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Review of National Identity Programs International Telecommunication Union ITU-T FG-DFS TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (05/2016) ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services Review of National Identity Programs Focus Group Technical Report FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The procedures for establishment of focus groups are defined in Recommendation ITU-T A.7. TSAG set up the ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services (FG DFS) at its meeting in June 2014. TSAG is the parent group of FG DFS. Deliverables of focus groups can take the form of technical reports, specifications, etc., and aim to provide material for consideration by the parent group in its standardization activities. Deliverables of focus groups are not ITU-T Recommendations. ITU 2016 This work is licensed to the public through a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). For more information visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ i Review of National Identity Programs ii About this Report This Technical Report was written by Prof. C. Leigh Anderson, Pierre Biscaye, Sarah Coney, Eugenia Ho, Brian Hutchinson, Mia Neidhardt and Travis Reynolds of Evans School Policy Analyses and Research (EPAR), University of Washington. If you would like to provide any additional information, please contact Vijay Mauree at [email protected] iii CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 8 2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 10 3 Overview of Selected National Identity Programs ..................................................................... 11 3.1 Program Technical Features ................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Stage of Implementation ........................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Enrolment Methodologies ...................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Coverage of Target Population .............................................................................................. 25 4 Implementation Challenges ........................................................................................................ 27 4.1 Accountability ........................................................................................................................ 29 4.2 Privacy .................................................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Data Management .................................................................................................................. 30 4.4 Enrollment .............................................................................................................................. 31 4.5 Coverage................................................................................................................................. 32 4.6 Cost......................................................................................................................................... 35 4.7 Harmonization of ID Programs .............................................................................................. 37 5 Functions Linked To Identity Programs .................................................................................... 37 5.1 Finance ................................................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Health ..................................................................................................................................... 46 5.3 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 48 5.4 Elections ................................................................................................................................. 50 5.5 Surveillance and Security ....................................................................................................... 52 5.6 Other Functions ...................................................................................................................... 53 6 Characteristics of ID Programs with Functional Applications................................................... 55 6.1 General Functional Linkages ................................................................................................. 55 6.2 Finance ................................................................................................................................... 58 6.3 Health ..................................................................................................................................... 60 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 62 References .......................................................................................................................................... 63 Appendix A. Literature Search Methodology .................................................................................. 79 Appendix B. Review Framework Questions .................................................................................... 81 Appendix C. Summary of National Identity Programs .................................................................... 83 Appendix D. Summary of National Identity Programs in Focus Countries .................................... 88 List of Tables Page Table 1. Methodologies, Personal and Biometric Information Involved in the Selected National Identity Programs ............................................................................................................................... 14 Table 2. Coverage of Target Population ............................................................................................ 21 Table 3. National ID Program Implementation Challenges ............................................................... 27 Table 4. Challenges Enrolling Poor and Rural Populations ............................................................... 33 Table 5. Key Stakeholders in National ID Programs ......................................................................... 35 iv Page Table 6. Functionalities of National Identity Programs ..................................................................... 38 Table 7. Case Studies of Agricultural Linkages ................................................................................. 49 Table 8 – Mean Number of Service Linkages by Region .................................................................. 56 Table 9 – Mean Number of Service Linkages by Time Period .......................................................... 56 Table 10 – Mean Number of Service Linkages by Technical Features ............................................. 58 Table 11 – Digital and Biometric ID Programs Associated with Financial Connections .................. 59 Table 12 – Digital and Biometric ID Programs Associated with Health Connections ...................... 61 Table C.1 Summary of National Identity Programs ........................................................................... 83 Table D.1 Bangladesh Case Study ..................................................................................................... 88 Table D.2 Ethiopia Case Study .......................................................................................................... 91 Table D.3 India Case Study................................................................................................................ 93 Table D.4 Indonesia Case Study ........................................................................................................ 97 Table D.5 Kenya Case Study ........................................................................................................... 100 Table D.6 Malawi Case Study.......................................................................................................... 104 Table D.7 Nigeria Case Study (1) .................................................................................................... 107 Table D.8 Nigeria Case Study (2) .................................................................................................... 110 Table D.9 Pakistan Case Study ........................................................................................................ 114 Table D.10 Peru Case Study ............................................................................................................ 118 Table D.11 Tanzania Case Study ..................................................................................................... 121 Table D.12 Uganda Case Study ......................................................................................................
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