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ABSTRACT WORTHINGTON, MARGARET LEIGH. Breeding ABSTRACT WORTHINGTON, MARGARET LEIGH. Breeding Winter Wheat for Improved Powdery Mildew Resistance and Weed Suppressive Ability against Italian Ryegrass. (Under the direction of J. P. Murphy and S. Chris Reberg-Horton). Interest in breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars adapted to organic production systems is growing in response to rapidly expanding market opportunities in the southeastern United States. Breeding for resistance to biotic stresses is a major focus of the North Carolina State University small grains breeding program. Resistance to these pests and diseases is particularly important in organic systems, where the use of synthetic fungicides and insecticides is prohibited. Resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis DC f. sp. tritici) and weed suppressive ability against Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) are considered high priority traits for organic wheat producers in North Carolina. Emphasis on breeding for novel sources of powdery mildew resistance is essential because of the rapid evolutionary potential of the pathogen. Italian ryegrass, a major weed in small grain crops, has been identified as a major limitation to organic wheat production in the region. Although Italian ryegrass is controlled with herbicides in conventional production, the efficacies of popular chemical herbicide classes are threatened by the rapid expansion of resistant biotypes. T herefore breeders in the region are increasingly interested in developing weed suppressive wheat cultivars that suppress Italian ryegrass growth and reproduction and complement chemical herbicide options. The wheat germplasm line NC09BGTUM15 (NC-UM15) possesses the first form of powdery mildew resistance introgressed from Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. Evaluations of F2:3 families derived from the cross NC-UM15 x ‘Saluda’ indicated that a single dominant gene, MlUM15, conferred disease resistance. Molecular markers specific to chromosome 7AL segregated with the resistance gene. The multi-allelic Pm1 locus also maps to this distal region of chromosome 7AL. Detached leaf tests revealed that NC-UM15 had a different disease response pattern from lines possessing alleles of the Pm1 complex. Allelism tests with Pm1 will be required to elucidate the relationship between MlUM15 and other Pm loci on 7AL. Research was conducted to identify indirect methods of selection for weed suppressive ability of winter wheat cultivars that correlate well with Italian ryegrass to wheat biomass ratios. Italian ryegrass seed head density and visual estimates of Italian ryegrass biomass during grain fill were highly correlated with Italian ryegrass to wheat biomass ratios and are considered appropriate indirect methods of selection for weed suppressive ability. Fifty-three entries from the North Carolina Official Variety Test (NC OVT) were evaluated for weed suppressive ability against Italian ryegrass in order to identify wheat morphological traits and molecular markers that could facilitate indirect selection for weed suppression. Weed suppressive ability was correlated (P < 0.05) with high early vigor (Zadoks GS 25 and 29), erect growth habit (Zadoks GS 29), high leaf area index (LAI) (Zadoks GS 31), high vigor rating (Zadoks GS 55), and height throughout the growing season in three of four sites. The winter-type short vernalization allele vrn-B1a-in1 was found more commonly than expected by chance among highly weed suppressive lines at both sites in 2012. Research was also conducted to test the relative importance of allelopathy and competitive ability on weed suppression outcomes in the field. Fifty-eight wheat lines from the NC OVT were screened for allelopathic activity against Italian ryegrass in a seedling bioassay. Eight strongly and weakly allelopathic lines with varying final height were then evaluated for weed suppressive ability in the field. Although the allelopathic activity of genotypes differed significantly in the seedling bioassay, no correlations between allelopathy and weed suppression outcomes were found in any of the field sites. Therefore, breeders in the southeastern United States should focus their efforts on improving competitive traits within adapted germplasm in order to achieve maximum gains in weed suppressive ability. © Copyright 2013 Margaret Leigh Worthington All Rights Reserved Breeding Winter Wheat for Improved Powdery Mildew Resistance and Weed Suppressive Ability against Italian Ryegrass by Margaret Leigh Worthington A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Crop Science Raleigh, North Carolina 2014 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ J. Paul Murphy Committee Co-chair _______________________________ ______________________________ S. Chris Reberg-Horton Gina Brown-Guedira Committee Co-chair _______________________________ _______________________________ David Jordan Randy Weisz BIOGRAPHY Margaret Worthington was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. After completing a B.S. in environmental science at Duke University in 2005, she worked as an apprentice at the small farms unit of the NCSU Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) for six months. In 2007, she studied appropriate technology and intellectual property rights protection in India for a year at the Indian Institute of Management as a US Student Fulbright Scholar. Margaret then completed dual master’s degrees in International Agricultural Development and Horticulture and Agronomy at the University of California, Davis. Her research with Dr. Paul Gepts was focused on the conservation and utilization of diverse Phaseolus landraces in highland Oaxaca, Mexico. She began her doctoral research at North Carolina State University in 2010. After graduation, Margaret will begin work as a tropical forages breeder at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my all my committee members and coauthors for all their helpful suggestions on everything from experimental design to manuscript preparation. A special thanks to Chris Reberg-Horton for first getting me involved with the Breeding for Organic Production Systems project. My dissertation project has been really interesting and fruitful, and I really appreciate all the hard work that went into coordinating the BOPS group and obtaining funding for our work before I even arrived. I also want to thank everyone in the NCSU small grains breeding group for their help and friendship during the past three years. Thanks to George, Rene, and Peter for their assistance with data collection. A huge thank you to Jeanette for the tremendous amount of help she provided with lab work on the powdery mildew project. Thanks to Gina Brown- Guedira, Jared, Kim, and Sharon for the use of their laboratory equipment and for all their help with the molecular analyses. Special thanks to Stine Petersen for being such a great friend, collaborator, and office mate. Sharing the highs and lows of graduate school with you made the whole process infinitely more fun! I would not have been able to conduct this research without the many graduate students, technicians, undergraduate summer workers, prison inmates, and station crew members who helped me count and sort weeds during the past few years. I would have been especially lost without the assistance of Carrie Brinton. Thanks for your rock solid advice and all the hard work you put into coordinating planting and harvest! Thanks are also owed to Matthew ‘Juice’ Granberry for taking over the project. I’m really excited that someone is iii continuing the research on weed suppression and I’m looking forward to seeing your results in the next couple of years! Thanks are also owed to our funding sources including USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative, Southern SARE, and the North Carolina Small Grain Growers Association. Thanks to all my family and friends, who provided great moral support during the past few years. Special thanks to my parents and Matt for being such great cheerleaders and to Molasses for his assistance with fieldwork and for acting as the Method Rd Greenhouses guard dog during nights and weekends. Finally, thanks to Paul Murphy for always pushing me to do my best. I’ve learned a tremendous amount about how to run a plant breeding program over the past three and a half years and I’m sure I’ll think back to the lessons I learned working in the field with the small grains crew countless times throughout the rest of my career. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. Literature Review .....................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................2 Origin and Evolution of Wheat ............................................................................3 Wheat in North Carolina ......................................................................................4 Organic Wheat .....................................................................................................4 Breeding for Organics ..........................................................................................5
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