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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2014-2015

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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2014-2015 Thematisch ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2014-2015 Datum maart 2016 Pagina 1 van 57 Thematisch ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2014-2015 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Azië en Oceanië Pagina 2 van 57 Thematisch ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2015 Inleiding_____________________________________________________5 1. Algemene gegevens___________________________________6 1.1 Algemeen _________________________________________________6 1.2 Cultuur en talen __________________________________________6 1.3 Onderwijs _________________________________________________7 2. Politieke ontwikkelingen _____________________________8 2.1 Aanpak van terrorisme___________________________________8 2.1.1 2014-Antiterrorismecampagne _______________________________ 9 2.1.2 2015-Nieuwe veiligheidswetten _____________________________ 10 2.2 Spiraal van geweld ______________________________________12 3. Veiligheidssituatie ___________________________________14 3.1 Algemeen ________________________________________________14 3.1.1 Economische ontwikkeling _____________________________________ 14 3.2 Geweldsincidenten in Xinjiang _________________________16 3.2.1 Incidenten in 2014__________________________________________ 16 3.2.2 Incidenten in 2015__________________________________________ 21 3.3 Geweldsincidenten in overige provincies in China.____24 2014____________________________________________________________24 3.4 Geweldsincidenten buiten China _______________________25 4. Mensenrechten _______________________________________25 4.1 Algemeen ________________________________________________25 4.2 Vrijheid van meningsuiting _____________________________25 4.2.1 Internet ____________________________________________________ 26 4.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst _________________________________29 4.3.1 Kledingvoorschriften ________________________________________ 29 4.3.2 Ramadan ___________________________________________________ 31 4.3.3 Hadj ________________________________________________________ 32 4.4 Bewegingsvrijheid_______________________________________32 4.4.1 Bewegingsvrijheid binnen Xinjiang __________________________ 33 4.4.2 Uitreis uit China ____________________________________________ 35 4.4.3 Terroristische bestemmingen voor uitreis ___________________ 36 4.5 Rechtsgang ______________________________________________37 4.5.1 Algemeen___________________________________________________ 37 4.5.2 Abduweli Ayub______________________________________________ 39 4.5.3 llham Tohti _________________________________________________ 39 4.5.4 Andere arrestaties, veroordelingen en doodstraf_____________ 40 Pagina 3 van 57 5. Terugkeer_____________________________________________45 5.1 Gedwongen terugkeer __________________________________45 5.2 Gedwongen terugkeer na asielaanvraag _______________47 5.3 Controle van Chinezen in het buitenland_______________48 5.4 Repercussies voor familieleden ________________________48 6. Documenten in China __________________________________50 6.1 Identiteitsdocumenten__________________________________50 6.1.1 Hukou ______________________________________________________ 50 6.1.2 Identiteitskaart (Resident Identity Card)_______________________ 51 6.2 Reisdocumenten_________________________________________52 6.2.1 Paspoort ____________________________________________________ 52 6.2.2 Chinese staatsburgers in het buitenland_____________________ 53 Bijlage I. Kaart van China _________________________________53 Bijlage II. Openbare bronnen_____________________________54 Pagina 4 van 57 Thematisch ambtsbericht Oeigoeren in China 2015 Inleiding In dit thematisch ambtsbericht wordt de situatie van de Oeigoeren in China beschreven voor zover die van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken en besluitvorming over de terugkeer van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Xinjiang.1 Dit thematisch ambtsbericht is een actualisering van het thematisch ambtsbericht uit maart 2014. In december 2012 is voor het laatst een algemeen ambtsbericht over de situatie in China uitgebracht, waarin ook aandacht besteed is aan de Oeigoeren. Het voorliggende thematisch ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van maart 2014 tot en met december 2015. Dit thematisch ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Er is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van mensenrechtenorganisaties, van vakliteratuur en (uit het Chinees vertaalde) berichtgeving in de media. Ook is tijdens een bezoek aan China in november 2015 in Peking gesproken met journalisten en medewerkers van diverse ambassades en met de Chinese State Administration for Religious Affairs; met meerdere vertrouwelijke bronnen in Urumqi en met Human Rights Watch en Amnesty International in Hongkong. In hoofdstuk een komen algemene gegevens, zoals taal en onderwijs, aan de orde. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op de politieke en economische ontwikkelingen in Xinjiang, de situatie van de Oeigoeren in de afgelopen periode en op de aanpak van terrorisme. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de veiligheidssituatie behandeld en wordt een overzicht gegeven van geweldsincidenten in de verslagperiode. In hoofdstuk vier wordt aandacht besteed aan de naleving en schendingen van de mensenrechten in Xinjiang. Vrijheid van meningsuiting en van godsdienst krijgen in dit hoofdstuk een plaats, evenals bewegingsvrijheid en de situatie rond arrestaties, detentie en doodstraf. Hoofdstuk vijf gaat in op de situatie van terugkerende Oeigoeren. Hoofdstuk zes, tenslotte, is een actualisering van het hoofdstuk over documenten uit het vorige thematische ambtsbericht van maart 2014. 1 Sinkiang of Xinjiang is een romanisering van het Mandarijnse Xinjiang, dat Nieuwe Grens betekent. Deze naam werd pas in 1884 tijdens de Qing-dynastie voor het eerst gebruikt. Dit betekent volgens de Chinese overlevering overigens niet dat het gebied voorheen niet tot het Chinese Rijk behoorde. In de derde eeuw voor de jaartelling werd het gebied al genoemd, als Xiyu (Westelijke Regio). Zowel in Perzische als Arabische kronieken wordt gesproken over Oost-Turkestan. Later stond dit gebied bekend als Chinees-Turkestan. Deze naam is lange tijd gebruikt om het gebied te onderscheiden van Russisch-Turkestan. Pagina 5 van 57 1. Algemene gegevens 1.1 Algemeen2 Xinjiang (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, XUAR) heeft circa 22 miljoen inwoners en de Oeigoeren vormen met 10.3 miljoen nog steeds de grootste bevolkingsgroep. Zij wonen al vele eeuwen in deze regio onder diverse heerschappijen. Han-Chinezen, die vooral de laatste tien jaar in groten getale naar Xinjiang zijn gekomen, vormen volgens de officiële statistieken met 40% de tweede bevolkingsgroep. De Han/Oeigoeren ratio in de hoofdstad Urumqi is in de laatste decennia veranderd van 20/80 naar 80/20. Grote aantallen militairen en Han- werknemers die tijdelijk in Xinjiang gestationeerd zijn, worden niet meegeteld in de officiële cijfers.3 Overigens zijn Oeigoeren, als een van de minderheden in China, uitgezonderd van het Chinese eenkindbeleid. Het is Oeigoeren die in steden wonen toegestaan twee kinderen te krijgen. Minderheden die op het platteland woonden, mogen drie kinderen krijgen en onder sommige omstandigheden zelfs meer dan drie. Aan het einde van de verslagperiode werd de eenkindpolitiek in China gewijzigd. Het werd voor Han-Chinezen gemakkelijker twee kinderen te krijgen, terwijl in Xinjiang juist door bonussen het krijgen van minder kinderen dan het toegestane aantal van twee 4 werd aangemoedigd. Verder wonen in Xinjiang onder meer Kazakken, Kirgiziërs, Hui, Oezbeken, Tadzjieken en Mongolen. De Oeigoeren zijn etnisch verwant aan Turkse volkeren. Ook vanuit cultureel en linguïstisch oogpunt hebben de Oeigoeren een sterkere band met de volkeren uit Centraal-Aziatische landen dan met de Han-Chinezen. Een gematigde vorm van de soenni-islam is de overheersende Oeigoerse godsdienst sinds de tiende eeuw. De identiteit van de Oeigoeren is niet zozeer gebaseerd op de islam, maar komt voort uit de eigen etniciteit en geschiedenis.5 Volgens een Chinese bron stonden er in 2015 meer dan 23.000 moskeeën in Xinjiang en telde de regio ongeveer 8000 imams.6 In de verslagperiode bleef Xinjiang een onrustige regio. Botsingen tussen Han- Chinezen en Oeigoeren in Xinjiang bleven regelmatig voorkomen. Ondanks alle maatregelen van de Chinese overheid om Oeigoeren te sinificeren, werden de verschillen tussen de twee bevolkingsgroepen met een andere culturele achtergrond, gebruiken, taal en religie/atheïsme niet overbrugd.7 Dat de opbrengst van de grondstoffen en de economische groei grotendeels ten goede komt aan het ‘moederland’ China of aan geëmigreerde Han-Chinezen in Xinjiang, heeft de kloof verdiept.8 1.2 Cultuur en talen In Xinjiang zijn het Mandarijn (Putonghua) en het Oeigoers de officiële talen. Daarnaast wordt er door regionaal verspreide minderheden onder meer Kazaks, Tadzjieks en Kirgizisch gesproken. De officiële spreektaal op scholen en bij de overheid in Xinjiang is het Mandarijn/Putonghua. Het Oeigoers is een Turkse taal, 2 Zie voor meer algemene informatie het Thematisch Ambtsbericht Oeigoeren en Tibetanen in China 2014 (maart 2014). 3 US Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practises 2014-China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macao) (juni 2015). US Department of State: 2014 Report on International Religious Freedom (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macao) (oktober 2015). 4 The economist: Family planning in Xinjiang (7 november 2015). 5 Zie ook de thematisch ambtsberichten over Oeigoeren en Tibetanen in China van maart 2011 en van maart 2014. 6 China Daily:
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