Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries
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iv Stories of Eugene, the Earthworm i PITFALLS & PIPELINES Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Authors: Abigail Anongos Dmitry Berezhkov Sarimin J. Boengkih Julie Cavanaugh-Bill Asier Martínez de Bringas Robert Goodland Dr. Stuart Kirsch Roger Moody Geoff Nettleton Legborsi Saro Pyagbara Brian Wyatt Edited by: Andy Whitmore ii Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries iii Published by: With support from: iv Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Copyright © Tebtebba Foundation and IWGIA 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. The views expressed by the writers do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher. Published by Tebtebba Foundation No. 1 Roman Ayson Road, 2600 Baguio City, Philippines Tel. +63 74 4447703 * Tel/Fax: +63 74 4439459 E-mail: [email protected] Websites: www.tebtebba.org; www.indigenousclimate.org International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Phone no: (+45) 35 27 05 00, Fax no: (+45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] Indigenous Peoples Links (PIPLinks) Finspace, 225-229 Seven Sisters Road, London, N4 2DA, UK Phone: +44(0)207 263 1002 Email: [email protected] Authors: Abigail Anongos, Dmitry Berezhkov, Sarimin J. Boengkih, Julie Cavanaugh-Bill, Asier Martínez de Bringas, Robert Goodland, Dr. Stuart Kirsch, Roger Moody, Geoff Nettleton, Legborsi Saro Pyagbara, and Brian Wyatt Editor: Andy Whitmore Copy Editor: Raymond de Chavez Coordinator: Leah Enkiwe-Abayao Cover and Book Design: Paul Michael Q. Nera and Raymond de Chavez Lay-out and Production: Paul Michael Q. Nera Assistants: Marly Cariño and Christian Alexander Villaflor Printed in the Philippines by Valley Printing Specialist Baguio City, Philippines ISBN No. 978-879-27861-8-0 Table of Contents v Table of Contents Acronyms .................................................................... vii Glossary ...................................................................... xi Foreword .................................................................... xiii Introduction ............................................................... xvii PART 1: Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Impacts ................ 1 Chapter 1.1: Overview of Impacts of Extractive Industries on Indigenous Peoples ............................. 3 Chapter 1.2: Financial Innovations and the Extractive Industries .................................................. 39 Chapter 1.3: Indigenous Peoples, Mining and Climate Change .................................................. 69 PART 2: Indigenous Peoples and the Extractive Industries: Responses ............................. 99 Chapter 2.1: Local Community Assistance ............... 101 Chapter 2.2: Challenges at the National Policy Level ................................................. 133 Chapter 2.3: International Advocacy with Companies and Their Investors ................................ 171 Chapter 2.4: Negotiations and Engagement with Companies .......................................................... 203 vi Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Chapter 2.5: Mining Industry Responses to Criticism ................................................................. 225 Chapter 2.6: Legal Strategy from the Local to the International .............................................................. 249 Chapter 2.7: International Processes and Complaints Mechanisms ............................................ 271 Chapter 2.8: Importance of Free, Prior and Informed Consent ...................................................... 313 PART 3: Concluding Observations .......................... 337 Appendix ................................................................... 347 Appendix 1: The Manila Declaration of the International Conference on Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples ........................... 349 Appendix 2: Report of the International Expert Group Meeting on Extractive Industries, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility .................................................... 365 Appendix 3: List of Resources Documents ................................................................. 391 Organizations ............................................................. 406 About the Authors ...................................................... 413 About the Editor ........................................................ 415 Acronyms vii Acronyms ACCCE American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity ACHPR African Commission on Human and People’s Rights AGM Annual General Meeting AMD Acid Mine Drainage CAFTA Central American Free Trade Agreement CAO Compliance Advisory Ombudsman (for IFC) CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CEC Central Empowered Committee (of India’s Supreme Court) CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CEO Chief Executive Officer CERD Committee for the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CIF Commodity Index Fund CSR Corporate Social Responsibility ECA Export Credit Agency ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIR Extractive Industries Review EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) ERA Energy Resources of Australia Ltd. ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ETF Exchange Traded Fund viii Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries FLNKS Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) IBA Impact and Benefit Agreement ICMM International Council on Mining and Metals IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) ILO International Labor Organization IPIECA International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association IPRA Indigenous Peoples Rights Act ISO International Organization for Standardization IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LNG Liquid Natural Gas MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (part of the World Bank Group) MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People NCP National Contact Point (of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises) NGO Non-Governmental Organization OAS Organization of American States OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PFCs Perfluorocarbons PRI Principles for Responsible Investment PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Acronyms ix SLN Société le Nickel SMSP Société Minière du Pacifique Sud UN United Nations UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNEMRIP United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UNPFII United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues UPR (United Nations) Universal Periodic Review WTO World Trade Organization x Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Glossary xi Glossary Acid Mine Drainage The outflow of acidic water from mines (aka acid rock drainage). Alluvial mining Mining from the sediment of rivers (aka placer mining, although placer refers to beach sand and gravel mining). Artisanal mining Subsistence or smaller-scale mining, often part of the informal labor sector (aka small-scale mining). Block caving Automated underground mining where the ore is allowed to collapse before being collected. Brownfield Land previously used for industrial purposes. In the case of mining refers to the expansion or rehabilitation of mines. Community A process in which a proponent builds and maintains engagement constructive relationships with local communities impacted over the life of a project. Conventional oil Petroleum produced from oil wells. Creditor A person or institution to whom money is owed (those who lend money to the company). Dredge mining Mining with the use of dredges, and although you can get dry dredging—for instance with minerals sands—it generally refers to excavation from rivers, coastlines, wetlands or specially- flooded lagoons. Equity Financial ownership of a business by a shareholder. Fracking Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer, as a result of the action of a pressurized fluid (aka hydraulic fracturing). Greenfield Land where there has been no previous development. Indigenous peoples There is no agreed definition of indigenous peoples, with self- definition being a key part. A working definition is to peoples and nations who have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories. xii Pitfalls and Pipelines: Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Local community A group of people living near a project who are potentially impacted by a proposed project. Overburden The rock and soil that lies above an ore body, which is removed during surface mining (aka waste rock or spoil).