Great Expectations for the Hungate Excavation

The Hungate excavation: seven years in pre-production, five years in production and a Above: View of the further two years in post-production. The Hungate excavation has its own financiers, Hungate excavations its executives, its own director, its producers, its technical staff, its actors, a potential looking south-east from cast of 1000s and possibly even its own villains, here and there. Sounds more like a Stonebow Hollywood blockbuster than a large-scale urban excavation!

So why the film analogy? Well, the Hungate being carried out as a scheme of archaeological excavations are the largest in for 25 mitigation due to the below-ground years and during the intervening quarter of implications that the new development may a century the profile of archaeology has have on the archaeology of the area. As the changed considerably. The rise of popular development has six phases of construction, TV programmes such as , the five of which should be in place by 2012, the proliferation of archaeology/history Hungate excavations will take place over the documentaries and TV channels, the growth next five years, with the work in the Block H in archaeology magazines, the number of area to be completed by 2011. The Block H Peter Connelly archaeologists that pop up on the silver screen area will take up to five years to excavate as all and in computer games and, of course, instant of the archaeology has to be removed prior access to archaeological information through to the start of the building development, the internet have all fuelled the demand upwards of 2.5m deep in stratigraphy in for participation, access to and educational places, and it has to be completed by the end involvement in archaeology. Thus the levels of 2011 as the Block H area is the final phase of expectation for an excavation such as of the development. Hungate can be huge and more immediately important to people than the next all-action For the archaeological works in the other summer smash blockbuster. It is time for development areas, some is on-going (the the Hungate excavations to meet these Block D Evaluation), some will start shortly expectations. (the ‘Focal Building’ and Block F area) and one area is about to be completed (Blocks The Script A, B and C). All of this work is overseen by The excavations are financed by Hungate John Oxley, the City Archaeologist for City (York) Regeneration Ltd as part of the urban of York Council. The script has been set. regeneration of the Hungate area, and are archaeology today  blocks within thedevelopment Excavation areas seto theproject. aspect of Archaeology Community the on article an and excavations, the from recovered been have that artefacts the on January, articles in started that excavations H Block the on far year, about an what article has been found so this March to January from out carried that were excavations E Block the on article an The OpeningScenes archaeology; archaeology; however, five new manholes had such a depth that it did not the disturb any of at was and tunnelled was sewer the for pipe The redevelopment. the for constructed was sewer new a where development, phase first the of limits south-eastern the within Foss the of River the along started works archaeological element first the 2006 November mid- In Hungate? at development first of phase the C, and B A, Blocks by covered is But what about that part of the site that site the of part that about what But find will you magazine this in Elsewhere these appeared to have been replaced replaced been have to appeared these centuries; of number probably,a quite over, revetments plankedwooden of construction Ages. The land strip was of maintained by the Middle the during Foss River the to parallel land of tongue protruded into managed the King’s Pool or, at least, ran of form some that suggest to appeared archaeology This page). facing of the (top surface ground present below c.3m of medieval depth a at archaeology considerable revealed trenches playing fields,gardens andorchards. layers sealed the soils that belonged to former make-up considerable these and area the to risk flood the alleviate to century 20th mid to early the in raised considerably been had land this that revealed trenches manhole five the conditions.Fourarchaeologicalof under to be created and these each was of excavated oee, h tid f te manhole the of third the However, xaain ae ulc atcpto and participation public are excavations A Castof Thousands 20th century. early the of maps the on floods” to “liable open land and even marsh land that was titled encapsulated playing fields,gardens, orchards, Dundas the Street towardseast of open land that to significantly declined landscape the of topography former the that revealed has century.work20th the This of middle the in the land the substantial raising of because of deposits archaeological situ in on impinge hardly will building subsequent the that fact the to due was and intervention archaeological briefs of level lower watching This excavation. hand limited archaeological by covered been has this area, development C was revealed, which may beRoman indate. surface cobble a archaeology medieval this removing carefully After ago. years hundred and built sevenand thousand betweenone maintained probably was land of right). strip This (below drainage and consolidation with helped probably which edge the southern along structure wicker a by eventually Work inprogress Trench 3 The The other key components in the Hungate and B A, Blocks the of rest the for As YAT hasdoneandwhatitplanned. what summarise to place good a is here but excavationsthe of part as implemented been already have that programmes outreach and archaeology community the about read can you magazine this in Elsewhere education. will host training schools for archaeology archaeology for schools training excavations host Hungate will the In this to experiences. addition different for looking are who archaeology in those and university at archaeology studying those to whatsoever from those with no archaeological experience for details). further article H Block the (see many come to for years hope, we and, 2007 of summer Live Archaeology regarded highly and successful YAT’s will host excavations Hungate and excavations groups. further volunteers, groups, communityand charitablegroups school include will which and participation outreach will be added in the coming months of schemes Further all. to accessible archaeology make to designed to scheme pilot getting a in archaeology the with grips programme Team Offending Youth York the in involved people young of participation the witnessed also has area This Trust. Community Hungate from input tremendous with community a programme archaeology of part the as is excavated area H being Block Archaeologist, the of segment northern Community York n ojnto wt Jn en, Greater Kenny, Jon with conjunction In Training is also a paramount factor in the in factor paramount a Trainingalso is riig col uig the during school training Archaeology Live Archaeology is open to all, revetment medieval wicker Bryan Antoni cleaning

yorkshire archaeology today  yorkshire archaeology today  May 2007 first OpenDayon5th Visitors attendingthe the year. The first open day took place on place took day open first The year. the across days open free host will excavations excavation. the of scenes the behind happens what see can people where HQ excavation Hungate the to visit a finally and H Block of tour a be will to there where itself, site excavation Hungate, the of length surviving short the church in , then continue down Saviour’sSt in based experience archaeology hands-on Trust’s the DIG, at start will tour will werun, hope, for the and next five years.The 2007 May 28 on start tours site These the tour what archaeologists are uncovering see to on a daily basis. and everyone excavations the allow around will which Ltd Regeneration (York) Hungate by H provided Block been has walkway the public a area Within excavation far. so has been uncovered what out find to or the excavations see and come to want who people for discoveries. the by inspired courses themed and schemes days, archaeology work taster placements, archaeology mentoring students, undergraduate n te o ore hr i te access the is there course of then And In conjunction with the Hungate tours the oefl ice ato thousands come makesfull circle.a A cast of thedig. of different parts wevarious are discovering and filmsshort of that finds the of updates excavation, the of years five the during reports produced be the will that all of versions downloadable the excavation. websiteThis will also hold of aspects different the all about information the all houses www.dighungate.com, at site, web Hungate Dig Our internet. the always is there programmes education or tours, of to want know how to get involved, the or days and times uncovering are archaeologists the what about more know to want site, the NationalArchaeology Week. first day of the 2007, July 14 on be will day open next five hours that it was open to the public.The the in dig the see to coming people 530 with Saturday 5 May and was extremely successful, the Hungate digwillmake thisexcavation.the Hungate visiting and with involved getting public the of spectrum broad a movie,blockbusterand And with a mention of films I have now have I films of mention a with And to down it make can’t who those For Project DirectorHungateExcavations Peter A. Connelly May 2007 excavations being conducted in Block H as well as the Archaeology Archaeology the as well as H Block the in conducted for being excavations responsible officer, field a as there am I time this and site, Hungate overdevelopmentthe new the of archaeology construction the to prior the recording are York we with time started This Trust. I Archaeological where Hungate, to returned now have I that York.Hungate, at investigations the of part excavatedas being were which trenches evaluation many the of one was hole The time. same the at digging about amount huge a learn excavationand the to contribute to able Antoni, as well as Jane McComish who was running the project, I was the help and patient teaching that I received from my supervisor, Bryan level.With belowground 6m as deep as go to wasgoing and top the I found out that I would be working in a trench that was 3m by 3m at understandably I was a little nervous. My nerves were not eased when and was only the second commercial project I had ever worked on, so MA my completed had I after long not was It Trust. Archaeological Yorkwith excavationassistant an as excavationworking commercial first my began I millennium new the of turn the at 10th January On on whichcrudedabsofpainthavebeenaddedinexpertlyanderraticallyismostprobablytheworkachild. on the plates as they were passed to them before firing. This little plate from Hungate has a garlanded border around the edge dab would they differentin.’which a paint with coloured loaded brush a holding each painters, as worked particular in girls Small work to uncomfortable and close, hot, rooms, unventilated ‘small as described were premises the supervisor; a under groups in worked children The education. for time little gave days hour for hour an dinner. and Some went to Sunday breakfast school but few could read and for write; twelve hour half a with night at o’clock six until this commission and told how they worked from six o’clock in the morning Some of the children who worked in the potteries were interviewed during the growingurbanpopulations. up springing for pottery supply were to YorkshireWest in establishments also and Stoke-on-Trent around large These health. their to risks into the employment of small children in the potteries, and the consequent In 1840 the House of Commons commissioned Samuel Scriven to enquire learning letters–butitconcealsadarkerstory. with help to child small a for gift charming a been have would and plate muffin a as base. known the is into This moulded alphabet the with wide, 85mm just plate, child’s small a is finds the Amongst Hungate. at levels Victorian of excavations during emerged has and day present the than rather 1840s the to dates evidence this Fortunately children asyoungsevenoreightforunhealthyanddangeroustasks,oftenworking10to12hourdays.’ using of practice the Yorkof in discovered been has …‘Evidence reveals reporter undercover Hungate Our Horror! Shock! revealed ChildLabour inYork!Evidence of Archaeology onBlockH It seems strange looking back over seven years of archaeology archaeology of years seven over back looking strange seems It excavation of prior tostart Above: Demolition Toby Kendall HUNGATE FINDS:1 Ailsa Mainman Ailsa Mainman

yorkshire archaeology today  yorkshire archaeology today  oae coe o ee ad e ed o find to need we and here, to close located was John’sin-the-Marsh St church medieval the that know we because is This H1. Block strip,wide 20m southernmost Blockthe is H The Archaeology ofBlockH1 heap. spoil a of top the from site the across point observation fantastic a had we point one at be completed in a numberseparate phases; of significant amount to be removed this had to a was there As 1930s. late the in slums the of demolition the since site the across laid been had that material of layers the all strip the under archaeologists the to instruction of working digger it 360° a use to completed time then was was structures standing the the demolitionteamandarchaeologists. for process learning a being up ended it site, the across surfaces and buildings different of lots of complication added the with but task, easy relatively a be to seem would This demolition the across monitoring the of area. with linked being tasks first the with 2006, area duringthepasttwo thousandyears. Hungate the of swathe large a over changed have things how out find to trying ourselves find now we that and time, of period short a such in change can things much how just Live! training excavation. It is amazing to think h iiil ou o h ecvto in excavation the of focus initial The of stripping and demolition the Once Work on Block began H at the tail end of the BlockH1plan (right)layout Danny (left)and Alistair a 19th-century well a 19th-century Arran removing of part igr Ti to a ope f wes to weeks of couple a took This mechanical digger. the using excavate to possible not were that features modern obviously any removing by began and in team digging the the southern area, in January 2007, we moved building work inthisarea. surrounded it so that it is not disturbed by the that ground burial the of extent full the out with this as it was very cold and wet, but the but wet, and cold very was it as this with us help really didn’t weather The excavated. was it when archaeology the recording would for we as 1:20, of scale the a at planned area whole then We country. the grid across Survey Ordnance the matches grid which 5m a out set we site the around from points survey Using features. the digging to came it when recording our with help would it as point this at visible was that everything archaeology straight away we decided to draw lived and worked there. who people the of records historical the with this link to able map,be wewill and with individual property numbers on the 1907 1907. It is even possible to match that the remains and surfaces 1852 from maps historical the and matched yards buildings, walls, different of layout the see to easy very was It anticipated. had we than buildings century 19th and 18th the of preservation better far was there that clear was it archaeologists the overindulgence of during theholiday season. evidence any remove workteam hard the the helped and complete As soon as the stripping was completed in ahr hn ut tr dgig no the into digging start just than Rather by up cleaned been had area the Once used forbendingtimber. been have may think we which feature built sand and clay brick, (round-ended) apsidal intriguing an and well brick-lined a pit’, ‘saw possible activitya included of complex small a H1 In Block of soil. corner northeast extreme the the into manure dig to used havebeen would they as artefacts of little way the relatively in contained pits large below. These archaeology medieval the into intrude well beds’ ‘deep or beds’ ‘lazy for cuts pits of linked with these gardening; rectangular large series a by dominated was site the as farback astheRoman period. from recovering date which us finds stopped not has it date in post-medieval all virtually is which archaeology digging are we though late the in medieval or early post-medieval period. Even management land of episodes H Block deliberate by formed probably most was and of extent the beyond continues which soil ‘horticultural’ deep a into cut are structures walls,pits,floors,these and of All which features appear archaeological to date from the 18th century of onwards. series a the excavation inBlock E. and D Block in evaluation during revealed been has what and the H Block between in archaeology correlation good very a is also There accurate. very be to proven have evaluations the during area the about made we conclusions subsequent and gathered we information the that is see to good really is What present. is which archaeology the of only just now that we are getting a true picture little a windowsseries of into the site, but it is we excavated during 2000 and 2002 had given us that trenches evaluation The progress. good very made have we sunshine, and rain snow,sleet, ice, wind, of combination a with and 2007, us hinder to March tried has weather the of although start the at earnest safely.to doanydigging recording process even though it was too wet the start us helped an which drawing created amazing and well fantastically did team e ae on ta te atr ed f of end eastern the that found have We Since March 2007 we have been excavating in recording and digging started We developed over time. It can be concluded at concluded be can It time. over developed structures these which in unpicking way complex are the we moment the At pavers. brick or cobbles and of foundations made were which yards of form the in remains, Block H1 we encountered a building series of h wr o h Getr ok Community York Greater the of work the of rest through only is it the and area, H2 the H, in Block on going been has what at The Archaeology ofBlockH2 bodes well forfuturediscoveries. the and case it is interesting very archaeology Whatever them. with foundations and walls later the taking sinking, and rotting been slowly had deposits archaeological and pits deep, organic-rich movedof series a because basis. A more exciting theory is that they have thisarea, in and the flooding which on occurred a regular table the water of fluctuation the with linked be may foundations these of movement The occasions. separate two least at on reinforced been has foundation wall a sinking, subsiding, of and signs subsequent repairs. showed In one often place H1 Block later ceramicpipe. a by replaced been had area the across west boundaries; the earlier culvert which ran east- the respects site the across ran that system between inserted these boundaries. Even the drainage were buildings the that appears it existence and constructed, were in buildings the before boundaries property major were there that work the of stage early this The The foundations we have excavated across Moving to the central and western end of We have barely had chance to start looking surface brick a 19th-century Arran (right)clean (left)and Alistair

yorkshire archaeology today  yorkshire archaeology today  culvert drain a 19th-century Looking west along available at the Hungate HQ just across the across just HQ Hungate the at available be resources fantastic will the and of use make trainees to able 30 to up include to onthetheme. tocarry St. Hungate obvious no is there shame a is It years. few next the for excavations H Block the Hungate by hosted be will church, Saviour’s St and Abbey Mary’s St Hospital, Leonard’s St city,including the around locations in various place taken has and 2001 since running date. The training excavation, which has been to season Live! Archaeology ambitious most Archaeology Live! 2007 been most have remains the of side eastern the The that means archaeology. west the to the down slope natural of amounts huge removed buildings Army Territorial MOD the for terracing and preserved well so not this section. of part southern the along runs which Lane Haver remember best will site the seen has who Anybody concentrated. been has work the that here is it and H1, Block in that than the late 1930s. The preservation is even better during demolished were which buildings the of remains the by dominated is archaeology now. visible is what Offending see can we Youththat Programme, the in involved people the Hungate Community Trust and the young Archaeologist, Jon Kenny, and his team from t h nrhr ed f te rnh the trench the of end northern the At h ieo The the size project of has been expanded Preparations have begun for the latest and are H2 Block of extents southern The disturbed. itr f hsfsiaigpr fthecity. of thisfascinating part of history to the finds from the site whilst exploring the happen that processes the of stages first the and archaeology field in involvedtechniques the teaching be will We site. the from road Pam excavatingfeature a19th-century what we have uncovered in recentweeks. TodayArchaeology the andwebtosee pages Yorkshire in articles the following person keep in just it Hungate make cannot on you doing If H. are Block we what see and come you sure make years 5 next the over the comingyears. over expand and on build to looking are we which links all – Bradford of University the from students of group a and Archaeologist special training sessions with the Community up lined already also have introduction We fieldwork. to in-depth really a mentoring for one-on-one courses providing are we [email protected]. at me alternativelyemail or training, for links the follow and pages web dighungate.com place for YAT,Friends of just go to the in www. discount a have we coming in interested are you If school. training exciting an such with involved be to want clearly people as world, whole the fact in UK, the Yorkshire, o f yu r vstn Yr a ay point any at York visiting are you if So excavation training the to addition In York, from in coming are Bookings Toby Kendall The plateandtheointmentjar, togetherwithother findsfromthesitearenowondisplayinDIG. the 1960s. ‘Prepared only by Beach and Barnicott, Successors to the late Dr Robert, Bridport.’ The ointment continued in production until reads side other glass. The and pottery 19th-century late other with together site, the on material levelling of layer a in found was collection, private a from loaned jar similar a of reverse the with together here shown Hungate, at found example The such aseczema,mildinfectionsandheadaches. lavender. A dermatologist at St Andrew’s hospital in said the ointment would have had beneficial effects for conditions and pieces and zinc lead, of sugar calamel, included ingredients into Other cheesecloth. through strained and beeswax of 6lbs with steamed cut be to was which lard, Waterford of 50lb demands it recipe; the acquired Museum Bridport the 2003 In producing avatofthesalvewhichwasthensoldinsmalljars liketheoneshownhere. hasbeendiscovered!At lastamiracle cure sale of the premises; it contained the instructions for instructions the contained it premises; the of sale Dr. Robert’s old shop in Bridport in 1970, following the in discovered was ‘private’ marked envelope an until mystery a remained had gout’ and ulcers leg burns, cuts, ‘piles, for remedy invaluable this for recipe The continued faithinthiscure-allointment. a proving century, 19th late the to dates which jars ointment famous these of one of part produced have Hungate at Excavations 1790. in Friend Man’s Poor the of So inventor table…’ the Robert, dressing Giles Dr every recommended on found be ‘Should HUNGATE FINDS:2 Ailsa Mainman

yorkshire archaeology today  yorkshire archaeology today 10 Volunteers, Community Archaeology and Young Offenders atHaver Lane, Hungate. and York Young Offenders Team Below: JonKenny (inwhitehardhat)withmembersofthevolunteerteam workstarted inlightsnow on13thMarch. the Heritage Lottery Fund, the team from Hungate Community Trust by supported Project, York Archaeology Greater Community the of archaeological experience already, some and had others were few complete beginners. a With Trust,the help Community Hungate the of part all were members first The more. still growing it anticipate we and months few last the over grown has Hungate at team volunteer The detail. in excavate to community local the from team volunteer a for point starting ideal the made it so developed,and be to last the The volunteerteamonHaver Lane and DundasStreet. Green Peasholme the with Hungate to connected parallel and ran Stonebow modern which Lane, Haver of side either on buildings it the there Victorian is and preserved early a 20th-century portion of building wasmodern removed it quickly became apparent that below that When Lane. Haver of site the over stood Stonebow on Shoes) Windsor’s latterly (more garage and showroom car a recently Until The Haver Lane area of the Hungate redevelopment site will be will site redevelopment Hungate the of area Lane Haver The n fudtos bt oe oss r in are condition. good particularly houses some but foundations, and system drainage recent a by places some in through cut been have area Lane Haver the of streets and houses The excavation. the for icon an become has street, the of image overburden 1930s the to on overlaid removing Lane, Haver from archaeologists of image The roads. the and plans house Victorian of some of preservation excellent for the however, prepared, not was deposits. team Roman The to back right site the of history the trace will that below and material Victorian find will team the that suggested area? Lane What wasexpected intheHaver htgah f Hvr ae I n looks it one HaverLane of photograph the at carefully the If Lane. on Haver seen of be photograph can and and Lane Place Haver John’s St of corner the on stood house This demolished. was it before years many derelict found was house floors this yet elsewhere, concrete thin and brick the to compared item luxury a are tiles Quarry the Number 7 Haver in Lane. kitchen or parlour of floors tile quarry the revealed have the building floor levels. they In particular of some of preservation of state the byexcited really been has team The roads. and outlines building the of definition the been has team house outlines Revealing the Victorian area. the in houses the of quality poor the about health us tell documents,purchase compulsory subsequent and and 1901, in compiled Rowntree report into the this poverty area, of up- house.market more type A of look at the Seebohm a downs, up/two two and area, the in types house smallest and worst very backs,to backthe include These area. the of typical houses of number a and school adult an merchants, hay a for out look to us tell A look at the the maps Haverof Lane area nearby excavation evaluation Previous The The first task undertaken by the volunteer o h Hnae xaain epne well responded Excavation Hungate the to came who people young The re-offending. of risk the reduce to work of contract a out carry to them require that orders court with issued been have people young Team. These court orders from the York Youth Offending under people young four been have site on Team onHaver Lane Working withthe Youth Offending the remainsbeforeanyexcavation begins. record then will who team, volunteer the of members inexperienced the for opportunity from the houses on Haver Lane is an excellent 1950s. the in garage the of building the and 1930s the in houses the period of demolition the between the to relate to seem that layers by destroyed) (or masked been also have levels ‘rest recent room’ facility in very the shop or garage. The a floor and drains of insertion later the by damaged been has houses these of outline The down. one and upstairs one 6 rooms,twosingle had & only that HaverLane) 4 (numbers backs to back of group a Hungate, in houses poorest the of some of outline the for looked team the 7 Number York’s poorerareas. of one as area the rooms, of definition and small the support walls thin floors, the as such evidence Other area. the of reputation road system that seems at odds with the poor engineered well a show also area HaverLane the of archaeology the by revealed aspects surface and stone gutters, all still in situ. Some macadam tar proper a with engineered, well and preserved well also is street the that find to excited and surprised equally were team St John’s side street and the Place is a narrow removeJohn’soverburdenSt the from Place. to on moved team the recording for ready the owner couldnotbeestablished. because years many for empty stood house Haver7 the is that street), Lane.seems the It of left the (on John’sPlace St with junction boarded up. is This house, houses on the the far the side of of one that see to possible is Amongst the volunteers who have worked overburdenremovingthe of process The HaverOn the opposite Lane side from of exposed been had Lane Haver 7 After © Cityof York Council 1930s Haver inthe Lane

has been a positive example of what can be can what of example positive a been has poorly madeupconcretefloor. very Lane,walla the and identifying footings revealing on they 4&6Havermade the start Lane; Haverexcavating in involved being to involved! get to documentary opportunity this Don’tmiss evidence. at looking with helping area and Lane Haver the of excavation the on working both years, five next the over team volunteer the is for work of plenty be to likely There [email protected]. at email by or 663020 01904 on ‘phone by contacted be can Jon form; application an York Project to get Community Archaeology Greater the with Archaeologist Community Kenny,the Jon contact should They join. to welcome is project the to regularly time give May. to 5th afford can very and on locally lives who Anyone held the Day following Open successful especially grow, to Bringing togetherthevolunteerteam just is torevealstarting itself. that site a archaeological and fascinating enthusiasm, Community Project), York Archaeology Greater the and Trust Archaeological York the Team, Offending Youththe (between partnership by achieved ok ih h Yuh fedn Team Offending Youth the with Work The volunteer continuesThe team at Hungate Greater York Community Archaeology Project Community Community Archaeologist Jon Kenny

yorkshire archaeology today 11 yorkshire archaeology today 12 Richards 1685 planof York by in relationtothe excavation position ofBlockE Below: Approximate Kurt Hunter-Mann the BlockEexcavation, Hungate Scratching thesurfaceofEarly Modern York: a a er ht h cntuto o this of construction the that fear a was there Indeed, development. current the prior to site the on stood an that unit of industrial remains the beneath trench, the of top the towards lie would housing century thesitewould beunearthed. of use post-medieval the regarding information previously overlooked. It was also hoped that been an has that housing, York’s archaeology of aspect century 20th 19th/early for expected that they would encounter evidence was it deep, 1.5m barely were groundworks 150m Stonebow.The some these Although south-east of and 20 Lane Foss, Palmer River of south the m of north 20m barely area low-lying a in situated was trench The block. housing this of middle the in park car basement a of construction be the by wouldaffected that features record archaeological and the the investigate to of was aim excavation The during 2007. March place to January took project development Hungate the of E Block in excavation The It was assumed that the 19th/early 20th 19th/early the that assumed was It a sequence of silty clays at around 5.5-7.2m around at clays silty of sequence a the trench couldbegin. within the investigation machine archaeological by careful levelling the of removal the after and deposits, levelling the beneath preserved been had levels century 20th early 19th/ The south. the to immediately Foss flooding from the River to reduce the risk of order in unit industrial the of construction the to prior down laid been had presumably which thick, 1m over deposits levelling by overlain was housing the that clear soon became it However, housing. the of remains all removed have could building industrial edn rnhsadsgetsm omo of form some or suggest and trenches bedding beds lazy small been have could which It was cut by several narrow parallel trenches, centuries. 18th soil, 17th/early late a the to as dating interpreted layer the a Above was ditch. levelling drainage probable a by cut was to It centuries. thought 16th/17th the is to date and Pool, King’s the from land marginal formerly the of reclamation OD.7.7m levellingrepresent to appears This around to up level ground the raised which loam, clay silty charcoal-rich of layer thick water untilaround1700(left). of body a as survived Pool King’s the that evidence cartographic is There land. dry-ish) (or dry sometimes but inundated sometimes times, medieval late during Pool King’s alongside the land marginal was area this that indicates sequence this within dug was pit a that fact YorkThe castle.for defences water Conquest when the River Foss was dammed to provide Norman the after soon formed was that lake a Pool, King’s the within lain have to appear would deposits Such date. in century) (15th-16th medieval late probably are They and deposits, alluvial as Datum). interpreted are Ordnance (Above AOD h eris dpst ecutrd were encountered deposits earliest The vryn te luil eois a a was deposits alluvial the Overlying to ever more intensive occupation, although occupation, intensive more ever to point also pets) of occasional (probably burial the animal hard and brick pits rubbish of standing; areas small with material, cindery with surfaced generally were yards and subdivided by substantial brick walls. The the century, with the of delineated properties turn the around continued trend downwards aesthetically pleasing instead gardens.of This had now yards back used intensively and functional, more tenancies multiple to over turned been had Lane Palmer along houses the that is explanation possible vicinity.One 19th later the the in occupation increased century,to point to dating features, These culvert. stone and brick a and drain ceramic a layers, mortar and cindery holes, post pits, were rubble the into cut or Overlying soil. garden the sealed that rubble of layer a by housesfrontingontoPalmer Lane. of rear the to gardens of part as area this show may time the of pits maps features; garden havebeen These rubble. and mortar much containing pits irregular large, by cut turn in features during the early 19th century, and was subsequently developed over the horticultural during the 18th century. soil Another layer of gardens or allotments by occupied York of part this show Maps activity. horticultural The The next change in land use was indicated consumption in the houses or the disposal of this alcohol material represents high levels of and whether certain containers yet not vessels.is drinking It alcohol glass and 20th ceramic 19th/early of assemblages large the were There centuries. in finds produced in mass- by pottery followed centuries high-quality 17th/18th the with area, the of map(above).the 1909OrdnanceSurvey more housing. This layout compares well with with infilled been not had least at yards these The finds reflect the decline in fortunes fortunes in decline the reflect finds The Ordnance Survey map Ordnance relation tothe1909 Plan ofBlockEin floor under excavation A pitwithinabrick

yorkshire archaeology today 13 Vertical view of the rubbish from the public houses nearby, but it drain. This system was an improvement on toilet block. The does suggest that alcohol consumption in the the preceding cess pit, but York City Council brick wall (bottom) is area was high. reports and sanitation textbooks of the time thought to be the back condemned it as unsanitary; the waste matter wall of Dundas Court The most evocative feature found was would pile up between flushes, particularly a toilet block, which can be identified from during dry weather. To make matters worse, documentary evidence as a block that lay the toilets served 11 households, perhaps as within Dundas Court, a yard off Lower many as 50 people. It is likely that there had Dundas Street. The toilets had originated as originally been 5 houses fronting onto Lower a rectangular, stone-lined cess pit, probably Dundas Street, using a 5-cubicle cess pit in when Dundas Court was built around the the back yard. However the houses were then middle of the 19th century. The cess pit subdivided into 10 back-to-backs, probably was replaced around the turn of the century around the time the tipper flush toilets were by the toilet block, which comprised five added – and an eleventh house was given closets or cubicles that fed into a ceramic access to the toilet block for good measure. drain. The flush was provided by two tanks, Dundas Court came into being because the one at each end, which were fed by surface yard was now the front for five houses; it water in the courtyard and presumably by is also worth noting that the occupants of hand poured (not piped) bath water and the six houses in Lower Dundas Street with Detail of the toilet other slop water from the houses; when full, access to the toilets now had to make a much tipper flush the tanks tipped over automatically into the longer trip to use them. Nevertheless, the system remained in use until the housing was cleared away in the 1930s.

The Block E excavation has provided some fascinating glimpses of the changing land use at Hungate since medieval times, and of the living conditions of the residents as the area degenerated into slums during the later 19th and early 20th centuries. These are but two of the many archaeological aspects of the area that will be investigated as the Hungate development progresses. Kurt Hunter-Mann published in all referred to in the report on the discoveries, ‘Anglo-Danish’ bank and a medieval quay were was obtained (below) and a Roman wharf, an site the of plan basic a but nowadays, used resources the and techniques recording the without detail in record to difficult was site since Roman times. Such a large and complex bank western its of part along use land and Foss River early the on great information of a deal Katherine produced others, by and Richardson excavated site, Telephone Exchange The development. current of the south-west immediately Place, at Garden stands still which Exchange Telephone the of building the before undertaken were that excavations 1950-1 the at back look to way. This is an opportune moment, therefore, under now is Foss,River the and between Stonebow redevelopment massive a of part as Hungate, of investigation Archaeological what didtheyreallyfind? Excavations inHungate1950-51: The Archaeological Journal in 1959. this task, a composite section of the site has site the of section composite a task, this recent aid more to area; the in discoveries archaeological of light the in reconsidered be to need interpretations these However, Above: RichardsonontheHungatesite, Katharine c. 1951 in theearly 1950s(afterRichardson1959) Below: Planoftheareaexcavated byRichardson

yorkshire archaeology today 15 yorkshire archaeology today 16 exaggerated) scaleis (the vertical the 1950-1excavation facing sectionthrough Composite south-west ufc, n bhn ta ws probably a was that behind and paved surface, a with wharf a form to piles timber with consolidated been have to thought was the in AODriverbankthe of foot site. the The of middle 5.2m to up (AOD) Datum Ordnance above 3m about from clay sandy natural the in rise steady a as seen was Foss waterfront The Roman the publisheddata(above). perspectivegive to depth to compiled a been structure. Ittherefore seems unlikelystructure. that the cobble gritstone the the beneath run to appears surface Furthermore, bank. river the above AOD,1-2m 6.4-7.5m was at gritstone building, the that indicate plan site the on York Roman entitled of survey its in Monuments Royalbythe 1962 Historical on Commission in published were structure this of drawing reconstruction a and plan schematic more A river. the to parallel running surface cobble associated an and building gritstone square h ot-etbn fthe Roman River The north-west bank of Eburacum . However, the levels shown s faue f AgoSadnva date. Anglo-Scandinavian of feature a as interpreted was it deposits, Roman overlie to thought was it as high; 2m some structure this AOD,making 9.1m at was bank the of top The AOD. 7.1m about of at was surface silts top the the period, Roman the to date to thought and alluvium as interpreted the silts, on laid of been had end brushwood The site. north-west the at found was The ‘Anglo-Danish’ bank as Roman isthecobblesurface. regarded be confidently can that feature only building. medievalThe a for foundations the more sense as a post-Roman feature, perhaps standing the Romanproud of river, been and they too make have therefore would piles These bank. river the of top the than higher of the foot riverbank are around the 5.3m AOD, at which piles is timber the of tops the that noted be also should It date. in Roman post- probably is it and waterfront, the Roman with associated was building gritstone A clay bank resting on a brushwood layer brushwood a on resting bank clay A century onwards by a fall in the water level water the in fall a by onwards 13th century the from encouraged been have may Reclamation land. marginal the dry of making out land by properties their extend to attempted Fishpool the to adjacent land owners of the as commenced soon Fishpool 790-3). Fishpool (see King’slakethe knownriver,a as the forming have inundated the low-lying land adjacent to rose dam some 2m to around 6.3m the AOD, which would of upstream level water the that evidence archaeological is There castle. York around moat wet a form to dammed was Foss River the Conquest after Norman Soon the Fishpool. King’s the in silting represents and date, in medieval primarily is riverRomanbank overlying the alluvium the that likely therefore is It pottery. medieval some clay contained also the bank brushwood beneath and and bank river the overlying Roman alluvium the addition, In it. below layer brushwood the from and bank the from recovered been the had as century 14th late as to dating pottery However, elmto o hs ad rm the from land this of Reclamation rhelg fYork of Archaeology 10/6, 696-8, rttn bidn, ugs atmt to attempts suggest the building, indeed and gritstone piles, timber of Clusters site. Exchange Telephone the at evident is reclamations square metres. of range This of hundreds over more or 1m by level ground the raise to landfill byusing incursions major modest using wicker revetments and stone surfaces, to from surface, ground marshy the of ranged consolidation reclamations The documented. well are property, crown was reclamations illegal from the Fishpool, which and Legal reclamation. to land more much exposed have would evidence; level water in archaeological fall this by suggested is AOD,which 5m around to Fishpool the in rsne f a eivl ulig t about at building medieval a of presence the to point end FossRiver the towards site Exchange Telephone the of side south-west The medieval quay thesitein14thcentury. of end north-west the at bank brushwood and clay the with reclamation major the forcing flooding subsequent with century, 13th the in perhaps site, entire the across AOD 6m around at level ground marshy the occupy lhuh ibr ie lses n the on clusters pile timber Although RCHME) (after R.A.Hill/ probably oflaterdate. waterfrontbut Roman ofthe identified aspart structure previously and reconstructionof Above: Plan(left)

yorkshire archaeology today 17 HUNGATE FINDS:3 yorkshire archaeology today 18 time whilejudgingperformances. their passed audiences their how discovered have we perhaps but yet, found been have linnets champion past of bones No 1915 itwasfamousforlinnetsingingcompetitions… as a ‘fairly good house’, and it had a club room, a smoke room, a dram shop, a kitchen and a cellar below. Between 1871 and ‘Abook of Directory York1455-2003’Pubs that records Bricklayers’The 1902 in Constable Chief the by described was Arms It seems likely that the material shown in the illustration came from periodic clearances from this establishment. Hugh Murray’s were challengedin1903and1911, butitcontinuedtoservetheareauntil1937whenlicencewas finallywithdrawn. licences of renewal the for applications and 1838, by existence in was Lane. pub Palmer The vanished now the of corner the Bricklayers’where The from on far stood not once found Arms was collection drinks. This of sorts all serve and store to used associated with drinking. There are literally kilos of glass bottles, stoneware porter bottles, ale bottles, flasks andentirely flagons once almost is Hungate of area small one from collected Material the that evidence inhabitants ofHungateexploredthisroute. archaeological of plenty is there and bottle, a of neck the down found be to was life of troubles the from escape One of aonceprosperousarea. overcrowding, poor sanitation, ill health and poverty began to take hold this state during the 19th century as the population of the city grew and into slid city.area the The in poverty York…’of of study Rowntree’s in districts slum main the of ‘…one as 1901 in described was Hungate Licenses, andLiquidrefreshment Linnets or A goodnightout loe t bid qa i te ihol in Fishpool the in quay a build to were allowed Carmelites the particular, in 1300; in thereabouts priory a established who Friars, associated in the site report with the Carmelite to a form quay at only 5.2m AOD. seems The quay was wicker with revetted brushwood site the of side north-east the AOD,on 6m lehr, n h Tuts xaain at ( excavations Street Trust’s Carmelite the in elsewhere, archaeologically identified been episode probably has reclamation this as interpretation, this Recent1314. discoveriessupport to tend ee t te ot-et ol teeoe be therefore ground would south-west higher the to a level on building timber The Friary. the of edge south-west the documented of line the on be to appears Exchange Telephone the at quay the Furthermore 29). Interim More storiesofrecentfindsfrom Hungatecanbe found atwww.dighungate.com 61 19, 26- 1991, 16/1, unearth? data. by gathered What evidence will the recently Hungate elucidated development more be to can referring sites old excavations. Equally, current of interpretation our those investigated decades ago, can still inform 7.5m AOD inthe15th/16thcenturies. around at building brick a by and succeeded was flooding, to due abandoned probably was quay The properties. two the between boundary a forming as well as drainage for building, timber the channel and a quay the been between have well may there side south-west its on revetted was quay the As property. separate a on use land as explained vdne rm ale ecvtos even excavations, earlier from Evidence Kurt Hunter-Mann Ailsa Mainman Monday toFriday9am5pm). open (lines 543402 01904 call Torecommended. place is a booking book early so limited strictly are course each on Places be providedatanumberofrecommendedhotelsandbedbreakfastproviders. and refreshments and lunch on Sunday. The fees do not include accommodation or breakfast. Discounted accommodation can Course fees will include lectures, admission prices, an evening reception on Friday, refreshments, lunch and dinner on Saturday, unearthed attheHungatesite. These coursesaresuitableforanyoneandwillbeledbyaseriesofexpertsinthefield. Throughout the year York Archaeological Trust will be running a series of specialist weekend courses to reflect the archaeology Specialist Training Weekends York ArchaeologicalTrust To bookor enquireaboutfurtherinformationcall01904543402 Places arelimitedsobookearly toavoiddisappointment Full paymentisrequiredattime ofbooking Cost perweekendcourse person:£85.00. Archaeological Trust. the Hungate site. Explore archaeological techniques and see behind the scenes with the staff of York at based fieldwork in part take to chance the knowledge: basic some with those and beginners For An IntroductiontoFieldwork Friday 10thtoSunday11th May2008: sessions madeavailableduringtheweekend. of series a from choose to able be will Participants found. already have they what about enhance to how more discover to or history family researching for guidance offer to workshops of series A Exploring Your FamilyHistory Friday 7thtoSunday9thMarch2008: Explores theuseofcomputertechnologyonarchaeologicalsites. Technical Applications in Archaeological Excavation Friday 16thtoSunday18thNovember2007: Festival 2007 Drink Yorkand the Food conjunction in Held period. this in eat to offer on was what of picture true a paint to records social and discoveries archaeological investigate will experts Leading drank. and ate Hungate Victorian in lived who people the what shows which Hungate from evidence Explores Food andDrinkinthe19thcentury Friday 28thtoSunday30thSeptember2007: process, anddiscussthearchaeologicaltechniqueswhichhelpunlocktheirsecrets. offers handle, and to Hungate opportunity from the recovered participants finds of range a Explores Hungate RevealsItsPast Friday 22ndtoSunday24thJune2007:

yorkshire archaeology today 19 yorkshire archaeology today 20 Below: oftheinscriptionshowing Detail the word ‘HOROLOGIARII’ rather thanindividually craftedtoorder. made, ready purchased been have probably would which items were matrices simply bore motifs, and no inscriptions,that they suggesting seal many fact in indicates: matrix seal this as others, and craftsmen society,church,also the but in wealthythose the or just not of ranks authentication. a Seals means were of used by those in many different from dates probably it that indicates matrix the of shape The Yarmouth’. IERM. RobertThis translates the as clockmaker‘The seal of from (?) like something appear which letters four clearly, less then, and DE edge which reads: S (IGILLUM) DE ROB(ER)TI HOROLOGIARII simple central an of motif eight-spoked wheel, and lettering around the pressed intowax tocreateawax seal. be would which disc metal a matrix, seal a as identified was disc the and detail, more revealed Laboratory Conservation Archaeological and a legend around the edge. investigativeFurther cleaning in YAT’s design inscribed an had it showed X-ray an but diameter, in mm 22 intriguing particularly copper-alloy circular simple a a disc be to appeared this first At object. uncovered recently has York, , Low in Girls for York College former the of site the excavationson fromLowseal matrix Petergate, York Front (left)andback(right)view ofcopperalloy The sealofaHorologiarius The The detail on the metal matrix is mostly clear to see, and it depicts a Research on the finds recovered from York Archaeological Trust’s c. 1300, a time when most documents would have carried a seal as may have been engaged upon works in Yorkin works upon engaged been havemay clockmakerthe Robert that possible seems it now but list, this from missing been hitherto has York 1306. before Cathedral Salisbury Ely 1290, Abbey 1291, Cathedral Canterbury 1292, and before Cathedral Norwich Oxford and College Merton 1286, in London English major churches at – Exeter Cathedral in clocks1284, St Paul’s other of records are there years few following the In 1283. in Bedfordshire, Priory, Dunstable of Canons Augustinian the by made clock a of records Abbey,are there and 1269-70, in , Cistercian Beaulieu of books account the in made.‘ itinerant An was matrix seal this before years few very a water clocks) were first made in England only as clockmaker,mechanical clocks a (as to opposed, for reference example, to its is matrix d te ons f a tiig lc t our to medieval York. clock mental soundscapeof striking a of sounds the add York in wonder new-fangled a of presence the on speculate to us permit does discovery unique this made, have may Robert that clock the powered mechanism time intheperiod1344-1392. some at made Somerset, in Cathedral Wells at and 1386, in mentioned first Wiltshire, in Cathedral Salisbury at mechanisms similar medieval clocks in England are those with very the south transept there. The oldest surviving in stood that clock astronomical enormous St Alban’sof Benedictine Abbey, designed an Abbot Wallingford, and of Richard mathematician astronomer noted the 1327-1336 in and cathedral, Norwich in automata installed with was clock astronomical large a 1322-5 in data; lunar and solar show would to strike the hours. Some were developed that necessarily have dials; their main purpose was documentsuntilmuchthe surviving later. in appear first not do there clock the a to references although Minster, York be must skills his for venue likely most The c.1300. h get neet f ti priua seal particular this of interest great The lhuhw antko htsr fof sort what know cannot we Although not did clocks medieval earliest The Nicky RogersandRichardHall Nicky horologiarius c ’ is mentioned is ’ 10, n to and .1300, f Nrhmeln ad Huntingdonshire, and Northumberland of this Earldoms on the to claims claims with had together land, David 1100. by rule English under been had but Strathclyde of it seemshedidhave otherobjectives. although conflict the throughout supporters consistent more her of one be to proved he and Matilda Empress to uncle maternal the both withinEnglandandfromScotland. opposition was there Stephen, for declared and theRoyal Treasury. to Winchester on to secure hurried the reins government then of He people. the of will the with together Barons many of oaths the collect to London to headed and England to ship a took He quickest. acted who Stephen Blois. of was Stephen’s elder brother Theobald, Count and touted as a kind compromise of candidate with Henry’s nephew,Blois. Also, Stephen of Gloucester, Henry’s illegitimate son, together of Earl Robert included These small. indeed far fromsettled. and English Norman of barons. The succession was number in reality a from provoked criticism Kingdom the leading woman a of thought the and Normans, the of enemy traditional a was Anjou, of Geoffrey,Count husband, Her choice. unpopular an proved December 1126. in Barons English the from her to allegiance of oath an for extracted Matilda, throne daughter, his the secure to endeavour an in the Ship White in 1120. Henry, the wreck of in perished had William, Prince marriages, two from son legitimate Henry’sonly in doubt. England of throne the to succession question of the left 1135 December 1st on I The early death the of Selby-born King Henry The BattleoftheStandard Battlefield Walks. HereRussellMarwoodgives usthebackgroundtofirst event… historical of series new a presenting summer Yorkbe This Archaeological Trust will In 1066 the territory of Carlisle was part part was Carlisle of territory the 1066 In was I, David king, Scottish the Indeed, immediately barons many Although was it 1135, in death Henry’s Following The actual would-belist of candidates was Matilda backing, alleged this with Even , 22 August 11 38 seized the initiative. As he led his own army army own his led he As initiative. the seized through maladministrationandbetrayal. apart fell army his and difficult too proved task this that seems It Scotland. of rest the to lesson object an as lowlands the ravaging of aim the with force punitive a with again 1138 for a small raid. Stephen marched north January in back were Scots the but arranged was truce Another 1137. of summer the in invasion another of launched David behalf Stephen, on weakness a as this thinking and, David, to ceded Stephen this, In reached. was settlement negotiated a and advance Scots the February halted threat This in 1137. north marched and together Norham andNewcastle. Alnwick, Wark, Carlisle, captured and before all him carried he but times of best the at business risky a was This 1136. of winter the during south army an led King Scottish England. northern in attacks his claim of series a launching by lands staking to David for justification convenient a provided Matilda with war civil subsequent and accession Stephen’s that be father-in-lawit Waltheof.his Could through Stephen Stephen finally collected agroup Barons of the unprepared, catchto Stephen Hoping David’s confidence was growing and he and growing was confidence David’s near Northallerton Northallerton near of theStandard Memorial totheBattle

yorkshire archaeology today 21 yorkshire archaeology today 22 Deployment ofthe Armies sources frequently inflate troop numbers substantially. troop inflate frequently sources medieval although Yorkshire, into marched men 25,000 all in that said is it encouraged, Thus Malton. and Alnwick at castles his him with taking David, to over went and cause fitzJohnEustace baron, Matilda’s to defected English influential the Lancashire July In June. 10th in on Clitheroe at an English force blocking defeated fitzDuncan, nephew, his William of command the under army Scottish another Newcastle, via march a on S

TOC

HS I L GN E S land above65m 40m 50m 55m 60m on thispoint. clear not are accounts although north it led York, may that haveWalterof Espec, Sheriff seems it and army the with travel to infirm too was Thurstan north. march long its on Bar through passing began it 14th army began mustering in York and around the their cause. in them unite to as much so barons English Scotland as slaves which enraged the northern peasants to take back to and the capturing of Also, out systematic looting the Scots carried Crusade. Holy a as Scots the against action the promote to however, Church the used He soldier. a not and administrator skilled a the of task the theNorth. defence of given be to was York of lieutenant in the north, Archbishop Thurstan and her illegitimate brother Robert. Stephen’s Matilda Empress with England of south the n te nls top dpoe i its in deployed troops defence. English the and hillock the of summit the on positioned was the sacred standards supporting carriage The the Northallerton. of north miles 2 apart, occupied yards 600 standing army hillocks two of English southernmost the 1138, armies Both time. forbattle.prepared this truce a prepared not discuss to was and confident still was David English. the outnumbered certainly Numbers militias.are vague local but it seems other that the by Scots joined was it where Ripon. of Wilfrid Saint and Durham of Cuthbert Saint Beverley, of John Saint York, of Peter of Saint banners the standards: four not if two, mounted were which upon wagon open an a ship’sto have mast set comprised within of said is it before; battlefield British a on used been had idea this that suggest to evidence rallying point for the City militias. There is no a Holy or wagon of idea the seen probably had Thurstan point. of rallying army symbol the as used was unity a church Scots, the against crusade During the first week of August 1138, an 1138, August of week first the During was years 70 of man infirm an Thurstan, in occupied fully was Stephen’sattention Early on the morning of 22 August 22 of morning the on Early Thirsk to marched army English The a as treated being campaign the With Carrocio used in Italy as a For walksintheseries, datesoffurther seeinsideback cover. will begiven). location alternative an and difficult be place,may your parking book as to and Sunday scheduled for have been of Standard Battlefield The coveringthe Two walks the battle and its location together with some battle? the of outcome the decide landscape the did howlikeand daylook the of soldiers the did have anything to do with the outcome? What pride Scottish did and day the of formations standard the in deploy they Did Yorkshire? fateful day on that particular hillside in North or e-mail me at [email protected] for information for [email protected] at me e-mail or 663014 01904 on me contact (Please Northallerton of north A167,the on Memorial f yu ol lk t ko mr about more know to like would you If that on meet men these did why But rest,theysay,The ishistory. nd July and Wednesday and July 22nd the backyards. Dr Peter Davey of Liverpool University has identified it as the product of the well- the of product the as it identified has University Liverpool of Davey Peter Dr backyards. the of one in found was ERIN words the and harp Irish the shows which pipe clay a of bowl decorated community. The Irish this of glimpse a us gives Hungate at excavations the from find recent One the cultivationofchicory. in and railways canals, the on work to 1840s the since city the to coming by been had who immigrants York in poverty of study a Irish of proportion significant a in was inhabitants Hungate the 1901. Amongst in highlighted Rowntree Seebohm was houses public of number high and sanitation unhealthy housing, centuries. slum 20th The early and 19th the in town of part poor a was Hungate established Pollock pipeworks in Manchester, where it was made somewhere between 1901 and 1901 between somewhere made was it where Manchester, in pipeworks Pollock established 1911. The type, known as Erin Cutty, was particularly popular with Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester, Liverpool andGlasgow. of those pipes? Perhaps a quiet smoke from an Erin Cutty pipe helped to evoke old memories of one Wasthis pipes’. clay smoking cottages their outside kerbstones the on sitting quarter Irish the in women the see to sight common a is ‘it that Yorkcomments on he report Rowntree’s In the EmeraldIsle. A fewshredsoftobaccofromthelastsmokestillsurvivedinsidebowl. nd August. Meet August. 22nd battlefield landscape can we truly start to thisbloodyclash. start appreciate theoutcomeof truly we can landscape battlefield deployed andfoughtforever. armies British way the changed which battle the during to David King you of steps the invite retrace we walks Moor, Marston successful around year’s last After Walks. Battlefield Yorkshire our of latest the in us join please questions above the to answers ny y tnig n h mdt f this of midst the in standing by Only .00pm at the Battle the at 2.00pm Russell Marwood HUNGATE FINDS:4 Ailsa Mainman

yorkshire archaeology today 23 yorkshire archaeology today 24 made it was also decided that the service service the trench, Trench that 2, would be hand excavated decided in also was it made discoveries the of basis the On excavation. watching brief.tif) and emphasis shifted to full archaeological deposits were exposed (photo- extensive sub-station, new the of (Trench1) footprint the from bedding limestone and concrete the removed had machinery once new substation. However, as is often the case, the for pit foundation the of excavation the on brief watching a be to intended initially was what with 2006 December in yard the in began involvement Trust’s The station. cables of sub- new the to them feed movementto road belowthe associated the and buildings on the Silveropposite side Street of the from sub-station electricity an relocation the was activity this all for reason The city. that the shed medieval light on this corner of discoveries interesting and recording important some busy was Trust Archaeological hidden York , and of end the at hoarding yard a in away this behind that is though, noticed, been have not would What street. the blocked but all that hoarding of in Street Silver January area 2007, and symbolised by the of erection closure market the by Newgate caused the in disruption the noticed have will York in people Many medieval redevelopment inSilver Street, York Building over Burials: became evident archaeological deposits 1 washaltedwhen Machining of Trench Site locationplan n srihee i 13 a pr o the of part as 1836 in straightened and widened was it Market); (Thursday Square Sampson’sSt of side south-east the into fed shows evidence Silver Street as a narrow, lane that dog-legged map Early century. 16th the in appears first that name a Street, Silver Market’. The lane in the charter is presumably Thursday to lane a and PoolPatrick of lane common the ‘between houses these build to him allowed 1336/37, in chaplain, Hugh Botnor, to granted charter, A other. the on built in the churchyard St of Sampson’s church the on street one side and houses of a row of house stone a of remains the are there Pool Patrickwith junction the at century; 14th the buildings from the street has a number of of side north-west the and Newgate Le as 1336 from below thestreet. traces archaeological all almost removed had the sheer modern number service trenchesof as a whichsimple watchingshowed brief that archaeologically monitored be to continued street the in work construction January. The egt apas n h dcmns in documents the in appears Newgate from shrouds or clothes to be preserved preserved be to clothes or shrouds from fabric allowing waterlogged, were burials cut were the which into deposits adult The young male. a and child older an females, adult three of were skeletons The pottery. 14th-century contain to found The were graves north-east/south-west. aligned ditch drainage or boundary a of south-east the to burials were recovered Five from Trench church. 1, Sampson’sall lying St with burials associated were excavation the by uncovered StSampson. the church of with associated burials perhaps and row the of rest the formed that buildings medieval the of remains the identify to potential the had therefore excavate to opportunity The row.medieval the of end the at building the was created in the1960s by the demolition of yard the and demolished, were Newgate of when Little Shambles and the south-east side 1952-5 in altered radically was Newgate of . present The area extension of nupiigy te alet features earliest the Unsurprisingly, eet xaain o uil wr fud in found were burials no excavation recent the in but Street; Silver of line present the Street Church to close 1979 the in found were burials frontage, to nearer excavation, recent the the from 25m Some in period. medieval Sampson’s St of churchyard the of boundaries the about questions interesting were houses The excavationconstructed. also the raised some which at point the to up right use in was graveyard pottery the that suggests 14th-century contained the all that fact graves The burials. the of three on but a substantial wall constructed in the 14th the in wallconstructed substantial go a but one in Newgate of side north-west the along constructed not was buildings century 14th- of row whole below,the see shall we As Pool. Patrick and Newgate Street, Silver by defined now plot the within land the of all incorporate not did churchyard the that suggest would which boundary, churchyard dog-legged earlier, an preserved Tenement1 the wallof the lines 14th-century of house on out laying the that therefore possible is It 1. Trenchthan Street Silver to closer Trench2, features, allperiods Trench 1and2: Major

yorkshire archaeology today 25 yorkshire archaeology today 26 section of Trench 1 South-west facing The surviving part of the row referred to in to referred row the of part surviving The Short by study the in published a Monuments and 1981) Historical (RCHMY5, on Royal the Commission by undertaken buildings the of investigation the from derived was row the building ourexcavation. beyond thelimitsof a with associated yard a perhaps, but, graveyard the of part not was plan) (see the area later occupied by Tenements 2 and 3 supported by other evidence (see below), that but also leather off-cuts, pottery raising the 14th-century possibility, contained only not 1, were excavated to a lower level than in Trench which deposits, waterlogged the Trench2 in houses.the Interestingly, of construction the to prior burials for used fully this not was that area argued be could it churchyard.Alternatively, the to boundary irregular and early an perpetuated division property that this suggesting it, but beyond line marginally wall only this to up extended Burials buildings. of row medieval the from ground above surviving house (southwestern-most) last the of end the from (3.05m) 10ft point ata properties, the demolished of first the of wall the side the by abutted was of houses new wall back the formed that century been a skin over the older building. just hadwork century 19th the thatshowing row,originalthe cross-sectioncompleteof a exposedyard) the of location(theNo.15 of south-westtheon bay theside demolitionof 1960s early the Inposts. main theirbetween wide (3.05m) 10ft bays with size, uniform a of were theyshowedbuildings the of Study and 14 were rebuilt in brick in the 19th century. late 18th or early 19th century, and numbers 13 These surviving buildings were all altered in the Newgate. 12-15 as knownnow is charter the ro t te xaain ifrain on information excavation, the to Prior Archaeological Journal Archaeological in 1979. in cobbles topped with limestone blocks. The The blocks. limestone with topped cobbles large of foundations of consisting wall side the by abutted was and churchyard, the with wall wall boundary substantial the by formed was rear The surface. ground present the below the a metre identified of were line ditch, earlier the on the less or of more rear building, the towards division internal possible a and property this with associated floors earliest The No.15. of end the from (3.05m) 10ft ended originally row the that seems it for phases, two least at in built was was a heavily truncated hearth. hearth. was aheavily truncated there room front the in and floor tiled a had room rear the rooms; two into property the there Internally was a timber sill wall dividing modified to accommodate agarderobe chute. also was wall boundary church the pit; cess brick-lined a accommodate to tenement the was the themodification side of (end) wall of this with Associated level. ground the raise it had been brought to the site deliberately to a 13th-century quantity pottery,of suggesting ground level by 30cm. This material contained the raising building, 1 Tenement the within Trench with a levelling 2 corresponded event late 14th century therow. of construction the the for evidence with documentary well accords which date 14th- early/mid century of all was construction building the the of with associated Pottery neighbours.its than status and quality higher of been have may row the of this building end perhaps wall; entire the covered have may plaster painted this that suggestion the was There survived. plaster wall painted of fragment a and rendered been had wall back u ecvto hs itd ht h row the that hinted has excavation Our A series modificationsof were made i . A levelling layer identified in n the t Tnmn 2. hr ws vdne for evidence constant was and uneven settlement There either into the 2). (Tenement it over constructed property the for problem intherow (Tenementanother property 4). yet to belong to appeared that plan), on (not property cellared the of end the from 10ft within the street identifiedbrief another wall, watching The layers. medieval relevant the of earliest the destroyed 18th had which the century in it within constructed cellar or sub-basement a had Street Silver to closest one the although twoproperties further a of was evidence in Trench 2 for the construction There extended. was row the and backfilled was yard the within pit cess importantly,the cowla for flue. Most supports mayrepresent hearth the with associated holes post Two clay washearth in the constructed rear room. division was maintained, and a limestone and internal the although property, original the again modified. Floor levels were raised within The infilled cess pit was to be a constant a be to was pit cess infilled The were buildings the century 15th the In textile traces ofpreserved burials onthesitewith ofthe fromone Bone surviving painted wallplaster blockwith Limestone were identified. In the 17th century there century 17th the In identified. were baby burial one atleast and burial coffined a century; 16th the to dated were phase this although the earliest burials encountered from houses, of row the of creation the after use o e elkon n wl documented well buildings. and well-known be to there is to learn about what have been thought more much how again once proving medieval period, the through city the in buildings of rows oldest the of one of development the on information important provided also excavations The churchyard. Sampson’s St of boundaries original the regarding answers than questions more raised however, excavations Inevitably,the beyond. of and context city wider the the within them set to further researched be will they and interest, textiles considerable of the is burials the with associated importantly more and leather of preservation the that means conditions the medieval this city. waterlogged The of corner of understanding our to considerably later intrusions. by disturbed heavily was it century,although 19th the in path brick a havebeen may what laid was which over deposit a dump be uniform to appeared what by sealed the was This in levelling further cut. was pit charnel a churchyard,which into be to appeared the properties. of all of top the across disturbance uniform of suggestion the was there and time this at century. was cellared backfilledproperty The 19th the in point some at amalgamated were the three properties exposed in when the destroyedexcavation been had occupation later for evidence but century, 15th the through floors of relaying regular for properties the (Tenement 1). There was evidence in both of property original the in levels 15th-century in its position with the hearth recorded in the property,corresponding the of wall rear the surfaces. A brick hearth was observed close to in numerous patches and backfills to the floor cess its pit walls,or to either resulting side of t Sampson’s St h wr a Sle Sre hs added has Street Silver at work The hrhad otne in continued churchyard Gareth Dean

yorkshire archaeology today 27 yorkshire archaeology today 28 very young. The exhibition willrunfromMay2007. the and disabilities with visitors to appeal widest its ensure to activities smelling and audio, tactile, include will exhibition The think itwillbehugelypopularwithfamilieswhointriguedtoinvestigatewhethertheyhaveViking ancestors!” a combination of modern technology and important Viking era evidence that really will bring the past to life for our visitors. We Sarah Maltby, Head of Attractions at the JORVIK Viking Centre, commented: “We’re very excited about the new exhibition; it’s be abletoinvestigate: will visitors activities, interactive and graphics scene, technology,Vikingwharf computer walk-through Using 3-dimensional a The unique exhibition will bring together bio-scientific and artefact evidence to determine if visitors could have Viking ancestors. historic ‘meltingpot’ of York thatwascreatedbyimmigrationandtradeinViking times. the into delves it as storm, a cause to sure be will 2007, May York,in in Centre Viking JORVIK the hitting exhibition new A TRACE YOURVIKINGROOTSATJORVIK cmaaie td wt imgain n te utrl i i tdys oit, ih nln lns o eeat web relevant to links on-line with society, today’s in mix cultural the and immigration with study comparative a theassimilationoflanguageanddevelopmentdialects York, into brought was what and who affected this if determine to routes trading and patterns migration Viking archaeological environmental evidence, used to reveal what people ate, where the food came from, and what levels anoxygenisotopeanalysisofViking-age bonesandteeth,usedtodeterminewherepeopleoriginatefrom bone material unearthed by archaeologists and used to map genetic disorders, such as Dupuytren’s disease (known DNA andgenemapping,usingevidencegeneratedbygene-relatedstudies sites. revealed inthebiologicalremains of pollutionexistedinthecity York atthetime as theViking disease) VIKING CENTRE’SNEWEXHIBITION