The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway
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The Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland Published by James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow
i^ttiin •••7 * tuwn 1 1 ,1 vir tiiTiv^Vv5*^M òlo^l^!^^ '^- - /f^K$ , yt A"-^^^^- /^AO. "-'no.-' iiuUcotettt>tnc -DOcholiiunc THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, inblishcre to the anibersitg. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. New York, • • The Macmillan Co. Toronto, • - • The Mactnillan Co. of Canada. London, • . - Simpkin, Hamilton and Co. Cambridse, • Bowes and Bowes. Edinburgh, • • Douglas and Foults. Sydney, • • Angus and Robertson. THE NORSE INFLUENCE ON CELTIC SCOTLAND BY GEORGE HENDERSON M.A. (Edin.), B.Litt. (Jesus Coll., Oxon.), Ph.D. (Vienna) KELLY-MACCALLUM LECTURER IN CELTIC, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW EXAMINER IN SCOTTISH GADHELIC, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY I9IO Is buaine focal no toic an t-saoghail. A word is 7nore lasting than the world's wealth. ' ' Gadhelic Proverb. Lochlannaich is ànnuinn iad. Norsemen and heroes they. ' Book of the Dean of Lismore. Lochlannaich thi'eun Toiseach bhiir sgéil Sliochd solta ofrettmh Mhamiis. Of Norsemen bold Of doughty mould Your line of oldfrom Magnus. '' AIairi inghean Alasdair Ruaidh. PREFACE Since ever dwellers on the Continent were first able to navigate the ocean, the isles of Great Britain and Ireland must have been objects which excited their supreme interest. To this we owe in part the com- ing of our own early ancestors to these isles. But while we have histories which inform us of the several historic invasions, they all seem to me to belittle far too much the influence of the Norse Invasions in particular. This error I would fain correct, so far as regards Celtic Scotland. -
Fact Sheet on "Overview of Norway"
Legislative Council Secretariat FSC21/13-14 FACT SHEET Overview of Norway Geography Land area Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is located in northern Europe. It has a total land area of 304 282 sq km divided into 19 counties. Oslo is the capital of the country and seat of government. Demographics Population Norway had a population of about 5.1 million at end-July 2014. The majority of the population were Norwegian (94%), followed by ethnic minority groups such as Polish, Swedish and Pakistanis. History Political ties Norway has a history closely linked to that of its immediate with neighbours, Sweden and Denmark. Norway had been an Denmark and independent kingdom in its early period, but lost its Sweden independence in 1380 when it entered into a political union with Denmark through royal intermarriage. Subsequently both Norway and Denmark formed the Kalmar Union with Sweden in 1397, with Denmark as the dominant power. Following the withdrawal of Sweden from the Union in 1523, Norway was reduced to a dependence of Denmark in 1536 under the Danish-Norwegian Realm. Union The Danish-Norwegian Realm was dissolved in between January 1814, when Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden as Norway and part of the Kiel Peace Agreement. That same year Sweden Norway – tired of forced unions – drafted and adopted its own Constitution. Norway's struggle for independence was subsequently quelled by a Swedish invasion. In the end, Norwegians were allowed to keep their new Constitution, but were forced to accept the Norway-Sweden Union under a Swedish king. Research Office page 1 Legislative Council Secretariat FSC21/13-14 History (cont'd) Independence The Sweden-Norway Union was dissolved in 1905, after the of Norway Norwegians voted overwhelmingly for independence in a national referendum. -
Across the North Sea and Back Again
Across the North Sea and Back Again A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund Samuel Patrick Bidwell Master Thesis in Nordic Viking and Medieval Studies 60 Credits Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo May 2017 i Across the North Sea and Back Again: A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund (Pictured together, from left to right, is St. Olav, identifiable by his battle-axe and St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, with the arrow of his martyrdom. This is a fourteenth century depiction of the royal martyr saints on a rood screen in Catfield Church, Norfolk) ii © Samuel Patrick Bidwell 2017 Across the North Sea and Back Again: A Comparative Study between the Cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund Samuel Patrick Bidwell http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo iii Abstract The medieval cult of saints community was a dense, pervasive network that spread across the vast expanse of Latin Christendom. Saints were international in nature and as such could be easily transported to other geographical regions and integrated into the local culture. This thesis comparatively analyses the cults of St. Olav and St. Edmund and their respective primary hagiographical texts. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson constructed his twelfth century text, Passio et miracula Beati Olavi, with reference to the hagiographical motifs surrounding the cult of St. Edmund and its central manuscript, Passio Sancti Edmundi. The interconnectedness of the cults of these royal martyr saints will be discussed in relation to dynastic promotion and royal patronage, their portrayal as both saints and warriors, shared miracles and exile. -
465 Relationship Between Political and Economic Self-Determination
465 Relationship between Political and Economic Self-Determination. * The Faeroese Case ARNI OLAFSSON Advisor on Faeroe Islands Affairts to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1. Basics about the Faeroe Islands The Faeroe Islands are an archipelago of 1400 sq km, lying in the North East Atlantic Ocean between Britain, Norway and Iceland. The population is approx. 44,000. About one third of the population lives in the capital, T6rshavn. The others are scattered in a hundred small towns, villages and settlements in 17 of the 18 islands. The Faeroese regard themselves as a distinct people or nation, with their own language, history, traditions, institutions, sense of unity and national identity. Seen in the context of the total Kingdom of Denmark, the Faeroese - like the Greenlanders - can legally and statistically be viewed as a national minority. However, for all political and practical purposes that is not the appropriate way to look at it. The Faeroese are themselves the overwhelming majority within their own geographically well-defined territory: The Faeroe Islands. To a considerable extent, that will also be true of the Greenlanders. Whether the Faeroese qualify for the term "indigenous peoples" may be discussed in another context. The Faeroe Islands have autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Au- tonomies form a very varied category. We shall in the following take a closer look at the Faeroese case. One can ask, why the Faeroe Islands are constitutionally connected with far-away Denmark. That is the result of a specific historical development. * Opinions expressed in this article are the author's own and do not represent official views of Faeroese or Danish authorities. -
Constitution of Norway (Unamended)
Constitution of Norway (Unamended) T h e C O N S T I T U T I O N o f t h e K i n g d o m o f N o r w a y . Translated pursuant to order of Government. C h r i s t i a n i a 1 8 1 4 . P r i n t e d b y J a c o b L e h m a n n . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e K i n g d o m o f N o r w a y . A. Of the form of Government and the Religion. §. 1. The Kingdom of Norway is a free, independent andindivisible Realm. Its form of government is a limited and hereditary monarchy. §. 2. The Evangelical-Lutheran Religion shall be maintained and constitute the established Church of the Kingdom. The inhabitants who profess the said religion are bound to educate their children in the same. Jesuits and Monastic orders shall not be tolerated. Jews are furthermore excluded from the Kingdom. B. Of the Executive Power, the King and the Royal Family. §. 3. The executive power is vested in the King. His title shall be: We N. N., by the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Kingdom, King of Norway. §. 4. The King's person is sacred, he cannot be blamed, nor accused. The responsibility is incumbent on his council. §. 5. The hereditary succession is lineal and agnatical, in such a manner, that only male descending from male may inherit the crown. -
The Norwegian King S Author
T H E N O R W E G I A N NVAS I ON OF S C OT L AND I N 1 2 6 8 A T R ANS L AT I O N F R OM {B e t 110 m m" fa l lw fi iz tar im 33 2 13. g , Maury. COMMUNICATED TO THE ARCHJEOLOGICAL S OCIET" OF GLAS GOW H GH T E U NNE NT E . OF WE L L PAR K , S " . G L A S G O W 5 PR D B " E T H S UAR E . B L L 8 A 15 S . OC INTE B IN , EN " 18 2 6 . AR JEOL GI L IE T HE GLASGOW CH b CA SOC T ". M F E L L OW - ME MB E R S GENTLE EN AND , I have much pleasure in d e di cat i n g thi s little t o ou volume y . The publication originated un der the circumstances i m n i n ment oned in the acco pa y g Preface , written by my F R B t RE V . DR O E S o esteemed friend , the . , whom , in com ’ E DWA R D L e i h I Wi MR . t mon th WISHART , of , am greatly indebted for having so efficiently accomplished the labours oftranslation . li The subj ect is most interesting, and pecu arly appropriate r for the investigation ofou Society . If by the perusal of these pages you shall be led to inqui r e into the import ant era in Scottish hi st o1y whi ch i s associated with the battle of Largs , and m some measure to surround wi th the light of tr uth what I S at present dark I and uncertain, shall be amply requited for any trouble i ff mposed on me by this e ort , humbly put forth on your of behalf, and with the aim of extending the influence the Society . -
INTRODUCTION Theme the Game of Power Politics in Which Norwegian
INTRODUCTION For it was unseemly, he said, that the land did not serve a king, as all other lands in the world.1 Theme The game of power politics in which Norwegian kings and claimants to the throne competed to unite Norway under the rule of one king was a process that began in earnest in the 1130s and did not end until 1241. The power struggles created a need for new administrative and fiscal instruments, and from the end of the twelfth century the king began to build up a nationwide, centralized apparatus to deal with the collection of taxes and fines and the administration of justice. The political consolidation and the incipient state-formation process also had consequences for areas bordering on Norway, and areas which had strong cultural and historical ties to Norway and the Norwegian crown. The Norwegian king sent tax collectors to the large areas shared by Norway, Sweden, and Russia in the far north in the fourteenth cen- tury. Jemtland, today a Swedish county bordering on central Norway, was integrated in the kingdom of Norway from the end of the thirteenth century. The consolidation also had consequences for the Norse2 island communities in the North Atlantic, along the coast of Scotland, and in the Irish Sea. While Man and the Hebrides were ceded to the king of Scotland in 1266, the rest of the “tributary lands”—Greenland, Iceland, 1 According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar these were Cardinal Vilhelm of Sabina’s words about Iceland when he was in Bergen to crown King Håkon Håkonsson in 1247. -
Reformation, Manors and Nobility in Norway -L00--AN
Reformation, Manors and Nobility in Norway -L00--AN- By Arne Bugge Amundsen Introduction Since the nineteenth century, Norwegian historians have debated the im- The manor of Laurvigen portance of manors and the nobility. Their answers have generally been Dating from the -./0s, it was built by Ulrik negatively inclined, offering a nationalistic perspective that preferred a Fredrik Gyldenløve (-.@A–-/0C) as the formal residence of the county (grevskap) separate history of Norway excluding Denmark. However, with regard to established for him in -./-. (Photo: John the political, cultural and social realities of Norway’s long relationship with Nilsen) Denmark prior to independence in E EF, it is clear that there is no such separate history – the countries’ histories are deeply intertwined. Norway was colonized by a Danish elite that used the Lutheran Refor- mation in the sixteenth century to take over the positions and the prop- erties of the old Roman Catholic Church and the weakened Norwegian aristocracy. The parts of Norway that were most influenced by this devel- opment were the eastern and western sides of the OsloNord, and parts of Trøndelag and western Norway. In these regions, manors and the nobil- ity were major forces in creating new social, economic, cultural and sym- bolic systems for ruling, for the exercise of power, and for religious and legal control, systems which have many similarities to those of many other European countries. Manors and manor houses constituted important encounters between local and continental cultures, important links be- tween Norway and the political centre in Copenhagen, the capital of Den- mark-Norway, and – not least – provided career opportunities to young and aspiring members of the country’s ruling elite. -
Chapter 3 the Viking Diaspora Introducing the Viking Diaspora The
Chapter 3 The Viking Diaspora Introducing the Viking Diaspora The Long, Broad Viking Age – Continuities in Time and Space Archaeologists recognise that Scandinavia is characterised by ‘remarkable patterns of continuity which link the distant past to the present’.1 These patterns can be seen, not just in archaeological evidence, but in many cultural practices particularly associated with the Viking Age. The continuities suggest that some evidence for the Viking Age is best considered in a chronological context broader than even the generous framework of 750-1100. This broader chronological context was outlined in Chapter 1, where it was argued that it should be extended to c. 1500. Because the Viking Age is the period when many Scandinavians left Scandinavia, often permanently, it is also important to widen the geographical range, and consider evidence from all the areas touched by Scandinavian settlement in that period. Just as much of the evidence stretches the chronological boundaries of the Viking Age, so there is also much evidence, whether natural, artefactual or linguistic, that stretches those geographical boundaries, and which can only be considered in the context of the larger Viking world. This geographical framework was outlined in Chapter 2, above. 1 Hodder and Hutson 2003, 140. 1 The purpose of this chapter is to show by means of a small number of examples how this long, broad Viking Age works in practice, in connection with various kinds of natural, artefactual and linguistic evidence for the Viking Age. This does not mean that there is no space for the local, the regional and the otherwise particular. -
Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment
Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Working Paper 17-054 Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Working Paper 17-054 Copyright © 2016 by Sophus A. Reinert Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert1 Harvard Business School On 27 May 1776, the Scottish immigrant John Robertson Brand, sometimes known as John Brandt, was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Norwegian Scientific Society in the church of the fishing village of Hustad, south of the Trondheim Fjord in central Norway. Though below the Arctic Circle, Hustad lays slightly off the 63rd parallel north, which otherwise runs through Canada’s Nunavut and Yukon Territories, the Davis Strait, and the deep Russian tundra, far, far north of the traditional latitudes of Enlightenment. And yet, stepping into the small wooden church’s aisle on that spring day to deliver a speech marking the occasion, District Governor Even Hammer of Romsdal (1732-1800) summoned a language of reform, improvement, industriousness, civic virtue, public happiness, jealousy of trade, and political economy, that would have resonated deeply and widely across the European world, a language indebted to wider international currents but resolutely inflected by local conditions in what he appropriately called ‘our cold North’.2 Few cases better justify the great Turinese historian Franco Venturi’s admonition, a few 1 Rolv Petter Amdam first introduced me to Even Hammer, and I would like to express my gratitude to him, to Mads Langnes at Romsdalsmuseet in Molde for going well beyond the call of duty in facilitating my work on this intriguing figure, and, particularly, to Marit Sjelmo for jovial research assistance and Robert Fredona for invaluable suggestions. -
Norway by Craig Kaczorowski
Norway by Craig Kaczorowski Encyclopedia Copyright © 2015, glbtq, Inc. Entry Copyright © 2008 glbtq, Inc. Reprinted from http://www.glbtq.com King Christian VII. Norway, officially known as the Kingdom of Norway, occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, and is bordered by Sweden, Finland, and Russia. It has a population of approximately 4.7 million. Oslo, the country's capital and largest city, is the center of Norwegian gay and lesbian life. Since the mid-twentieth century, Norway has experienced rapid economic growth and has become one the world's most economically competitive countries, with a fully developed welfare system. Every year since 2001 it has been listed as the "Best Country" in the United Nations Human Development Report, based on life expectancy, adult literacy rate, education, and Gross Domestic Product. Norway, like most Scandinavian countries, is very liberal in regard to glbtq rights and Norwegians are broadly tolerant of homosexuals. In Norway, gay men and lesbians have the same legal status as heterosexuals. With the adoption of a new marriage law in 2008, Norway became the sixth country to permit homosexual to marry on the same basis as heterosexuals. History Norwegians descend from the Germanic tribes that settled in the Danish peninsula in the fourth century B. C.E. The Norsemen emerged as a European power when Norway's first ruler, Harald the Fairhaired, led the sacking of Lindisfarne, a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, in 793 C.E. Norway embraced Christianity early in the eleventh century. As a result of the Kalmar Union of 1397, Norway and Sweden merged with Denmark under Danish rule. -
The Foundations of Society and the Land
The Foundations of Society and the Land A Review of the Social Systems of the Middle Ages in Britain, Their Growth and Their Decay: with a Special Reference to Land User, Supplemented by Some Observations on the Connection with Modern Conditions By J. W. Jeudwine, L.L.B., F.R.Hist.S. of Lincolns Inn, Barrister-at-Law Batoche Books Kitchener 2001 John Wynne Jeudwine (1852–1929) Originally published by Williams & Norgate 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2, London 1918. This edition published 2001 by Batoche Books Limited 52 Eby Street South Kitchener, Ontario N2G 3L1 Canada email: [email protected] Contents Preface ............................................................................................... 7 Part I: The Links with the past ......................................................... 18 Chapter I: Social Ideals and Historical Facts ................................. 18 Chapter II: The Twelfth Century. Looking Backward ................... 28 Chapter III: The Account of the Communal Society by Tacitus .... 39 Chapter IV: The Early Transition Stages ....................................... 49 Part II: The Social Systems of the Middle Ages .............................. 60 Chapter V: The Customs of Feudal Society ................................... 60 Chapter VI: The Contrast of the Communal Society. .................... 76 Chapter VII: The Contrast of the Communal Society. — Continued. .83 Chapter VIII: The Communal Society. — Continued. ................... 93 Chapter IX: The Communal Society — Continued. ...................