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A Renaissance in Plant Growth- Promoting and Biocontrol Agents By View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository A Renaissance in Plant Growth- Promoting and Biocontrol Agents 3 by Endophytes Rajendran Vijayabharathi , Arumugam Sathya , and Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan Abstract Endophytes are the microorganisms which colonize the internal tissue of host plants without causing any damage to the colonized plant. The benefi - cial role of endophytic organisms has dramatically documented world- wide in recent years. Endophytes promote plant growth and yield, remove contaminants from soil, and provide soil nutrients via phosphate solubili- zation/nitrogen fi xation. The capacity of endophytes on abundant produc- tion of bioactive compounds against array of phytopathogens makes them a suitable platform for biocontrol explorations. Endophytes have unique interaction with their host plants and play an important role in induced systemic resistance or biological control of phytopathogens. This trait also benefi ts in promoting plant growth either directly or indirectly. Plant growth promotion and biocontrol are the two sturdy areas for sustainable agriculture where endophytes are the key players with their broad range of benefi cial activities. The coexistence of endophytes and plants has been exploited recently in both of these arenas which are explored in this chapter. Keywords Endophytes • PGP • Biocontrol • Bacillus • Piriformospora • Streptomyces 3.1 Introduction Plants have their life in soil and are required for R. Vijayabharathi • A. Sathya • S. Gopalakrishnan (*) soil development. They are naturally associated International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) , with microbes in various ways. They cannot live Patancheru 502 324 , Telangana , India alone and hence they release signal to interact with e-mail: [email protected] microbes. Interaction can be of either benefi cial © Springer India 2016 37 D.P. Singh et al. (eds.), Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_3 38 R. Vijayabharathi et al. or pathogenic. The pathogenic interaction where found in all plant species and evolve with higher the bacteria inject the effector protein to suppress plants from the day they are derived. Since the the host defense response leads to plant diseases. endophyte may be of both benefi cial and harm- Agricultural productivity suffers a heavy loss due ful, the changes in the environment might affect to this pathogenic interaction. There is an imme- the host or be neutral to the plant (Lacava et al. diate need to fi nd and establish an ideal strategy 2004 ; Ardanov et al. 2012 ). for sustainable agriculture and improvement in The plant and the endophytic microbes have crop growth. Agriculture being the world’s largest symbiotic relationship where both species benefi t economic sector, the demand should be addressed from the interaction. The diversity of endophytes seriously. Environmental pollution is the biggest is surprising as each and every plant species har- problem and a public concern today, and that is bors one or more endophytes and they are driven caused either directly or indirectly by use of fertil- by symbiotic forces in the ecosystem (Faeth and izers, pesticides, and herbicides. This has turned Fagan 2002 ). Woody plants were found to have to seek alternative for the established chemical more than one hundred different species of endo- strategy to facilitate plant growth in agriculture phytes (Saikkonen et al. 1998 ; Arnold et al. and horticulture (Glick et al. 2007a ). Many 2000 ). They are found to be a promising candi- approaches have been taken to control plant date to increase crop yields, remove contami- pathogens. Several investigations have aimed at nants, inhibit pathogens, and able to also produce improving the understanding of plant defense sys- novel metabolites and fi xed nitrogen. tems and plant pathogen interactions (Dodds and Endophytic colonization occurs in several Rathjen 2010 ). For a sustainable agriculture, new ways in plants. The route of colonization seems ways are in line to develop either to control the to be the rhizosphere where the microbes reach plant diseases or to promote the plant growth. by chemotaxis and attach to the plant tissues Plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) either by pili, lipopolysaccharide, or exopolysac- plays an important role in sustainable agriculture charide in their cell wall (Lugtenberg and as it functions as both plant growth promotion and Kamilova 2009 ; Malfanova et al. 2013 ). The disease suppression (Shoebitz et al. 2009 ; endophytes which are rhizosphere colonizers Beneduzi et al. 2012 ). attach to the cell elongation zone or root hair zone of the apical roots and enter through a crack or damage. Preferably the colonization takes 3.2 Endophytes: The Origin place in differentiation zone and intercellular and Dwelling spaces in the epidermis (Raven et al. 2009 ). When bacteria enter the exodermal barrier, there Symbiosis refers to “living together of dissimilar are three places where they can reside, viz., the organism” (De Bary 1879 ). There are more life site of entry, deep inside the cortex, and at the that lives in symbiotic relation based on macro- intercellular space of the cortex. Only few pene- scopic hosts and microscopic creatures. The plant trate the endodermal barrier and invade xylem root system mainly anchors in nutrient and water vessels. They are infl uenced by abiotic and biotic uptake. Apart from that, it mediates numerous factors. But comparative to rhizospheric underground interactions with benefi cial microbes, the endophytes are more protected microbes such as rhizobia, mycorrhiza, endo- from the abiotic and biotic stresses (Seghers et al. phytes, and rhizobacteria. The word endophyte 2004 ). The true endophytes should be isolated came from two Greek words, “endon” means after surface sterilization and confi rmed with within and “phyton” means plant. Endophytes tagged studies in microscope. The endophytes are microorganisms that can asymptomatically which are validated in microscope are named to grow within plant tissues without causing any be putative endophytes. Endophytes mediate damage or eliciting any disease to the host. plant defense by two ways: (i) the innate endo- Endophytic bacteria and fungi are ubiquitously phytic community that should contain resistance- 3 A Renaissance in Plant Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Agents by Endophytes 39 competent traits and (ii) reviving of innate process is said to be biological nitrogen fi xation. endophytic bacterial subpopulations by an Rhizobia and nitrogen-fi xing bacteria share nod incoming bacterium (e.g., a biocontrol agent) and nif genes which encodes for nodulation and (Podolich et al. 2014 ). Endophytes have attracted nitrogen fi xation, respectively (Zehr and Turner the attention of researchers to evaluate them to be 2001 ). Studies reveal that endophytes associate a potential and more effective option for use as themselves in the same process in other agricul- plant growth promotion (PGP)/biological control turally important crops. The nitrogen fi xation is agents in agricultural system. Understanding the done by the nitrogenase enzyme produced by the interactions among endophytic microbes and bacteria (You et al. 2005 ). Nitrogen fi xation is their plant hosts will hopefully prove them to be regulated by oxygen concentration and availabil- alternative control measures for diseases. Gaining ity of nitrogen. Nitrogen-limited condition also knowledge of the way they enter their plant hosts, interferes in plant hormone production, and the interactions that occur, and the infl uence that hence some diazotrophs are able to produce phy- can be made for biocontrol purposes all relate to tohormones in addition to nitrogen fi xation. control the agricultural diseases. This chapter walks in detail over the endophytes and its types 3.3.1.2 Phosphate Solubilization which would give a new eye on PGP and biocon- Phosphorus is the next limited compound avail- trol agents. able for plants. They play a role in cell metabo- lism and signaling (Vance et al. 2003 ). Phosphorus − 2− in H2 PO4 and HPO4 can be absorbed by plants, 3.3 Benefi cial Traits but unfortunately they are present in bound form of Endophytes and Its with organic or inorganic molecules which are Mechanism unavailable to plants (Smyth 2011 ). Though phosphorus is used as a chemical fertilizer, exces- On colonization of the microbe in the plant, they sive and unmanaged application has a negative can positively infl uence the growth and disease impact on the environment. Endophytes are resistance. Several groups report the mechanism phosphate-solubilizing bacteria which solubilize of PGP and biocontrol to be similar as rhizobac- the bound form thereby making available to teria, but only few mechanisms have been proven plants. The production of organic acid like to occur in planta . Still this chapter will review gluconic acid is a major factor in the release of on all the expected mechanism for PGP and bio- phosphorus from a bound form (Rodriguez et al. control (Fig. 3.1 ). 2006 ). In addition, enzymes including phospho- nates, phytases, and C-P lyases also play a role in converting insoluble phosphorus to available 3.3.1 Plant Growth Promotion phosphorus. PGP can take place by two ways, viz., direct or 3.3.1.3 Siderophore Formation indirect mechanism. Endophytic microbes can Iron is a vital nutrient and occurs as Fe 3+ in the stimulate the PGP by providing the
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