, had transformed new developments in flour milling technology locally asRowntree’s Wharf, stillstands. known warehouse, grain the only buildings, these Of mill. the to finally and warehouse to water from grain of transfer efficient the of facilitating and link, use transport important this the maximising Foss, River the of on the banks complex was carefully arranged h Lehm aiy ee n oc with touch in were family Leetham The Council courtesy ofCity York Image reproduced York City Archives: Early 1900s. nate thebackground. of Leetham’s Milldomi The massivegrainsilos Garden Place,Hungate. Council courtesy ofCity York Image reproduced York City Archives: bridge. 1912. ings inHungateviathe connecting tomillbuild house ontheRiverFoss, Leetham’s GrainWare- - -

7 8 by thelargesteelpins. engine, securedinplace supported asteam brick basewouldhave House. This rectangular Leetham’s MillEngine Excavating partof ilbidn otews fHungate. mill buildingtothewest of is new the powerhavefor provided to thought which power-plant, massive a house to altered site the on built was house engine drastically new a and were yard and building mill original The mill. flour roller automatic larger much the into building millstone early the of transformation the about information in July 1900. Millers Irish and British of National Association Incorporated the of president as Sidney Leetham in the election of confirmed was Company the of ambition and success the and technology, milling of forefront the machinery into their works, the family were at this incorporating By business. large very a of indicator an be to considered were that hour per sacks 100 the than more sacks 12 is, that hour, per sacks 112 a of capacity had total In mill flour grinding. Sons’ and millstone Leetham 1900, of method older the through achieved flour of quantity and quality the upon improved greatly technique This qualities. and grades different of range rollers progressively broke the into grain a of pairs ‘high-grinding’, grooved and spaced differently where of techniques European The The Block F excavation revealed important in excess of 3000hp. Power from the engine the Power3000hp.from of excess in estimated been has engine, the of alignment north-south a assuming and bases enginethe potential power output, based on the scale of the Nevertheless, identified. be cannot exact type and make its parts, engine surviving fragments.few Given the surviving the from diameter in metres 9 at calculated flywheel a turning engine beam a haveheld may setting entire the that Wethink base. engine the bottom of the at opening square 0.40m a by accessed was fitting This deep. 0.07m and wide 0.11m nut a with fastened and thick, a by steel plate measuring 0.23m x 0.23m x 0.07m base the of underside the to secured base.other the on Each waspin thick,0.05m equivalent their steel with line large in arranged of pins, pairs three held base anchored. Each be could engine to steam on a bases which solid massive formed which structures, sandstone and brick The rectangular inserted. were two were these of element house spectacular most engine an of fittings internal the point which at enclosed, now was wall new the of east the to space original the The wall. yard southern the of to building mill side southern the joined which wall, brick large a by two in divided The modified flour mill yard wasthen yard mill flour modified The treatment. Disagreements over the river unfair tolls overthe Disagreements treatment. of grounds the on Corporation the against proceeding legal issued Ouse, river Mills and Fairweather, who were based on the fixed flour-millers annual 1899, riverdues.In on payment the to regards in particularly agreement, the by treated unfairly that were they argued Ouse and Foss the on other traders the and expectations, Corporation’s City the beyond well was expansion of rate the the and However, thrive. to offers continued business these accepted Sons and and develop their existing premises. Leetham Hungate in forthe remain would they that promise return in dues on river Company the rates fixed gave also They mill. the to to allow Leetham’s direct barges larger access alterations totheOuseFossand Navigations stay. to Corporation agreed The make several to them persuade to order in firm the with the City Corporation entered into agreements severelycity’sthe compromised revenue, and have would Hull to move a However,York. Hull unless they could secure new facilities to in business the re-locating considered had wasnot firm the 1880s,Hungate in the In controversy. without business mill flour to provide anewengine baseforaboiler. building mill original the to made also were alterations Major rope-drive. a via complex is thought to have been transferred to the mill h epnin f Lehm n Sons’ and Leetham of expansion The continued intothe1920s. renegotiations and resolved fully never were any cityinthekingdomwouldbeproudtopossess.” commercial andmanufacturingestablishmenttowhich business qualificationhaveraisedupinourmidsta “…Messrs. Leetham,whosewonderfulenterpriseand Acknowledgements nutilsto fthecountry. industrialisation of Medieval and the in role important an played also heritage, more Roman is its which for York, well-known as such clear cities is it that but forefront, the at be to tend Sheffield and of Liverpool Manchester, achievements Leeds, the Britain, northern of success. nationwide When Leetham’s we think boast of the to industrialisation proud was YorkNevertheless, questionable. is opinion, same the shared basis daily a on factory the of out poured that dust and smoke the by beleaguered were who Saviourgate, St and York.of Whether those residents Hungate of industrialisation the for model a as heralded Archives and Mr Henry Mills for providing providing for Mills Henry about inthe information flour-milling industry York. Mr and Archives Yet despite this, Leetham and Sons were Sons and Leetham this, despite Yet an Rme wse t tak ok City York thank to wishes Rimmer Jayne Jayne RimmerandIanMilsted of theRiverFoss. Flour Millalongthebank expansion ofLeetham’s 1907-8, showingthe Hungate areaof York, Below: Mapofthe

9 10 condition survives ingood Britain’s OldestBrain NOT A ‘NO-BRAINER’ scientific perspectives. particular own their from material examine brain the will who York, of from University the many including specialists, eminent of group a together bring to possible to been thanks has it York, of and, University the from funding identified; was of research programme ranging wide A discovery. be remarkable this into research to of programme O’Connor Sonia Principal Investigator, to define and oversee a Dr YAT this, appointed verified Having of material. survival brain rare extremely the contained Heslington, at site 2 Campus their YAT’s at York of in University the found of behalf on skull, excavations isolated single, a in reported, significant brain oldest material. surviving As previously saw 2009 Britain’sinvestigating of task the in Juneprogress in days Two Yorkshire TodayArchaeology 1 No.16, s hy ih hv t d we conducting when do to have might they as just brain, the skull of removal the allow to order trepan in to undertook there staff the day, the for work hospital necessary of answering round their finished Having questions. to these key initial the was mortuary the skull? we could from material brain the remove successfully secondly, And, deteriorating? now material brain the was thousand years, two more or last the for survived had it which in conditions soil been the from removed having Firstly, minds. our exercised Conservation Laboratory YAT the appropriately in conditions in cool kept the was containing material, still brain skull, the underway, h assac o ok Hospital’s York of assistance The was planning research this of all While To usin continually questions Two (1). 2 lms eefe ftheskull ‘lumps’ were freeof within it without too much difficulty. these muddy Soon a number of matrix soil the and skull the from removed be could which ‘lumps’ the residue was in the form coherent of but reasonably sized individual removing delicate the task surviving brain of residue extremely the began O’Connor Sonia material, the workon will who specialists the York. by of many Surrounded dayUniversitythe at of deterioration. of sign obvious no was there that see to relief enormous an was it time; first the for residues brain the see to possible was it point this At cheese’. through if ‘as made was cut the and bone, the softened the removed of was top cranium the and hands expert into other put was and skull the digital recording, extensive after So, examination. post-mortem a the rest of his body, we have the opportunity to learn much more about theconditionswhich ledtothisfascinatingstudy.much learn to opportunity the have we body, his of rest the Age. Two thousand years after and his a head half was detached from Iron the of beginning very the or Age Bronze the of end very the as of thought traditionally period the in BC, century sixth the in lived this that suggests the individual whose brain we jaw; are studying lowerprobably accompanying the from sample a of dating radiocarbon preservation. extraordinary this to thanks open remained options research future that obvious became it as room, the around buzzed jubilation quiet certain A (6). recognisable as clearly became brain the preservation, of surface the on of folds neural condition exceptional truly the reveal to then the brain residues The next critical stage in the operation took place the following the place took operation the in stage critical next The Since these operations took place, we have had the results of the of results the havehad we place, took operations these Since The next task was to attempt to remove the muddy covering from (5). Careful cleaning and washinggentle combined . Two millennia in the moist ground had ground moist the in millennia Two (2).

(4). (3). Fortunately, Dr RichardHall 6 5 3 4

11 12 (York CityLibrary) originally coloured. carved c.1200andwere house vestibule,allwere ably fromthechapter Wellbeloved, 1829. Prob- nave ofthechurchfrom of thesouthaisle ered inexcavatingapart Below: Statuesdiscov- York Art Gallery) (York MuseumsTrust: Louis-Jules Arnout. Abbey, York, c.1850,by The RuinsofStMary’s “One ofthebewtiesthisRealme” islto o h Mnseis becoming Monasteries, the the of after Dissolution developed lodging, originally Abbot’s Manor, the King’s the contrast, In gardens. Society’s Philosophical Yorkshire the enjoying pigeons and picnickers the backdrop to dignified a than more little now is 1539, in Abbey ended effectively life Mary’s its church, St with histories. but different origin very in with linked principally buildings, deals two Medieval York the of for Buildings Evidence Pictorial the Supplementary Supplementary Series the in volume new A hs orh oue n h sre on series the in volume fourth This is approaching completion. rhelg o York of Archaeology oe Jsp Hlpny n Hny Cave. Henry and Halfpenny Joseph note: of artists topographical two produced York the 18th century, until when the again end of theabbeythatwere laterdismantled. of parts of sketches valuable produced Lodge, William and Manor) Francis the in lived artists,(who Place two and century, 17th the in these remains developed principally during interest order.Antiquarian highest the of art 12th-century represent Museum Yorkshire the in now and 1829 in discovered of statues series the architecture; 13th-century of church examples The finest the of one this. been havewould reflect remains the England, and of North the in abbey powerful too and one theother. the much of of little too is there that abbey.wellcomplain might student the Thus even century, the from originally every stonework incorporating from additions and alterations has Manor the dwindled, slowly York.Consequently, remains abbey the while the Universitythe of for of part nowa is and Blind, School Yorkshire the and School Manor the of home the governor, military King’s the city’sthe of residence North, the in Council of headquarters successively There There was, however, a lull in artistic interest most and richest the once was Mary’s St of the run-down, bucolic nature of thesite. bucolicnatureof therun-down, of combined relative accuracy with an indication skilfully he and drawing wash sketchbook a workedfrom carefully wasup gateway abbey the Rowlandson’s Thomas light. and of view composition on ideas own his pursue to site the of use made 1803, in Munn PaulSandby the with visiting Cotman, Sell Johnwatercolour. of end west a into up it worked the never but church, abbey of sketch rough made a Turner repute. national of artists by andromantic. ruinous quick more little a something the showing impression, preferred School, Manor the at like.youngthe ladies Cave,to art taught who look should structure stiff,the showingwhat rather crisp,if and clear Halfpenny’sis work way. different a in it achieved each accuracy, though at aimed endangered both they possibly so buildings, and ancient York’s recording of intention their expressed Both uig hs eid h ct ws visited was city the period this During (York MuseumsTrust: York Art Gallery) Bottom: King’s Manor:theeasterncourtyardbyCave,c.1822. (York MuseumsTrust: York Art Gallery) ing thegatewayhaslostallbutouterarchwayanditsflankingwalls. Below: StMary’s Abbey Gateway, T. Rowlandson,1801.Inthiswatercolourpaint south-east showingtheinnersidesofnorthandwestwallsnave. Above: StMary’s Abbey, JosephHalfpenny, 1807.Engravingoftheviewfrom Archaeological Trust inautumn2009. and FrancesMeewillbepublished by York York: A PictorialHistorybyBarbaraWilson St Mary’s Abbey andtheKing’s Manor ito theprincipalsources. list of a and artists of index select a also are There notes. explanatory with number, reference givingdate,and location medium, title, artist, catalogue, annotated an is section main essays,the introductory brief After plans. and maps prints, paintings, drawings, including a guide to form of the existing pictorial evidence, in tool research further a with student the localhistorianhappyforhours. keep to detail enough contains into and context, everything puts of c.1860, View Gardens, abbey the Bird’s-eye Storey’s between Manor. relationship and spatial the showing views several and buildings,later by hidden are largely now areas there of sketches but useful doorways, elaborate the to drawn were they part most harmonious the For whole. and picturesque pleasingly achieved had a alterations and additions of mixture complex a where King’sManor, the The aim of the volume is to provide the provide to is volume the of aim The by fascinated be to continued also Artists

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13 14 Victorian grime steam powertocleanoff Alaina Schmisseuruses NEWCASTLE ANDBUST ecsl Mcais nttt, hr he where Institute, Mechanics Eneas Newcastle the that of member founding a was shows MacKenzie service, and library information Newcastle the at Heritage for Manager Service Kassidy, Cath by provided in library.Information original the establishing instrumental were people commemorate the the they because in building display Library were and new store-room, cleaning for the chosen in about found of total twenty a of out building. busts, four Library These old the in in store-room discovered a were Spence (1837-1911), Robert Watson William and Henry (1842-1914) Newton Sir (1832-1906), Edwin Adams William (1777-1832), Eneas MacKenzie Newcastle: 19th-century of figures four important busts, which are likenesses of The repair. and cleaning of need in Library City Newcastle from busts marble four of shape the in Laboratory Conservation Trust Archaeological York the at arriving project conservation unusual rather a saw year Last f ls t te cul tn wr. s the As work. MacKenzie bust was stone the worst affected it was actual the to loss of areas with but soiling light MacKenzie,to of bust the of case the in as accretions, dark in coated heavily being from ranging and disrepair, soiling of states various in were busts thenewLibrary. floor of 6th the on position prominent in back now is bust same This death. his first the of anniversary on 1906 in unveiled bust Library, his Free had Newcastle the of supporter Newcastlethe Weekly another and Chronicle of editor long-standing the Adams, William 1880. in opened was which Free Library Newcastle Public the of pioneer a also and Movement. politician Library local a Watsonwas Spence Robert Free the a of and member Committee Libraries Public the Chairman of also was and occasions two on Newton Henry wasNewcastle City Mayor of Sir library. the catalogued and arranged also n ria i te aoaoy h four the laboratory the in arrival On was required to remove allthe staining. poultice the of applications Several images the below. in seen be can results The off. then dries to a white crust which can be whichpeeled gel a as on goes poultice of type This ammonia. of proportion small poultice a cellulose containing methyl a most being the effective tests, poultice several undertook therefore , College University from Alaina Schmisseur, an MSc placement student seen. be to still discolouration of areas with patchy, very still was bust the of surface the However, blackness. the of worst the tackle strength steam cleaner was hired for a week to proved much more effective, and an industrial outer grime. layers Trialsof steam cleaning of loose very the removing in only succeeding effective, minimally were solvents, and water using tests and vacuuming, and brushing Dry methods.varioustreatment using out carried givenpriority,treatment initial weretests and this stage; this set stage; to air only, with no powder, the at utilised was objects) iron from corrosion of remove to employed usually air, stream compressed a in powder small using a sand-blaster to (similar abrasive air The itself. marble the of structure the within staining cleaning had revealed areas more of ingrained n h cs o aKni te poultice the MacKenzie of case the In nose fills were done using marble filling marble using powder in Paraloid B72 (methyl methacrylate done were fills nose accompanied the bust Adams. of The smaller had which plinth large the of corner broken the as well as Adams and MacKenzie both of nose the to breaks included surface. areas the These and minimise to breaks small of improve impact the to gap-filling of poultice residues. using afterwards the solventsand steam both removeto of all extensively rinsed were busts four were All result. a surfaces as improved visibly the and methyl poultice, the using cellulose grime, cleaned and were dirt too these of coating heavy a such staining andimproved thesurfacefurther. inter-granular removethe to helped machine w o h bss eurd ml areas small required busts the of Two have not did busts other the Although (left) andaftercleaning Eneas MacKenziebefore Spruced up:Bustof

15 16 building busts inthenewlibrary Installing thecleaned wash andbrush-up. Lydia Kohlmansupplya Penny Chambersand Placement students o ht h ee ol nt meitl be drawn immediately tothem. not would eye the that so which was near enough to disguise the breaks shade a achieve to possible was it However, differences. colour natural of areas many so shade. was This quite difficult, as marble has right the get to pigments powder pure with coloured acetone, in w/v 10% co-polymer) Job done!MagsFelterwithoneofthebustsinfinalposition for manyyears. once more, and looking commemorated better than they have done suitably dignitaries Newcastle proud four installed; as busts the show below images library.The the of floor top the on area appropriate an in plinth its on position a to bust this move to decided was It desk. wooden installed newly the in hole a drilling without space that in it install to possible be not would it plinth, the to it base which had originally been used to secure the at rod iron solid a had bust Adams the as that, found was It staircase. the under bust MacKenzie the to next stand to ear-marked been originally had which bust, Adams the of case the in executed was plan of change minute last a However, hazard. safely and health a be not would they where place a in be to them for and light, the best their in show busts to installations, the for selected Several different areas in had the been library safely.them install to and objects fragile but heavy the transport to in hired was company for to return Newcastle. A specialist removal ready up wrapped were busts the complete, the join. waswhite/grey achieved shade to of disguise suitable a Again, surface. smooth a give to Polyfilla™ with finished and Paris of plaster ne h cnevto tetet was treatment conservation the Once in shaped was plinth the of corner The Mags Felter 6 Hungate Outreach andEducationat the public access programme the new post of at Hungate. To help facilitate and co-ordinate excavations commercial the alongside began programme access public extensive an 2007, in early So, hands. that both with grabbed YAT opportunity the an was of This part excavation. integral an as education York and of City by set participation public deliver to had it Council brief the of part as that knew YAT 2006 of end the at started Project Hungate the When rock. of stick a through lettering the like it through running ‘Education’ word the find would you half in YAT cut you if that say might Some 1972. York of core in founded was it since Trust Archaeological the at been have outreach dcto, omnt ivleet and involvement community Education, Jon Kenny. I now supervise the CommunityJon the Kenny. supervise now I YorkArchaeologist, Greater Community the by supervised 2007, March in week a days two Hungate workingat site on began group The Group. Archaeology Trust Community with I involvedhave been working closely with the Hungate involved this getting of part as and Archaeology Community has and facilitating Co-ordinator Outreach be appointedtothisnewpostinMay 2007. since November 2006 and was very pleased to Hungate at Archaeologist Field a as working been had I Garfield Foundation. the Weston from grant charitable a by year first the for funded created, was Co-ordinator Outreach One of the main duties of the Hungate Hungate the of duties main the of One Community Volunteers

17 18 last winter Young Offenders atwork oe hy il xeine n lan about learn and experience will they hope Wealso present. the of and past the of that both community, their with positively more about to with and learn opportunities engage them the provide we us While with are people hours.young required their towards work to week Hungate per hours to half a and two offendersfor young of number their local community. YAT welcomes a small within hours of number certain a for unpaid court orders require young offenders to work re-offending, of risk the reducing of aim the weekly outreach activity. ongoing, an as With established Youth now is the project Team 2007, Offending of spring pilot the in a scheme as Starting programme. Outreach Hungate the of part important an is beyond and community local the in disenfranchised HQ.to processfindsintheHungate or site on all record and dig to either in weathers, attend enthusiastically who regulars fifteen of TeamCommunity a with working enjoy I and Jon currently and Archaeology Community Hungate to people up signed 60 now are Over correctly. completed are records archaeological the that and required workthe do to trained are they that ensuring as well Wednesdayas their sessions for team naig ih h dsdatgd or disadvantaged the with Engaging no n o h ps cmuiis ht had that insight occupied Hungate. communities past an the get of one into to them allowed Hungate Victorian of part Researching area. local the Victorian buildings in looking for evidence of activity amap-based and washing, finds was a community in project. As well as a site part tour there take to people young the which requires programme self-development Trust Prince’s The of part as Hungate visited who teenagers disadvantaged of consisted group enhance their site visits to Hungate. One such can I it, require groups specific When project. time in enhancing this the element Hungate of Outreach Co-ordinators post Hungate allows me to invest a the lot of into built flexibility site the year given any throughout talks deliverand tours team Hungate the various of members Although different. no and is excavation Hungate term long any of lifeblood fLearning and Skills (CoLaS) Awardsof 2009. Highly Commended award at the Celebration to offender learning was acknowledged with a contribution our and project the the of year success this May In quite times. be at challenging can it although rewarding, be to people young these with working found I’ve work. of world the in required discipline the iis tus tls n oe dy ae the are days open and talks tours, Visits, to obtain such resources for use in schools in use for resources such obtain to how about advice and information provided hands-on handling exercisesartefact could be used and how demonstrated I and project work, or teaching curriculum-related for basis the provide to together linked be can archaeology and History sites. visiting by or learning about history, either in the classroom to discover how archaeology can be a tool for York Hungate visited Universitythe of from Teacherstudents History and Tutors PGCE of group a classroom, the into archaeology history, geography, andmathematics. art including disciplines academic of number a be used as a research and tool learning across can archaeology how demonstrate to workshops helped These drawing. archaeological and sorting sample environmental sorting, workshop of finds including HQ Hungate series the in activities to a led provide then I can teachers history and archaeology that resources myriad the illustrate help To archaeological and sites. such from gathered being information historical the utilize could schools where provided and I how about where ideas Hungate at based was days the of One classroom. the in archives and archaeology of use the Education on Partnership, and Business Yorkshire North the with association in teachers, for course historian,Jayneand theHungate Rimmer. ISSP staff YorkArchivesteachers, the history project from assistance with resources, Archive City York using area Hungate the work, of students researched also the history (ISSP). Project the in participating and site the visiting After Partnership School State participating in the City of York Independent/ students talented and gifted able, for classes master archaeology and history of teaching and development the been has project such One examples. few a just mention to space is there here, time; my of proportion large a of range up full takes work This the institutions. educational to and Hungate archaeology of the history to access provides Programme Outreach Hungate the that sure uteig h opruiis f taking of opportunities the Furthering INSET day 2 a ran YAT 2008 In make to is job my of element core A opnn fmy work within the education component of University. York from students undergraduate History and College York at Archaeology studying students A-Level for workshops hosted also have I work. may resources these where and Off-site activities are also an important important an also are activities Off-site Students York College A Level residue sorting ISSP MasterClassdry

19 20 June 2009 Taster Trainees, at careers in the cultural heritage sector.at careersintheculturalheritage looking students to Hungate and DIG Hall, Barley at opportunities experience work and More volunteering promote to event Future’ Your ‘Create work. York’s Creative attended I outreach recently and educational Hungate about delegates the to talk and site Hungate the from artefacts display to stand a took I exhibition the of part As above. to referred programme class of master celebration ISSP a the part in was and parents, at their and aimed students, talented and was gifted able, University York at Centre Learning Science National the at held event Potentialexcavations.York’‘High the Again, presentations and hands-on activities based on the included Hungate and York groups school at Science of University, attended Festival by primary and secondary Science of Advancementthe for Association British the at archaeology and science on workshops of series a in havetaught I sector.Forexample, Email [email protected], ortelephone07534829401. YO1 7BX York 47 Aldwark Dig HungateOutreachCo-ordinator Pam White please contact: For furtherdetailsortomakeanenquiry about HungateOutreach homes, social clubs, etc. residential groups, community learners, adult Key Stage from 3, 4 and groups 5 school students, youth groups, of range wide a to the of needs betailored can they that so flexible, of be archaeology to designed are workshops and The Hungate. history the on based by YAT, I am now offering off-site workshops offered programmes overall education and outreach the with Linking region. Yorkshire keen to extend our work further into the North provide ‘off-site’opportunities.more particularly am I to programme Outreach Hungate keen to get hands-onexperience.keen toget are and archaeology an in have interest established who people to experiences, new life-enhancing or changes career for looking people university,to at of archaeology studying thinking teenagers from taster range for courses on Participants responsibility courses. ‘taster’ particular the have I and summer, the during those annualcome can’t who for people training I season’ YAT’s of excavation ‘out provide training Within Live! Archaeology . of University the from Placements Vocational of management and administration the for responsible am and Hungate, at Programme xlrn te pin wt colleagues; into 2010… well busy with me keep will this options doubtless the exploring currently am I whole. a as organisation the across volunteers integrate to opportunities as ogns a oainl Placement Vocational a organise also I Looking to the future, I am expanding the expanding am I future, the to Looking At YAT we would like to create even more Pam White Stonegate Voices Bullivant’s PrintingWorks, Stonegate(courtesyJohnBullivant) Mrs EdithClarkeandfriendatthe BibleDepot,Stonegate h tid oue n ok Archaeological entitled series, York History Trust’sOral in of volume third publication the the sees 2009 September n h ae, n woe ohr Olave, the book’s foreword. provides mother, Church, Helen’s whose St and attended area, the in practice a Reginaldhad DenchDr GP father day.present the to Judiwhose Dench,Dame 1920s the from area the in worked who or lived people seventy over from interviews using centre, the at Hall Barley with streets, adjacent and Swinegate Stonegate, of view unusual and intriguing an presents Wilson Voices’ Yr wie ad rl itra Van historian oral and writer York . (courtesy MartinBoyd) ‘Stonegate ae, r rsl bkd ra. hr ue t b a family who lived where be Barley Hall now stands. They to used There bread. baked freshly or cakes, inthe 1920s,there by hisgrandmother sent being recalls interviewee One vividly, very across comes Swinegate, in particularly commented. ruefully this”, theinterviewee done “We’veall case. the in back it put and pile type,whole the mustand re-sort then of case first his drops and careful be to learnt hasn’t who apprentice printer’s the depicts actually Devil Red York’s out! popped had ‘g’ the as loves’ ‘ladies became gloves’ ‘ladies become for notice a when could occasion one on as loose, Letters down. upside and right to left set sticks, type-setting old- in letters with printing of talks example, for the problems. One interviewee, into some of insights giveswonderful and gone, long now crafts with deals book the of part An important depends. partly fascination book’s the the area,isexaminedinsomedetail. of centre the at Hall, Barley developmentof musicians, church officials and residents.The hairdressers, businesses, family in working those printers, and and artists booksellers craftsmen, including people, many from ‘ovrospo wlig,wt it fgroceries, ‘to various poor dwellings, with gifts of area, the in poverty the of idea An that detail the of some on is it And gleaned been has material Fascinating Printer’s Devil,Stonegate Printer’s

21 22 Society) (York OralHistory Stonegate inthe1920s ISBN 9781874454441 304 pages,167blackandwhitephotographs £9.99 (£11.99 includingpostageandpacking) York Archaeological Trust OralHistorySeries:3 ‘Stonegate Voices’ byVan Wilson(2009) in worked had who interviewee An vividly. the passionate very across comes this work,and their about very of clearly Many were businesses. interviewees and entertainment crafts or church-going, conditions, social environment, the in whether memory, how it does trace changes in the area in living of aspects fascinating the badly disabled, sellingmatches.’ And you encountered soldiers from the war, often very time. the at was Bank Penny Yorkshire the where selling newspapers, in barefooted winter, on the corner deep poverty. In St. Helen’sof Square little boys were evidence the by wasyoungshockedI so depressed and although [...] often quite there I’dpoor.go very were Also availablefrom JORVIK shop andlocalbookshops Tel: 01904663006Email:[email protected] Available fromChristineKyriacou, York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX £9.99 (£11.99 includingpostage andpacking) York Archaeological Trust OralHistorySeries:1 ‘Rich in All butMoney:LifeinHungate1900-1938’ £9.99 (£11.99 includingpostageandpacking) York Archaeological Trust OralHistorySeries:2 ‘Rations, RaidsandRomance: York intheSecondWorld War’ byVan Wilson(2008) Also available: lal hshscagdnw n n fnow, changed of has one this and Clearly ‘Stonegate Voices’‘Stonegate is byVan Wilson(2007) Philosophical Society. Yorkshire Society, Archaeological Architectural York and Yorkshire Trust, Charitable Rowntree Shepherd Donald Robert and Joseph Patricia Foundation, Trust, Fund, Charitable Lottery Kiln Heritage Trust, Archaeology, York Friends of Archaeological British the for Council Ltd, W.P. Brown Fund, fund to Lottery Heritage project: Voices’ helping ‘Stonegate for organisations to December2010. the work, will on be held at Barley Hall from based January also exhibition, An org.uk). from the Barley Hall web site (www.barleyhall. download a as available the be will interviewees, of number a featuring and Snow Dan from material the of some on based podcast A research. historical considerable with up backed illustrated and copiously is which book, the in andlovedtheirbooks.’ treasured whoowners the of soul the of part carried books the years, and an indescribable sense that each dust of of the with mixed ink, and paper leather, centuries-old his of picture workplace, talkingof evocative wonderfully paints a example, for Bookshop, Godfrey’s e ol lk t tak h following the thank to like would We recounted are stories personal Many of smell the aroma, unmistakeable ‘That Christine Kyriacou andVan Wilson nrae by narrated Voices’, ‘Stonegate and HISTORYFAIR ANNUAL ARCHAEOLOGY Tel: 01904663006 Email:[email protected] Christine Kyriacou, York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX and anexhibition,pleasecontact: If youareinterestedinbeinginterviewedforthisproject,whichwillculminateabook Coming soon–anOralHistoryof York’s SecondarySchools ‘Oh Crikey!’ hs er o wl b al t ha tls bu archaeological both professionalsandcommunitygroups. about talks hear to by York,around out and carried in place taken have able that projects be will you year This in central York. Fair takes place on History Saturday 10th and October this Archaeology year at Annual the Trust Guildhall Archaeological York The Wilson to explore what we are sure will Vanprove historian another oral fascinating and topic. writer local with work to plan we again Once notinthe public domain. well asaccesstophotographs already have schools, some material and as contacts from a number of schools.privateWe and schools modern schools,secondary grammar with place, taken have examples that education, secondary from including the different strands of changes the and schools secondary overview of an create will exhibition accompanying an and book The research. andbackground through oralhistory York in arrived, schoolscomprehensiveeducation when 1985, and 1920s the between secondary of history social and educational the at look to is project the secondary Yorkin of education memory.living aim in The of experiences changing the Oral examine Trust’s will Series Archaeological History York for planned volume fourth The and historicalbooksellers. books from many of the country’s archaeological many local community groups as well as buying from stalls see to opportunity the also is There SATURDAY 10thOCTOBER THE GUILDHALL,YORK 10am -4pm FREE ADMISSION

23 JORVIK 25th Anniversary Conference

York Archaeological Trust will celebrate 25 years of JORVIK Viking Centre with a conference entitled, “A celebration of Iconic Collections and Excavations from the Viking World” , which will take place 13th-14th February 2010, coinciding with the opening of the 2010 JORVIK Viking Festival.

The conference will celebrate some of the most important developments and iconic artefacts uncovered in the last quarter-century of research into the Viking era. Academics from around the Viking world will gather in York on Saturday 13th February for an entertaining and illuminating look at the past, present and future of Viking studies. A reception at JORVIK Viking Centre will be held on Saturday evening when delegates will be able to experience the newly renovated attraction as part of the conference ticket price. A Conference Coach Tour visiting some of Yorkshire’s finest Viking-age artefacts and sites will also be on offer on Sunday 14th February, for an additional fee.

Sarah Maltby, Director of Attractions says, “It is fitting to celebrate the anniversary of one of the world’s most astounding Viking-age discoveries with this conference here in York. We are honoured to have this collection of experts coming to speak for JORVIK’s celebratory events and we are confident that the conference content will be fascinating for all those who have an interest in Viking history.”

Speakers confirmed include Peter Addyman, Richard Hall (Director of Archaeology, York Archaeological Trust), Patrick Wallace (Director, National Museum of Ireland), Anne-Christine Larsen (Vikingeborgen Trelleborg, Sydvestsjællands Museum, Denmark), Ellen Marie Næss (Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo) and Anne Brundle (The Orkney Museum).

This conference offers delegates a unique opportunity to benefit from the most up-to-date interpretation of the best known Viking-age collections of material and archaeological sites from around the world.

To book or for enquiries: call 01904 615505. JOIN THE FRIENDS OF YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST

Receive YORKSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY twice a year Receive the Annual Report of YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL Specialist Weekend Courses TRUST Free, unlimited entry to JORVIK, An Introduction to Free, unlimited entry to DIG, 10% discount in the DIG shop Fieldwork 10% discount on the training dig 30% discount on all the Trust’s academic publications when 23rd - 25th October 2009 purchased direct (one of each publication per person) Access to the Trust’s highly acclaimed lunchtime lectures This course will give beginners and those A special programme of visits, day schools, lectures, site tours with some basic knowledge the chance to and social events. find out and take part in fieldwork based at By joining you will be contributing directly to the work of York the unique Hungate site. Delegates will get Archaeological Trust. The Friends donate every penny of profit the chance to excavate the site, and explore directly to the Trust to further its important and exciting work. archaeological techniques with the experts from York Archaeological Trust, as well as Membership rates see behind the scenes and find out more. Adult £19.00 pa Joint Adult (2 adults at same address) £27.00 pa Cost per person: £120.00. (£110 for all Family (2 adults and all children at same address) £31.00 pa those who have already taken part in Over 60s £17.00 pa the Training Dig at Hungate) Joint over 60s £23.00 pa Student in full-time education £17.00 pa Email: [email protected] or Overseas member (sterling) £30.00 pa telephone 07908 210026 to enquire Life membership (single) £200.00 or book a place. Life membership (couple) £250.00 To join The Friends, send a cheque payable to FOYAT to: The Friends, York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX

CELEBRATING 25 FESTIVAL of BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGY YEARS OF JORVIK!

JORVIK Viking Centre is 25 years old! Since opening in 1984, over 15 million visitors have enjoyed the JORVIK experience. To celebrate the history and success of this ground-breaking visitor experience, which was created on the site of one of the most famous and astounding discoveries of modern archaeology, a year of events has been organised as a thank you to all of its supporters over the years. FORTHCOMING EVENTS 10th October 2009 ‘Celebrating JORVIK’ Book Launch A new book taking a fresh look at the unique objects discovered at Coppergate over 25 years ago.

February 2010 13th–14th February: 25th Anniversary Conference 15th–20th February: 25th JORVIK Viking Festival

Visit our website www.jorvik-viking-centre.com or see local press for details of events In this issue...

www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk