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Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species As Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Non-Legumes: Effect on Radishes (Raphanus Sativus L.)

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Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species As Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Non-Legumes: Effect on Radishes (Raphanus Sativus L.) Plant and Soil 204: 57–67, 1998. 57 © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: Effect on radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) Hani Antoun1;2;∗, Chantal J. Beauchamp3, Nadia Goussard1;2, Rock Chabot1;2 and Roger Lalande4 1Recherches en Sciences de la vie et de la sant´e, Pavillon Charles-Eug`ene Marchand, 2D´epartement des Sols et de G´enie Agroalimentaire, 3D´epartement de Phytologie, Facult´e des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Universit´e Laval, Qu´ebec (Qu´ebec), Canada G1K 7P4 and 4Centre de Recherches sur les Sols et les Grandes Cultures, Agriculture et Agro-Alimentaire Canada, 2560 Boul. Hochelaga, Ste-Foy, Qu´ebec (Qu´ebec) Canada G1V 2J3 Key words: Bradyrhizobium, growth promotion, radish, Rhizobium Abstract Bradyrhizobia and rhizobia are symbiotic bacterial partners forming nitrogen fixing nodules on legumes. These bacteria share characteristics with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Nodule inducing bacteria, like other PGPR, are capable of colonizing the roots of non-legumes and produce phytohormones, siderophores and HCN. They also exhibit antagonistic effects towards many plant pathogenic fungi. The potential of nodule in- ducing bacteria to function as PGPR, was examined by using radish as a model plant. Three percent of the 266 strains tested were found to be cyanogens, while a majority (83%) produced siderophores. Fifty eight percent of the strains produced indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and 54% solubilized phosphorus. Some of the bacterial species examined were found to have a deleterious effect while others were neutral or displayed a stimulatory effect on radishes. Bradyrizobium japonicum strain Soy 213 was found to have the highest stimulatory effect (60%), and an arctic strain (N44) was the most deleterious, causing a 44% reduction in radish dry matter yield. A second plant inoculation test, performed in growth cabinets, revealed that only strain Tal 629 of B. japonicum significantly increased (15%) the dry matter yield of radish. This indicates that specific bradyrhizobia have the potential to be used as PGPR on non-legumes. Introduction Early studies of PGPR were performed only with root crops such as radish (Raphanus sativus L.), potato Interactions between plants and micro-organisms in (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris the rhizosphere (rhizobacteria) can clearly affect crop L.) (Kloepper, 1993). Later studies covered a wide yields. Rhizobacteria that benefit plant growth and range of hosts, including cereals, legumes and trees. development are called ‘PGPR’. The most studied PGPR can directly stimulate plant growth by produc- PGPR belong to gram-negative genera, and the great- ing phytohormones and by increasing nutrient uptake est number of strains are members of the fluorescent (Lippmann et al., 1995) or by inducing systemic plant pseudomonads (Kloepper, 1993). Many reports also resistance towards pathogenic micro-organisms (Liu suggest that gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacil- et al., 1995a,b). By modifying the microbial bal- lus, are PGPR (Beauchamp, 1993; Kloepper, 1993). ance in the rhizosphere, PGPR can stimulate plant growth indirectly by inhibiting other deleterious mi- ∗ FAX No: +1 418 6567176. E-mail: [email protected] crobes or root pathogens (Lemanceau, 1992; Kloep- Plant and Soil is the original source of publication of this article. per, 1993). For example fluorescent pseudomonads It is recommended that this article is cited as: Plant and Soil 204: can influence biological control of root crop diseases, 47–57, 1998. 58 by modulating competitiveness, production of antibi- inner root tissues (Schloter et al., 1997). By using otics, siderophores or HCN (O’Sullivan and O’Gara, bioluminescent phosphate solubilizing strains of R. 1992). leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, Chabot et al (1996b) also found that 4 weeks after seeding the rhizobial pop- Potential use of rhizobia and bradyrhizobia as PGPR ulation in maize roots average log 4.1 CFU/g (fresh with non-legumes weight) and that rhizobia were superior root colonizers as compared to the other PGPR tested. B. japonicum The beneficial effect of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizo- was also found as an endophyte in the roots of sweet bium on legumes in terms of biological nitrogen- corn and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), indicating fixation is well known (Werner, 1992). However, that this bacteria is capable of colonizing internal plant additional reports also indicate that these symbiotic niches (McInroy and Kloepper, 1995). bacteria have the potential to be used as PGPR with non-legumes (see below). Reaction of non-legumes to the presence of bradyrhizobia and rhizobia Root colonization of non-legumes by rhizobia and bradyrhizobia Many data indicate that non-legumes react to the presence of bradyrhizobia and rhizobia in the rhi- Root colonization is an important first step in the in- zosphere. Root hair curling induced by these sym- teraction of beneficial bacteria with plants (Kloepper biotic bacteria was observed on maize, rice and oat and Beauchamp, 1992). To act as PGPR with non- plants (Plazinsky et al., 1985; Terouchi and Syono, legumes, rhizobia and bradyrhizobia should be able to 1990). Studies also show that Nod-factors (lipo- colonize and survive in the rhizosphere of these plants. chitooligosaccharides) produced by Bradyrhizobium In cereal-legumes crop rotation systems, inocu- and Rhizobium, can be perceived by tomato (Lycoper- lation of the preceding cereal crop of maize (Zea sicon esculentum Mill.), as indicated by the induction mays L.) with rhizobia and bradyrhizobia, signifi- of alkalinization in tomato cell cultures (Staehelin et cantly increased nodule volume, the dry weight of al., 1994). Nodule-like structures or hypertrophies shoots, number of pods, and the final grain yield formed by rhizobia have also been observed on oilseed of the following green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and rape (Brassica napus), Arabidopsis thaliana,riceand groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) legume crop (Gaur other non-legumes (Al-Mallah et al., 1990; Ridge et et al., 1980). Rhizobial attachment to asparagus (As- al., 1992; Trinick and Hadobas, 1995). Finally, some paragus officinalis L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), rice isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp. can form nitrogen fix- (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ing nodules with Parasponia a nonlegume belonging has been described (Shimshick and Hebert, 1979; Ter- to the family Ulmaceae (Trinick, 1973; Werner, 1992). ouchi and Syono, 1990). Moreover, Pena-Cabriales and Alexander (1983) found that strains of rhizo- Other PGPR characteristics of bradyrhizobia and bia and bradyrhizobia grew readily in the presence rhizobia of germinating seeds and developing root systems of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), kidney beans Phytohormone production (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense PGPR can directly affect plant growth through the pro- L.), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), oats, wheat and duction of phytohormones (Lippmann et al., 1995). corn. Growth of rhizobia in the rhizosphere of non- Nodulating and non-nodulating strains of Rhizobium legumes was appreciable. Recently Wiehe and Höflich leguminosarum produce indole-3-acetic acid (Wang et (1995) demonstrated that strain R39 of Rhizobium al., 1982). Noel et al. (1996) observed under gnoto- leguminosarum bv. trifolii, can multiply and survive biotic conditions, a direct growth promotion of the under field conditions, in the rhizosphere of non-host early seedling root of canola (Brassica campestris) legumes (lupine, Lupinus albus L.; and pea, Pisum and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)byR. leguminosarum. sativum L.) and non-legumes (corn, rape, Brassica This direct growth-promotive effect appears to involve napus L. and wheat). The study of root colonization the plant growth regulators indole-3-acetic acid and of corn by strain R39, using monospecific polyclonal cytokinin. antisera, showed that 4 weeks after inoculation this strain was found exclusively in the rhizosphere soil and on the rhizoplane, and only occasionally in the 59 Siderophore production hance colonization of nodulating and non-nodulating Microbial siderophores play an important role in soybean roots by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus the biocontrol of some soil-borne plant diseases and mosseae. in plant iron nutrition (Loper and Buyer, 1991). Bradyrhizobia and rhizobia produce different type of Antagonistic activity of rhizobia against plant siderophores (Guerinot, 1991). To overcome iron star- pathogenic micro-organisms vation, B. japonicum can utilize its own siderophores Rhizobia can inhibit the growth of some phytopatho- and those produced by other organisms (Plessner et genic fungal isolates, and they have the potential to al., 1993). This ability may confer upon nodule bacte- be used as biological control agents. In fact, Antoun ria a selective advantage in the rhizosphere. In assays et al. (1978) studied the antagonism of 49 strains of using an iron-inefficient variety of peanuts, Jadhav et R. meliloti towards Fusarium oxysporum, and found al. (1994) found that the catechol siderophore of a that all strains regardless of their symbiotic effective- peanut Rhizobium isolate, increased plant growth and ness, inhibited the fungal growth in pure cultures. chlorophyll content compared with plants grown with None of the tested strains produced antifungal an- iron alone. This observation might explain in part the tiobiotics
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