In Geoparks – a Comparative Analysis of Sites in Norway, Taiwan and Japan

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The International Conference on Landscape and

Sustainable Development April 19 – 22, 2019

Contents

Keynote speakers 7

Programme 8

Map of conference venue 16

‘You are so beautiful’ – Opportunities and Threats for Landscapes: Values of Geoheritage and Geodiversity of Geoparks in Germany

Wolfgang Eder 20

New initiatives for conservation of nature – The IUCN Green List and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures.

Marc Hockings 28

Land use control of private-owned land in national parks in Japan

Keiji Nakajima 29

Theme 1. National park management

National Park in Japan

Kumagai Yoshitaka 31

Research in the Geopark “Eiszeitland am Oderrand” (Ice age landscape along the Oder valley) in Northeastern Germany

Margot Böse & Jacob Hardt 32

Poetry in the Landscape: the Community-based Conservation of Kenting National Park

Kuei-Jen Hsieh 33

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

National Park interpreters respond to environmental education and the promotion of conservation work ---the case of Tataka wildlife

Li-Min Yin and Liang-Li Liu 34

The effect of forest type on trophic interaction: the case of tits and their prey

Ming-Tang Shiao 36

Explore mountain hiking motivation cross-culturally: The case of national park and world heritage site in Asia Pacific

Chieh-Lu Li, Kuo-Chung Liao, Bagkall Haivangang ,Thomas E. Jones and Yutaka Nakajima 37

The Conservation of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) and The Environmental Changes

Zih-Jyuan Huang 38

Identify the change of the landscape of Yangmingshan from the old images

Jia-Feng Lin 39

The environmental changes of Coral Reefs in the Dongsha Atoll National Park

Cheng-Hsien Chuang 40

An exploration of landscape change and people migration in Taijiang

Hien-Chih Wang 41

Conflict management between recreation and landscape conservation --a case study of Lime Cave management in Shoushan National Natural Park

Yi-Ming Tsai 42

Theme 2: Satoyama - Satoumi

Facilitating the Development of a Taiwan Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (TPSI)

Kuang-Chung Lee 48

Preliminary works of Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities on Geoparks

Shu-Huei Liu 50

Link of bio groups… Terrace guardian All set

Yukiko Konishi 51 2

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Conservation activities of Satoyama Satoumi in Minamiboso City and Oyama Senmaida in Kamogawa City

Takeshi Yokoyama 54

Human activities enhancing biodiversity in Satoyama-Satoumi (里山里海)

Toshihiko Nakamura 55

Activities of Anbaya Satoyama Research Group

Masahiro Sasako 56

The development of Yehliu local community and Yehliu Geopark

Chin-Chien Yang 57

Cultural heritage preservation and local participation of Yenchao Badland Geopark Yen-Tsung Pan 58

Approaches to ‘community engagement’ in geoparks – a comparative analysis of sites in Norway, Taiwan and Japan

Jonathan Karkut & Hiroyuki Kajihara 59

How to reveal the multiple values of the land from the controversial Ma-Tou Hill Landfill Plan?

Hui-Min Huang(黃惠敏)、龔文雄、吳鴻駿 60

The Challenge of Rural Development in Houbi District of Tainan City

Yu-Dan Pan, Lien-Shang Wu 62

Theme 3: Landscape conservation, management of geoparks

Conservation Efforts at a Major Fault Exposure in the Itoigawa UNESCO Global Geopark

Ko Takenouchi, Takahiko Ogawara, Hiroshi Miyajima, Yousuke Ibaraki, Theodore Brown 63

Changing Landscapes of Power: Opulence and the Urge for Geoparks

Wen-Cheng Wang 64

A modified methodology used to evaluate travel ranking and helped geotravellers to make travel decision in Matsu geopark

Yuan-Long Liao, Chung-Ming Wang, Kuang-Tsung Hsu, and Kai H Hsieh 67

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

10 Years of the Sanin Coast Geopark - The Present Condition and Problems from the Newspaper Articles

Kumagai Nobuaki 74

Prominent landforms of Non Nuoc Cao Bang UNESCO Global Geopark

Tran Tan Van, Nguyen Quoc Dinh 77

Current state and issues of networking on geoparks and natural heritage conservation in Viet Nam

Huong, N.T.T 76

Delineation and Future Prospects of Geoheritage Geologically Sensitive Areas

Chi-Hsuan Chen, Wei-Chia Chu, Wan-Chi Chiang, Yu-Jen Chang and Jiin-Fa Lee 78

Study on Short-term Bare Ground Area Change of the Lichi Badland Geopark in Southeastern Taiwan

Ying San Liou and Yu Ling Liu 79

Revival of Doline Cultivation in Mine Akiyoshidai Geopark

Mitsuo Yoshimatsu 80

Beach Debris and Cleanup Activities in Shimokita Geopark

Takuya Koike 81

Our Practice and Results of Geo-Tourism, and our Supports to Other Areas for Guides’ Capacity Building

Michinori Kinoshita 89

‘Crustal Movement of Hotel Business’― To Become the Most Treasured Destinations, from Only the Place for the Stay the Night―Example at San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark

Yasumasa Asano 90

Understanding of regional scientific importance by local Residents – In case of San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark

Noritaka Matsubara 92

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Theme 4: Sustainable development, geological sensitive area, sustainable indicators, environmental education

Geosites – for scientists, geotourists or general public? Dilemmas of selection and management

Piotr Migoń 93

Geopark and contemporary land art : the case of Digne geopark, France

Herve Regnauld and Patricia Limido 94

Innovation and Education for Sustainable Development Survival

Ross Michael Pink 96

Emerging scientific knowledge to enhance heritage protection and sustainable tourism – Dunhuang UNESCO Global Geopark

Cindy Choi 97

The Evolution of Data on Landslide-Landslip Geologically Sensitive Area

Tung-Lin Tai, Mien-Ming Chen 99

Two Huge Tsunami Disasters in 1960 and in 2011 at Kesennuma Bay, Tohoku, Japan --- Traces of Huge Tsunami Disasters in the Submarine Deposits at the Enclosed Bay along the Pacific Coast

Kaoru Kashima, Ryozo Shiomi, Yu Fukumoto and Tsuyoshi Haraguchi 100

Professional certification of Geotourism Interpretation

Derek Yue Tak, Tse 114

Policy framework and support tools for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam

Huynh Thi Mai 115

Badlands tourism as community care for aging: a social innovative practice establishment

Yu-Feng Wong 116

A tour operator perspective on enhancing geoexperience through public-private collaboration

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Tan Mei Cheung, Tammy 117

Local knowledge of geoheritage values in Dong Van Karst plateau UNESCO global geopark and community engagement for conservation

Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao , Le Anh Phuong 118

Strategy for promoting of capability of interpreter on environmental education

Chun-Hao Su 119

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Keynote speakers

Wolfgang Eder UNESCO Former Director. Earth Science Department

Geoscience Centre, University Goettingen, Germany

Marc Hockings Vice President. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas

Keiji Nakajima Director, National Parks Awareness Center, Edogawa University, Japan

Kumagai Yoshitaka Director, Institute for Asian Studies and Regional Collaboration; Akita International University, Japan

Margot Böse Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin

Piotr Migoń Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław

Herve Regnauld University of Rennes 2, France

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

「地景與永續發展國際會議」議程表「The International Conference on Landscape and

Sustainable Development」

Programme

April 19 – 21, 2019 Venues: 1. International Conference Hall, GIS, NTU Convention Center Taipei 2. Yueliu Geopark

Apr. 19, 2019 (Friday) GIS NTU Convention Center 08:30-09:00 Registration

09:00-09:30 Opening Remarks

09:30-09:40 Book Launch Party (Wolfgang Eder)

09:40-10:10 Group photo and break time

10:10-10:40 Keynote speech 1: Prof. Wolfgang Eder (Geoscience Centre, University Goettingen, Germany) ‘You are so beautiful’ - Opportunities and Threats for Landscapes: Values of Geoheritage and Geodiversity of Geoparks in Germany 10:40-11:10 Keynote speech 2: Prof. Marc Hockings (IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas) New initiatives for conservation of nature – The IUCN Green List and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. 11:10-11:40 Keynote speech 3: Prof. Keiji Nakajima (Director, National Parks Awareness Center, Edogawa University, Japan) Land use control of private-owned land in national parks in Japan 11:40-12:00 Disscussion

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

12:00-13:00 Lunch

13:00-17:00 Oral presentation session Venues 1. Davinci 2. Raphael 3. Michelangelo 4. Nietzsche Hall(達文西 Hall(拉斐 Hall(米開朗基 Hall(尼采廳) 廳) 爾廳) 羅廳) Theme 1. Theme 2. Theme 3. Theme 4. National Satoyama Landscape Sustainable park Satoumi conservation, development, management management of geological geoparks sensitive area, sustainable indicators, environmenta l education

Venue 1: Davinci Hall(達文西廳) Theme 1. National park management Chairperson: Kumagai Yoshitaka(熊谷嘉隆) 13:00-13:20 Keynote speech :Kumagai Yoshitaka(熊谷嘉隆) (Director, Institute for Asian Studies and Regional Collaboration; Akita International University, Japan) National Park in Japan 13:20-13:40 Keynote speech :Margot Böse & Jacob Hardt (Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin) Research in the Geopark “Eiszeitland am Oderrand” (Ice age landscape along the Oder valley) in Northeastern German 13:40-14:00 Kuei-Jen Hsieh(謝桂禎) (Senior Contract Interpreter, Kenting National Park Headquarters) Poetry in the Landscape: the Community-based Conservation of Kenting National Park 14:00-14:20 Li-Min Yin (印莉敏) (Yushan National Park Headquarter) Liang-Li Liu(劉良力) (Tourism and Hospitality Management, Kainan University) National Park interpreters respond to environmental education and the promotion of conservation work ---the case of Tataka wildlife 14:20-14:40 Ming-Tang Shiao(蕭明堂) (Shei-Pa National Park Headquarters) The effect of forest type on trophic interaction: the case of

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

tits and their prey 14:40-15:00 Chieh-Lu Li(李介祿)*, Kuo-Chung Liaoa, Bagkall Haivangang**, Thomas E. Jones*** & Yutaka Nakajima**** (*Department of Tourism, Recreation and Leisure Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; **Yushan National Park Headquarter, ***Environment and Development Cluster, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, Japan; ****Japan Travel Bureau Foundation, Tokyo, Japan) Explore mountain hiking motivation cross-culturally: The case of national park and world heritage site in Asia Pacific 15:00-15:20 Tea time Chairperson: Ling Lin (林玲) 15:20-15:40 Zih-Jyuan Huang (黃子娟) (Kinmen National Park) The Conservation of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) and The Environmental Changes 15:40-16:00 Jia-Feng Lin(林加豐) (Senior Contract Interpreter, Yangmingshan National Park Headquarters) Identify the change of the landscape of Yangmingshan from the old images 16:00-16:20 Cheng-Hsien Chuang(莊正賢) (Chief of Conservation and Research Section, Marine National Park Headquarters) The environmental changes of Coral Reefs in the Dongsha Atoll National Park 16:20-16:40 Chien-Chih Wang (王建智) (Chief of Conservation and Research Section, Taijiang National Park Headquarters) An exploration of landscape change and people migration in Taijiang 16:40-17:00 Yi-Ming Tsai(蔡益銘) (Associate Engineer, Shoushan National Nature Park Preparatory Office) Conflict management between recreation and landscape conservation --a case study of Lime Cave management in Shoushan National Natural Park Venue 2: Raphael Hall(拉斐爾廳) Theme 2: Satoyama - Satoumi Chairperson: Shu-Huei Liu (劉淑惠) 13:00-13:20 Kuang-Chung Lee(李光中) (Professor, National Dong Hwa University) Facilitating the Development of a Taiwan Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (TPSI) 13:20-13:40 Shu-Huei Liu (劉淑惠)(Professor, Department of Geography, 10

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

National Kaohsiung Normal University) Preliminary works of Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities on Geoparks 13:40-14:00 Yukiko Konishi (小西由希子) (NPO, Chiba Environmental Information Center) Link of bio groups… Terrace guardian All set 14:00-14:20 Takeshi Yokoyama（横山武） (Anbaya Satoyama Research Group) Conservation activities of Satoyama Satoumi in Minamiboso City and Oyama Senmaida in Kamogawa City 14:20-14:40 Toshihiko Nakamura(中村俊彦) (Laboratory of Forest Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo) Human activities enhancing biodiversity in Satoyama- Satoumi 14:40-15:00 Masahiro Sasako（笹子全宏） (Anbaya Satoyama Research Group) Activities of Anbaya Satoyama Research Group 15:00-15:20 Tea break Chairperson: Kuang-Chung Lee (李光中) 15:20-15:40 Chin-Chien Yang (楊景謙) (General manager, Neo-Space International Co. (Yehliu Geopark), Taiwan) The development of Yehliu local community and Yehliu Geopark 15:40-16:00 Yen-Tsung Pan(潘炎聰)(Yan- Chao Cultural Renaissance Association, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan) Cultural heritage preservation and local participation of Yenchao Badland Geopark 16:00-16:20 Jonathan Karkut* & Hiroyuki Kajihara(梶原宏之)**(*Touch TD Ltd, London E2, UK; **HI-GEM Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan) Approaches to ‘community engagement’ in geoparks – a comparative analysis of sites in Norway, Taiwan and Japan 16:20-16:40 Hui-Min Huang (黃惠敏) (環境運動者，反馬頭山事業廢棄物掩埋場自救會) How to reveal the multiple values of the land from the controversial Ma-Tou Hill Landfill Plan? 16:40-17:00 Yu-Dan Pan(潘鈺丹)*, Lien-Shang Wu(吳連賞)** (*國立高雄師範大學地理學系研究生，**國立高雄師範大學地理學系教授) The Challenge of Rural Development in Houbi District of Tainan City

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Venue 3: Michelangelo Hall(米開朗基羅廳) Theme 3: Landscape conservation, management of geoparks Chairperson: Ying San Liou (劉瑩三) 13:00-13:20 Theodore Brown (Fossa Magna Museum, Itoigawa Geopark Promotion Office) Conservation Efforts at a Major Fault Exposure in the Itoigawa UNESCO Global Geopark 13:20-13:40 Wen-Cheng Wang(王文誠) (Professor, Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) Changing Landscapes of Power: Opulence and the Urge for Geoparks 13:40-14:00 Yuan-Long Liao, **Chung-Ming Wang, *Kuang-Tsung Hsu, and **Kai H Hsieh(謝凱翔) (*Matsu National Scenic Area Administration, **Lienchiang County Government) A modified methodology used to evaluate travel ranking and helped geotravellers to make travel decision in Matsu geopark 14:00-14:20 Huong, N.T.T (Vietnam Center on Karst and Geoheritage, Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources) Current state and issues of networking on geoparks and natural heritage conservation in Viet Nam 14:20-14:40 Chi-Hsuan Chen, Wei-Chia Chu, Wan-Chi Chiang, Yu-Jen Chang and Jiin-Fa Lee (Central Geological Survey, MOEA, Taipei, Taiwan) Delineation and Future Prospects of Geoheritage Geologically Sensitive Areas 14:40-15:00 Ying San Liou(劉瑩三) and Yu Ling Liu (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Study, National DongHwa University) Study on Short-term Bare Ground Area Change of the Lichi Badland Geopark in Southeastern Taiwan 15:00-15:20 Tea break

Chairperson: Wen-Cheng Wang (王文誠) 15:20-15:40 Mitsuo Yoshimatsu(吉松三男) (Mine Akiyoshidai Geopark Geoguide) Revival of Doline Cultivation in Mine Akiyoshidai Geopark

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

15:40-16:00 Takuya Koike(小池拓矢) (Association for the Promotion of Shimokita Geopark) Beach Debris and Cleanup Activities in Shimokita Geopark 16:00-16:20 Michinori Kinoshita(木下道則) (NPO Genbudo Cave Guide Club) Our Practice and Results of Geo-Tourism, and our Supports to Other Areas for Guides’ Capacity Building 16:20-16:40 Yasumasa Asano(朝野泰昌) (Yumura Hot Springs, Japanese Ryokan-Style Hotel Asanoya CEO, San’in Kaigan Geopark Expert Guide) ‘Crustal Movement of Hotel Business’― To Become the Most Treasured Destinations, from Only the Place for the Stay the Night―Example at San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark 16:40-17:00 Noritaka Matsubara(松原典孝) (Graduate School of Regional Resource Management, University of Hyogo) Understanding of regional scientific importance by local Residents – In case of San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark Venue 4: Nietzsche Hall(尼采廳) Theme 4: Sustainable development, geological sensitive area, sustainable indicators, environmental education Chairperson: Tsung-Chiung Wu (吳宗瓊) 13:00-13:20 Keynote speech :Piotr Migoń (Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław) Geosites – for scientists, geotourists or general public? Dilemmas of selection and management 13:20-13:40 Keynote speech :Herve Regnauld and Patricia Limido (University of Rennes 2, France) Geopark and contemporary land art: the case of Digne Geopark, France 13:40-14:00 Ross Michael Pink (Dr., Lecturer, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Canada) Innovation and Education for Sustainable Development Survival 14:00-14:20 Cindy Choi (蔡慕貞)(Chairman of Association for Geoconservation, Hong Kong) Emerging scientific knowledge to enhance heritage protection and sustainable tourism – Dunhuang UNESCO

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Global Geopark 14:20-14:40 Tung-Lin Tai(戴東霖), Mien-Ming Chen (Environmental and Engineering Geology Division, Central Geological Survey, MOEA) The Evolution of Data on Landslide-Landslip Geologically Sensitive Area 14:40-15:00 Kaoru Kashima1,Ryozo Shiomi2, Yu Fukumoto3 and Tsuyoshi Haraguchi2 (1Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; 2Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka Japan; 3Ritusmeikan University, Kyoko, Japan) Two Huge Tsunami Disasters in 1960 and in 2011 at Kesennuma Bay, Tohoku, Japan --- Traces of Huge Tsunami Disasters in the Submarine Deposits at the Enclosed Bay along the Pacific Coast 15:00-15:20 Tea break Chairperson: Shew-Jiuan Su (蘇淑娟) 15:20-15:40 Derek Yue Tak, Tse (Eco Travel Limited, Hong Kong) Professional certification of Geotourism Interpretation 15:40-16:00 Huynh Thi Mai (Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Hanoi, Vietnam) Policy framework and support tools for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam 16:00-16:20 Yu-Feng Wong(翁裕峰) (Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan) Badlands tourism as community care for aging: a social innovative practice establishment 16:20-16:40 Tan Mei Cheung, Tammy (Eco Travel Limited, Hong Kong) A tour operator perspective on enhancing geoexperience through public-private collaboration 16:40-17:00 Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao, Le Anh Phuong (Vietnam Center on Karst and Geoheritage (VCKG)) Local knowledge of geoheritage values in Dong Van Karst plateau UNESCO global geopark and community engagement for conservation

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

地景與永續發展論壇及地質公園市集 Landscape and Sustainable Development Forum and Geopark Fair Apr. 20, 2019 (Saturday) 野柳地質公園 Yehliu Geopark 08:40-09:00 萬里國中迎賓表演及致詞(攤位廣場) Wanli High school Welcome party and Speech (Booth Square) 09:00-15:00 地質公園市集攤位展示 Geopark fair 09:00-10:30 地點 Place:野柳遊客中心 2 樓(2nd Floor, Yehliu Visitor Center) National Park Forum(國家公園論壇) 與談人 panelist：Kumagai Yoshitaka(Chair)、鄭凱方、Marc Hockings、Margot Böse 10:30-10:40 Coffee break 10:40-12:10 Geopark Forum(地質公園論壇) 與談人 panelist：Wen-Cheng Wang(王文誠) (Chair)、Cindy Choi、Wolfgang Eder、(Szu-hsien Lee)李思賢 12:10-13:30 午餐 Lunch Place: 2nd Floor, Yehliu Visitor Center 13:30-15:00 Sustainable Development Forum(永續發展論壇) 與談人 panelist：Shew-Jiuan Su (蘇淑娟) (Chair)、Yang, Ying-Chien (楊景謙)、Ngo Thi Thuy Huong 15:00-15:10 Tea break 15:10-16:40 Satoyama Initiative Forum(里山倡議論壇) 與談人 panelist：Kuang-Chung Lee(李光中) (Chair)、Shu- Huei Liu(劉淑惠)、Toshihiko Nakamura、Yukiko Konishi、 Kaoru Kashima 17:00-19:00 會議晚宴(限貴賓) Dinner by invitation 19:00-21:00 夜訪女王頭及音樂會(限貴賓) Visit the Queen’s Head and concert by invitation 108 年 4 月 21-22 日(Sunday) 8:00-18:00 Field Trip: Route1:North-easterm rocky coast:Visit Heping Island Park、Bitou, Longdong Geopark、Sanchajiao(1 day) Route2:Eastern Taiwan:Taroko National Park, Lichi Badland Geopark Route3:Kinmen National Park 108 年 4 月 23 日(Tuesday) 8:00-18:00 End the conference

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Map of conference venue

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Map of Yehliu Geopark

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

2019 國際地質公園市集 International Geopark Fair

Date：4/20, 2018 Time：09:00-15:00 Place： Yehliu Geopark 攤位編號 Number 單位名稱Agency name of Booth 1 雲嘉南濱海地質公園 Southwest coast Geopark 1 創意氣球 Creative balloon 2 和平島地質公園 Heping Island Geopark 2 鼻頭龍洞地質公園 Bitou-Longdong Geopark 3 燕巢悪地地質公園 Yenchao Badland Geopark 3 草嶺地質公園 Caoling Geopark 4 利吉悪地地質公園 Lichi Badland Geopark 4 東部海岸地質公園 Eastern Coast Geopark 5 馬祖地質公園 Matsu Geopark 5 澎湖海洋地質公園 Penghu Marine Geopark 6 彩繪紋身 Painted tattoo 6 服務台 Service desk 7 角色扮演 Cosplay 8 行政院農業委員會林務局 Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan Vietnan Geopark, HK Global geopark, Itoigawa Global GeoparK 8 臺灣地質公園學會 Geoparks Association of Taiwan 9 經濟部中央地質調查所 Central Geological Survey, MOEA 10 內政部營建署 Construction & Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior 陽明山國家公園 Yangmingshan National Park 10 雪霸國家公園 Shei-Pa National Park 11 台江國家公園 Taijiang National Park 11 高厝社區 GaoCuo Community 12 伊豆地質公園 Izu Geopark 13 淺間山北麓地質公園 Asama North Geopark 14 山陰海岸世界地質公園 San'in Kaigan Geopark 15 銚子地質公園 Choshi Geopark 16 下北地質公園 Shimokita Geopark 17 秋吉台地質公園 Akiyoshidai Geopark

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

‘You are so beautiful’ – Opportunities and Threats

for Landscapes: Values of Geoheritage and Geodiversity of Geoparks in Germany

Wolfgang Eder

Geoscience Centre, University Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D 37077 Goettingen, Germany. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

EXTENDED ABSTRACT 1. Geoparks and Geoheritage in Germany, national and international background Geoparks, as a new international ‘brand’, are best defined through the criteria and guidelines of the UNESCO Global Geoparks designation that forms since November 2015 one part of UNESCO's International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP). The German history of Geoparks and the protection of geo-related sites or areas mirrors the joint and sometimes turbulent international movement in Geoparks and Geoheritage (Eder & Bobrowsky, 2017). Nearly 30 years ago, a few geologists, palaeontologists, and environmental planners, including some German 'Geo-enthusiasts' (Ellger, 2017), recognized that conservation and development of significant geological and geomorphological sites and landscapes could provide a fundamental educational tool in our quest for understanding Earth, planets and life, as well as providing a promotional tool sustainable regional development. A national initiative of protecting (and defining the criteria) of German ‘Geotopes’ started in the 1990s (Look 1996). The earliest use of the term ‘Geopark’ in Germany dates back to 1989 when 'Geo-Pfad' (Geo-Trail) and 'Geo-Park' were used as synonyms by geologists and planners at Gerolstein, Eifel/Germany (friendly communication by Marie-Luise Frey). 1993 the Austrian geologists Lutz H. Kreutzer and Hans-Peter Schönlaub proposed the mountain ‘Wendelstein’ in the Bavarian Alps as a ‘Geo-Park' (Kreutzer 1993), and in same year the first 'real' Geopark in Germany was established in the Eifel region (Frey 1993). The 1984 inauguration of the ‘Parc Géologique de Haute Provence' in France, initiated by Guy Martini set the stage for many followers. Establishing geo-related inventories and assessing the geoscientific value of sites started in the late 1980s and under the

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development leadership of John Cowie (UK), geoscientists of the UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP community began in 1989 to compile and identify, country by country, the most important sites, in order to establish a ‘Global Indicative List of Geological Sites‘(GILGES) (Cowie 1991). This highly ambitious and commendable challenge remained incomplete; it was later taken up under the guidance of Bill Wimbledon by the then active IUGS-Working Group ‘Geosites’, aiming mainly at conservation (Wimbledon 1996), and a successor project of the ‘European Association for the Conservation of Geological Heritage’ (ProGEO) (see Wimbledon & Brilha 2005). Apart from these inventory works, a significant global societal breakthrough in Geoheritage was reached through the 1991 ‘Digne Declaration on the Rights of the Memory of the Earth’. ProGEO’s Working Group, under the guidance of Guy Martini, highlighted the global value of geology, geodiversity and geoconservation for the society (see Martini 1992). Taking this into account, UNESCO’s former Division of Earth Sciences explored since 1994 the possibilities to create a global network of selected, geoheritage-related territories by offering its international umbrella for the numerous existing, but diverse national efforts in promoting the knowledge of the Earth (Eder, 1999). At the 30th International Geological Congress (Beijing 1996) a UNESCO Workshop on 'Geological Heritage and Geosites/Geoparks' was organized by the author and Mechtild Rössler (by the time both at UNESCO), Paul Dingwall (New Zealand) and Zhao Xun (China, Secretary General of the 30th IGC): An innovative (but sometimes perceived as too popular and 'un-scientific') undertaking was therefore on its way. 2. Geoparks in Germany, Geodiversity and Geoconservation The following short overview bases on texts published in a brochure on German Geoparks (Wrede, 2014), a paper of Christof Ellger (2017) and documents of the German UNESCO Commission that highlight a new chapter the German Global Geoparks are dealing with: the implementation of the 'Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals' (SDGs). Currently, in early 2018, six German Geoparks are classified as UNESCO Global Geopark, and another ten are acknowledged as 'National Geopark'. Altogether they are representing and protecting Germany's rich geodiversity at its best, reaching from the (latest) ice aged formed Northern German Lowlands, over the Mesozoic and Paleozoic low mountain ranges to the Alpine forelands and the Alps. The Geoparks are witnessing the geodynamic forces of nature in course of the history of the Earth that sculptured the landscape for millions of years - and are still active today. "The continents of Africa and Europe collide, pushing upwards the Alps, and young rifts, like the Rhine Graben, dissect Europe, where the continent will perhaps break apart in the distant future. Today, consequences of the geological development for mankind are more current than

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development ever: Agriculture and forestry depend on soil conditions, drinking water from the subsurface is our most vital commodity, the industry relies on energy and mineral resources, and last but not least, people seek recreation in the great outdoors. The German geoparks provide important lessons for the present and the future by touring to high rising cliffs and deep caves and the treasure troves of the Earth. Each of the German geoparks is different, like the landscape they represent, each opens a window to new exciting experiences in the world below our feet" (Wrede 2014). a) Geo- Nature Park Bergstrasse-Odenwald The beautifully diverse landscape of the Geo-Nature Park Bergstrasse-Odenwald covers an area of 3,500 km² between Messel Pit UNESCO World Heritage Site (near Darmstadt) in the north, the Rhine Valley in the West and the Odenwald to the edge of the 'Muschelkalk'-Bauland Region in the East and the Neckar Valley (Heidelberg) in the South. Cliffs of crystalline rocks, granites or sandstones and limestones of the Trias represent 500 million years of geological history and are combined with an old history of Culture, related to Romans and tales of the Nibelungs. Selected projects on sustainability in consumption, education and international cooperation are related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 12 'Responsible Consumption and Production', 4 'Quality Education' and 17 'Partnership for the Goals'. b) Geopark Harz - Braunschweiger Land - Ostfalen Within the borders of the 9.800 km² Geopark a dense concentration of often protected 'Geotopes' (Geosites) provide through their extraordinary diversity insights into all periods of the Earth's history. Significant 'Geotopes' and natural formations or cultural monuments serve as key 'landmarks' or 'geopoints' that help to structure the largest German Geopark and guide the visitors. The Harz Mountains are distinguished by over 1.000 years of mining. In the Braunschweig region Permian salt structures form a unique landscape with numerous deposits (iron ore, lignite, salt, oil). The cultural heritage of the region (World Heritage sites in Goslar, Rammelsberg mining, the Upper Harz Water Management System, Eisleben and Quedlinburg, the imperial cathedral in Königslutter, the Schöningen spears, the imperial palace in Werla) is closely linked to the geological conditions representing some 500 million years of Earth's history. Sustainable tourism, geo-education and conservation of ecosystems are guiding principles of projects related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 8 'Decent Work and Economic Growth', 13 'Climate Action' and 15 'Life on Land'.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Fig. 1: Geoparks of Germany, 2018

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development c) GeoPark Muskau Arch/Luk Muzakowa From a geological point of view, the UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Arch is a precious example of the younger earth’s history and its unconsolidated sediments. Only about 350,000 years ago, the unique landscape was shaped by the Elsterian Ice Age. Covered by quaternary and tertiary soft sediments, the area on both sides of the german- polish border river Neisse provides an imposing insight, specifically, into the younger phase of rock formation.. The forces of nature released during the ice age formed the landscape of the cross- border German-Polish Geopark 'Muskau Arch/Luk Muzakowa (pronounced: Wu:g Muschakowa).The deeply shaped subsurface provides the basis for the industrial and raw resources (lignite) history that has been ongoing since centuries. One gains magical insight into the present fascinating cultural landscape on well developed bicycle paths, in numerous landscape parks and on educational geo-trails. Sustainable tourism, cross-border geo-education and conservation of ecosystems are some principles of projects related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 4 'Quality Education', 9 'Innovation of Infrastructures', 13 'Protect the Planet' and 16 'Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions'. d) Geopark Swabian Alb The Swabian Alb runs right across the south of Germany from the river Rhine in the southwest to the Nördlinger Ries in the northeast. Where one now sees mountains up to 1000 m in height forming the central part of the Jura mountain range stretching from Switzerland to Franconia, there used to be a tropical sea in primeval times. This sea ebbed and flowed and had coral reefs, extensive beaches, palm ferns and gingko trees. This is the beginning of the exciting story of the Swabian Alb which takes us back to the end of the Keuper period 200 million years ago. The Swabian Alb with its world-famous fossil sites is not only a rock-made history book of the Jurassic Period, but also the region with the most caves in Germany. It forms a karst landscape that was formed over millions of years with unique fossil deposits, volcanic craters, a spectacular meteor impact - and the oldest art pieces of mankind. 26 Geopark Infocenters provide material on groundwater, health or sustainable development that are components of projects related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 6 'Clean Water and Sanitation', 4 'Quality Education', and 3 'Good Health and Well-Being'. e) Nature- and Geopark TERRA.vita TERRA.vita UNESCO Global Geopark is located in north-western Germany in the transitional zone between the northern lowlands and the north-western hill country,

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development approximately 100 kilometers from the North Sea coast and some 35 kilometers east of the Dutch border. 'Terra' stands for Earth, 'vita' for life and the story of life. On the slopes of the Teutoburg Forest, the Wiehen Mountains and the Ankum Heights the past becomes alive. The diversity of this landscape lies in the long history: From the dinosaur footprint tracks at Bad Essen to the Dörenther cliffs, from the Porta Westfalica to the Ankum Heights - 300 million years of geological history are waiting to be discovered. A nearly complete stratigraphic record of the past 300 Million years of earth history is exposed, ranging from the Upper Carboniferous up to Holocene. Finally ice age glaciers gave the territory the shape that we see today, including a huge end-moraine structure in the northern part. Beside this record of events, some extraordinary sites are of international significance. For example, the Piesberg Mountain: well known as a source for carboniferous fossils of outstanding scientific value. Water and health, sustainable education and tourism, and clean energy are guiding elements of projects related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 3 'Good Health and Well-Being', 4 'Quality Education', and 7 'Affordable and Clean Energy'. f) Geopark Vulkaneifel - Volcanic Country Eifel A region where distinctive traces have been left behind by the fire from the depth of the Earth stretches across the Eifel with about 2,200 km² between the River Rhine in the east and the Belgian border to the west. Dramatic events including violent explosions and fire spewing forth from the depths of the earth have blown holes in the planet‘s surface and created mountains in the Vulkaneifel. Up until 10,000 years ago the volcanoes here still gave off smoke and most recently the Ulmen Maar was formed – Germany‘s youngest volcano. Volcanic activity hasn’t completely disappeared, it‘s just taking a little break, waiting patiently for the next eruption. Nevertheless the legacy has been impressive: some 350 small and large volcanoes, maars, lava flows and countless mineral and carbon dioxide springs. Yet the natural history of the Vulkaneifel offers even more: red sandstones, tropical reefs (of the Devonian) and powerful sea deposits tell of both peaceful and tumultuous times over the past 400 million years. Themes like sustainable education, energy and climate change, protection of the Planet as well as international knowledge transfer are crucial points of projects related to Agenda 2030 SDGs 4 'Quality Education', 13 'Climate Action' and 17 'Partnerships for the Goals'. 3. Geo-Conservation and Promotion of Abiotic Values in Germany's Geoparks All German Geoparks are engaged in the protection of geo-related features, landscapes and resources, but they are not the single most important instrument for preserving the 25

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development geoheritage for present and future generations. In contrast to UNESCO's World Heritage and MAB-Programmes, or other agreements like the UN-Convention on Biological Diversity or the Ramsar Convention, Geoparks are not subject to an international convention, they are policy based under the General Conference of UNESCO. Nevertheless, selected key geodiversity-sites within German Geoparks are already - and should further be protected - under local, regional or national legislation as appropriate in cooperation and respecting the aspects of biodiversity. “It is true that the conservation of abiotic values will also support important biotic values, but, in conservation biodiversity figures most prominently because it is deemed to be less robust and more vulnerable to extinction than the geology” (Chris Wood 2011, oral comment). One of the general principles of the Geoparks concept is, apart from education and conservation, the focus on sustainable development, including sites that represent landscape elements rather than small geological outcrops. This landscape approach is integrating biotic and abiotic Earth heritage conservation (Weighell 2000) and underpins that geoconservation and geological heritage implicitly express the importance of earth history to our cultural heritage (Gray 2013). The history of mining and quarrying tells stories and a lot about the cultural, architectural and socio-economic development of landscapes and fights among nations. “The memory of our planet is possibly the greatest story of all” (McKeever 2013). Historical mining sites constitute a reminder that human kind would not have evolved to its current status without the material derived from the Earth.

Also in Germany spectacular geomorphologic landscapes, partly representing catastrophic events (like rock falls or meteorite impacts), and regions with special geological features, quarries or engineering and mining sites (like canals, ore or lignite pits) are becoming increasingly recognized as critical areas to conserve the unique geoscientific aspects they represent as well as places to enjoy and learn about the science and history of our planet and humankind. References

COWIE JW (1991) Report of Task Force meeting, Paris, France, February 1991, UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Working Group on Geological and Paleobiological Sites. UNESCO, IUGS, IGCP, IUCN; IUGS Secretariat, Trondheim, Norway. EDER W (1999) UNESCO Geoparks – A new initiative for protection and sustainable development of the Earth’s heritage. N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont., Abh., v.214(1/2), pp.353- 358, Stuttgart. EDER W & BOBROWSKY P (2017) 20 Years of Promotion of Earth Sciences 26

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through Geoparks and World Heritage Sites. 2017 Int. Geopark Conference Taiwan, pp. 41-63, Taipei. ELLGER C (2017) Geoparks in a two-tier national-global framework: the German experience. 2017 Int. Geopark Conference Taiwan, Proceedings, pp. 71-81, Taipei. GRAY M (2013) Geodiversity. Valuing and conserving abiotic nature, 2nd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 508 pp. KREUTZER LH (1993) Panorama in die Urzeit - Der Geo-Park Wendelstein. 112 pp., Geol BA Wien, München 1993 LOOK ER (Chief Editor) (1996) Geotopschutz in Deutschland – Leitfaden der Geologischen Dienste der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn-Bad Godesberg. MARTINI G (1992) The Digne symposium on the conservation of our geological heritage. Earth Science Conservation 30: 3-4 MCKEEVER P (2013) Memory of the Earth. A World of Science, Vol. 11, 3, 4-13, UNESCO, Paris. WEIGHELL T (AJ) (2000) (Main Editor) UNESCO Geoparks Programme - Feasibility Study. 137 pp., UNESCO, Paris. WIMBLEDON WAP (1996) Geosites – a new conservation initiative. Episodes, v.19(3), pp.87-88, IUGS, Nottingham. WIMBLEDON WAP & BRILHA JB (2005) Report of the IV International Symposium ProGEO on the Conservation of Geological Heritage. World Geoparks Newsletter, v.3 (2005/2006), pp.6-8, Beijing. WREDE V (2014) Geoparks in Germany - Experience Germany's Geological History, preface, pp. 3-4, brochure, AG Geoparks in Deutschland, DGG, Hannover.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

New initiatives for conservation of nature – The

IUCN Green List and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures.

Marc Hockings

Emeritus Professor, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas

ABSTRACT IUCN has been instrumental in developing two new initiatives to support effective conservation of nature. The IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas is the first global standard of best practice for area-based conservation. It is a programme of certification for protected and conserved areas – national parks, natural World Heritage sites, community conserved areas, nature reserves and other protected and conserved areas. The IUCN Green List Standard addresses four themes: good governance, sound design and planning, effective management, and positive conservation outcomes. The Green List Standard provides an international benchmark for quality that motivates improved performance and achievement of conservation objectives. By committing to meet the IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas global Standard, site managers seek to demonstrate and maintain performance and deliver real nature conservation results. A definition and guidelines for recognising Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) was adopted at the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Sharm El Sheik in November 2018. This follows years of work by IUCN to develop guidance on recognizing and reporting on OECMs. OECMs are not protected areas but sites that are managed in such a way that they deliver effective conservation outcomes. They offer a range of new opportunities for delivering conservation and can now be recognised for their contribution to global conservation targets.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Land use control of private-owned land in national

parks in Japan

Keiji Nakajima Director, National Parks Awareness Center, Edogawa University, Japan

ABSTRACT Japan’s National Park System was established in 1931, adopting the concept of the United States National Park System. However, its management system is quite different from that in the U.S. In principle, the U.S. national park areas are owned by the Federal Government, but in the case of Japan, federally-owned land is very small; therefore, some regulations by a zoning system and imposing some duties on the landowners are applied to control excessive land development and misuse. But since the Constitution guarantees property rights of the land owners, the Ministry of the Environment must carefully handle the balance between property rights and land use control for national park conservation and for public welfare.

In fact, many other laws also apply to this system for land use control in Japan. Some examples are land use control by City Planning Law, forest reserves by the Forestry Law, and Natural Monuments Conservation System. That is, some rights of land use are restricted and some duties are imposed regardless of land-ownership rights in conformity with the public welfare.

This concept led to the introduction of a zoning system for the National Park system in Japan. Currently one fourth of the total national park land is designated as Special Protection Area and Protection Area I. These areas are strictly controlled and are not allowed to have any development in principle. However, these designated areas are mostly Federal and Prefectural forests as well as land owned by temples and shrines. Meanwhile, by coincidence, one fourth of the park areas are under private-ownership and it is difficult to designate the area under Special Protection and Protection Areas I because of the consideration of property rights. As of 2018, the area solely used for parks in private land is 〇〇 % of the total national park area.

Application of the zoning system helped to make it possible to establish 34 national parks in Japan, and in case of excessive restriction on private land, the government allows tax reduction or land purchase to ease the tension of the land

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development owners.

This idea fits Japan, whose land is small with dense population. As a result, 5.8% of the total national land area is designated as national parks. This figure exceeds the 2.5% of the case in the U.S. In this context, national parks in Japan have contributed to nature conservation of the land in Japan.

However, regardless of this zoning system for managing national parks, in reality, many problems still exist, mainly because the Ministry of the Environment does not have complete control of the land due to multiple land use of the parks. In fact, within the parks, not only park facilities but also other facilities and urban and regional communities still exist and the park management policies are always the products of negotiation and compromise.

In the future, this complexity of land use in national parks and natural parks must be improved and furthermore, it is important to expand more areas for park purposes only and to construct well-equipped park facilities.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

National Park in Japan

Kumagai Yoshitaka

Director, Institute for Asian Studies and Regional Collaboration; Akita International University, Japan ABSTRACT

National Park system in Japan was established in 1931, followed by designation of three national parks in 1934. Thirty-one national parks have been added since then. At present, 34 national parks are located throughout Japan, from the northern semi- tundra region of Hokkaido to the subtropical region of Okinawa. Rationales of the establishment of Japanese National Park system were to conserve magnificent landscapes/seascapes and to generate revenue through promoting tourism mainly targeting foreign tourists. In those days, transportation systems to access to parks and accommodations within parks were developed. As time goes by, many prefectures have wanted parks in their respective regions to be designated as national parks in order to vitalize local economy and to be recognized domestically and internationally. The way a government agency (currently the Ministry of Environment) manages national parks has been changing as public expectations, economic conditions, and global political situations change. Again, the management focus in the early phase was to conserve magnificent landscapes and seascapes. The next management emphasis was to conserve natural ecosystems in the parks. Then preserving rare and endangered flora and fauna within national parks has become an important management focus. Maintaining biological diversity has been an important aspect of the national park management in Japan since the government ratified several international agreements such as Convention of Biological Diversity under the United Nations. Recently, a somewhat interesting idea has been suggested by the cabinet of Japanese government. That is, promoting tourism for inbound tourists in national parks. Consequently, the Ministry of Environment has taken an initiative to discuss how to improve visitor satisfaction for inbound tourists. Development luxurious hotels and lodges in selected national parks has been discussed. Providing comfortable and enjoyable services for inbound tourists has also been considered. Historical view of Japanese national parks as well as their management shift will be discussed in this presentation.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Research in the Geopark “Eiszeitland am Oderrand”

(Ice age landscape along the Oder valley) in Northeastern Germany

Margot Böse & Jacob Hardt

Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin

ABSTRACT The Geopark is located in northeast Germany, in a landscape formed by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. The typical glacial landforms like end moraines, outwash plains, glaciofluvial valleys, till plains, and tongue basins are hosting lakes, mires, forests and farmland. The preservation and good visibility of the landforms has been the main reason to classify the area as a Geopark. The Geopark includes the Schorfheide-Chorin UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (1291km2) with the UNESCO Natural Heritage forest of Grumsin. The Geopark is not only subject for geotourism but also for research. Some geomorphological features were studied in detail by geochronological methods. The dating of the end moraines by Surface Exposure Dating of erratic boulders as well as of the related outwash cones by Optically Stimulated Luminescence gave evidence that the very distinct end moraines are related to an ice advance during the global LGM (MIS 2) at about 20ka. Distinct geomorphological units of the ice margin and its meltwaters have been studied and re- evaluated by a LiDAR based DEM in combination with sedimentary studies in outcrops. The results gave new and detailed information about the various relief forming processes. Educational field practices with students have given additional information about sedimentary sequences and the use of natural resources such as quarrying and the use of erratics in historical time. Recently very special halokinetic features, formed after the deglaciation, have been detected and interpreted in relation to glacigenic and periglacial landforms such as dune fields. Correspondence: [email protected]

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Poetry in the Landscape: the Community-based

Conservation of Kenting National Park

Kuei-Jen Hsieh

Senior Contract Interpreter, Kenting National Park Headquarters

ABSTRACT Kenting National Park abounds natural resources and magnificent scenery. Since its inception in 1984, the Kenting National Park Headquarters aims at dedicating to the conservation of natural resources and landscapes. However, for a better effective practice, the governance of conservation requires cooperation with the local communities. Since 2004, the Headquarters has promoted community-based ecotourism and empowered locals with the concept of resource conservation. The locals can therefore change the way they employ natural resources, such as a hunter becoming an interpreter. Since 2009, natural resource management partnership has been established to conduct biological habitat monitoring and patrols by the local communities, and therefore to implement community-based conservation. In the Kenting area, nowadays, local communities have engaged to the landscape by patrolling natural resources and guiding environmental education, which has entailed national park having an alternative landscape. When the people who long-term dwelling in the region have spontaneously learned to protect their land, we therefore find out the most beautiful poetry in the landscape. Key words: Kenting National Park, Community-based Conservation, ecotourism, habitat monitoring.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

National Park interpreters respond to environmental education and the promotion of conservation work --- the case of Tataka wildlife

Li-Min Yin and Liang-Li Liu

Yushan National Park Headquarter; Tourism and Hospitality Management, Kainan University ABSTRACT We received a subsidy from the Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, in September 2010, and are designated to the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona for one-month training. For further understanding of interpretation work and the hope to implement the concept of [my park] after the training, we should be only by truly aware of the environmental resources to get on a better development in the narration and conservation work. In addition, in accordance with “The Environmental Education Act and Regulations” on June 5, 2011, the Tataka Visitor Center, Yushan National Park, was accredited of environmental education facilities on December 20, 2012 to now. The first thing is to enhance the ecological knowledge for national park interpreters and volunteers in 2007 and 2008, we scheduled to train the unique macaque volunteers and the 15th volunteers in more knowledge about macaque biology and the conflict between monkey and human, and then assist the programme of environmental education. Secondly, we have surveyed the frequency of macaque occurrence and recorded their behaviors in the 18th Taiwan Provincial Road (LiangLi Liu, 2009). From 2012 to 2018, another survey on the probability of meeting wild animals was conducted through the hiking at dusk. The basic ecological information developed the resources for interpretation, and the relevant work became the theme of environmental education in wildlife. Thirdly, 3 themes (Aria of Tataka, Monkey with You, Bears love Yushan) of environmental education have been executed 107 times, and 2,903 people participated in 18 months during 2016-2017, and the analysis of the questionnaire was found that tourists on the theme of animals or native species can always show greater interest. Because the survey for appearance of wildlife at dusk accumulated over 3,000 times in 1,000 days from 2012 to 2018, we analyzed the data and published 3 picture books in 2016-2018, there were 『Pretending the Muntjac』,『Luck on Red head- Mikado Pheasant』, and『Stay for Rat- Tawny Owl』. Those books could be used as the nature observation for visitors and the ecological information for volunteers in the programme of environmental education and conservation. Besides, over 10 media and press reported to the genenal pubic during these 3 years. The area of Tataka Visitor Center covers 82.2 hectares, accounting for about 0.9% of Yushan National Park. It has been the most tourist location in the park for decades 34

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(especially after the Typhoon Morakot ), and the number of visitors has been increased for seven years (Yushan Annual Report 2012-2017), nearly two hundred thousand tourists in 2018, and the Tataka area is the most stressful area in Yushan. Even so, the 8-year "dusk survey” found that the visibility of wild animals, such as Reeves's Muntjac, Mikado Pheasant, Formosan Yellow-throated Marten, and Formosan Sambar, seems to increase or wildlife has accepted the impact of visitors. Therefore, long-term observation for environmental changes between tourists and wildlife is necessary. We hope to find out the best time for wildlife observation in the Tataka area and to give tourists the best field experience. We also like to enrich the theme of environmental education for colleagues and volunteers of Yushan National Park, and implement the national park conservation work.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The effect of forest type on trophic interaction: the

case of tits and their prey

Ming-Tang Shiao

Shei-Pa National Park Headquarters

ABSTRACT Forest type determines structure components in a forested mountain landscape, but also influences interactions between trophic levels. Here, we analyzed the relationship between breeding traits of the Green-backed tit and the abundance of its prey, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae and spiders, in mixed-oak forest and cedar plantation in subtropical Taiwan. Arboreal larvae and spiders were measured using tree- shaking method from five tree species, including two evergreen oaks (Mori oak and caudate-leaved chinkapin) and one deciduous alder (Formosan alder) in the broadleaf habitat and two cedars (Japanese cedar and Taiwan cedar) in the coniferous habitat. Deciduous alder supported a high larval biomass peak in early spring, dominated by noctuid and sawfly larvae, while the 2 oaks had later, lower peaks. The diversity of trees in the broadleaf habitat supported a broader food peak overall that spiked in early spring and gradually declined. In contrast, the coniferous habitat had a lower larval biomass that increased slightly over the season and included a high percentage of hairy lithosiines. In addition, spider abundance was richer on the coniferous trees than on the broadleaf trees. Habitat-specific prey availability affected nestling condition. First- brood nestlings from the coniferous habitat were lighter than those from the broadleaf habitat because fewer larvae would be available as food for birds. Because the timing of birds’ breeding and the abundance of their prey vary with spring temperature, long- term studies on inter-annual variation in larval abundance and birds’ foraging responses could provide insights into potential ecological consequences of phenological shifts between trophic levels in subtropical montane forests under future warming. Keywords: breeding trait, Green-backed tit, Lepidoptera larvae, phenology, spider

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Explore mountain hiking motivation cross-culturally:

The case of national park and world heritage site in Asia Pacific

Chieh-Lu Li*, Kuo-Chung Liao*, Bagkall Haivangang**, Thomas E. Jones*** and Yutaka Nakajima****

*Department of Tourism, Recreation and Leisure Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; **Yushan National Park Headquarter , Taiwan ***Environment and Development Cluster, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, Japan ****Japan Travel Bureau Foundation, Tokyo, Japan ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare hiker motivation among Fujisan, Japan, Mount. Kinabalu, Malaysia and Yushan, Taiwan. In 2015 and 2017, hikers to Fujisan, Kinabalu and Yushan were surveyed. Fujisan (3,776m), Kinabalu (4,095m) and Yushan (3,952m) are the highest mountain in Japan, Malaysia and Taiwan, respectively. Moreover, Fujisan was designated by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage site in 2013 and Kinabalu designated as a World Natural Heritage site in 2000. These three were selected to represent the unique nature of the mountain hiker samples among countries. An on-site sampling approach was employed in the visitor survey. The researchers stayed at the trail head, i.e., fifth station of the Yoshida trail head in Japan, Sutera Sanctuary Lodges in Malaysia and Paiyun Lodge in Taiwan, and asked if visitors encountered were willing to take a 10-15 minute survey. Overall, 821 useful surveys were obtained for comparison, of which 238 from Fujisan, 192 from Kinabalu and 391 from Yushan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to reduce the motivation data and explore interpretable dimensions in the context of mountain tourism and recreation. A 4-factor solution was obtained. The first factor had 5 items and was named nature and culture, the second factor had 5 items and was named self-challenge, the third factor contained 4 items and was named social, and the fourth factor with 2 items and named partner. These 4 factors/16 items measured motivation possessed acceptable validity and reliability. Using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method, the results showed there were motivation differences among hikers. For example, the Kinabalu hikers tended to agree the aforementioned 4 motivation factors. In contrast, Fujisan hikers were less likely to agree these 4 motivation factors. The findings have implications for management. Managers may tailor their services to enhance the visitor satisfaction based on the diverse backgrounds of their hikers. Discussion and suggestions for future research of this line are also provided. Keywords: Motivation, national park, world heritage site, cross-cultural, mountain tourism and recreation Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The Conservation of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra)

and The Environmental Changes Huang, Zih-Jyuan Kinmen National Park

ABSTRACT The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is listed as near threatened species in IUCN, and is also an endangered species in the Wildlife Conservation Act in Taiwan. Currently, their stable population is only found in Kinmen within all area around Taiwan and mainland coastal areas. Therefore, the study and conservation of its population in Kinmen is critical to the survival of this species. Since established in 1995, the Kinmen National Park has been conducting several kinds of researches on Eurasian otters, regarding its conservation and the habitats. For instance, in 1997, ‘A survey on Mammal Fauna along Coastal Areas of Kinmen;’ in 2000, ‘Investigation and Study on the population of Eurasian Otters in Kinmen Area;’ from 2013 to 2015,‘The Survey of Distribution Change and Population Ecology of Eurasian Otters in Kinmen;’ from 2016 to 2017, ‘Improvement, construction, and monitoring assessment of habitat environment of indicator species- Eurasian otters.’ After conducting years of fieldwork survey, and analyzing the scat of Eurasian otters with molecular techniques to track the distribution of otter population, they are able to use the results as the basis for planning habitat improvement strategies. The Eurasian otter is highly sensitive to the damage and pollution within its habitats, therefore environmental monitoring is an important indicator. In recent years, the landscape in Kinmen has changed rapidly due to the economic development; thus, diminished the wild environment. In order to provide a suitable habitat for the Eurasian otter, the Kinmen National Park turn their research results into actual actions. Actions include removing Common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes mart. Solms), and setting artificial ladder corridor, which improve the water habitat of the Eurasian otter and strengthen the accessibility of corridors. By setting up infrared automatic cameras in those areas, the monitoring results later show that proper habitat organization can attract otters to move into the area, and has positive impacts on otters interaction and moving activities. Furthermore, with the awareness of the Eurasian otter conservation arises, the Kinmen. Kinmen National Park also strengthen their staff training program and hold educational activities to disseminate information about the conservation of Eurasian otters. Key word: Kinmen, Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), conservation

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Identify the change of the landscape of Yangmingshan

from the old images

Jia-Feng Lin

Senior Contract Interpreter, Yangmingshan National Park Headquarters

ABSTRACT Reproduce the memory of the "Yangmingshuwu" and review the wonderful story of Zhongxing Guesthous Zhongxing Guesthouse is completed in 1975. The president Chiang Kai-shek set up a place to replace the Grass Mountain Chateau and to receive foreign guests.After president Chiang Kai-shek past away in 1975 the Zhongxing Guesthouse was Being idle for a period of time. Since 1979, Zhongxing Guesthouse has stopped hosting foreign guests. Zhongxing Guesthouse got a new mission to save the file( Chiang Kai-shek file).The surrounding camps were converted into a space for storing the history of the KMT party. Therefore, this scope is called "Yangmingshuwu".The use of the "Yangmingshuwu" is divided into two stages: the Party History Association of KMT(1979-1997) and the National Park (1997-present). In these 50 years, Zhongxing Guesthouse is a space record, and the stories that have occurred during the period are waiting to be discovered. Keywords: Yangmingshuwu, Yangmingshan, President Chiang Kai-shek

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The environmental changes of Coral Reefs in the

Dongsha Atoll National Park Cheng-Hsien Chuang Chief of Conservation and Research Section, Marine National Park Headquarters

ABSTRACT The massive coral bleaching event caused by the SST anomalies in 1998 severely impacted the coral reef ecosystem in the Dongsha Atoll. In order to protect and restore the coral reef ecosystem, the Dongsha Atoll National Park was designated in 2007, and the national park headquarters began its environmental survey and ecosystem monitoring. The result of previous years indicates that the corals in the lagoon area showed a gradual recovery trend, and the coral coverage and species diversity increased gradually. Coral functional groups and coverage with an average of more than 60% are better outside the atoll. Although the coral coverage in the lagoon has gradually recovered, the survey data shows that it is close to the standard of healthy coral reefs (50%). However, the composition of coral community has changed. The pressure-resistant corals dominate the lagoon area, and the coral recovery in some areas is slow, which indirectly affects the function of the entire marine ecosystem. To sum up, the coral reef ecosystem of Dongsha Atoll has high diversity and conservation value in terms of coral coverage and functional groups, which are in a healthy or good status. The cluster and MDS analysis of coral community show that the coral community in the inner and outer atolls can be divided into two different groups, which may be related to the differences in environmental factors, such as the hydrological environment. Besides, we recorded the damage by the typhoon during 2016 to 2018, and it caused significant losses of the coral coverage. The global environmental change also has an impact on the seagrass bed of Dongsha. The remote sensing image was used to analyze the change of seagrass area in Dongsha atoll, and we observed the massive disappearance of seagrass bed in the northern reef from June to September in 2014, and the area was about 25 square kilometers. According to the threats and recession factors of the world seagrass bed, the decline might be caused by several reasons, such as hydrology, dune drift, sewage discharge, sediment accumulation, seawater warming, biological feeding, climate anomaly, chronic oxygen deficiency, high sulfide concentration in pore water, dredging, poaching, and etc. However, the resent study of seagrass bed in the Dongsha Atoll suggests that the recession is mainly related to climate anomalies.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

An exploration of landscape change and people

migration in Taijiang

Chien-Chih Wang

Chief of Conservation and Research Section, Taijiang National Park Headquarters

ABSTRACT The area of Taijiang National Park was one of the main entrances of Taiwan immigrants from Mainland China. Taijiang had been an inner sea where people engaged in fishing and sailed away in the west coastal area of Taiwan; however, the formation of the huge reclaimed land resulted in significant changes in Taijiang region, including the migration of people from nearby regions, and diverse industries such as salt industry, fish farming, and dry farming. This area was a part of ocean 400 years ago and initially became an important trade spot in Taiwan under the Dutch period. Life in Taijiang has been relatively hard for residents due to limitations of environmental conditions and specific economic-social effects resulting from the reclaimed land. This study is divided into two parts: we explore the changes of name places in the Taijiang area in the Zengwen River based on the investigation of archives as well as old maps from the 17th century to the present. Second, we conducted fieldwork in this area and attempted to map out an ethnographic account from many in-depth interviews with local people regarding place names. This research findings are presented as follows: first, the old maps in the 17th century Indicated many place names were named by westerners such as Tayuan, Taijiang, Luermen, Kunshen and so forth. In the Ching Dynasty, some new place names appeared like Yancheng, which reflected the development of business activities in this area at that time. Second, there are several categories for naming the places from our research. They were based upon the classification of business, landscapes, temples, origins of immigrants, the types of community, ways of life, main surname of the community, names of the plants, official bureau, and local legends. Finally, we did not find any evidence of aboriginal place names in this area. This is probably because the entrance of Han immigrants from the seventeenth century got rid of most place names memorized by aboriginal people. Also, this study can provide more specific research topics regarding place names such as business, colonial history, and ethnicity among peoples.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Conflict management between recreation and

landscape conservation --a case study of Lime Cave management in Shoushan National Natural Park Yi-Ming Tsai Associate Engineer, Shoushan National Natural Park Provisional Office

1. Introduction Shoushan National Nature Park includes abundant areas with high coral reef, which is made by limestone and likely to form rock seams, canyons, and caves, due to the chemical weathering. The special scenes in limestone caves, such as the cave terrain, stalactite, and stalagmite, attracted people to explore the caves in Shoushan National Nature Park. The exploring of the limestone cave has begun since 1989, the timing that some restricted military areas of Shoushan Fortress released for tourists to travel or rest. However, the previous management unit of this area never monitor the cave environments or limit the cave-exploring activity. The goal of providing an eco-tourism service of the high-coral-reef landscape to tourists was mentioned in the plan Shoushan National Nature Park, which was published in 2011. To achieve such a goal and to protect the high-coral-reef landscape as well as to perform scientific research and provide educational services, Shoushan National Nature Park started to commission professional institutes to investigate, study and analyze the environments of limestone caves since 2012, and organized multiple meetings or forums to promote utilizing limestone caves as educational material of geology, since 2014.

2. Background of the environments of limestone caves 2.1. Geological environment Shoushan National Nature Park includes the areas of Ban-Ping mountains, Large Guishan mountains, Small Guishan mountains, Shoushan mountains, and Cihoushan mountains. These areas are the major hills in Kaohsiung alluvial plain, mainly composed by the limestone (upper layer) and mudstone (lower layer). Due to the effects of weathering, erosion, and soil deposition, various scenes of different scales are formed or left in these areas, such as the valleys, cliffs, slopes, rocks, caves, geological sections, ruins in mining areas and historical sites. Lifting effects of neotectonics broke and collapsed the limestone, which is a terrain layer above mudstone with a soft texture, and formed limestone caves, valleys, cliffs, and rocks. 42

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A schematic diagram showing the geological process that formed terrains in Shoushan National Nature Park Shoushan mountains include most of the areas and caves of Shoushan National Nature Park. Most caves are formed by the break and collapse of limestone, majorly observed in drainage divides and slopes on the mountains. Some caves extended to the north-east direction, which is the same as the direction of the geological structure of this area. Some caves extended to the north (Tienyu Tientsai Cave) or east (Male Chicken Cave and North Peak Chilo Cave), probably formed by the sliding and collapse of conjugate joints that caused by the rise of terrain. The large caves and the caves commonly visited by tourists were investigated during 2012-2013. Caves were classified into four groups based on their locations,

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development namely north, middle, south, and east group. A total of 44 limestone caves were investigated, including five artificial caves (previously used by military), 10 caves in Ban-Ping mountains (all are artificial caves), 8 caves in Large Guishan and Small Guishan mountains (7 artificial caves, 1 natural cave), and 20 caves in Cihoushan mountains (11 artificial caves, 9 natural caves). The following discussions on the management of caves focus on the caves in Shoushan mountains, which contains diverse terrains, a large number of caves, and was visited by most of the tourists.

2.2. Investigation of animal diversity in caves The investigation of animal diversity was carried out in 44 caves in 2015. The results showed that each cave contains 4-38 species of animal, majorly composed by invertebrates. Species number was ranging in 5-19 in most limestone caves (37/44). Based on these results, limestone caves in Shoushan mountains likely contain a high diversity of vertebrates and invertebrates, and different caves were largely different on species compositions, species number, and individual numbers. Cave-cricket (Ceuthophilus maculates) was the most abundant species in caves, occupied 37% individuals of all animal species. The Formosan lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus monoceros) was found in 14 caves, with around 1,400 individuals, occupied 21% individuals of all animal species. The other cave animals such as a species of Philosciidae beetle, the giant crab spider (Heteropoda venatoria), the fungus- growing termite (Odontotermes formosanus), and a species of Pholcidae spider were also abundant in caves, mostly exceeds 300 individuals in caves. Overall, cave animals were majorly invertebrates, occupying ~75% of the total individual number and total species number in caves. Most invertebrates were belonging to Insecta and Arachnida, contained 33 and 26 species, respectively. Other than living organisms, the corpses, feces, egg shells, snake skins, and bird nests were also found in caves. The corpses were belonged to barking deers (Muntiacus reevesi), dogs, and monkeys (Macaca cyclopis); the feces were belonged to Chinese ferret- badger (Melogale moschata), bats, Carnivora mammals, and mouses; the eggshells belonged to a gekkonid lizard (Gekko japonicus); the snake skins belonged to Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus. The shells of African giant snail (Achatina fulica) and tunnels of termites were also common in caves. There are a total of 36 bat species in Taiwan, including 16 species inhabiting in caves. Only three bat species were found in caves of Shoushan mountains bat species, such a low diversity was probably resulted by the limited natural resource of small mountain area and the isolation from other mountains by surrounding urban areas. 3. Factors that threaten or stress the environment in limestone caves, and our management strategies 44

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Because of the large number of caves and tourists, the caves in Shoushan mountains were most stressed, and their management are at the priority of Shoushan National Nature Park. 3.1. Stresses from environmental factors: rainfall flushed soil into caves, trees down and stuck the entrance of caves, limestone slides, and collapses. Most of the caves are developed through the cracks of stones or formed by the deposition of stones, and the caves frequently passing beneath or above these stones. These stones are more likely to collapse, could be dangerous for cave-explorers. The strategy of management: (1) Monitoring the range and speed of stone sliding and soil erosion, to determine whether the particular cave requires to be cleaned and whether the cave- exploring activity should be limited. (2) The timing of stone collapse is less predictable. Cave-explorers are forced to wear safety gears, including helmet and safety ropes. Cave-explorers are also told to be aware of the potential risks in the caves. (3) Monitoring and cleaning the trees stuck on the entrance of the cave regularly. 3.2. Stresses from human activity: the tourism and resting behavior, left trash, destroying the stalactite. The strategy of management: (1) Cleaning the trash in caves regularly, founding rules for cave-explorers. (2) Founding a limiting capacity of cave-exploring activity, behavioral restrictions, and procedures to apply cave-exploring. 3.3. Stresses from the community: green groups suggest not to open the caves or partially open the caves, considering the negative impacts of disturbance. However, people loving to explore caves claim that limiting the cave-exploring violates civil rights. The strategy of management: (1) Formulating rules to restrict and manage the behavior of tourists, to monitor the cave-exploring activity, and to avoid the conflicts derived from environmental issues. (2) Try to strike a balance between tourism service and environmental protection, not to ban the cave-exploring activity completely. (3) Incorporating the concepts of environmental protection into educational activities. Forming a local group for leading the tourism activity and patrol the mountains, to improve the protection of the environment and people in the mountains.

4. Rules of limestone cave managements

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Based on the experiences on managing tourism activities, investigations on cave environments and animal diversity, meetings or forums with researchers, civil community, and associated institutes during 2012-2017, Shoushan National Nature Park formulated the following rules for cave management: 4.1. Partitioning the management by regions and levels: According to Worboys et al. (1982) and Gillieson (1996), the caves in New South Wales National Park, Australia were classified into the following six levels for management, based on the cave environment, the value of scientific research, and safety: I. Closed caves; II, Scientific reference caves; III, Limited access caves; IV, Speleological access caves; V, Adventure caves; and VI, Public access caves. Strategies of implementation: (1) Classifying caves by management levels and areas. Caves in military control areas are not opened for tourists. Entering these caves requires to apply for permits from military officials, and most of the caves in military control areas are level III or IV. Due to the value of scientific research, these caves are only applicable for research projects. (2) Caves of level V and VI in the middle area of Shoushan mountains are opened, applicable for tourists to perform a cave-exploring activity. These caves are opened for evaluation of human disturbance, considering the high geological stability, low biodiversity and less negative impacts from the disturbance of tourism. (3) Caves in the middle area of Shoushan mountains are often visited by educational institutes and civil communities. Paths and terrains in these caves were well investigated. Moreover, caves in this area are nearby the major mountain trails, making the mountain rescue team easier to enter the caves. 4.2. Limiting cave-exploring activity by seasons Cave-exploring activity is applicable only in the dry season (November to April). Cave humidity and animal abundance are lower in this season, less likely to induce the allergic of tourists as well as the risk of slipping. 4.3. Improving environmental education and eco-tourism: Designing different programs for different purposes of visitors. Ensuring the safety and evaluating the risk before performing any activity of environmental education, tourist guide, or physical challenging behaviors. 4.4. The procedure of applying cave-exploring: (1) Cave exploring activity is limited to a specific number of explorer. Cave exploring requires to apply for permits and should be directed by a guide approved by Shoushan National Nature Park Preparatory Office. (2) Considering that people may not be familiar with the rules and the procedure to apply cave exploring, propaganda of cave exploring would be conducted in 46

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Orangutan Cave and Tienyu Tientsai Cave in every Saturday, since March 16, 2019. People would be able to apply cave exploring in the propaganda, and visit the caves with professional guides, without any payments. 4.5. Safety gears and education before exploring: Founding the rules for cave-explorers, based on the cave conservation code published by British Caving Association. All cave-explorer have to wear headlight, helmet, gloves, and long-sleeved cloth, and to learn the concept of environmental education and the rules before entering the caves. Each cave-exploring group has to prepare safety ropes and first aid kit. 4.6. Monitoring the environments in opened caves and non-opened caves: Comparing and quantifying the impact of cave-exploring on the environment, as a basis of management strategy of cave-exploring. 4.7. Guiding the civil community to incorporate in management: Cave-exploring activity has been promoted by the civil community for many years, and many of the caves are well investigated by the civil community. Guiding the civil community to incorporate the management of cave-exploring could be advantageous for protecting the natural resources and environmental education. 5. Conclusion Shoushan National Nature Park released the following rules of cave-exploring since January 1, 2019: (1) cave-exploring activity is restricted in Orangutan Cave, Tienyu Tientsai Cave, North Peak Chilo Cave, and Jingua Cave; (2) cave-exploring activity is restricted in the dry season (November 11 to April 30); (3) cave-exploring activity is restricted at 9:00-16:00; (4) only 12-20 individuals per hour are permitted to explore a single cave at the same time; (5) cave-exploring activity has to be guided by a person with qualifications on conservation and patrol of Shoushan limestone caves. So far there are 2,457 applications (from January 1 to March 20, 2019) for cave- exploring, including 1,431 applications for Orangutan Cave, 309 applications for Tienyu Tientsai Cave, 362 applications for North Peak Chilo Cave, and 355 applications for Jingua Cave. Currently, the eco-tourism service of limestone landscape is still in evaluation. The priority of evaluation is to conserve natural resources. Monitoring of the environment is included in the management plan, to understand whether the stress of activity negatively affects the environment. The management plan would be further modified based on the monitoring, to achieve the purpose of the National Nature Park, protecting natural resources and sustainable management.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Facilitating the Development of a Taiwan Partnership

for the Satoyama Initiative (TPSI)

Kuang-Chung Lee

Associate professor, National Dong Hwa University; Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Ever since Satoyama Initiative (SI) was introduced to Taiwan in the late 2010, it has received great popularity from the government and the general public. Practices engaging in conservation and revitalization of socio-ecological production landscapes/seascapes (SEPLS) in compliance with the goal of Satoyama Initiative are on the rise. Notably, the Forestry Bureau of Council of Agriculture had been working with universities, NPOs and local communities on ecological restoration of rice terraces and wetlands in the name of the Satoyama Initiative since 2011. However, there are challenges ahead concerning the promotion of the Satoyama Initiative in Taiwan and calls for a more integrated approach to setting up a national strategic framework for promoting Satoyama Initiative. Learning from the experiences of the International Partnership for Satoyama Initiative (IPSI), from 2014, the Forestry Bureau has been working with National Dong-Hwa University (NDHU) on the development of a Taiwan Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (TPSI). ‘Think global,’ ‘adapt national’ and ‘act local’ are considered interrelated hierarchical concepts which help to sort out the targets and tasks for promoting SI in Taiwan. The strategic framework for TPSI involves two targets and five tasks (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the relationship among TPSI, IPSI and the Satoyama Initiative.

Figure 1. TPSI Strategic Framework Figure 2. Relationship between TPSI, IPSI (based on IPSI Operational Framework, and SI (revised from IPSI Secretariat and 48

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

2010) UNU-IAS, 2013) Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative in Taiwan has become a new policy announced by the new Minister of Council of Agriculture in May 2016 and by the new Director General of the Forest Bureau in July 2016. The Satoyama Initiative in Taiwan therefore has gained the political momentum from central governmental institutions since 2016. In 2016 and 2017, Forestry Bureau, NDHU and other IPSI and TPSI members have worked closely on promoting TPSI’s 5 clusters of activities. From 2018, Forestry Bureau continues to work with NDHU on mainstreaming TPSI activities. Especially, four regional focal points and exchange bases (north, west, south and east) have been built up to promote TPSI’s clusters of activities (Figure 3). In the near future, the goal of TPSI is to help revitalize and conserve the socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes in rural Taiwan. We believe that a revitalized rural area can help to build up a national ‘Green Network’ beyond the upstream national forests and protected areas, as well as reconnect nature area conservation, rural development and urban partnership for moving towards a society living in harmony with nature.

Figure 3. Four regional focal points and exchange bases for enhancing TPSI national network

Keywords: Taiwan Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (TPSI), socio-ecological production landscapes/seascapes (SEPLS), collaborative planning, strategic framework.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Preliminary works of Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities

on Geoparks 地質公園的里山里海活動初探

Shu-Huei Liu

Professor, Department of Geography, National Kaohsiung Normal University

ABSTRACT The spirit of Laozi show that if the breaths harmonize between YIN and YANG, all things would go smoothly well. How to balance human development and natural succession to solve the breaths problem? Concerning diversity, we would mention on agriculture, and then landscape (Geoparks, Satoyama-Satoumi and so on). Thus, why not Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities act on Geoparks? What is Geoparks? What is Satoyama-Satoumi? Human being might be the only key to handle or spoiled so-called Biodiversity (agriculture-heritage and Geoparks), same as, might be the only hand to protect or destroy precious landscape. This research try to find out: what or how could we do something good for geoparks over Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities? Do what and how to do? Consider from worldwide vision: recording films or videos for Facebook or YOUTUBE/ publishing papers and books/ hosting or taking part in concerning forums and symposiums etc. Focus on local vision: from under Kindergarten to parents’- adults’ education (from 0-100 years’) on environmental education. First of all, starts from you and your kids, family to communities and so on to countries to earth to interstellar…Do what? Have some of LOHAS’s mind: Sustainable Economy/ Healthy Lifestyle/ Ecological Lifestyle etc. for example, Energy-saving/ organic food/ help the weak/ logic thinking on ecosystem/ thanks primary labor etc. Furthermore, 1 Promote the ecological concept of the basin (protection of the source), 2 Complete sustainable mentality education for residents (instilling everyone is the supervising individual of public works - especially primary school students - parents - schools - strengthening of community connections), 3 Promote the green dam to prevent from debris flow (“Mountain Mouse”? Governments’ role?), 4 Thoroughly implement the policy of water control, water using, water playing, and water application (preserving the underflow water), 5 Releasing covered urban rivers, 6 Releasing suburban cement revetment, 7 others(brain-storming) for a wonderful geoparks surroundings. Finally, it is not just concerning about public relations or social communication, yet to recognize and accept – practical operation and participation (Actions speak louder than words, not just superficial communication): slow down the progress and clean the mountain, rivers, seashore and those garbage from human being. We can live without money but might die with polluted environment. Keywords: environmental education, Satoyama-Satoumi’s activities, practical operation and participation, Geoparks

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Link of bio groups… Terrace guardian All set

Yukiko Konishi

NPO, Chiba Environmental Information Center ABSTRACT １．会の紹介・活動の経緯 (1)会の概要 1996 年会発足、2003 年 NPO 法人化県内を中心に会員は 170 人 (2)活動 1.参加体験型環境学習（川遊び、草木染めなど） 2.人と人、人と情報をつなぐ情報発信（イベント情報紙の発行） 3.谷津田・里山の保全（米づくり、森の手入れ、自然観察とごみひろい） 4.その他（割りばし回収など）２．谷津田の保全 (1) 活動エリアと谷津田の現状・開発計画が頓挫し、ほとんど放棄田・都市近郊ながら、生物多様性に富む・昔ながらの田んぼ(谷津田)の風景が残る・市民による米づくりと里山の手入れ (2)活動の経緯：生きものを育む環境を守るための米づくり、森・水辺の手入れ谷津田の自然観察とゴミ拾い（2000 年 2 月から毎月）谷津田プレーランドプロジェクト（2000 年 6 月から毎月）楽しむ・親しむ米づくり（2001 年 4 月から） →調べる・知る斜面林の手入れ（2004 年から） →守る (3)豊かな生物多様性（いきもの宝庫）環境省や千葉県のレッドリスト、千葉市の貴重種に指定されている生き

ものが多く生息千葉市谷津田等の保全区域指定「谷津田の自然の保全に関する要綱」等

にもとづき保全協定締結

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

2015 年環境省選定「生物多様性保全上重要な里地里山」 2014 年「関東・水と緑のネットワーク拠点百選」３．都川じゃぶじゃぶ川遊び 1996 年から毎年開催（2018 年で 23 回目）千葉市内で生まれ、市内を流下し東京湾に流れ出る 2 級河川メダカやナマズなど貴重種が生息している。川に入って川を五感で感じることで、川を考えるきっかけに４．行政との共同谷津田の保全・・・「谷津田の自然の保全に関する要綱」川遊び・・・市教育委員会の後援５．資金：参加費と助成金都川川遊び６．参加者を集める工夫ホームページやフェイスブックでの情報発信ニュースレターや谷津田だよりで情報発信谷津田いきもの暦（カレンダー）の作成チラシの作成と配布教育委員会の後援、小学校への配布会員以外だれでも受け入れスタッフ確保・育成

７．活動で得たもの（感想）参加者アンケート（別紙）

８．活動継続の工夫役割分担・田んぼの作業・参加者との連絡・行政との連絡等事務作業・記録・情報発信

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

・助成金申請私たち自身が楽しむこと

谷津田の保全米づ谷津田生きものごよくりみ

貴重種アカガエルの卵塊収穫祭でおもちつき

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Conservation activities of Satoyama Satoumi in

Minamiboso City and Oyama Senmaida in Kamogawa City Takeshi Yokoyama Anbaya Satoyama Research Group ABSTRACT 2016 年5 月に南房総市で開催された、第13 回里山シンポジウムin 南房総に参加した団体の中から、今後連携して里山の保全活動を推進するため2018年５月に10 団体と個人４名で設立１大房岬自然の家経済産業省から委託を受けている、ヘルスツーリズム認定委員会が行っている認証制度で、森林セラピー基地を活用した、千葉県では初の認定プログラムとして「癒しの森のセラピーウオーキング」の実施や、アドバイスを実施中。1905 年に大房岬で、日本海軍が砲撃訓練をした結果、日露戦争でロシア艦隊を撃破し、黄色人種が白人に勝てることが証明された。２「きらり」じょうやまの会城山に遊歩道を作り、維持管理と定期的なウオーキングを実施している。頂上からは、白浜地区や太平洋の眺めが素晴らしい。眼下の灯台の下には300 万年～350 万年前のシロウリガイの化石が露出している。泥岩と砂岩が混合している様子は、コンクリートで固めたようである。３大貫古道の会 1300 年の歴史がある千倉地区の「小松寺」から、周辺地域へ通じる古道の再生と維持管理を実施している。紅葉の名所として多くの人々が訪れている。４高塚山望活クラブ高さ216 メートルの高塚山への道の維持管理と、ハイキングを実施している。山頂からは、眼下の千倉地区のお花畑や太平洋が一望できる。近くには、昔から日本料理の神様を祀る「高家神社」があり、魚に手を触れずに調理する包丁式が、毎年奉納されている。５和田浦くじら食文化研究会千葉県内で唯一の調査捕鯨の基地として、捕獲したつちくじらの食文化が昔から伝わっている。港の近くにある、道の駅に、シロナガスクジラのモニュメントが設置されている。（体長 26 メートル体重 106 屯）６大山千枚田鴨川市の山間地にある棚田で水の確保が難しく、生産性が良くないため、耕作放置される寸前にオーナー制度を採り入れ、都会の人が米作りを始めた。この結果、都会との交流が始まり、竹灯篭祭り等、地域行事として定着した。

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Human activities enhancing biodiversity in Satoyama-Satoumi (里山里海)

Toshihiko Nakamura

Laboratory of Forest Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (e-mail: [email protected])

ABSTRACT The Far East Asia region, which includes Taiwan and Japan islands, has seasonal climate and diverse topography from the sea to the mountains. These conditions have provided a favorable habitation based on abundant rainfall and rich biodiversity for many living organisms, including mankind. In the habitation, our predecessors created the omni-scape ecosystem called “Satoyama-Satoumi” where humans interact with terrestrial habitats “Satoyama” and marine-coastal habitats “Satoumi”. The unit of Satoyama-Satoumi is almost identical to the traditional village, which is managed to conform to natural conditions, and has a sustainable ecosystem that is brought about by the harmony of man, nature and culture. Various types of Satoyama-Satoumi are recognized mainly by the topography. Those are five types of Satoyama i.e., mountain, tableland, valley, yatsu-valley and plain Satoyamas, five types of Satoumi i.e., tideland, sandy-beach, shingle-beach, rocky-shore, coral-reef Satoumis. And, the “Satokawa” and “Satonuma”, including riverside and lakeside ecosystems respectively, were added to the Satoyama-Satumi type. The following four human activities that enhance biodiversity were derived as common to almost each type. ① Making patches of plant communities and the mosaic structure (forest, woods, meadow); ② Creating various and continuous water conditions (rice paddies, ponds, waterways); ③ Importing and breed-improving of crops and livestock (fields, grazing areas, settlements); ④ Inheriting a culture of fear and respect for nature (shrines, temples, cemeteries). These activities that enhance biodiversity should be prioritized when practicing the conservation and restoration of Satoyama-Satoumi, which are the guideposts of a sustainable society in the future.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Activities of Anbaya Satoyama Research Group

Masahiro Sasako

Anbaya Satoyama Research Group

ABSTRACT 里山の保全と再生に、人々の英知を集めて自然と調和した生活環境を作り植物のバランスのとれた里山とする。目標一年中桜の咲く里山づくり活動経過１．平成１０年に、中山間地開発事業としてスタートする。総面積１２ヘクタールの内、３，５ヘクタールの雑木林を切り拓き、桜を中心とした植樹を開始する。２．平成１５年に千葉県里山条例が制定されたことに伴い、同年８月に２３名の参加で安馬谷里山研究会を設立する。３．平成２５年度までに植樹した苗木は、桜１３０種類１，５００本、椿、ミモザアカシア、ロウバイ、アジサイ等である。４．現在まで植樹した４．２ヘクタールを一年間に２回の草刈、徐間伐、苗木作り等の作業を、延べ１１０人で実施している。５．平成２６年３月に,「特定非営利活動法人セラピーソサエテイ・ステアリングコミッテイ」から、南房総市域が森林セラピー基地の認定と同時に、「安馬谷里山の道」がセラピーロードとして認定される。このコースは、未舗装の道路と、山間部の落ち葉と木のチップを敷いた山道を歩く約３．５ｋｍで、運動靴で歩けます。６．定期的な里山ハイキングを年３回のほか、駅からハイキング等もあり、延べ２，４００名の参加者あり。７．平成３０年５月に、米国カリフォルニア州の夫婦に現地を案内する。８．平成３０年６月９日第４５回ハイキング２４人参加９．平成３０年８月に台湾高雄師範大学の劉教授と学生２名が、２日間横山宅に宿泊し現地を視察する。後日、里山に記念の桜を植樹する。 10．平成３０年１２月２日第４６回ハイキング２１人参加 11．平成３１年１月１日から２０日までローズマリー公園で安馬谷里山写真展開催（土日祭日のみ１０日間見学者６３７人、一日平均６３．７人） 12．子供達の里山保育７回実施子供５８人父母４０人延べ９８人参加 13．平成３１年３月２４日第４７回ハイキング

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The development of Yehliu local community and

Yehliu Geopark 野柳社區及野柳地質公園的發展 Chin-Chien Yang General manager, Neo-Space International Co. (Yehliu Geopark), Taiwan

ABSTRACT Sixty years ago, Yehliu was a good natural harbor formed by the cape landform. Its residents’ main source of income came from offshore fisheries. Nowadays, the rise of the tourism industry, following the traditional fishing industry, has created another income stream for Yehliu. Yehliu Geopark is currently one of the must-visit attractions for foreign tourists in Taiwan. The unique landscape has attracted countless visitors. The development of the tourism industry is closely related to Yehliu Geopark. Yehliu Geopark is operated with UNESCO’s core values as its business philosophy, with the aim of becoming a world-class geopark.

In the process of Yehliu Geopark’s development, besides actively promoting landscape conservation and environmental education, the operator works closely with the Yehliu community, including actively training local docents and encouraging local residents to participate in obtaining the certification of professional docents and to jointly plan in-depth local travels. The synergy of the Yehliu local community and geopark helps promote the local development of Yehliu, and provides a perfect example of community participation in the development of geoparks. 60 年前的野柳，依托岬灣地形形成的天然良港，居民以近海漁業為主要經濟來源。如今，繼傳統漁業之後，觀光產業的崛起，為野柳創造另一條經濟脈絡。目前野柳地質公園為國外遊客來台的必遊景點之一，獨特的地景吸引無數遊客前來，觀光產業的發展與野柳地質公園息息相關。野柳地質公園以聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)的核心價值為經營理念，朝向成為世界地質公園為目標邁進。在野柳地質公園的發展歷程中，除積極推動地景保育及環境教育外，也與野柳社區密切合作，包括積極培訓在地解說人員、鼓勵社區居民參加專業導覽人員認證並共同規劃在地深度旅遊…等，野柳社區與地質公園互動產生的縱效，推動野柳在地發展，也為社區參與地質公園發展最好的體現。

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Cultural heritage preservation and local participation

of Yenchao Badland Geopark

Yen-Tsung Pan Yan- Chao Cultural Renaissance Association, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study mainly focusses on the local participation for the cultural heritage preservation at Yenchao Bad Land Geopark. Yenchao Badland is a famous specific natural landscape with mud-volcanoes and eruption of natural gas at mudstone area of SE Taiwan. Because of geo-diversity and cultural landscape, there is a long tradition for local people to join the movements of conservation and protection. Since 1995, the Yenchao Humanity Association was the first local association to aim at protection local cultural heritage and natural environment. There are three ways to promote the local conservation movements: 1. To promote the partnership among the governments, NGOs and local people. 2. Local government plays very important role to promote the conservation movements and as a link between central government, academics and NGOs in many ways, such as funding and supporting system of the local government. 3. To clarify the way of cooperation and duty among the NGOs, government and find the consensus for the goals of missions at different developing stages.

It has been working for more than 23 years, the results show that the movements of sustainable development have been accumulating a lot of awareness from the local people and it will be the power for the next stage of local development.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Approaches to ‘community engagement’ in geoparks

– a comparative analysis of sites in Norway, Taiwan and Japan

Jonathan Karkut* & Hiroyuki Kajihara** *Touch TD Ltd, London E2, UK **HI-GEM Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan

ABSTRACT One of the central pillars of the geoparks ‘model’, and an element that is attempted to be transferred across each locality, is the positioning of bottom up community engagement in conservation activities. But how this aspect of policy is materialised on the ground in individual geoparks is rarely unpacked or assessed. This paper moves beyond the essentialising and taken for granted packaging of terms such as ‘community’ and ‘engagement’, to analyze how different approaches are being applied in a variety of geopark contexts, and where cross-cutting factors may be identified. Using case studies drawn from Norway, Taiwan and Japan, we consider factors such as how community groups organise and volunteer together, and how their commitments to their respective territories are manifested. In Magma UNESCO Global Geopark, Norway, for instance a crucial pathway to bringing community stakeholders and businesses came with the focusing within the territory around a local concept they termed ‘Geofood’ - a way of bridging production, locality and sustainable practices together around the geopark landscapes. In contrast, the Taiwanese Yangchao and Liji geoparks are rare examples in Asia of badlands landscapes, which are continuously facing the crisis of collapse. Volcanic Aso Geopark in Japan is covered with beautiful grassland but the community is arguing whether to conserve this element of the landscape. San’in Kaigan Geopark also holds beautiful dunes but sometimes suffers troubles relating geoethics. These diverse cases, provide alternative ways at looking how successes in conservation activities are judged and which agencies or specific applications of policy, may be seen as being significant in advancing the objectives of effective utilisation of community group around geoparks. Keywords: geopark, community, engagement, conservation, geoethics Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 59

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

How to reveal the multiple values of the land from the

controversial Ma-Tou Hill Landfill Plan? 如何從開發爭議找回土地的多元價值？

Hui-Min Huang(黃惠敏)、龔文雄、吳鴻駿 Protester of Ma-Tou Hill Landfill plan ABSTRACT The issues related to landfills have been always heated in the small island state of Taiwan. The Ma-Tou Hill (thereafter, MTH) landfill plan has triggered controversial debates since 2015 when a plan of the landfill was announced. Environmental protection and landscape conservation have been central with a clear body of evidence by the locals with the help of the experts and academia. In particular, the disputes are about the discrepancies between the "environmental facts" provided by the developer and the results of ecological surveys done by the locals. The locals perceive that the ecological integrity of MTH is endangered and their ways of life may be interfered with bad consequences. Thus, a strong local motivation is formed to look for ecological facts that may save the place from being destroyed by the proposed landfill. Ma-Tou Hill, located between the boundary of the Tien-Liao, Nae-Men and Chi- Shan districts of Kaohsiung City, is also called Silver Ingot Hill due to its shape and shining silhouette. The Hill sits at a remote area with only a handful of households. It was considered by the developer as a perfect landfill site. The developer’s neglect of ecological environment becomes a fatal problem when it comes to environmental impact assessment (EIA). As the locals and some environmental groups are concerned about some unique environmental indicators of the area and the biological habitats, endeavors of ecological and biological surveys were undertaken, and the results show a big contrast of the facts provided by the developer. The area is unique and important in three ways. First, the mudstone landscape between the plain and the mountain areas serves as a transitional area for sustainable development of rural Taiwan. Secondly, the unique mudstone ecology and ways of life are previous for scientific and educational reasons. Thirdly, the MTH region is home for many rare and precious species. If it becomes a landfill site, the whole ecological and living system will be gone for good and our future generations will not be able to learn from such a fragile and balanced nature. For the previous reasons, the locals and environmental groups unite to investigate the developer's EIA reports and to survey the environment. They find out that the

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development developer's EIA reports are very different from the actual situations that they found. Being concerned about how many regions could be destroyed without long term and sound ecological surveys, this paper introduces and analyzes the surveys and social mobilization of the people against the MTH landfill. The locals made their own surveys and investigation, including surveying ecological species, inventorying land resources, etc. The results show the robust local ecological system and rich natural resources. Understanding theses, the locals and communities could make sustainable decisions for their environment, and turn ecological education into important pillars. Also important is that the cultural practices of the region will make the community stronger in protecting their hometown. With the community realizing the importance of ecology, they will re-think their economy in more sustainable ways. Topophilia may be a good word to describe how the locals come out of the fight against the MTH landfill plan. Although the locals see the land differently, they know the values of the land they living on now. The connection is the love for the land and it cannot be destroyed by any illegitimate forces. Keywords: Landfills, the multiple values of the land, natural ecology, cultural heritage and Ma-Tou hill.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The Challenge of Rural Development in Houbi

District of Tainan City

Yu-Dan Pan*, Lien-Shang Wu **

*國立高雄師範大學地理學系研究生、**國立高雄師範大學地理學系教授

ABSTRACT Houbi District Tainan City is the largest barn of Chinan plain, but it is the most serious population aging area in the northern part of Tainan. Due to environmental conditions and policy development, the industrial structure is still dominated by agriculture, employment opportunities are limited. The young and strong population is seriously displaced, Houbi District is facing difficulties. What direction should it move forward? This study uses a semi-structured interview method, interviewees included: local officials, representatives of public opinion, operators, farmers, cultural and historical workers, and local residents. The purpose of the interview was to explore the views of stakeholders on rural development. Through the tripartite argument, let us understand the official planning and public opinion in rural development. This research hopes the results would be used efficiently by the government or communities as a reference for rural development. Keywords: Houbi District Tainan City, Rural Development, Interview Method

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Conservation Efforts at a Major Fault Exposure in

the Itoigawa UNESCO Global Geopark

Ko Takenouchi, Takahiko Ogawara, Hiroshi Miyajima, Yousuke Ibaraki, Theodore Brown

Fossa Magna Museum, Itoigawa Geopark Promotion Office Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT One of the ‘crowning jewels’ of the Itoigawa UNESCO Global Geopark is Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line, a massive fault which starts in Itoigawa and splits the Japanese Archipelago geologically between east and west, forming the western boundary of the Fossa Magna, a massive geological rift which formed as the Japanese Archipelago broke away from the Asian continent. Visitors to the geopark can observe an exposed section of this massive fault at the Fossa Magna Park, one of the most important geosites in the Itoigawa Geopark. The fault exposure at Fossa Magna Park was first uncovered in 1991 and was in fact among the first steps toward the formation of the Itoigawa Geopark. However, the exposure was not easily visible as it was mostly obscured by a retaining wall used to support the cliff face. Weathering caused further degradation to the exposure to the point that it was no longer easily recognizable leading to dissatisfaction not only from geopark specialists and staff, but from the general public as well. To remedy this situation, a special committee was formed from Itoigawa Geopark staff, geological experts and the local public in order to create a conservation plan which would improve the display of the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line, provide a detailed conservation and preservation strategy, improve the site’s academic value and add scientific value. This report details the background, progress and current achievements of this committee.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Changing Landscapes of Power: Opulence and the

Urge for Geoparks

Wen-Cheng Wang

Professor, Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

ABSTRACT Since geo-diversity is melt in terms of ‘urban revolution’ and ‘planetary urbanization’, proceed further development, management and governance of large and small-scale rural resource use systems function in highly complex social and ecological environments, which are culturally embedded, value-driven, economically interest-led and politically biased. Local action is not least framed by mental contribution and attribution of rural areas as places for living, tourism, recreation and resource uses. Geopark constructs of rural resources as valuable areas can, in some cases, lead to the protection and preservation by initiatives of collective action, and in other cases, it is difficult to mobilize local communities to adapt and to engage in environmental management as well as local development strategies. In this sense, local community can be an agency subjectively as well as positively to promote its way of development for changing landscape of power. Taking geopark as an example in Taiwan, if go beyond the developing planetary urbanization, geoparks can therefore be deployed and developed by the locals. Geopark as local pride of management processes therefore ought to integrate multiple perspectives, particularly landscape-conservation-driven as well as local economic development standpoints on the citizens -- from individual scaling up to the decision-makers’ levels. Consequently, the analysis of geopark initiatives has developed not only as part of philosophy and psychology but also of earth and environmental science, anthropology and human geography. It encompasses intuitions, values, attitudes, thoughts, mind-sets, place attachments and sense of place. All of these influence human understanding and action, and can be collected or are available within the respective geopark resource use system. With experience in the Geoparks of Taiwan, this study is going to these systems support the economic and social livelihood of a large part of the local population. Keywords: Rural Pride, Local Conservation, Local Development, Landscape of Power Correspondence: [email protected]

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

A modified methodology used to evaluate travel

ranking and helped geotravellers to make travel decision in Matsu geopark

*Yuan-Long Liao, **Chung-Ming Wang, *Kuang-Tsung Hsu, and **Kai H Hsieh

*Matsu National Scenic Area Administration, No. 95-1, RenAi Village, Nangan Township, Lienchiang County, Taiwan 209, Republic of China **Lienchiang County Government No. 76, Jieshou Village, Nangan Township, Lienchiang County, Taiwan 209, Republic of China *[email protected], **[email protected], *[email protected], and **[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper presents three types of insight views of the geosites in Matsu and a methodology to help geotravelers to decide their geo-itineraries in Matsu. This modified method used a mathematical equation to help travelers to make some travel decisions and provide some useful information when they were short of travel time. The development of this question is then explained and results are presented and discussed. Matsu archipelago has its own natural and beautiful scenery, cold war history, and fabulous geomorphic model. They are unique and not replaceable. The cold war history during 1960s and 1980s presented a geopolitical tension between Taiwan and Mainland China. The traditional (also named Mindong) stone houses offered a different architecture style. The special geomorphic models, such as coastal cave, basalt column, metamorphic rock, intrusive rock, have been widely known as the geotourism treasures. According to the study using the proposed methodology, the overall ranking results in Matsu geopark shown that the geosite of Mysterious little bay in East Jugang is a must visit site for geotourism. It also revealed that Beigan township ranked number one (among Matsu archipelago) must go place when travel in Matsu geopark.

Keyword: stone house, methodology, Matsu geopark

1. INTRODUCTION

Matsu geopark is one of the major links in Taiwan geopark network (TGN). It scattered in Matsu islands and geographically located north eastern side the Min River of Fujian, mainland China. It also has several unique features in cold war history, traditional stone house, and fantastic geomorphic terrain or landscape. This is a wonderful and joyful area with an expressed geological heritage and sustainable 65

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development economic development, and the promotion of that very development to the benefit of the local community. Matsu islands provided various views of geocultural sites (geological, historical and cultural heritage) for the tourists who are interested in being geotravelers. Because of their uniqueness of the stone houses in Matsu, the village which full of stone houses become a popular tourist attraction. According to the survey, the stones houses have attracted thousands travelers to come to Matsu and the local economies were benefited. The stone houses (traditional architecture styles) in Matsu islands are significantly influenced by Fujian architecture style of mainland China. According to the general records of Lienchinag county, it is written that the frontiers and settlers of Matsu islands were mainly from eastern Fujian and most traditional settler’s houses are built using granite rocks and local stones. This is very different from the traditional architectures in Taiwan. A long-term project was performed in preserving and balancing the traditional eastern Fujian (namely Mindong) style stone house and up-to-date building code in different local villages. At the end of this project, 52 houses were completed. Geographical locations about Matsu stone houses are shown in Figure 1. It is found that stone houses do attract tourists.

Figure 1. Geographical locations about stone houses in Matsu islands.

2. ATTRACTIONS OF VARIOUS GEOSITES

3.1 Type 1: Cold War History

Matsu has been exclusively flavored by nature and the islands are mostly made up of granite rocks. Because of the cold wars between Taiwan straits between the late 1960 and the early 1990, there were hundreds of underground tunnels and military guarding points were constructed all over Matsu islands. Many military tunnels and strongholds 66

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development are released for tourism. Some typical tunnels even converted for tourism purposes. For example, Beihai tunnel was shown in Figure 2 and this tunnel was used for park the light carrying vessels for the navy and the warehouse for military supplies. Beihai tunnel is one of most popular and recommended was site of Matsu. The length of the waterway was about 700 meters and its layout like two cross offset each other. It was originally design to hold 120 light carry vessels for the navy. Tunnel 88 (shown in Figure 3) originally was used for parking army tanks. The length is about 270 meters long. The construction was very difficult at that time because the tunnels were excavated by the combination of explosive and hands. It currently utilized for the winemaking and old wine and kaoliang liquor storage spaces because it maintains a relative stable temperature range between 17 and 21 degrees Celsius. There was a strong wine-smell while entering this tunnel. Stronghold 46 (shown in Figure 4) was located in the southern west side of Nangan township and it was used for the military personnel’s in 1980s and 1990s. It had an underground tunnel and several man-made trenches nearby for guarding the observation tower for the artillery. Stronghold 06 (shown in Figure 5) was located in the north eastern side of Beigan township and it was used for the military personnel’s in 1970s and 1990s. It had a concrete trench along the shore and several sub-trenches nearby for guarding the north eastern side of Matsu.

Figure 2. Beihai tunnel in Nangan township open for tourists, year round.

Figure 3. Tunnel 88 used for the old wine storage space and open for tourists.

3.2 Type 2: Traditional Stone House

Because Matsu geopark is situated on the north eastern side of Min River of Fujian province of mainland, the building style was significantly influenced by Mindong architecture and local climates. Village houses for early settlers were constructed using local rocks and wood frames. Because the stone houses construction allow air to

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development circulate smoothly, the stone buildings had a nickname “house with a nature ventilation system.” Typical photos for the traditional stone houses are shown in Figures 6 and 7).

Figure 4. Stronghold 46 in Nangan township open for tourists.

Figure 5. Stronghold 06 in Beigan township open for tourists.

Most traditional stone houses are built using local stones during the early settler period. Most ancestors of the local Matsu families were fish men and they were from the fishing villages of the Eastern part of Fujian. Therefore, some architecture cultures are closely shared with. At the same moment, southern Fujian style houses that using mud-bricks were very popular at the main island of Taiwan. Generally speaking, most traditional houses in Taiwan are significantly influenced by the architecture styles of Southern Fujian. It is found that the stone house locations in different villages have become special tourist attractions. Stone houses in Matsu contain a geomorphologically and cultural importance to a wider community, mostly through the geotourism. Additionally, local people are benefited by the economic improvement brought by the travelers. These findings partially support future geotourism perspectives in Matsu islands.

3.3 Type 3: Fantastic geomorphic landscape

Matsu islands mainly consisted by granite rocks. This make geological landscapes of Matsu so unique in many ways. Example of hilly terrain, light color sand beach, tectonic intrusive rock, rock weathering, and several other geological features can be found in Matsu. Because of the hilly terrain and slow weathering of granite, the top soil is thin and the size of most farming land is small. It is found that the early settlers used such limited farming lands in agriculture to support themselves. Additionally, the granite terrains are used on constructing

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development underground bunkers, tunnels and military strongholds. Typical example included Dahan stronghold (shown in Figure 8) and Iron Fort (shown in Figure 9). Both sites have similar geomorphic landscape. There were the submerged rocky ridge jutting up into the ocean. The underneath part of green vegetation was hollowed and reinforced with concrete and served as stronghold. The underground stone rooms, concrete beds, tunnels, loopholes, battle stations for machine guns, weapon armory, storage spaces for army defense were well preserved.

Figure 6. Traditional stone house before renovation.

Figure 7. Traditional stone house after renovation.

Figure 8. Dahan stronghold and its landform.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Figure 9. Iron Fort and it peninsular landform.

4. EVALUATIONS OF THE GEOSITES IN MATSU GEOPARK

Matsu geopark has many natural marvels. Tourists could enjoy its cold war history and those who were interested in scenery could enjoy geomorphological views from different islands. The Matsu islands were well-known as fishing harbor in the late Ming dynasty and Ching dynasty. During the cold war period around 1950s, the area was under a martial law and became a key military front point between Taiwan and mainland China. The relationship between both sides of Taiwan strait was intensified at that period. It then improved after 1980 because the government implement a military downsizing policy. Matsu was then open to tourists in the 1980s. Migon (2017) did an geosite’s evaluation form with parameters in lithology, jointing pattern, faulting, weathering features, mass movements, residual landforms, marine erosion, marine deposition, military use, rural landscapes (including traditional architecture), historical associations, viewpoints, for various tourist detestation in Matsu geopark. Results identified that the major geosites are Thread in the sky (Donying), Iron fort (Nangan), Caipuao (Xiju or west Jugang), Mysterious little bay (Dongju or east Jugan), Beihai tunnel (Beigan). It is also observed that the top three overall rankings, ranking number one is Mysterious little bay and ranking number 2 is Beihai tunnel and War and peace memorial. It implied that if geotourists are short in time to travel around Matsu, Beigan and Jugang have three must visit geosites.

Table 1. The geomorphological importance for the geosites in Matsu. Township Name Score (greater is Ranking (1-14) better) Dongyin Stronghold 33 6 9 Dongyin Lohanping 6 9 Dongyin Houao 8 7 Dongyin Thanksgiving pavilion 3 12 Dongyin Dingyong lighthouse 7 8 Dongyin Suicide cliffs 6 9 Dongyin Thread in the sky 9 6 Dongyin Yanshou echoing 6 9 Dongyin Andong tunnel 8 7 Nangan Tunnel 88 2 13 Nangan Nioujao village 1 14 Nangan Yuntaishan 3 12 70

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Nangan Beihai tunnel 4 11 Nangan Matsu village 2 13 Nangan Iron fort 8 7 Nangan Renai village 1 14 Jugang Caipuao 12 3 Jugang Kunqiu beach 2 13 Jugang Qingfan village 2 13 Jugang Fuzheng village 3 12 Jugang Fuaheng beach 9 6 Jugang Dongquan lighthouse 5 10 Jugang Mysterious little bay 14 1 Jugang Dapu inscription 7 8 Beigan Quinbi village 10 5 Beigan War and peace 13 2 memorial Beigan Beihai tunnel 13 2 Beigan Tangqi village 11 4

Because Matsu archipelagos are located on the north eastern side of Taiwan and 114 miles away from Keelung port, the authors modified Migon’ work and take transportation (such as ferry, bus) and local accessibility (walking distance) into consideration. This make the geotourism more tangible to tourists. A mathematical equation is used to express the whole situation.

5. AN EQUATION FOR EVALUATION

In order to understand the full process, a mathematical equation is used to explain.

T  ( score)* Itransportation accessibil ity which, “T” means the new score; “score” means the original score which obtain by Migon, “I” means the reduction ratio due to the parameters of transportation and accessibility.

Longer travel time for the tourists mean lower point. Note that the air transportation is not taken as a variable in the equation. This equation tries to help short- term travelers or backpacker to have a better decision making while traveling in Matsu geopark. For example, the original score for Iron fort in Nangan township is 7. Let’s take the transportation into account. It cannot reach by public bus directly, so the travelers who want to be there need to rent a motorbike or walk there. Then the variable of I then reduced from 1 to 0.8. Therefore, the new number for the final score T is 4.9. Based on the same algorithm, Table 1 is recalculated and Table 2 is presented.

Table 2. New ranking for the geosites in Matsu.

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Township Name Score Reduction T (Rankings) factor Dongyin Stronghold 33 6 0.65 3.9 Dongyin Lohanping 6 0.65 3.9 Dongyin Houao 8 0.65 5.2 Dongyin Thanksgiving pavilion 3 0.75 2.25 Dongyin Dingyong lighthouse 7 0.75 5.25 Dongyin Suicide cliffs 6 0.75 4.5 Dongyin Thread in the sky 9 0.75 6.75 Dongyin Yanshou echoing 6 0.75 4.5 Dongyin Andong tunnel 8 0.75 6.0 Nangan Tunnel 88 2 0.95 1.9 Nangan Nioujao village 1 0.9 0.9 Nangan Yuntaishan 3 0.85 2.55 Nangan Beihai tunnel 4 0.85 3.4 Nangan Matsu village 2 0.95 1.9 Nangan Iron fort 8 0.8 6.4 Nangan Renai village 1 0.85 0.85 Jugang Caipuao 12 0.6 7.2 Jugang Kunqiu beach 2 0.65 1.3 Jugang Qingfan village 2 0.75 1.5 Jugang Fuzheng village 3 0.75 2.25 Jugang Fuzheng beach 9 0.75 6.75 Jugang Dongquan lighthouse 5 0.75 3.75 Jugang Mysterious little bay 14 0.75 10.5 (1) Jugang Dapu inscription 7 0.75 5.25 Beigan Quinbi village 10 0.85 8.5 Beigan War and peace 13 0.8 10.4 (3) memorial Beigan Beihai tunnel 13 0.8 10.4 (3) Beigan Tangqi village 11 0.95 10.45 (2)

By comparison Tables 1 and 2, it is interested to find that the overall ranking for number 1 is still the geosite of Mysterious little bay in Jugang. But the ranking for number 2 has been changed from the geosites of the War and peace memorial and Beihai tunnel into Tangqi village in Beigan township. Ranking number 3 are both War and peace memorial and Beihai tunnel in Beigan township. Generally speaking, Beigan township is a must go place in Matsu geopark because it has overall high ranking number.

6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

There is a need to develop a strategy to evaluate a geosite and provide basic travel information for tourists and backpackers. This paper presents an evaluation and reference methodology for the geotravlers while travelers travel around Matsu geopark. This methodology can help geotourists to decide where to go mathematically and what

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development to see if they were short of travel time. This methodology may be combined with the local APP and used as an artificial intelligence aid. There are specific geomorphic landforms for geosites. This paper also provides a simple idea for the travelers and they can make their own decisions based on the travel duration and geoimportance. Further information might need to improve this presented methodology because the methodical equation utilized for evaluation may not be able to represent all the geoparks in Taiwan. Additionally, the capacity of the each geosite should be taken into account if it is necessary.

REFERENCES

Migon, P. (2017) Spotlight Project of Matsu Geopark (NTU Press, Chinese edition). Taipei: Taiwan.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

10 Years of the Sanin Coast Geopark - The Present

Condition and Problems from the Newspaper Articles

Kumagai Nobuaki

Graduate School of Regional Resource Management, University of Hyogo

ABSTRACT The Sanin Kaigan Geopark straddles the prefectures of Tottori, Hyogo and Kyoto and is an area mainly based on the Sanin Coast National Park. Ten years have passed since 2008 certification of the Japan Geopark . Various activities such as guide training, regional promotion, education, etc. have been developed, and it is featured mainly in the regional version of the newspaper. However, the number of articles posted in newspapers depending on the time period includes increase and decrease, content change, etc. It is considered that the contents of activities at the time and people's interest are reflected. Therefore, through the newspaper articles in the past 10 years, we analyzed changes in activities and changes in people's interests in geoparks.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Prominent landforms of Non Nuoc Cao Bang

UNESCO Global Geopark

Tran Tan Van, Nguyen Quoc Dinh

ABSTRACT Non Nuoc Cao Bang UNESCO Global Geopark located in the northern and eastern districts of Cao Bang Province in Northeast Viet Nam, covering a total area of 3,000 km2. Mountainous landforms cover approximately 90% of the land area, with elevations ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 m in the west-northwest to 200 m in the east- southeast. With a highland tropical monsoon climate and two distinct wet and dry seasons, the Geopark exhibits a rich biodiversity, with widespread forests, endemic faunas and floras, herbs, specialty crops in breathtaking landscapes. The region has a complex drainage network that includes 5 major river systems and 47 lakes. Non nuoc Cao Bang UNESCO Global Geopark is divided into two distinctive parts by the Cao Bang-Tien Yen deep-seated active fault. The eastern part of the Geopark is mostly composed of limestone. This demonstrates a complete tropical karst evolution cycle with various classic landforms e.g. peak-cluster depressions, cones and towers, old and active caves with magnificent speleothems, closed and interconnected valleys, underground and surface rivers including a ‘turlough’ lake system, and one of the world’s largest waterfalls located on an international border. The western part features sedimentary rocks, pillow basalts, ultra-mafic and granitic intrusions rich in minerals and hydrothermal alterations. The area also reveals sedimentary rocks dating back more than 500 million years, with stratotype cross-sections, and fossils indicating different paleo-environments and biosphere extinction events. The diversity in rocks (stratigraphy, paleontology, paleoenvironment, petrology, mineralogy etc.) and landforms (tectonics, geomorphology, karst, weathering, soil erosion etc.) are evidence of the geodiversity of the area, each with its own characteristic of different evolutionary stages of the Earth’s crust. The paper introduces only some most typical and prominent landforms considered to be of international significance in Non Nuoc Cao Bang UNESCO Global Geopark. Keywords: Non Nuoc Cao Bang, Geopark, Geomorphology, Geology, Geo heritage

Current state and issues of networking on geoparks

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and natural heritage conservation in Viet Nam

Huong N.T.T

Vietnam Center on Karst and Geoheritage, Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, 67 Chien Thang, Van Quan, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Contact author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Recently, Vietnam has started investigation and study of geoheritage and natural heritage, establishment of geoconservation and geopark construction, aims at the conservation, management and rational exploitation for the sustainable development of the country. However, we have soon recognized the importance of networking and collaboration in promoting successful sustainable development of geoparks and natural heritage. Therefore, we have joined several international networks, i.e., the Global Geopark Network to learn from other countries experiences.

Even we have had several Vietnam-Belgian R&D projects, i.e., aiming at improving local rural life in karst areas of NW Vietnam by sustainable use of land, water and social learning (1998), or conserving a limestone landscape, proposed to establish a nature reserve. But we have just learnt about 3G (geoheritage/ geopark/ geotourism) in 2004 while attending the 32nd IGC in Italy even though this idea was initiated in 1996, at the 30th Beijing IGC in China. From that on, we started to learn and practice 3G, especially through our third Vietnamese-Belgian R&D project “Integrated capacity building for sustainable development in North-East Vietnam by geopark and geotourism development” and our State-funded research project on identifying geoheritage and geopark potential in northern Vietnam, both in 2007. Beside that, we have been actively attending the international events on geoparks and natural heritage regularly. Our efforts and investments have brought about good result when our first geopark in northern Vietnam, Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark (DVKPG), was set up in 2009 and has become a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network and Asia Pacific Geoparks Network, officially since Oct 3, 2010. After that, next steps were set up, starting by establishment of National Geoheritage and Geopark Council and UNESCO Technical Committee, etc. Investigation and research on geoheritage have approached, identified,

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development described and classified hundreds of geoheritage in accordance with the requirements of meeting international criteria; proposed to establish geoheritage and georeserves; propose to build geoparks. However, that process in Vietnam has been developed at a very slow rate compared to other countries in the region and in the world. Following the DVKPG, some natural heritage sites and geopark in Vietnam are recognized by UNESCO, namely the Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex UNESCO (2014) and Non Nuoc Cao Bang UNESCO Global Geopark (2018), etc.

In parallel with the development of geoparks and heritage sites, the conservation tasks (in terms of architectural works, traditional music and festivals, biodiversity, etc.) have also been focused. However, there are still problems in conservation at heritage sites in Vietnam. Ha Long bay, a UNESCO World Natural heritage, is a sad example with uncontrol development of Lamp flora in some caves, displace the natural microflora and destroy the natural beauty and ecosystem. This calls for an immediate action plan at the national level to solve the existing problem.

Key words: Geoparks;Natural heritage; Networking; Conservation.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Delineation and Future Prospects of Geoheritage

Geologically Sensitive Areas

Chi-Hsuan Chen, Wei-Chia Chu, Wan-Chi Chiang, Yu-Jen Chang and Jiin-Fa Lee

Central Geological Survey, MOEA, Taipei, Taiwan Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT According to the Geology Act, the central competent authority shall publicly announce areas with special geologic scenery, special geological environments, or potential geological hazards to be geologically sensitive areas. Up to present, four kinds of geologically sensitive areas have been investigated and delineated among plain and mountain areas in Taiwan, i.e., the active fault zones, the landslides and landslips, the groundwater recharge areas, and the geoheritage areas. The geoheritage geologically sensitive area is a descriptive term applied to sites or areas of geologic features with significant scientific, educational, unique, and aesthetic value. Should a site of land development activity fall in whole or in part within a geologically sensitive area, it shall first undergo a geological site investigation and geological safety assessment before an application for land development can be filed. A total of 19 geoheritage geologically sensitive areas, which enclosed an area of 8.69 km2, have been declared from 2014 to 2018. Scientifically and educationally significant geoheritage areas include those with tectonic structures, sedimentary structures, landscapes, various volcanic rock types, unusual fossils concentrated, or other geologic characteristics that deserve further studies. Uniquely significant geoheritage sites are places where geologic features or landscapes serve as an index of special tectonic environments or have been rarely observed in the world. Aesthetically significant geoheritage outcrops include the strata appearance associated with weathering and differential erosion. Delineation of geoheritage geologically sensitive areas aims to protect these areas from been destroyed at the first step. However, for environmental sustainability and sustainable development, more connections with local or regional societies shall be considered in the following step. Regional integration through the Taiwan Geopark Network, it is hoped, would create benefits on the educational or tourist destination. Keywords: Geoheritage Geologically Sensitive Areas, Geology Act, Geopark Network

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Study on Short-term Bare Ground Area Change of

the Lichi Badland Geopark in Southeastern Taiwan

Ying San Liou and Yu Ling Liu

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Study, National DongHwa University

Abstract The Lichi Badland Geopark located in southeastern part of Taiwan has become a member of the Taiwan Geoparks Network since 2016 due to its remarkable badland landform, important geological significance, rich ecological, humanistic and historical resources, and active participation in the local community. The surface covered with canyons, gullies and sharp ridges is the most important topographical landscape of the geopark. The badland landscape is the result of the natural process of the surface, but the construction of artificial structures (such as the soil wall), the expansion of agriculture, and the invasion of exotic plants may change the area of the exposed land in the badland region. In turn, the characteristics of the landscape are lost. In order to understand the short-term changes in the bare land area of the Lichi Geopark, this study selected three different periods including August 14, 2012, August 3, 2014 and August 12, 2015, google earth pro images with resolution of 4800x2245, analyzed using the idrisi selva app. The results of the analysis produced three different periods of maps and were divided into three types of land use: bare land, green land and buildings. The difference analysis was further carried out to obtain a change in the area between 2012 and 2014, 2014 and 2015, and 2012 and 2015. The combined results show that there is not only one-way change from bare ground to green land, or from green land to bare ground, but both changes are taking place simultaneously. Although the area that became bare land between 2012 and 2014 was small, there was an increase from 2014 to 2015, so there was not a big gap between the changes between 2012 and 2015. By merging the changed maps on the original layer, it can be seen that most of the changes occur at the junction of the areas lacking plant cover and the areas covered by plants. It is speculated that the local plants are mostly dominant species such as Leucaena leucocephala with the fast reproduction rate, but because the mudstone is easy to collapse, the junction area is subject to change.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Revival of Doline Cultivation in Mine Akiyoshidai

Geopark

Mitsuo Yoshimatsu

Mine Akiyoshidai Geopark Geoguide

ABSTRACT Mine Akiyoshidai Karst Plateau Geopark extends over the whole area of Mine City, in the centre of Yamaguchi prefecture in south-west Japan. It was designated a Japanese National Geopark in 2015. Its geosites are broadly divided into three areas: the eastern part of Mine City, whose main features are Akiyoshidai plateau and Akiyoshidō cave which lies beneath; the area around the ruins of the Naganobori copper mine to the east of the plateau; and the remains of the Ōmine coalfield which produced anthracite in the west of Mine City. In particular, the area of Akiyoshidai, born as oceanic limestone and formed around 340 million years ago by tectonic plate movement, is said to be Japan’s largest karst plateau. Akiyoshidai is a gently undulating plain, accented by dolines and other features unique to karst zones which set it apart from the surrounding landscape.Though the origins of the development of dolines as fields and meadows are not clear, there was a time when the numerous doline fields were part of the landscape of Akiyoshidai; owing to the low yield compared to the work required for cultivation, however, from the 1950s these fields were quickly abandoned. In order to revive this doline farming, I and a number of acquaintances a few years ago began cultivation of the doline fields, growing local speciality crops such as burdock. It is this undertaking to restore the landscape on the plateau that I shall be talking about.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Beach Debris and Cleanup Activities in Shimokita

Geopark

Takuya Koike

Association for the Promotion of Shimokita Geopark

ABSTRACT Shimokita Geopark is located on the Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, the northernmost part of Honshu Island in Japan. Shimokita Geopark is unique in that it contains examples of the four types of geological features that make up all of Japan. These geological features form the basis of the region’s ecosystem, as well as the culture and lifestyles of the people. Another feature of Shimokita Geopark is its marine diversity. The Shimokita region is surrounded by three bodies of water: the Tsugaru Strait, the Pacific Ocean, and Mutsu Bay, each with its own unique characteristics. Differences in seafloor geography and ocean currents within these bodies of water give Shimokita a wide variety of marine species, and a strong fishing industry. However, these same characteristics mean various objects are washed ashore through the Tsushima Current that flows northward through the Sea of Japan and the Oyashio Current that flows southward through the Pacific Ocean. In the past, such objects were the source of indigenous faiths, but now represent a need to address the global problem of large amounts of marine debris. The debris found on the beaches of Shimokita Geopark has included plastic bottles, detergent containers, and fishing tools, not only made in Japan but also in China, Korea, and Russia. Due to the harmful influences on wildlife and the landscape, local residents within Shimokita Geopark regularly hold beach cleanups. In this presentation, I will further introduce the types of beach debris found in Shimokita Geopark and describe the local residents’ cleanup activities.

Introduction Geoparks are single, unified geological areas where sites and landscapes of geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development (via “Geopark Activities in Japan”). As of March 2019, there are 44 Geoparks in Japan, nine of which are recognized as UNESCO Global Geoparks. Due to the nature of Japan being made up of volcanic islands located on four

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development different geological plate boundaries and the sweeping landscapes, it is possible to observe the varying cultures and lifestyles of the people who have lived utilizing those features within each Geopark. In addition, Japan being located in an area predisposed to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions facilitate disaster prevention and risk reduction activities at Geoparks. Shimokita Geopark is located on the Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, the northernmost part of Honshu Island in Japan, and was given Geopark status in September 2016. Five local governments—Mutsu City, Oma Town, Higashidori Village, Kazamaura Village, and Sai Village—comprise the area of Shimokita Geopark, and alongside local organizations, establish the Association for the Promotion of Shimokita Geopark and coordinate activities. Shimokita Geopark has an area of 1,416km2 and a population of approximately 70,000 people. It is also unique in that it contains examples of the four types of geological features that make up all of Japan: accretionary wedges, submarine volcanos from the expansion period of the Sea of Japan, Quaternary volcanos, and depositional plains. These features are distributed within a narrow area and shape the entire peninsula. In addition, the Shimokita Peninsula is surrounded by three bodies of water, each with its own unique oceanographic features. This aspect has played an important part in trade and cultural exchange with other regions across these oceans, as well as given prominence to famous scenic locations such as Osorezan and Hotokegaura. These locations are not only important in terms of pure geological value, but due to their affiliation with indigenous faiths, given Shimokita Geopark its theme: “Living with the Seas on the Axe-Shaped Peninsula: Protecting the Culture and Traditions of Honshu’s Northernmost Point”. As the theme implies, the surrounding oceans are a pivotal characteristic of Shimokita Geopark. But in recent years, large amounts of debris have been found on the beaches of the Geopark and pose harmful influences to the landscape and wildlife. This presentation will introduce beach cleanup activities occurring in Shimokita Geopark and discuss the significance of the Geopark’s conservation efforts.

Overview of Shimokita Geopark’s Surrounding Oceans Shimokita Geopark is a part of the Shimokita Peninsula, with three bodies of water surrounding the peninsula’s characteristic shape: the Tsugaru Strait, the Pacific Ocean, and Mutsu Bay (Figure 1).

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Fig. 1: Location of Shimokita Geopark

The Tsugaru Strait connects the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. Within the Sea of Japan, the Tsushima Warm Current flows northward and splits on the west side of the Tsugaru Strait, with one branch continuing eastward through the Tsugaru Strait as the Tsugaru Warm Current. In addition, the Coastal Oyashio Current flows into the northern side of the Tsugaru Strait’s eastern mouth from winter to spring. These currents have long influenced the fishing of migrating tuna, squid, and other seafood that led to many fishing villages forming in the Tsugaru Strait’s coastal areas. Shimokita Geopark’s eastern coastal areas are bordered by the rough and powerful waters of the Pacific Ocean. The strong winds that blow in from the Pacific Ocean have formed the Sarugamori Sand Dunes, one of the largest sand dunes in Japan with a length of about 17 km. Mutsu Bay borders Shimokita Geopark’s southern coastal area, with waters that are comparatively calmer than both the Tsugaru Strait and Pacific Ocean. Scallop cultivation dominates the local area, and Pacific white-sided dolphins migrate into the bay in spring. The bay’s currents have also formed a sand spit in the Ominato coastal area of Mutsu City. The fishing industry in the waters surrounding Shimokita Geopark is not only affected by currents such as the Tsugaru Current and Coastal Oyashio Current, but also by the geological features of the seafloor. For example, the steep seafloor off Kazamaura’s coast makes a suitable habitat for yellow goosefish. Due to this habitat’s close proximity to land, fishermen are able to catch and bring goosefishes back to port still alive.

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The Shimokita region is also influenced by the cultures brought from Kyoto and other places through the Kitamaebune, cargo ships that sailed the Sea of Japan during the Edo period, and these influences are still seen today. As described above, Shimokita Geopark holds an inextricable relationship with its surrounding seas that have highly influenced Shimokita’s geography, nature, and culture.

Beach Debris in Shimokita Geopark The problem of large amounts of beach debris washed ashore was put under spotlight when Japan issued the Act for the Proper Disposal of Marine Debris in 2009. The following year, the Cabinet approved the plans for a basic policy to comprehensively and effectively promote these efforts. In 2018, the act was revised to include attention to reducing plastic and micro-plastic waste. Aomori Prefecture also established similar regional procedures in 2011. In an investigation headed by Aomori Prefecture in 2010, ten coastal sites within Aomori Prefecture were surveyed for beach debris. It was found that the site with the most beach debris by volume and mass was Sai Village, which faces the Tsugaru Strait. Among the debris, plastic waste and fishing tools comprised a large amount. A large number of empty scallop shells were also found at a site in Mutsu Bay. Figure 2 shows a beach in Sai Village in November 2017. From this picture, it can be seen that plastic waste such as containers, bottles, buoys, and nets comprise a majority of the beach debris. Figure 3 shows debris on another beach that faces the Tsugaru Strait. Objects with Chinese, Korean, and Russian writing are visible among the debris. An investigation conducted by Aomori Prefecture in 2010 revealed that while most beach debris washed ashore in the prefecture were from Japan, debris from Korean and China was also found.

Fig. 2: A beach in Sai village Fig. 3: An example of beach debris As shown, large amounts of beach debris wash ashore in Shimokita Geopark’s coastal areas, harming the landscape and environment. Out of the 16 Geosites within the Shimokita Geopark, 15 locations are formations that are heavily affected by the

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development ocean such as sand spits, sand dunes, and marine terraces. Due to this, the amount of debris washed ashore presents one of the Geopark’s largest problems. Not only is the scenery damaged, seabirds that ingest small micro-plastic fragments are threatened as well as humans who come into contact with hazardous chemicals that may remain in plastic containers. To regulate the situation, various organizations within the Shimokita Geopark have undertaken beach cleaning activities in order to preserve the Geosites. The following sections will present an overview of these organizations’ cleanup activities and describe the relationship between the activities of Geoparks in general and beach debris. Unless otherwise noted, the following content is referenced from the experiences of the author, who also participated in cleanup activities.

Beach Cleanup Activities in Shimokita Geopark a. Activities Led by Local Government The community of the Shitsukari area conducts cleanup activities on beach facing the Pacific Ocean. This beach is part of the Sarugamori Sand Dunes, one of the Geosites of Shimokita Geopark. Entry to the Sarugamori Dunes is largely restricted, as most of the land is privately owned or nationally controlled. However, the site can be accessed by guided tours with permission from the owners. The beach is known for its “singing sand,” which produces a sound when stepped on. This phenomenon is dependent on the sand’s quartz content, grain size variation, and cleanliness, so any contamination can impede the production of the “singing” sound. Consequently, beach cleanup activities in this area directly contribute to the conservation of the beach`s geological resources. The local government of Higashidori Village and other organizations have held annual beach cleanup events, even before the certification of the Shimokita Geopark. In April 2018, about 250 volunteers gathered to pick up trash from the beach. The volunteers collected two truckloads of garbage, including large quantities of fishing equipment and plastic bottles. Following the cleanup, a guide introduced the natural plant life of the area to the volunteers. This event not only cleans the beach, but shows its value as well. b. Activities Led by Corporations Kime Beach is a Geosite located to the northwest of Higashidori Village, facing the Tsugaru Strait. Here, a sea cliff composed of strata deposited over 100,000 years ago towers twenty meters above the ocean, and the greater argonaut (argonauta argo, a species of pelagic octopus known for its delicate eggcase) drifts near the shore from mid-October to mid-December (Nara, 2003.) This warm-water dwelling argonaut is borne northward into the Shimokita Peninsula after being propelled from the Sea of

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Japan by the waters of the Tsushima Warm Current. However, these same currents also bring a large amount of debris to Kime Beach. In May 2018, the Mutsu branch of Tohoku-Electric Power Co., Inc sponsored a cleanup of Kime Beach. About one hundred volunteers, including Tohoku Electric staff members, collected two truckloads of garbage in one hour. This garbage included large, difficult-to-dispose-of debris, including plastic drums and fishing equipment. The opportunity to observe Kime Beach`s large rocky outcroppings make the Geosite an attractive destination, but the area`s remote, inconvenient location make the site difficult to access. Local residents and tourists rarely visit the area, but many schools and group organizations express interest in visiting the site. In one such situation, a tour of Kime Beach was organized for Tohoku Electric staff members and held in November of 2017. Participants took photographs of the sea cliff strata while listening to a guide explains the features of the area. Many of these participants commented on the accumulation of garbage on the beach. This lead to a discussion between these local businesses and the Association for the Promotion of Shimokita Geopark regarding beach cleanup, demonstrating the connection between geo-tourism and the conservation of Geosites. c. Activities lead by Local Residents The Shimokita Geopark Supporter’s Club has sponsored various activities in Shimokita Geopark since September 2017. One of the main activities of the club is the collection and exhibition of beach debris. The club holds cleanup activities on the beaches of all municipalities within Shimokita Geopark. Though a smaller number of participants took part in each cleanup compared to the two previously mentioned activities, the club rallied each beach`s local community together in order to raise awareness about beach debris. During their cleanups, the club collected many plastic bottles from foreign countries as well as other garbage. In the winter of 2018 and again in 2019, the club held exhibitions of the trash they collected. Under the supervision of local designers, they presented images of garbage drifting in the sea as well as art made of debris gathered on the beach. (Figure 4) In 2019, the club sponsored a lecture titled, “The Threat of Micro-plastic,” given by a researcher from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), an organization which often participates in the activities of the Association for the Promotion of Shimokita Geopark. In these ways, the Shimokita Geopark Supporter’s Club has provided various approaches to educating local people about beach debris.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Fig. 4: The exhibition of beach debris

The Relationship between Geopark Activities and the Problem of Beach Debris As stated above, cleanup activities are held by local government, corporations and local residents in Shimokita Geopark. However, as beach debris has become a global problem, there are also areas where beach cleanup activities are actively conducted, even if they are not officially recognized as Geoparks. The following examines the relationship between Geopark activities and the problem of beach debris. Accumulating garbage is likely to directly impact the geological features of an area, and the implementation of cleanup activities is often triggered by the detriment of a landscape. But, as in the case of Shiokita’s “singing sand,” these activities often lead to direct conservation of the site in question. It is important to consider when holding cleanup activities to make an effort not only to collect debris but to educate participants about the geological features of the area. Geo-tours also create opportunities for cleanup activities. Shimokita Geopark contains not only well-known sightseeing spots such as Osorezan and Hotokegaura, but also many lesser-known places. Many of these Geosites include places related to the sea, such as the strata sea cliffs of Kime Beach. Local people became interested in these sites due to Geopark-related visits and activities. Consequently, local individuals and companies began their own independent beach cleanup activities. However, problems in the method of waste disposal create barriers against sustainable cleanup activities. Large objects such as storage drums, broken refrigerators, and large quantities of driftwood are often discovered on the beaches, but the high cost of transport and disposal for such waste is prohibitive for local companies and individuals. Additionally, Geoparks existing across multiple municipalities must learn and abide by the waste disposal laws of multiple governments. In the case of Shimokita, the monetary burden of local companies is kept to a minimum through meetings with local governments. Wherever possible it is necessary to reduce the cost of waste disposal for individuals and groups engages in sustainable cleanup activities.

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As the activities of Shimokita Geopark progress, efforts in conservation, tourism, and education regarding the Geosites all connect to the cleanup activities outlined here. Looking toward the future, it is important that Geopark activities regarding beach debris be examined scientifically, targeting not only short term results but sustainable methods of long term conservation.

References M. Nara (2003): Argonautias from the Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori Pref., Japan. Journal of the natural history of Aomori 8: 77

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Our Practice and Results of Geo-Tourism, and our

Supports to Other Areas for Guides’ Capacity Building

Michinori Kinoshita

NPO Genbudo Cave Guide Club, Japan

ABSTRACT I. Introduction of our organization’s operation and its results Our challenges to maintain the successful Geo-tourism sustainably 1. Establishment of guide organization which is available for tourists at any time ・How to make amateur/volunteer guides professional ・Practical skill-up training of guiding and customer relations ・Organization and in corporation as group of professional guides ・Establishment of cooperate management and cooperate operation 2. Recognition and its application of local resources ・identification of Geo-sites, guiding availability, capacity, time and fees ・methods to use local resources (from points to a line) 3. Strategical marketing ・Separation of individual tourists from group visitors (focusing our targets) ・Information sharing and networking with travel agents, geopark council, DMO and other guide clubs II. Networking and our supports to guides’ capacity building in other areas and our endless challenges ・Participation and presentations at domestic/international conferences ・Our supports to guiding groups in other areas in their capacity building ・Our upcoming challenges-How to improve public awareness of Geoparks to Asian visitors

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

‘Crustal Movement of Hotel Business’― To Become the Most Treasured Destinations, from Only the Place for the Stay the Night―Example at San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark

Yasumasa Asano

Yumura Hot Springs, Japanese Ryokan-Style Hotel ASANOYA CEO, San’in Kaigan Geopark Expert Guide, Japan ABSTRACT History as Headquarter Hotel when San’in Kaigan was certified as a UNESCO Global Geopark. Hotel Staffs are Certified Geo Guide. The common idea of hotel business in the world is hotel staffs should devote to accommodation management, which means, guide is to be outsourced. But, half of 45 ASANOYA staffs among 100 are certified Geopark guide. By getting this guide certification, our hotel staffs grow their love of local area, and that’s helpful to communicate with guests. We’re thinking it’s Geopark to have pride in own local area. To Become the Most Treasured Destinations, from Only the Place for the Stay the Night. A local Japanese-hot spring hotel is considered as only the place for the stay the night at tourist spots to enjoy and socialize with people. For stable attraction of customers, hotel should change the concept of guests to become the important destinations. Geo guide who spread the information of local area is the key for this concept. That’s the differentiating strategy of our hotel from the other area. Differences of Economic Effect between Day Trip and Accommodation. Economic effect of trip with accommodation is four times better than day trip of 10 minutes to 1 hour. To activate local economy, it’s essential to promote accommodation in Geopark. In case of group tour to enjoy and socialize with people, tourists don’t remember the local area. If they remember and understand the charms of local area, they will want to come back again as free individual traveler. As a result, they become regular customer. Tourists Stay at the Local Area Longer to Enjoy Hands-on Activities. Tourists get tired of tour guide only by the explanation. Trip with hands-on activities give strong impression of local area. As a result, they stay longer in the area. The longer stay make the local area richer. Sales Strategy and Approach to Travel Agency. Group bus tour usually costs higher and takes longer because tourists go around various places. We give geo guide to them who come one hour earlier to our hotel. By

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development walking around the town with the geo guide, tourists can learn a lot of things. As a result, they think the tour cost is reasonable and satisfaction of tour gets higher. Geopark is the local area where each local people have pride.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Understanding of regional scientific importance by

local Residents – In case of San’in Kaigan UNESCO Global Geopark

Noritaka Matsubara

Graduate School of Regional Resource Management, University of Hyogo, Japan

ABSTRACT Regional self-support is very important things in local community. And one of the important roles of geopark activities is resident understanding of the regional scientific importance and features. UNESCO Global Geoparks give international recognition for sites that promote the importance and significance of protecting the Earth's geodiversity through actively engaging with the local communities. For this purpose, it is important that local residents participate in geopark activities positively. However, it is difficult for local residents to understand regional scientific importance and local geological phenomena. So, we started “geo-communication” with local people. For example, we created “Geopark foot pass” and “geopark walking map” in cooperation with local people, to promote better understanding and communication with local people, government and academia involved in geopark activities. Local residents could understand geological features through this activity. In this presentation, I would like to introduce our “geo- communication” activities.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Geosites – for scientists, geotourists or general public?

Dilemmas of selection and management

Piotr Migoń

Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50–137 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected]

ABSTRACT Various definitions of geosites may be found in literature. Whereas most people seem to accept that it is the special significance for geosciences that defines a geosite, and its designation and use are of secondary importance, some tend to distinguish between geosites sensu stricto, i.e. sites of primarily scientific interest, and geodiversity sites, which are particularly suitable for the development for general public. However, such a priori division may not facilitate the phase of inventory of geosites, which should be as inclusive as possible. But it is also true that not all geosites are equally suited for geotourism and a series of choices accompanies the selection of sites for tourism development. Whereas scientists do not necessarily need on-site facilities and may even prefer to ‘hide’ vulnerable localities, geotourists will value convenient access and availability of information, whereas ordinary tourists will likely appreciate facilities and scenery adjacent to a site. Recent involvement of the author in geosite inventory for a prospective geopark ‘Land of Extinct Volcanoes’ (SW Poland) highlighted several dilemmas present at the stage of geosite selection. The project includes a complete inventory of 130 geosites in the region, followed by selection of ‘Top 30’ for possible tourism development. Priorities in the selection process include the choice of main theme, scenic values of the site, easy access, links with other themes of interest (cultural, botanical). However, regulations applied in protected areas have to be observed and a certain degree of balance in spatial distribution over the study area is expected.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Geopark and contemporary land art : the case of

Digne geopark, France

Herve Regnauld and Patricia Limido

University of Rennes 2, France

ABSTRACT In the southern part of the French Alps, in the surroundings of the city of Digne, a geological preserve was created in 1984 in order to protect many sites with many fossils (Ichtyosorus, and Ammonites). The preserve was also created to protect some geomorphological structures such as folds and faults. Therefore the preserve was not only a collection of local sites (as many open air museums are) but was considered as a global landscape extending on 200 000 ha and 59 different cities and villages. As soon as the preserve was created, the local authorities asked land artists to create works of art for this special landscape. Some were collected in a museum in Digne but many of them were installed in the mountains and could only be reached after a long walk. A new path was designed which allowed to walk 150km in the preserve and to spent nights in 7 “refuges”, each of them being created by an artist (Andy Goldsworthy). Along the walk some works by Paul Armand Gette, or herman de vries are visible. Some fake fossils have also been created by artists. In 2000 this preserve was turned into the first Unesco Geopark in the world. Since then a new set of land art works has been created along a road extending into Italy (Via pour l’Art Contemporain, or VIAPAC). Today this geopark is considered as a scientific achievement and an economic success, as it help to create about 300 jobs and about 200 000 nights for tourists. This paper focuses on the specific link between land art and geological / geomorphological issues. Many links between art and science have been studied and some works deal with the relation between land art and coastal evolution (the dutch artist herman de vries for instance). In the Digne geopark and along the Viapac there is a unique and original relation between geological heritage, geomorphological present mobility, historical castles and forts (it was the border between France and Piemont) and present tourism , in winter as well as during the summer. How do artists to help the visitors to understand the geological structure? How do scientists influence or direct the artist’s works? How do tourists appreciate the sites, the landscapes, the walks and the art works ?

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

We have worked two years on this subject, with many enquiries and we present our results, the main one being that only 4,7 % of the tourists actually come for investigating a relation between geological heritage and present art. Therefore, in this geopark artists and scientists still have a lot to work together in order to make visible the relation between art and science.

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Innovation and Education for Sustainable

Development Survival

Ross Michael Pink

Dr., Lecturer, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Canada

ABSTRACT In 2019, the global community faces alarming human development and environmental peril. The current population is 7.4 billion and projected to reach 9.5 billion in 2050. In 2019, there are 800 million people with no safe, clean water in their home/community, climate change impacts imperil the health of billions of people, accumulated plastic in world oceans equaling the size of France and projections by the WWF of fish extinction by 2095. The goal of sustainable development is to leave the planet in a safe environmental condition for future generations yet this is not happening. The goal of sustainable development and sustainable education is now paramount for the survival of the planet and billions of people. Numerous organizations and governments worldwide are launching initiatives to move in this direction. The United Nations 4th Sustainable Development Goal highlights education because the two aims are in harmony and UNESCO has noted the urgency of creating sustainable development education. The innovative ‘Good Life Goals’ have been shaped through a multi-stakeholder collaboration between Futerra, the 10YFP SLE Programme, co-led by the governments of Sweden and Japan represented by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), as well as UNESCO, UN Environment and WBCSD. The noble aim is to educate globally to promote healthy lifestyle choices for sustainable development. This paper will focus upon sustainable development initiatives and education in Taiwan, Norway, India and Canada. In Taiwan, there is an active recycling system which has been introduced in Romania. The goal is to recycle polyethylene terephthalate water bottles, benefitting the environment and communities. Norway has the worlds’ first zero emission town. In India, due to severe water shortages, rainwater harvesting is rapidly being promoted. In Canada, there are robust community garden projects. The paper will highlight these innovative sustainable development initiatives and the sustainable education strategies that are successfully engaging the public and promoting a greener, safer world. Correspondence: [email protected]

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Emerging scientific knowledge to enhance heritage

protection and sustainable tourism – Dunhuang UNESCO Global Geopark

Cindy Choi

Chairman of Association for Geoconservation, Hong Kong

ABSTRACT The Dunhuang UNESCO Global Geopark was accredited as global geopark in 2016. The Dunhuang Grottoes, one of the prime attractions of the geopark, have been acclaimed as an "Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages". Lying in an oasis at the edge of the Taklamakan Desert, Dunhuang was one of the first trading cities encountered by merchants arriving in China from the west. It was also an ancient site of Buddhist religious activity, and was a popular destination for pilgrims, as well as acting as a garrison town protecting the region. The Dunhuang Grottoes has nearly 500 caves containing a vast repository of historic documents along the Silk Roads. They thus bear witness to the cultural, religious, social and commercial activity that took place in the first millennium. The Dunhuang Grottoes with murals and colorful sculptures are generally small while the majority is below 10 square meters. The frescoes and colorful sculptures in the caves are made of pigments, clay, wheat straw and wood, which are very fragile and subject to the threat of disease. They are thus both valuable and vulnerable. Since the opening of the Dunhuang Grottoes to the outside world in 1979, it has become a global tourism hotspot. The annual number of tourists has continued to grow from the initial 20,000 to 79 million in 2012 and then over 1 million in 2015. Seasonality and timeliness aggravate the visitation problem. The overcrowding and concentration of visitors in the peak season and peak hours pose serious threats to the long-term preservation of the grottoes, security while at the same time adversely impacted the quality and satisfaction of visits. The Dunhuang Research Academy has instituted a series of measures to alleviate the problem especially by employing advanced technologies including the environment monitoring analysis system, digitalisation, 3D scanning and virtual reality representation of the Dunhuang relics to better conserve the grottoes while at the same to promote the cultural heritage to the world. This research try to study the effectiveness of the measures taken by The Academy and the extent technology plays in the heritage conservation and sustainable tourism.

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Keywords: Dunhuang grottoes, value and threats, cultural conservation, sustainable tourism, technology Correspondence: [email protected]

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

The Evolution of Data on Landslide-Landslip

Geologically Sensitive Area

Tung-Lin Tai, Mien-Ming Chen

Environmental and Engineering Geology Division, Central Geological Survey, MOEA, Taiwan

ABSTRACT Landslide-landslip geologically sensitive area is viewed as information of disaster prevention. According to Geology Act, delineate the preceding areas which have once collapsed before or be induced under certain conditions. During 2014-2016, Central Geology Survey (CGS), accomplished the public announcement of landslide-landslip geologically sensitive area in Taiwan Island. Considering the comprehensive review at least once every 5 years, bases on environmental change or new techniques, such as recent landslides and further interpretations by Airborne Lidar high resolution data. Therefore, the 1st phase data should be partially renovated or be reviewed to meet the rationalities that practically contribute to disaster prevention and mitigation. Due to landslide-landslip geologically sensitive area composed of different kinds of landslide data, for example, the 1st phase data is the union of landslide inventories (based on aerial photos, satellite images and Lidar DEM) and dip slope. However, the 2nd phase (amendment draft) plans to add “Old Landslide Inventory” represented the areas where landslide had happened before; “Potential Medium-Scale Landslide” and “Potential Rockfall and Shallow Landslides” represented the areas where have the certain conditions to trigger landslide. With regard to reviewing these original data about landslide-landslip geologically sensitive area could be found on cloud service platform of landslide information. The mentioned platform would update data continuously. (https://landslide.geologycloud.tw) Key words: Landslide-Landslip Geologically Sensitive Area, Comprehensive Review, Amendment

2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Two Huge Tsunami Disasters in 1960 and in 2011 at

Kesennuma Bay, Tohoku, Japan --- Traces of Huge Tsunami Disasters in the Submarine Deposits at the Enclosed Bay along the Pacific Coast

Kaoru Kashima1*,Ryozo Shiomi2, Yu Fukumoto3 and Tsuyoshi Haraguchi2

1Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 2Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka Japan 3Ritusmeikan University, Kyoko, Japan * [email protected]

ABSTRACT Kesennuma Bay, located north of Sendai, Tohoku, Japan, is an enclosed bay along the Pacific Ocean. It was damaged by tsunami disasters a lot of times during the historical era because of its geomorphologic characteristics. In 1960, the tsunami of 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake attacked the bay. The tsunami waves, about 5m height arrived cyclically for two days with about 2 hours intervals, and caused huge damages along the coast. The strong currents by the tsunami also formed the erosional depressions and sedimentary mounds exceed 4m height on the submarine floor of the bay. The tsunami of the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (March 11, 2011) attacked the bay again. The tsunami waves exceeded 10 m height, and about 1500 persons were killed and 10,000 houses were broken only along Kesennuma bay. We have started the survey of the above two tsunami disasters at Kesennuma Bay since 2008. The detail measurement of submarine topography and coring of the sediments at the submarine floors of the bay were done to make clear the processes of erosion and sedimentation by the tsunami currents. During our field survey, the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku had occurred. We measured the submarine topography and cored the deposits after the tsunami in the bay again. The maximum submarine erosion by the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku tsunami estimated more the 3m. The sedimentary processes by tsunami currents were kept well as laminated sedimentary structures, variations of magnetic susceptibility and diatom assemblages in the sediments.

Key words： Diatom Assemblages, East Japan Earthquake Tsunami in 2011, Kesennuma Bay, Laminated

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Sedimentary Structure, Magnetic Susceptibility, Submarine Topography, Tsunami Deposits, Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake Tsunami in 1960 Introduction

Kesennuma, located north of Sendai, Tohoku Area, Japan, is an enclosed bay along the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the main ports of fishery at Tohoku Area and was set a lot of facilities for aquaculture industries along the coast. Kesennuma Bay was damaged by tsunami disasters a lot of times during the historical era because of its bay shape and submarine topography. The bay has a “h” shape, and the east bay and the west bay were connected through the shallow strait (Fig.1-a, b). The west bay is very shallow, and is difficult to flow tidal currents. On the other hand, the east bay and the strait have enough depth, therefore usually tidal currents enter from the east bay, go through the strait, and reach the north part of the east bay where the fishery port and aquaculture industries were constructed (Fig.1-c). The complicated current system in the bay presumably increased the disasters by the huge tsunamis. In this paper, we would introduce two huge tsunami hazards occurred in 1960 and in 2011 which destroyed Kesennuma area widely. Both tsunami waves took serious damages at the coasts of the bay, and a lot of persons were killed and injured. The strong tsunami currents caused huge erosion and deposition at the submarine floors of the bay. Our surveys of submarine topography and submarine drilling of deposits have started since 2008. They reviled the detail processes of sedimentation and erosion processes by the two tsunamis at the Kesennuma Bay.

Two Huge Tsunami Disasters in 1960 and in 2011 at Kesennuma Bay

In 1960, the tsunami of 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake attacked the bay crossed the Pacific Ocean. The tsunami waves, about 5m height, arrived cyclically for two days with about 2 hours intervals, and caused huge damages along the coast. 142 persons were killed, and 855 persons were injured by the tsunami hazard (Fig.2-a). The strong currents by the tsunami caused distinct erosion and sedimentation on the submarine floor of the bay. The maximum erosion depression was measured about 10m, and three sedimentary mounds of about 7 m height were formed on the sea floor (Fig.2-b, Takahashi et al., 1991). The tsunami of the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (March 11, 2011) attacked the bay again. The tsunami waves exceeded 10 m height, and about 1500 persons were killed and 10,000 houses were broken only at the Kesennuma bay region (Fig.3. a-f) The oil from the broken oil tanks flowed into the bay, and fired for several days along the bay coast (fig.3-c, d). The oil particles kept on the sea floor and took serious influences for the plankton flora and fishery productions for several years after the tsunami.

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The tsunami deposits by the 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake

We have started the survey of the tsunami disasters at Kesennuma Bay since 2008. First we mapped the submarine sedimentary mounds caused by tsunami currents of the 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake by detail measurements of submarine topography. Three mounds were presumed, and we took three cores of sediments on the every submarine mounds (KSN01, KSN02 and KSN03). The estimated depth of tsunami deposits was about 2m (KSN01) and about 4 m (KSN02, KSN03) by Takahashi et al. (1991) (Fig.2-b). The tsunami deposit was generally consisted of laminated sand and clay. CT photo of the KSN02 core, taken at middle part of the bay, showed distinct laminated structure during 0-2 m layer. Magnetic Susceptibility was also fluctuated on the same layer. They showed cyclic shifts between stable and disturbed sedimentary conditions within the sediment (Fig.4-a). Biological remains in the tsunami deposits were also fluctuated in corresponding to the laminated structures. Diatoms were single-cell microfossils, were useful as the indicators of past current environment. The ratio of marine diatom species increased cyclically more than 16 times with 10-20 cm intervals. These marine diatom peaks might be caused by the incoming waves of tsunami. Tsunami waves of 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake attacked about 20 times to Kesennuma Bay with 2 hours intervals (Fig.4-b).

The tsunami deposits by the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku

The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku had occurred on March 11, 2011. Prof. Haraguchi, Osaka City University, took the emergence filed survey just after the tsunami disaster, and measured the detail submarine topography (Fig.5-a). Therefore, we could presume variations of submarine topography by tsunami currents using comparing the submarine topographic measurement at before and after the tsunami disaster (Fig.6) (Haraguchi and Iwamatsu, 2011, Haraguchi et al. 2013). The rapid currents by the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku eroded steep depressions at the seafloor of the bay. The maximum erosion was measured about 3m, and the strait depression under the sea was continued about 4 km(Fig.6). On the other hands, the sedimentary mounds were formed off the river mouth. The River Shishiori, flowed into the bay at the northern coast, formed huge mounds of about 2m height. The River Okawa formed a flat mound of about 50cm height at western coast of the bay (Fig.6). The coring survey of the sea bottom sediments by the tsunami current in 2011 were done at three sites. KSN 1301 was taken at Off River Okawa, and KSN1302 and KSN1303 were taken at off of River Shishiori (Fig.5-b, Fig.6). The coring at Off River Okawa was very difficult. A lot of large debris flown from the coastal land into the bay by the tsunami backwash currents, and interrupted our coring. It was

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Conclusion

We took the tsunami deposits on the submarine mounds caused by tsunami currents of the 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake and the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, at

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Kesennuma Bay, Japan. The tsunami deposits of the both earthquakes were consisted of clearly laminated sand – clay. Geophysical analysis such as Density, Grainsize, CT value and Magnetic Susceptibility presumed that the laminated sedimentary structures were formed by the fluctuation of disturbed and stable semimetal environment. The tsunami deposits contained a lot of biological remains. The valves of diatoms, single cell algae, were reserved in sediments, and were useful indicators of past directions of water currents. At incoming currents from open sea into the bay, marine species, especially marine oceanic species increased. On the other hand, outwash currents of the tsunami from coastal lands to the bay, freshwater species increased. The fluctuations of marine (marine oceanic) species and freshwater species of diatoms presumed cyclic tsunami attacks during the tsunami events. The submarine tsunami deposits in the enclosed bay kept well the detail histories of fluctuations of tsunami currents and their sedimentation. And the combination of geophysical analysis and biological analysis for the tsunami deposits were very useful to presume the tsunami hazard histories and to apply the prediction for future tsunami disasters.

References

Haraguchi, T. and Iwamatsu, A., 2011: Detail map of the Great Eastern Japan tsunami (Aomori, Iwate, and Miyagi). Kokon-Shoin , Tokyo. (in Japanese). Haraguchi, T., Goto, G., Sato, M., Yoshinaga, Y., Yamaguchi, N. and Takahashi T., 2013: Large bed form generated by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami at Kesennuma Bay, Japan. Marine Geology, vol. 335, p. 200-205. Shiomi, R., Haraguchi,T., Takahashi,T., Hayashida, A., Nakano, R. and Ueda, K., 2011: Characteristics of the 1960 Chilean Tsunami Deposits in the Bay of Kesennuma, Journal of The Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Division B: Hydraulic, Coastal and Environmental Engineering, vol. 67, p. 241-245. Shiomi, R., Ishikawa, S., Haraguchi, T. , Takahashi, T., Ueda, K. and Kashima, K., 2013a: Sedimentary Environments and Transportation Systems of Fine Materials in The 1960 Chilean Tsunami Event, at the Kesennuma Bay, North-east Japan, Presumed by Paleomagnetic and Microfossil Analyses at Tsunami Deposits. Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology, vol. 53, p. 302-312. Takahashi, T., Imamura, F. and Shuto, N., 1991: Tsunami currents and sea floor variations --- A Case at Kesennuma by 1960 Chilean Tsunami. Journal of The Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Division B: Hydraulic, Coastal and Environmental Engineering, vol. 38, p. 161-165

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Figure 1. Location of Kesennuma, Tohoku Area, Japan (a) Location map, (b) detail location map, (c) Satellite view by Google Earth (d) Submarine topographic map of the bay

Figure 2. The tsunami hazards by 1960 Valdivia earthquake on May 23-24, 1960 (a) Newspaper photos of the tsunami hazard in 1960 (b) Submarine topographic change by the tsunami currents after Takahashi et al. (1991) KSN1, KSN2, KSN3: Coring sites of submarine deposits in 2009

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Figure 3. The tsunami of the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (March 11, 2011) (a), (b) Fishery port and aquaculture industries along the coast one month before the tsunami hazard, and our filed survey on the boat (by Mr. Shiomi, Feb.11, 2011) (c) The fire after the tsunami attacks (by Mr.Onodera, March 11, 2011) (d) The next morning of the bay. The fire had still continued (by Mr. Onodera, March 12, 2011) (e)The fired cost along the bay (By Prof. Haraguchi, March 29, 2011) (f) The ship was derived to the land (By Prof. Haraguchi, March 29, 2011)

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Figure 4. KSN02 core; the tsunami deposit by 1960 Valdivia (Chilean) earthquake on May 23-24, 1960 (a) CT photo, Water content, Weight, Magnetic Susceptibility and C14 ages were shown at the core (b) Diatoms, micro fossils of single cell algae, succession during the core. after Shiomi et al. (2011, 2013)

Figure 5. Emergency Survey just after the 2011 Tsunami (by Prof. Haraguchi) (a) Submarine topography measurement, (b) Submarine coring of the sea bottom sediments by tsunami deposition

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Fig.6 Submarine variations at Kesennuma bay after the 2011 Tsunami (Haraguchi et al., 2013) The coring of the submarine deposits at three sites on the submarine mounds which were caused by tsunami currents on March 11, 2011

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Fig.7 KSN 1301 core The core was 3.5m long. Top 32cm was the tsunami deposit in 2011

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Figure 8. 0 - 32 cm part of KSN1301 core CT photo, Density, Grainsize, CT value and Magnetic Susceptibility were shown.

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Figure 9. Diatom assemblages of 0- 50 cm layer of KSN1301 core

Figure 10. (a) Tide level changes at the 2011 tsunami (Haraguchi et al, 2013) (b) Lamination pattern (Gray Scale) of the core. It was similar to the tidal level changes

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Figure 11. KSN1303 core CT photo, Density, Grainsize, CT value and Magnetic Susceptibility were shown in the diagram. The coring was interrupted at 105cm depth to attach the big debris by the tsunami current.

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Figure 12. Diatom assemblages at KSN1303 core and microscopic photos of Thalassiosira spp. Thalassiosira spp., marine oceanic diatom species, increased cyclically according to incoming currents of the tsunami

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Professional certification of Geotourism

Interpretation

Derek Yue Tak, Tse

Eco Travel Limited, Hong Kong

ABSTRACT One of the key elements for geological conservation is the public awareness about geological features and landscapes. With the concepts of geoaprk from the UNESCO Global Geoparks, geopark is the context containing the geotourism activities which could arouse the public awawreness to the importance of geological features and landscapes, and finally lead to the awareness of conservation, not only on landscapes but the cultural and ecological elements within. Since Geology and geography involves abstract concepts for general public, interpretation system involving self-guiding or interpreters would be essential for tourist to understand about geopark. In order to manage and improve the professionality of interpreters guiding in geoparks and natural reserves, certification system provide a systematic way to help destination management and guiding services providers. This paper is to discuss the experiences of interpretation training and certification programmes based on the experiences from Hong Kong. Keywords: Geopark, Geotourism, interpretation system, certification Correspondence: [email protected]

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Policy framework and support tools for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam

Huynh Thi Mai

Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Hanoi, Vietnam

ABSTRACT The paper will be described (i) policy framework on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam including national strategies (National Strategy for Management of Special-Use Forests, Marine Protected Areas, Inland Water Conservation Areas of Vietnam until 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2014); National Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, a vision to 2030 (2013); National Sustainable Development Strategy in the period of 2011-2020 (2012), etc.); Laws: Law on Forestry (2017); Biodiversity Law (2008), etc.; and National Masterplan on Biodiversity Conservation to 2020, Orientation to 2030 (2014), etc.; (ii) protected areas system in Vietnam including 172 protected areas with a total area of 2,493,843.67 hectares being reviewed in accordance with the Biodiversity Law, comprising 33 national parks; 65 nature reserves; 18 species and habitat conservation areas; 56 landscape protected areas; UN-Biosphere reserves; World heritage site; ASEAN heritage parks, etc.; and (iii) local models and initiatives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Badlands tourism as community care for aging: a

social innovative practice establishment

Yu-Feng Wong

Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The core of Satoyama Initiative, proposed by Garrity and positively responded by Takeuchi, is revitalization of satoyama landscape, where encompasses biodiversity with a diversity of ecosystem services and a stable relationships between nature and human (Takeuchi, 2010; ICRAF, 2019). It is an ecosystem services for human well-being and ecotourism in a small scale is one of satoyama restoration among common people (Berglund et al, 2014), or even policy of government (Dublin et al, 2014: 8). However, there is little literature paying attention to the relationship between satoyama restoration and community care in terms of visible aging population. Zuozhen in Tainan City is one of sotoyama landscape with mudstone badlands. Its characteristics is the same as the Badlands National Park in the Western Interior region of the United States, uniquely scenic geologic setting. Agricultural activities are no longer seen as means of bread earning. Decrease of population, increase of aging population, and downsized primary schools as well as secondary school are attributed to the underdevelopment of local economy. Loneliness is one of the main issue raised by local aging residents since there is insufficient community care provided by the government or private sector. We spent 5 year in Zuozhen, the badlands, and figure out its diversity of ecosystem services and form an ecotourism route for electronic bike for stablizing relationships between nature and aging human within this satoyama landscape. Courses organized by my colleagues from National Cheng Kung University is the essential key to pave the way for running the electronic bike to linking with local provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, and supporting services, and cultural services. This forms an innovative community care with productivity for aging instead. This paper illustrates the process that transform ecotourism into community care based on the introduction of the electronic bike.

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

A tour operator perspective on enhancing

geoexperience through public-private collaboration

Tan Mei Cheung, Tammy Eco Travel Limited, Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Traditionally, geopark interpretation system refers to brochures, information panels, museums, and guided programmes conducted in geoparks. However, as a key stakeholder in geotourism, tourism actors including tour operators, hospitalities, restaurants, souvenir shops, and guides also play a very important role to support the interpretation effectiveness by elevating tourist experience of learning, as well as to construct the geopark brand by providing a consistent and comprehensive travel experience during their stays in geological heritage sites. Geoparks are encouraged to conduct public-private partnership in order to support the sustainable development of the geopark. This study aims at filling the knowledge gap of how to extend the earth science interpretation system beyond geopark through tourism stakeholder collaboration programme from a tour operator perspective. Keywords: Geopark community, Geotourism, interpretation system, tourism actors Correspondence: [email protected]

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Local knowledge of geoheritage values in Dong Van

Karst plateau UNESCO global geopark and community engagement for conservation

Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao , Le Anh Phuong

Vietnam Center on Karst and Geoheritage (VCKG)

ABSTRACT

Dong Van Karst Plateau Unesco Global Geopark (DVKP) is in northeastern Ha Giang province, Vietnam. Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark was recognized as an official member of the Unesco Global Geopark (UGG in 2010). Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark includes all 4 districts of Quan Ba, Yen Minh, Dong Van and Meo Vac with an area of 2326 km2 and 139 geoheritage sites and plentiful non-geological values have been established in DVKP. The Community engagement for conservation of Ha Giang province by restoring unique traditional craft villages and propagating awareness to people about the benefits of geopark, etc is very important for conservation and sustainable development. Therefore, the preservation and promotion of the local knowledge on geoheritage in DVKP have been chosen as a theme along which to develop the geopark. In order to successfully convey this message, we need “scientific knowledge” to explain “local knowledge”, and use “local knowledge” to convey “scientific knowledge” to the communities and to visitors. That is the best way to conserve all kinds of heritages and complete the objectives of Geopark establishment in Dong Van Karst Plateau.

Key words: Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark (DVKP), Unesco Global Geopark (UGG), local knowledge.

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2019 International Conference on Landscape and Sustainable Development

Strategy for promoting of capability of interpreter on

environmental education

Chun-Hao Su

National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

ABSTRACT

This study is trying to find strategy for improving the capability of the interpreter for the environmental education. According to that the statistic of the visitors from abroad as well as domestic tourists is increasing every year. There is a need to provide interpreters/guides for the tourism industry both in quantity and quality. In the meantime, there is also a need to provide enough interpreters for the environmental education according to the environmental law which launched in 2010 and Geopark which is listed into Cultural Heritage Law in 2017. Therefore, the strategy to improve the Environmental Literacy should be on the agenda for the sustainable development on tourism industry and geopark.

The results show that the strategy of training qualified interpreters can be as below: 1. The requirement of training courses which should be attended by every interpreter before or after they are certificated. 2. The in-service training courses also should be put into act. Each interpreter should attend in-service training course to update their knowledge/information regularly. 3. For the environmental education it is also a need to attract more qualified interpreters to improve their Environmental Literacy. The governments, universities should play more and more important role in the future both in tourism industry and geopark.

Key words: Environmental literacy, interpreter, guide, Geopark

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