The Impact of Singing-Integrated Reading Instruction on the Oral Reading Fluency and Motivation of Elementary Students in an Out- Of-School Time Program
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Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2015 The Impact of Singing-Integrated Reading Instruction on the Oral Reading Fluency and Motivation of Elementary Students in an Out- of-School Time Program Yvette M. Moorehead-Carter Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3901 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Yvette Marie Moorehead-Carter All Rights Reserved THE IMPACT OF SINGING-INTEGRATED READING INSTRUCTION ON THE ORAL READING FLUENCY AND MOTIVATION OF ELEMENTARY STUDENTS IN AN OUT- OF-SCHOOL TIME PROGRAM A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Yvette Marie Moorehead-Carter Bachelor of Music, Howard University, 1986 Master of Arts, University of Virginia, 1995 Director: Dr. Valerie J. Robnolt, Advisor, VCU School of Education Dr. Kathleen M. Cauley, VCU School of Education Dr. Joan Rhodes, VCU School of Education Dr. David Greennagel, VCU School of the Arts Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May 2015 ii Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank several people. First, I would like to thank my father, Dr. William Douglas Moorehead, Sr., who called me his Ph.D. baby because I was born the year he completed his Ph.D. in Science Education. I was fortunate to experience the scientific mind of my father and the musical mind of my mother, a pianist and career music teacher. My father became ill as I began my dissertation. On his deathbed he was constantly asking, “How are you doing on your paper?” Well, Daddy, I completed my paper, and I dedicate it to you. My children, Tarin and Kirsten, you have always known that your mom loves school – both as a teacher and as a student. To Tarin, you have taken such great care of Kirsten, enabling me to stay a little later at the library and leaving me special notes of encouragement at my desk. To Kirsten, you have kept me grounded. I am deeply appreciative of your many hugs and kisses. Scott, I could not have made it without your “taxi-service” – driving me back and forth to classes in the evenings and taking care of home in between. I am deeply grateful for your patience and understanding, for breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day, and for believing in me always. To my mother-in-law, Yvonne Holt Carter (Oma), you have always wished me well, taken care of Tarin and Kirsten, and supported me in all my endeavors. Because of all of you, I was able to have late nights and early mornings when I needed them. You are truly loved. To my committee members, Dr. Kathleen M. Cauley, Dr. Joan Rhodes, and Dr. David Greennagel, your knowledge of the doctoral research process was a most welcomed benefit in helping me organize my study. I thank you for your feedback and support. I owe a iii depth of gratitude to my dissertation chair, Dr. Valerie Robnolt, a woman who is passionate about reading. You supported me through my father’s illness. I will always be grateful for your assistance when my father passed the very morning I turned in my Prospectus. You took care of rearranging schedules and making sure that all I had to do at the time was focus on family. I appreciate you with my whole heart and am so blessed to have you in my life. When I was at my lowest, you walked with me through my grieving process and really put your all into making sure that I knew that continuing the journey was something that my father would want me to do. To the faculty and staff at VCU, thank you for supporting me as an individual worthy of scholarly endeavors. Dr. Muth, you are most certainly my personal cheerleader. Your compassion and well-wishes through the years have meant the world to me. You are ever- present in my thoughts as a champion for all things good for students of all ages, including me. I always felt that you respected me as a colleague and appreciated the public school experiences that I brought to the table. To my sisters Lynnette and Wynnette, and my brother, Douglas, thank you for being the wonderful family that you are. There’s nothing like family. To Dee Harris, my colleague in the school system, I thank you for your help in seeing my dissertation to fruition. You provided your reading expertise and friendship when it was needed most. So, here I stand, ready to reach back and pull someone else up and over, as all of you have done for me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................viii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ ix I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 2 Rationale for the Study ................................................................................................ 5 Statement of Purpose ................................................................................................... 6 Brief Review of Literature .......................................................................................... 7 Research Questions and Methodology ..................................................................... 11 Findings and Conclusions ......................................................................................... 12 Summary .................................................................................................................... 12 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 13 Method of the Review of Literature ......................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 14 Definitions of Fluency ............................................................................................... 15 The Role of Oral Reading Fluency in Reading Acquisition ................................... 17 Reading Fluency Instruction ..................................................................................... 18 Repeated Reading .......................................................................................... 20 Choral Reading .............................................................................................. 22 Modeling ........................................................................................................ 22 Music and Literacy Connections .............................................................................. 23 Singing and Reading Acquisition ............................................................................. 27 Singing-Integrated Reading Fluency Instruction ..................................................... 28 Connections Between Reading Motivation and Reading Attitude ......................... 30 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 30 Singing and Motivation for Reading Achievement .................................... 35 The Accountability Movement and the Place of Music in Schools ....................... 36 Historical Perspective ................................................................................... 36 High-Stakes Testing and the Place of Music in Schools ............................ 38 How the Accountability Movement Changed Music Instruction............... 39 The National Institute on Out-of-School Time Programs ....................................... 44 Out-of-School Time Literacy Programs ................................................................... 45 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................... 47 v III. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 50 Design of Study ......................................................................................................... 50 Participants and Setting ............................................................................................. 51 Intervention Strategies ............................................................................................... 52 Introduction ................................................................................................... 52 Modeling Fluent Oral Reading ....................................................................