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Sustainable Communities Become More Popular E THE WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE vitalvital signs signs 2007–20082007–2008 Buy this book at www.worldwatch.org/vs2007 Visit Vital Signs Online at www.worldwatch.org/vsonline The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future Sustainable Communities Become More Popular E. Assadourian In numerous communities around the world, Copenhagen.10 Some 230 residents live in 100 people are working to reduce their impacts on apartments clustered in five groups.11 Munk- the local as well as the global environment. søgård maintains a 24-hectare organic farm that Some are retrofitting existing communities, oth- provides food for the community.12 It is the ers are building new ones, still others are creat- largest ecological building project in the coun- ing new programs in existing communities. try and in 2000 received first place in a Danish The growing global ecovillage movement competition for the best sustainable design for is one of the more developed examples of this the twenty-first century.13 trend. An ecovillage, according to one widely Ecovillages are also being established in urban accepted definition, is a “human scale full-fea- areas. In Porto Alegre, Brazil, for instance, a tured settlement in which human activities are community for 28 families was built in 2002.14 harmlessly integrated into the natural world The group used sustainable building methods in a way that is supportive of healthy human and materials (such as passive solar design and development and can be successfully continued locally sourced materials) and included gardens, into the indefinite future.”1 So far, these rather grass roofs, and artificial wetlands to process stringent criteria provide an ideal that eco- sewage.15 Along with serving as a demonstra- villages strive for rather than a standard tion project for affordable, sustainable housing, actually achieved. the community—through a consultancy firm it According to the Global Ecovillage Network established—is helping to start two more ecov- directory, there are currently 379 ecovillages illages in the city.16 around the world.2 (See Table 1.) While all eco- Many ecovillages have made great strides in villages strive toward a similar goal, the diver- reducing their ecological impact. A recent anal- sity found among them is striking. They can be ysis found that the ecological footprint per found in rural, suburban, and urban areas and capita at Findhorn, an ecovillage in Scotland, in industrial as well as developing countries.3 was about 60 percent of the average footprint This figure does not reflect the total number of in the United Kingdom.17 And in the Sieben communities striving to be sustainable, how- Linden ecovillage in Germany, per capita ever; it excludes, for example, cohousing com- carbon dioxide emissions were just 28 percent munities and several broader networks of of the German average.18 sustainable villages.4 Beyond ecovillages, a much broader set In the mountains outside of Asheville, North of communities is also providing lessons in Carolina, there is a rural ecovillage of 60 indi- sustainable living. Certain religious communi- viduals.5 Started 13 years ago, it is designed to ties have chosen to lead simple lives, even when grow to 160 once finished.6 Homes there modern technologies are readily available. In p. 54 are built mainly from wood harvested the United States, for example, some Amish LINKS from the local forests, water comes from communities do not use electricity or motors mountain springs and rainwater harvesting, and (although most Amish do not ban the use of electricity is generated from solar photovoltaic motors) and thus have much smaller impacts cells and a microhydro generator.7 on the global environment.19 Many home- Another rural ecovillage, Mbam, is located steading communities, in which the majority in the Siné-Saloum delta in Senegal.8 Along of residents sustain themselves with farming with using low-impact and appropriate technol- and use more local resources, have much ogies such as solar ovens and permaculture, smaller environmental impacts than other one of its primary activities is restoring the communities.20 health of mangrove forests to help protect the Yet most people raised in the consumer soci- coast from salinization.9 ety have no interest in “going back to the land.” A suburban ecovillage in Denmark, Munk- But there are many more mainstream opportu- søgård, is about a half-hour train ride from nities to reduce the environmental impacts of 104 Vital Signs 2007–2008 www.worldwatch.org Sustainable Communities Become More Popular plant that provides electricity and hot water Table 1: Ecovillages, by Region and is fueled by wood waste, and greater use of 27 Region Number walking, cycling, and public transit. A resi- Europe 138 dent living at BedZED has just 60 percent of the North America 110 ecological footprint of an average individual in Latin America 58 the United Kingdom.28 Asia/Oceania 52 International agencies, too, are helping to Africa/Middle East 21 support community-initiated sustainable devel- opment efforts. The Global Environment Facil- Total 379 ity’s COMPACT program (Community Manag- Source: Global Ecovillage Network. ement of Protected Areas Conservation), for instance, provides grants of less than $50,000 to communities in World Heritage Sites such as daily life at the community level—some of Mount Kenya to help villages create projects which do so more as a byproduct of trying to that improve people's lives while also reducing rebuild social connections in a culture where their impact on the surrounding ecosystems.29 social ties are diminishing.21 With dramatic changes from a warming cli- The cohousing movement, for example, is mate and the unsustainable use of many of the primarily focused on improving the quality of ecosystem services on which humans depend, life of community members by designing hous- more communities are trying to address sus- ing that facilitates social ties.22 Cohousing tainability issues.30 Many are trying to localize efforts involve a shared community building, farming, reduce energy use, and create stronger which means individual homes can be smaller; local businesses.31 Already, communities have a clustered housing pattern, which allows more established local food co-ops, community-sup- of the community’s land to be preserved in a ported agriculture programs, carpools, and natural state (if in a rural area); occasional other ways to connect a community while low- shared meals; and some shared services and ering environmental impacts.32 major appliances (such as cars, power tools, Broader networks have sprung up around and other major pieces of equipment that the world to spread these sustainable practices. are used infrequently).23 This tends to make The Relocalization Network, started in 2003, cohousing communities more sustainable than helps coordinate 159 local groups in 12 coun- the average community.24 While exact numbers tries, providing an online forum for local com- of cohousing communities are difficult to find, munities trying to become more sustainable an estimated 229 of them are found in North and less dependent on a fragile, globalized eco- America and more than 250 in Europe, with nomic system.33 And many ecovillages, such as the majority of these located in Denmark—the The Farm in Tennessee, offer classes on how to birthplace of cohousing.25 increase sustainability at the community level.34 Mainstream developers are also starting to In Sri Lanka, the Sarvodaya Shramadana incorporate sustainability into their designs for movement now works with 15,000 villages, new housing. Peabody Trust, which provides helping them to develop economically in a affordable housing for more than 50,000 people more sustainable way.35 The Sarvodayan in London, created an 82-unit housing complex “no poverty, no affluence” model is based on called the Beddington Zero Energy Develop- addressing basic needs such as access to food, ment (BedZED).26 As the name suggests, the shelter, clean water, and basic health care, but goal of the community is to produce as much it considers nonmaterial needs like access to energy as it uses, which it strives for through a clean and beautiful environment, a well- a combination of passive solar design, energy rounded education, and spiritual sustenance efficiency measures, a community-scale power equally important.36 www.worldwatch.org Vital Signs 2007–2008 105 Notes 6. Ibid. Institute, Washington, DC, e-mail to author, 16 7. Peter H. Gleick, The World’s Water 2004–2005 March 2007. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004), p. 25. 34. Container Recycling Institute, op. cit. note 30. 8. Catherine Ferrier, Bottled Water: Understanding a Social Phenomenon, Commissioned by World Wide SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES BECOME MORE Fund for Nature (Gland, Switzerland: April 2001), POPULAR (pages 104–05) p. 17. 9. Beverage Marketing Corporation, Selected Beverage 1. Quoted in Robert Gilman, “The Eco-village Category Topline Report, 2006 Edition (New York: Challenge,” In Context, summer 1991, p. 10. May 2006). 2. Global Ecovillage Network (GEN), at gen.ecovillage 10. Ferrier, op. cit. note 8, p. 18. .org/index.html, viewed 4 April 2007. Note: The 11. Ibid., p. 10. number of ecovillages may include some that are 12. Ibid., p. 19. still under construction. 13. Gleick, op. cit. note 7, p. 23. 3. GEN, op. cit. note 2. 14. International Bottled Water Association, op. cit. 4. Jonathan Dawson, Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sus- note 1. tainability (Bristol, U.K.: The Schumacher Society, 15. Gleick, op. cit. note 7, p. 40. 2006), p. 21. 16. Uday Lal Pai, “Water—India Needs Massive Invest- 5. Author field visit to Earthaven Ecovillage and ment,” for InvestorIdeas.com, 7 August 2006. discussion with Diana Leafe Christian, editor of 17. U.N. Development Programme, Human Development Communities Magazine and Earthaven resident, 14 Report 2006 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), March 2007. p. 36. 6. Ibid.
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