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Bottesinibottesini GIOVANNI BOTTESINIBOTTESINI MMESSAESSA DADA RREQUIEMEQUIEM Marta Mathéu • Gemma Coma-Alabert Agustín Prunell-Friend •Enric Martínez-Castignani Joyful Company of Singers • London Philharmonic Orchestra Thomas Martin Giovanni Bottesini (1821–1889) The critics of the day were, for the most part, fairly opera, from which his linguistic and stylistic models are negative about the work, largely perhaps because they felt clearly drawn. Messa da Requiem obliged to compare it with Verdiʼs Requiem of three years As far as the instrumentation is concerned, he gives “He was one of the greatest musicians of the century 1856) he, along with Antonio Bazzini, Luigi Arditi and earlier. Their views have also undoubtedly influenced the leading rôle not to the strings, but to the woodwind, dominated by Verdi, and the most prodigious of virtuoso Alfredo Piatti, had given a historic concert in London some of those who have written about the work in our time often entrusting them with the workʼs principal theme. His performers. Beneath his bow, the double bass would sigh, featuring five unpublished string quartets composed by a (Sergio Martinotti, Giovanni Carli Ballola, Umberto treatment of the four solo singers and the chorus, lament, sing, croon, tremble and roar, an orchestra in itself, nineteen-year-old Donizetti. Bottesini himself also wrote Scarpetta). Bottesiniʼs Requiem fell into neglect almost meanwhile, demonstrates his skill for contrapuntal writing. capable of both powerful outbursts and the softest of string quartets and quintets, as well as other chamber immediately and was only revived a century later, in 1979, All in all, the Requiem is a work “rich in harmonic interest nuances...” (Giovanni Depanis). Giovanni Bottesini (1821- works, many salon songs (seventy or more), orchestral when it was performed in Crema cathedral in an edition and is beautifully constructed both in terms of counterpoint 89) travelled the globe as a double bass player and music and a theoretical publication, the Complete Method used again the following year at St Markʼs in Venice. and the overall quality of its choral and orchestral writing” conductor, earning worldwide fame and continuing to tour for Double Bass. Nor should his operas go unmentioned: In his setting of the Mass, Bottesini interprets the (Umberto Scarpetta). until a few months before his death. Given the time it took while he did not achieve huge success in this field at a time liturgical text with apt and colourful accents. His use of in his day to journey from place to place, his appearances when Italian opera was entirely dominated by Verdi, he counterpoint gives the work a conventional ecclesiastical Gaspare Nello Vetro at so many far-flung concert halls are almost beyond belief: nonetheless created some gems of well-crafted and stamp, while his melodies attest to the key influence of English translation by Susannah Howe he performed right across Europe, from Portugal to expressive melodic beauty (in, for example, Ero e Leandro Russia, and throughout the Americas, then almost a month and Alì Babà). away from Italy by sea, and won great acclaim wherever Like other Italian musicians of the time, Bottesini also he went. wrote a number of sacred works, the most significant of Dubbed the “Paganini of the double bass”, Bottesini which is his Requiem, the form of the Catholic Mass which was a warm-hearted and generous man. He earned a had recently inspired masterworks from Mozart, Berlioz, fortune during his lifetime yet his funeral expenses had to Cherubini, Cimarosa and Verdi. While over the centuries be met by Parmaʼs city council after he died penniless, there had been many settings of the Requiem, or Mass for having spent or given away much of his money and lost the the Dead, in the Romantic era the genre moved away from rest at gambling. its liturgical roots somewhat to reflect instead the Though he is principally remembered today as a symphonic and operatic trends of the day, resulting in double bass virtuoso, Bottesini was a complete musician in versions written on a grand scale for large forces. the sense that he excelled in every branch of his art. He Bottesiniʼs Requiem was composed in early 1877 in was a pioneer in Italy in combining the rôles of soloist and response to the death of his brother Luigi. It was first conductor, gaining praise on an international level for the performed (in adapted form, because women were not precision and accuracy of his conducting, as well as for his allowed to sing in church at this time) in the Capuchin fidelity to composersʼ intentions, although the formality of chapel in Cairo, Bottesini then being musical director of the his interpretations came in for occasional criticism. cityʼs Italian opera company. A large audience thronged to Bottesini directed many orchestral concerts, working with hear it and gave the performance a warm reception; it also all kinds of instrumental soloists, unlike many of his earned an enthusiastic review from the correspondent of compatriots, whose focus was still firmly fixed on the opera the Gazzetta Musicale di Milano. The first complete house. performance took place at Turinʼs Teatro Regio on 24th His work in the chamber music world was equally March 1880, but was not well attended – not only was it innovative. One of the founding members of the first Italian Holy Week, but the theatre was not known for staging Quartet Society, established in Florence in 1861, and of sacred works. One year later, however, the Requiem won another in Naples in 1862, just five years earlier (in August a silver medal at the National Music Expo in Milan. Giovanni Bottesini (1821–1889) I giudizi dei critici del tempo – probabilmente portati a la presenza della melodia, il notevole influsso del fare un confronto con il Requiem di Verdi di tre anni prima melodramma, da cui risultano attinti i modelli linguistici e Messa da Requiem – furono per lo più negativi e non è escluso che ebbero una stilistici. «Fu uno dei più geniali fra gli artisti del secolo verdiano, e quartetti inediti che Donizetti aveva scritto diciannovenne. certa qual influenza anche sugli autori contemporanei che Dal punto di vista strumentale, se minor cura viene fra i virtuosi il più fantastico. Sotto il suo archetto il Oltre che come esecutore, fu attivo come autore di quintetti hanno scritto su questo lavoro (Sergio Martinotti, Giovanni dedicata agli archi, ruolo predominante è riservato ai fiati, contrabbasso gemeva, sospirava, tubava, cantava, e quartetti per archi, di composizioni cameristiche, di arie Carli Ballola, Umberto Scarpetta). Dopo queste esecuzioni cui spesso viene affidato il tema principale dellʼintero fremeva, ruggiva, unʼorchestra completa, con impeti da salotto (se ne conoscono più di settanta), di musica la Messa cadde nel dimenticatoio e venne riesumata pezzo, mentre il trattamento del coro e dei quattro solisti terribili e con sfumature dolcissime» (Giovanni Depanis). sinfonica e di un testo di didattica (Metodo per soltanto un secolo dopo, nel 1979, quando venne eseguita rileva una notevole maestria contrappuntistica. La fama di Bottesini fu mondiale e la sua vita, fino a pochi contrabbasso). Non si possono dimenticare le opere nel duomo di Crema in una edizione ripresa lʼanno dopo Per concludere il Requiem è un lavoro «ricco di risorse mesi prima della morte, tutto un viaggio: la sua presenza liriche: anche se non ebbero un successo straordinario in nella basilica di S. Marco di Venezia. armoniche e di ottima fattura per quanto riguarda il nei teatri più lontani tra loro, considerati i tempi impiegati unʼepoca in cui il teatro lirico italiano era schiacciato dalla In questa composizione Bottesini interpreta il testo contrappunto e, in generale, la scrittura corale e dai mezzi di trasporto del tempo, ha dellʼincredibile: presenza di Verdi, si deve riconoscere che in esse vi sono liturgico con accenti vivi e appropriati: pur non mancando orchestrale» (Umberto Scarpetta). percorse infatti lʼEuropa dal Portogallo alla Russia, e le pagine che rappresentano dei veri gioielli di melodia brani di stile contrappuntistico che danno al pezzo una Americhe, lontane quasi un mese di navigazione, espressiva e appropriata (tra queste, Ero e Leandro, Alì convenzionale impronta ecclesiastica, mentre si rileva, con Gaspare Nello Vetro suscitando ovunque un indescrivibile successo. Babà). Battezzato “il Paganini del contrabbasso”, lʼuomo Come altri musicisti italiani del tempo, Bottesini ha Bottesini era una persona generosa, di buon cuore: lasciato anche alcune composizioni di musica religiosa. La guadagnò cifre incredibili per trovarsi, alla morte, a più significativa è il Requiem, utilizzando quella particolare ricevere i funerali a spese del Comune di Parma, in quanto forma del messale romano che già in tempi recenti aveva non possedeva nulla: aveva dilapidato tutto con le spese visto i capolavori di Mozart, Berlioz, Cherubini, Cimarosa e incontrollate, la beneficenza, mentre il gioco dʼazzardo Verdi. Anche se nei secoli della Messa pro defunctis o da aveva fatto il resto. requiem si contano un grande numero di esemplari, in Anche se oggi è ricordato soltanto come periodo romantico questo genere, più che allo spirito contrabbassista, Bottesini fu un musicista completo, nel liturgico, fu particolarmente legato alle tendenze sinfoniche senso che brillò in ogni ramo della sua arte. Fu uno dei e operistiche ricorrendo a orchestrazioni di grandi primi, se non il primo, a unificare tra gli italiani le figure del dimensioni. concertatore e del direttore dʼorchestra e, anche come La Messa di Bottesini fu composta ai primi del 1877 in direttore dʼorchestra lavorò in ogni parte del mondo, dove suffragio del fratello Luigi da poco deceduto, e venne fu stimato per la precisione, lʼaccuratezza, lʼaderenza agli eseguita, anche se non integralmente, – alle donne non intenti dellʼautore, anche se, talvolta, gli venne era concesso di cantare in chiesa – nel tempio dei frati rimproverata una certa formalità di interpretazione.
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