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Body Size Moderates the Association Between Gay Community Identification and Body Image Disturbance

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Body Size Moderates the Association Between Gay Community Identification and Body Image Disturbance Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 1, No. 3, 279–284 2329-0382/14/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000049 BRIEF REPORT Body Size Moderates the Association Between Gay Community Identification and Body Image Disturbance David Matthew Doyle Renee Engeln Tulane University Northwestern University Researchers have suggested that sexual minority men are at increased risk for body image disturbance relative to heterosexual men because of heightened focus on appearance within the gay community. However, this research has often assumed sexual minority men endorse a monolithic body ideal, despite evidence for different ideals within the gay community. The current survey research in a community- based sample of 76 sexual minority men examined how the effect of identification with the gay community on body image varied depending upon the body type of the participant and the form of body image disturbance (i.e., desire to be smaller vs. desire for greater muscularity). For relatively heavier sexual minority men, gay community identification was associated with less body dissatisfaction but potentially more drive for muscularity. For relatively thinner sexual minority men, the pattern was reversed. The results point to a need for a more nuanced examination of the role that varying body ideals within the gay community may have on body image disturbance. Keywords: body image disturbance, body mass index, community identification, sexual minority men The impact of gender on body image disturbance has been well Peplau, & Lever, 2006). Thus, unlike women, men falling at both established: Women tend to suffer from greater levels of body ends of the body size spectrum evidence heightened body image dissatisfaction compared to men (see Calogero & Thompson, disturbance (i.e., feeling either too thin or too heavy to meet the 2010). On average, men are more satisfied with how they look and male ideal). Although research on the effects of discrepancies are less behaviorally invested in their physical appearance than between actual and ideal body image among men is currently women (Muth & Cash, 1997). However, many men do suffer from lacking, some work does suggest differential effects of feeling body image disturbance, although their specific concerns may be either too skinny or too large on men’s body image outcomes. In different from those affecting women. Men’s dissatisfaction with a sample of adolescent boys, for example, dieting to lose weight their bodies is more likely to be expressed through a desire to be was associated with higher body dissatisfaction scores but dieting both more muscular and lean (Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki, & to gain weight was associated with higher drive for muscularity Cohane, 2004) whereas women’s dissatisfaction tends to be char- scores (McCreary & Sasse, 2002). These data suggest that for men, acterized by a drive for thinness. Pope, Phillips, and Olivardia the desire to be either thinner or more muscular may be associated (2000) coined the term Adonis complex to capture the various with unhealthy eating patterns. Indeed, body dissatisfaction among types of body image disturbance they witnessed in men. In par- men has a number of risky correlates, including low self-esteem, ticular, the Adonis complex tends to refer to men’s desire for the depression, eating disorder symptoms (Olivardia et al., 2004), and visible and sculpted type of muscularity associated with images of social anxiety (Cash, Theriault, & Annis, 2004). This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its alliedAdonis. publishers. In research with men from the United States, France, and Although women suffer from eating disorders at much higher This article is intended solely for the personal use ofAustria, the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. men chose an ideal body 28 pounds more muscular than rates than men, sexual minority men make up a disproportionate their current body on average (Pope et al., 2000). percentage of men in the United States who are diagnosed with Echoing these gender differences, whereas underweight women eating disorders (e.g., Carlat, Camargo, & Herzog, 1997; but see tend to be satisfied with their slim appearances, both overweight as Kane, 2010, for an alternate interpretation). Furthermore, evidence well as underweight men report elevated dissatisfaction (Frederick, suggests that sexual minority men suffer from body image distur- bance at rates significantly higher than heterosexual men and comparable to heterosexual women (e.g., Beren, Hayden, Wilfley, & Grilo, 1996; Engeln-Maddox, Miller, & Doyle, 2011; Herzog, David Matthew Doyle, Department of Psychology, Tulane University; Newman, Yeh, & Warshaw, 1992; Siever, 1994). One factor that Renee Engeln, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University. We thank Alyx Kesselring for her assistance with this research. has been implicated in the literature on body image disturbance in Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to David sexual minority men is identification with the gay community, a Matthew Doyle, Department of Psychology, 2007 Percival Stern Hall, community that has been described as highly focused on physical Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118. E-mail: [email protected] appearance (Feldman & Meyer, 2007) and especially likely to 279 280 DOYLE AND ENGELN endorse both a thin and muscular body ideal (Tiggemann, Martins, isfaction but as a protective factor for drive for muscularity. In & Kirkbride, 2007). Thus far, research on gay community identi- contrast, for heavier sexual minority men, we predicted that iden- fication and body image disturbance has been inconclusive. Re- tification would act as a risk factor for drive for muscularity but be searchers have argued that sexual minority men with higher levels associated with reduced fat-focused body dissatisfaction. of gay community identification compare themselves more often to this culture’s slim, youthful ideal and experience higher rates of Methods eating disordered behavior (Feldman & Meyer, 2007) and greater desire for muscularity (Levesque & Vichesky, 2006). This is in Participants and Procedure contrast to research showing that for more general measures of mental health and well-being, gay community identification ap- All research procedures were reviewed and approved by the pears to be a protective factor (e.g., Doyle & Molix, 2014). local institutional review board. Informed consent was obtained A weakness of the literature on sexual minority men’s body and all participants were fully debriefed upon conclusion of the image is the frequent assumption that the gay male body ideal is survey. Research assistants approached potential participants at monolithic, despite converging lines of evidence that multiple, various locations in Chicago: the Chicago Pride Parade, an ele- highly divergent body ideals can be identified within groups of vated train stop, along a lakefront path, at a park and in the lobby sexual minority men (Bergling, 2006). Within the broader gay of a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community community, sexual minority men often tend to socialize with center during a LGBT-focused street fair. Participants were paid similar others, including those with similar body types (Forrest et $10 for completing anonymous surveys containing measures on a al., 2014; Hennen, 2005; Willoughby et al., 2008). Although variety of topics related to objectification, body image, and sexu- numerous different subgroups exist, two of the most prominent and ality. Because these data were collected as part of a larger research widely known are twinks and bears. Although these subgroups are project on objectification theory (Engeln-Maddox et al., 2011), not entirely homogenous themselves, in general twinks tend to be participants were recruited without regard to gender or sexual younger and have smaller frames, whereas bears tend to be hairier, orientation, although all participants were over 18 years of age. In stockier, and more masculine acting (Waldron & Engeln-Maddox, total, 76 sexual minority men participated in the current study. 2011; Willoughby et al., 2008). Related to body ideals, Hennen Men were just under 30 years old on average (ranging from 18 to (2005) described the bear subculture (which emphasizes a heavier 56) with a mean annual household income between $40,000 and ideal body size) as providing “an enticing antidote to the heart- $50,000. Although undergraduate students (19%) and graduate break of a slowing metabolism” (p. 25) and a chance to reject the students (15%) were included in the current sample, the majority “body facism” (p. 27) espoused by the twink subculture (with its of participants were not currently students (66%). Because of a emphasis on extremely thin, youthful bodies). Because members clerical error, racial/ethnic identification was not assessed in the of the gay community endorse various body ideals, it is possible current study. Therefore, although a relatively diverse community that gay community identification may represent a risk factor for sample was recruited for the current study, we cannot report racial some sexual minority men and a protective factor for others. or ethnic group memberships for participants. Likewise, because body image disturbance in men often involves Participants identified their sexual orientation via a 7-point, not just a drive for thinness, but also a drive for muscularity,
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