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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9120724 The political determinants of access to higher education in Indonesia Simpson, Jon Mark, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 Copyright ©1991 by Simpson, Jon Mark. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Jon Mark Simpson, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee: Approved By: R. William Liddle, Ph.D. Goldie Shabad, Ph.D. Donald G. McCloud, Ph.D. William L. Flinn, Ph.D. Adviser Department of Political Science Copyright by Jon Mark Simpson 1 9 9 1 DEDICATION To my Parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, Professor R. William Liddle, for his intellectual guidance and for his willingness to share his vast personal knowledge of Indonesia, which was instrumental in filling the gaps in my understanding of the Indonesian political and educational system. Professor Goldie Shabad’s role in guiding the dissertation and her intellectual stimulation during the early phase of my graduate program at Ohio State deserves special recognition. I especially owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Donald McCloud for his guidance and insights into Indonesian society, and especially for constant encouragement during my graduate program. In addition, I wish to acknowledge Professor William Flinn for his encouragement and financial support provided by MUCIA. Very special thanks to Professor George E. Simpson for editorial assistance and encouragement. I also wish to thank Professor Frederick H. Buttel of Cornell University for his theoretical insights during the early phase of the research. Thanks also to John Bielefeldt for his editorial assistance, and to John Thompson, Ohidul Siddiqui, and Patti Inman for assistance in the statistical analysis. Thanks to Linda Curtin, Mitch Lear, and Glenda Rinehart for their assistance in word processing and graphics. I also want to thank Michael Esler and Eric Singer for their friendship and encouragement. In the department office, thanks to Retta Semones for her encouragement and help with the paperwork. At Ohio University, I wish to acknowledge the friendly and able assistance of everyone in the Southeast Asian library. I especially want to thank Edward and Marcia Mazak and the entire Mazak clan for their support and encouragement throughout this long process. Finally, and most importantly, I want to thank Sara, Tillie, and Mr. Hote for their love and support and for making it all worthwhile. Any errors, omissions or other shortcomings of this dissertation are, of course, my responsibility. VITA March 16, 1957 ............................................................. Bom-Columbus, Ohio. June 1980 ..................................................................... B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. June-August 1981 .......................................................... Intensive Russian language program, Slavic Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. May 1984 ........................................................................ M. A., Political Science, Ohio State University. September 1985-Present .............................................. Assistant to the Executive Director, the Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Inc. April-August 1986 .......................................................... Consultant for the United States Agency for International Development in Jakarta, Indonesia. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Studies in comparative politics and the politics of the developing world- R. William Liddle, Goldie Shabad, Phillip Stuart; Public policy, with an emphasis on foreign policy-Donald Sylvan. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.........................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iii VITA ...................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................x LIST OF M APS ..................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 Overview .........................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework................................................................................. 4 SIPENMARU: Access Based Solely on Achievement ....................... 7 Access to Higher Education and Political Legitimacy ............................ 15 Basic Assumptions and Param eters ............................................................16 The Data .......................................................................................................19 Contributions ................................................................................................ 20 n . T H E O R Y ...................................................................................................... 22 Indonesia and the Problem of Political Legitim acy ...............................22 Traditional Basis of Legitimacy ...................................................33 Political Construction of Educational System s ....................................... 39 Summary ...................................................................................................... 45 III. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA......................... 49 Overview of the Education System ...........................................................49 Primary Education ......................................................................... 53 Junior Secondary Education ........................................................ 54 Senior Secondary Education ........................................................ 56 Higher Education ............................................................................57 Early Colonial Period (1798-1900): The Effects of Dutch Education Policy on the Development of the Education System . 58 Dutch Colonial Period ....................................................................61 Pre-Ethical Policy ......................................................................... 61 Ethical Policy ..................................................................................64 1900-1942: Impact of the Ethical Policy and the Rapid Expansion of the Educational System ...................................................................... 67 Developments Leading to Indonesia’s Dual Educational System . 71 Vernacular Primary Education ......................................................71 Secondary Education ...................................................................... 73 University Education ...................................................................... 74 The Japanese Occupation: 1942-45 ........................................................ 79 The Indonesian Revolution and War for Independence 1945-1949 . 84 The Parliamentary Democracy Period: 1950-59 ................................ 89 The Guided Democracy Period: 1959-1965 ......................................... 93 The Attempted C oup .......................................................................95 The New Order Period: 1966-1989 ........................................................ 98 Higher Education ...........................................................................101 Governmental Policy and Financial Support