PROCEEDINGS PAPERS OF
1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES (ICCPM) Theme: Advanced Research Development Base on Local Resources
Bengkulu, 27 – 28 November 2018
Editor: Deni Agus Triawan, S.Si., M.Sc
Penerbit: Unib press
Sponsored by
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Proceedings Papers 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM)
Theme: Advanced Research Development Base on Local Resources
Editor: Deni Agus Triawan, S.Si., M.Sc
Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Irfan Gustian, M.Si Prof. Dr. Morina Adfa, M.Si Dr. Eng. Asdim, M.Si Dr. Agus Martono HP., DEA Devi Ratnawati, S.Pd., M.Si Ghufira, S.Si., M.Si
Publisher : UNIB PRESS Address : LPPM UNIB, Gedung B, Jalan W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Kota Bengkulu 38371
Proceedings Papers of 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM, Santika Hotel, 27-28 November 2018/ Editor Deni Agus Triawan, S.Si., M.Sc ISBN …………………….
http://iccpm.fmipa.unib.ac.id/
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FOREWORD
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakaatuh and greetings.
This proceeding contains selected papers of 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Medical Sciences (ICCPM) which held on November 26- 27, 2018, Santika Hotel, Bengkulu-Indonesia. The conference which was organized by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu.
The ICCPM 2018 is attended by more than 100 participants. In terms of origin, the participants of this ICCPM are coming from 6 countries i.e. Indonesia, Japan, US, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. The conference is the first international conference organized by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu and is expected to be held continuously every three years.
The conference particularly encouraged the interaction of research students and developing academics with the more established academic community in an informal setting to present and to discuss new and current work. Their contributions helped to make the conference as outstanding. The papers contributed the most recent scientific knowledge known in the field of Organic Chemistry, Material Chemistry, Pharmacy, Agricultural Chemistry, and Miscellaneous topic related to chemistry.
Our deep gratitude is strongly forwarded to all individuals who took part in the conference, especially the keynote speakers, invited speakers, all the presenters and participants as well as all students and staffs who have been involved in the preparation and execution of the conference and the publication of the proceedings. Our deep gratitude also forwarded for all reviewers the manuscript for this proceedings.
These Proceedings will furnish the scientists with a good reference book. I trust also that this will be an impetus to stimulate further study and research in all these areas.
Bengkulu, 30 November 2018 General Chair of ICCPM Prof. Dr. Morina Adfa, M.Si
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Committee
1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM, Theme: Advanced Research Development Base on Local Resources
Santika Hotel, 27-28 November 2018
Organized by Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu
Steering Committee Prof. Lizar Alfansi, Ph.D (Vice Rector of Academic affairs, Universitas Bengkulu) Dr. rer. nat. Totok Eka Suharto, M.S (Head of Institute for Research and Community Service, Universitas Bengkulu) Prof. Dr. Irfan Gustian, M.Si (Vice Dean of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu) Dr. Eng. Asdim, S.Si., M.Si (Head of Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu)
Organizing Committee Prof. Dr. Morina Adfa, M.Si (Conference General Chair) Dr. Salprima Yudha S., M.Si (Technical Program Chair) Deni Agus Triawan, S.Si., M.Sc (General Secretary) Dr. Eni Widiyati, M.S Dr. Teja Dwi Sutanto, M.S Dr. Charles Banon, S.Pd., M.Si Dr. Agus Martono, HP., DEA Dyah Fitriani, S.Si., M.Sc Ghufira, S.Si., M.Si Evi Maryanti, S.Si., M.Si Dwita Oktiarni, S.Si., M.Si Drs. Nesbah, M.S Drs. Bambang Trihadi, M.S Devi Ratnawati, S.Pd., M.Si Reza Petiwi, S.Farm., M.Farm, Apt Dwi Dominica, S.Farm., M.Farm, Apt Dian Handayani, S.Farm., M.Farm, Apt
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Keynote Speaker
1. Prof. Dr. Mamoru Koketsu (Gifu University, JAPAN) 2. Prof. Dr. Yun Hin Taufiq Yap (Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA) 3. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Agung Nugroho (Lambung Mangkurat University, INDONESIA) 4. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirikantjana Thongmee (Kasetsart University, THAILAND) 5. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abrar Alam (United State of America, USA)
Invited Speaker
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Rafi (Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA) 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Haida Mohd Kaus (Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), MALAYSIA) 3. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Akhmad Sabarudin, D.Sc. (Brawijaya University, INDONESIA) 4. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oman Zuas (Research Center for Metrology - LIPI, INDONESIA)
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Table of Contents
Foreword ...... iii
Committee ...... iv
Keynote and Invited Speaker ...... v
Table of Contents ...... vi
1. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Steroid from Methanol Extract of Sentang (Azadirachta excelsa (Jack.) Jacobs) Stem 1 2. Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Sangketan Leaf (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) 5 3. Is It Possible to Use Antihistamine as Analgesic? ...... 9 4. The Effect of Benzophenone-3 Concentration on Activity of Sunscreen Cream Using Coconut Oil as Raw Material ...... 13 5. Preliminary Study of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) against Male Mice (Mus musculus L.) Swiss Webster Infected by Plasmodium berghei Anka (Study on Parasitemia Index and Histopathology of liver parenchyma cells) ...... 16 6. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) ...... 21 7. The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana.L) Rind to LDL Level on NIDDM Type Rats ...... 27 8. Antioxidant Activity of Jawer Kotok Leaves (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) with Various Composition and Amount of Solvents ...... 32 9. Batch Adsorption of Toxic Synthetic Dyes onto Activated Carbon Made from Palm Fruit Shell ...... 36 10. The Effect of Liquid Rubber Compound Concentration to Mechanic Properties of Particle Board ...... 43 11. Ground Water Quality Characteristics Study in Coastal Area of Bengkulu City by Using STORET Method: A Cross-Sectional Study ...... 47 12. Determination of Melamine Migration in Tableware Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography ...... 52 13. Effect of Natural Sulfur on ZnO Synthesis through Hydrothermal Method ...... 56 14. Activity Assay and Determination Protein of Amylase Enzyme Fractionate from Amorphophallus campanulatus ...... 61 15. Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Silica/Zn as Heterogenous Catalyst ...... 63 16. Hydroxyapatite Synthesis from Chicken’s Egg Shell and Its Application as the Adsorbent of Methylene Blue ...... 68 17. Microencapsulation Methanol Extract of Solanum muricatum Aiton by Using Chitosan ...... 73 18. Production of Nanoemulsion from Moringa oleifera Extract ...... 77 19. The Evaluation of Society Knowledge Level about Oral Antibiotic and Its Use in Cipadung Kidul Urban Village ...... 81 20. The Influence of Medical Plant Mixture Inclusion on Performance, Carcass Quality and Organoleptic Properties in Broiler Chickens ...... 84 21. Geminivirus Resistance in Pepper (Capsicum annum) by The Application of Salicylic Acid ...... 90
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22. Ethnobotany Study of Asteraceae Family as a Traditional Medicine in Bengkulu Ethnics and as a Source of Biological Learning ...... 93 23. Proximate Analysis of Seluang Batang Fish (Rasbora dusonensis) Syrup ...... 97 24. Activation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Dried Rice Waste as Iodium Adsorbent ...... 102
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Proceeding of The 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM) Universitas Bengkulu, 27 – 28 November 2018 ISBN 978-602-5830-06-8 (page 73-76)
Microencapsulation Methanol Extract of Solanum muricatum Aiton by Using Chitosan
Devi RATNAWATI1*, Eni WIDIYATI2, Agus Martono Hadi PUTRANTO2
1. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia 2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia
Abstract. Methanol extract of Solanum muricatum Aiton has been microencapsulated by chitosan using solvent evaporation method. This research aims is to determine whether chitosan can coat its extract and see morphology microcapsule by use SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Ratio w/w between extract and chitosan namely F1 (1:0.75), F2 (1:1.0), F3 (1:1.25). Characterized microcapsules F2, F3 and empty microcapsule were showed the diameter 78.8-204, 88.6-182, and 24.3-82.7 μm, successively. The F1 microcapsule could not be analyzed because the leakage of layer might be expected as underlying factor. Microcapsule morphology is determine as matrice type, which the cores are spread homogeny in one layer shell.
Keywords: Microencapsulation, Solanum muricatum, morphology, SEM
A. Introduction used matrixes are those comprised by hydrolyzed starch and gelatin [3]. The search for natural antioxidants as alternatives is therefore of great interest among researchers. The The use of chitosan has not been reported for Solanum consumption of a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables muricatum Aiton microencapsulation. Chitosan is a has been associated with a number of health benefits copolymer formed by units of 2-deoxy-N-acetyl-D- including the prevention of chronic diseases. This glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucosamine linked by β- beneficial effect is believed to be due, at least partially, 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Chitosan is obtained from to the action of antioxidant compounds, which reduce deacetylation of chitin (poly-N-acetyl-2amino-2-deoxy- oxidative damage in the body [1]. D-glucopyranose), which in turn is obtained from crustacean shells. Thus, crustacean by-products are an inexpensive source of chitosan [4]. The pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Ait.), which is an exotic fruit, is also known as melon pear and sweet cucumber. Although it is native to South America, it is One of their main applications is in the production of also grown in Australia, New Zealand and USA. It microcapsules with delayed release of drugs in which the contains a high percentage of their fresh weight as water chitosan chains are cross-linked with dialdehydes like (92%), it is low in calories, very rich in minerals and glutaraldehyde or tricarboxilic acids such as citric acid contains vitamins like thiamine, niacin, riboflavin and [4]. Previous studies performed in our laboratory showed ascorbic ac id (vitamin C), ideal for number of that chitosan can be utilized for Solanum muricatum Ait methabolic and antioxidant reaction [2]. microencapsulation [5].
Due to their intrinsic high instability, these compounds B. Result and Discussion are not usually handled in their crystalline form but rather as stabilized emulsions or microcapsules. The In this study Solanum muricatum Ait. microcapsules was microencapsulation process is generally performed by formulated with chitosan as coating, extract is dispersed forming a polymeric matrix or coating layer around a in a solution of chitosan then emulsified into liquid particular compound in order to protect its biological paraffin to form an emulsion. Emulsions which activity from environmental factors and enhance its containing ingredient turned into a solid form (droplet) physicochemical stability. Among the most commonly due to evaporation of acetone when stirring.
* Corresponding author: [email protected] 73 Proceeding of The 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM) 2018 Universitas Bengkulu, 27 – 28 November 2018
Chitosan is chosen because it is a natural polymer that is (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) have been widely used non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable and in preparations released in control, both in the form of polycationic in an acidic atmosphere. Chitosan has matrix and microcapsules. Because of its structural structure like a cellulose, some polymers cellulose similarity, chitosan is able to be used as a coating in a derivatives such as hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose microcapsule and functions in drug delivery [7].
Fig 1. The process of microcapsules manufacture (a) mixture after stirring, (b) decantation (c) microcapsules washed by n-hexane
A B C
The speed of stirring during emulsions and dispersions Microcapsules produced from the results of solvent affect the shape and size of the microcapsules was evaporation are smooth and dry but have brittle formed. A low stirring speed will get large properties and can be observed from powder properties microcapsules, because when the droplet was formed which if touched by hand will be easily destroyed. most big size of it. On the contrary, at a high speed the Thecolor of the microcapsules depends on the amount of microcapsules that are formed will be smaller. chitosan which added.
Each formula has been stirred by shaker then keep for 24 The liquid paraffin used is still attached to the hours so that the microcapsules which are formed can microcapsule so that it needs washed using n-hexane drop to the bottom of the surface and can be separated by solvent. N-hexane is used because it is non-polar and can decantation (Figure 1). The decantation method is attract non-polar compounds in liquid paraffin. This chosen because with simple pouring, the microcapsules washing process is carried out until the clear results formed can be separated from the liquid components indicate that there is no more liquid paraffin attached to contained in the mixture. the microcapsule wall [8].
Fig 2. Performance of microcapsule, (a) microcapsule F1, (b) microcapsule F2, (c) microcapsule F2, (d) empty microcapsule.
A B C D
Fig 3. SEM of F2 microcapsules surface (a) 500x magnification, (b) 1200x magnification
A B
74 Proceeding of The 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM) 2018 Universitas Bengkulu, 27 – 28 November 2018
Fig 4. SEM of F3 microcapsules surface (a) 500x magnification, (b) 1200x magnification
A B
Fig 5. Particles size of microcapsule
A B
Based on the physical properties of the microcapsules, Empty microcapsules were used as a comparison to see only microcapsules with the formula F2 and F3 were differences in microcapsule morphology. The difference further investigated and characterized using SEM. Based from empty microcapsules with F2 and F3 on morphology and physical appearance, it was feared microcapsules is the smaller diameter of microcapsule F1 microcapsules with a comparison of extract and particles and the morphology of empty microcapsules chitosan 1: 0.75 had leakage. The existence of this which are not visible to the core which is spread on the microcapsule leak can be due to the mechanical stirring walls of chitosan as a coating. process that causes F1 microcapsules to be more susceptible to damage because they contain fewer chitosan than other formulas. C. Conclusion Microcapsules of Solanum muricatum Ait. with chitosan Figures 3, 4 and 5 showed electron scanning coating have been successfully carried out and have been micrographs of Solanum muricatum Ait extract characterized using SEM. The morphology of the microcapsules, there is no significant difference. The microcapsules produced has a matrix type which has shape of the microcapsules looks random and irregular. many cores scattered homogeneously in a coating shell. There are several types of microcapsules based on their morphology that is mononuclear, polynuclear and matrix. In this study, it can be seen that the D. Experimental Section microcapsules produced have a matrix type, which has many cores scattered homogeneously in a coating shell. 4.1. Fruits samples
Microcapsule particle size at F2 (Figure 3) is 78.8-204 The raw pepino fruits was obtained from a farm in μm while in F3 the microcapsule particle size is obtained Rejang Lebong Regency. The fruits were carefully in the range 88.6-182 μm. From the diameter obtained it selected in order to obtain a uniform batch in relation to can be said that the capsules observed are categorized as size and degree of maturity. Chitosan was purchased by microcapsules [9]. The results obtained show that the Sigma-Aldrich, Tween 80 and paraffin by Merck. size of the F2 microcapsule particles is smaller than size of the F3 microcapsule particles, due to coating material which used effects of the microencapsulation. The more 4.2. Sample Extraction coating material used, the greater the size of the microcapsules produced because the coating material The fruits were cleaned and cut into small pieces before forms a thicker wall around the core [10]. being dried in a hot air‐blowing oven at 50 °C. All
75 Proceeding of The 1st International Conference on Chemistry, Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (ICCPM) 2018 Universitas Bengkulu, 27 – 28 November 2018 samples, after drying, had water contents below 10%. chitin and chitosan characterization. Polymer. 42(8). They were ground to a fine powder in a mechanical 3569-3580. blender and kept at room temperature prior to extraction. 3. Sudha, G.; Sangeetha, P. M.; Indhu, S. R.; 500 g of the sample were extracted by using maceration Vadivukkarasi, S., (2011). Antioxidant activity of method with 500 mL methanol solvent. The extract was ripe pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton), then rotary evaporated at 40 °C to dryness s. The extract International Journal Pharmaceutical Science and was stored at 4 °C for further use. Analyses were carried Research, 3(3), 257-261. out in triplicate. 4. Sharma, V.; Singh, M., (2012), In vitro radical scavenging activity and phytochemical screening for 4.3. Procedure of Coating by Using Chitosan evaluation of the antioxidant potential of Operculina turpethum root extract. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5, 783-787. Chitosan is dissolved with acetone in a beaker glass. The comparison between Solanum muricatum Ait. extract 5. Ratnawati, D.; Widiyati, E.; Putranto A.M.H., (2018), with chitosan are F1 (1: 0.75), F2 (1: 1.0), F3 (1: 1.25). The use of chitosan as a coating for Methanol extract of Solanum muricatum Ait was added microencapsulation of melodic methanol extract to liquid paraffin which containing 0.8 mL tween 80 then (Solanum muricatum Aiton.), Laporan Penelitian stirred in shaker, chitosan solution is added step by step. Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi. The microcapsules formed were collected by decantance 6. Nopiza, D.; Tita, H.; Ade, A. R., (2013), Metformin and n-hexane was added to remove the liquid paraffin. It hydrochloride microencapsulation with ethyl was filtered and dried in an oven at 60oC. The same cellulose coating using solvent evaporation method. procedure without adding the methanol extract was done Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi. 1 (18): 75-79. as standard (empty microcapsules) to compared with 7. Sutriyo; Joshita, D.; Indah, R., (2005), microcapsules containing active ingredients [6]. Microencapsulation of propanolol hydrochloride with ethyl cellulose coating using solvent evaporation method. Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 2, 145-153 4.4. Characterization 8. Rahayu, I.; Amila, G.; Sani, E., (2016), Stability testing of lycopene concentrates in the form of The surface shape and morphology of microcapsules microencapsulation with ethyl cellulose coating. were observed with scanning electron microscopy. Proceeding of pharmacy, 3 (1), 1-7. Microcapsules were coated with gold metal using a fine 9. Yoshizawa, H. (2004). Trends in microencapsulation coater (Jeol JFC-1200), under vacuum and the sample research. KONA, 22, 23-31. was tested with scanning electron microscopy (Jeol 10. Lachman, L.; Lieberman, H. A; Kanig, J. L; (1994). JSM-5310 LV). Theory and Practice of the Pharmaceutical Industry. Edisi 3. Diterjemahkan oleh Suyatmi, S., Universitas E. Acknowledgments Indonesia.
We thank to Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education Indonesia was financially supported this Research by PTUPT (Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi) scheme with contract number: 609/UN30.15/LT/2018.
F. References
1. Sudha, G.; Priya, M. S.; Shree, R. I.; Vadivukkarasi, S., (2011), In vitro free radical scavenging activity of raw pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton). International Journal Current Pharmaceutical Research, 3(2), 137-140. 2. Brugnerotto, J.; Lizardi, J.; Goycoolea, F. M.; Argüelles-Monal, W.; Desbrieres, J.; Rinaudo, M., (2001), An infrared investigation in relation with
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