DOCSLIB.ORG

VU Research Portal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VU Research Portal VU Research Portal Worldview and Psychotherapy Loonstra, B. 2016 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Loonstra, B. (2016). Worldview and Psychotherapy: An Analysis of the Christian Integration Debate. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Initial Exploration 1 1.1 Subject Matter of Inquiry 8 1.2 History of the Christian Integration Debate 22 1.3 Worldview Topics under Discussion 25 1.4 Focus of the Inquiry 34 1.5 Field, Method, and Outline of the Inquiry 38 2 Sources of Knowledge 42 2.1 Numbers 43 2.2 Knowledge in Secular Psychology 44 2.3 The Bible as Primary Source of Knowledge 53 2.4 Internal Debates 62 2.5 Adjusted Pathways 64 2.6 Conclusion 74 3 Being Human 76 3.1 Numbers 77 3.2 Biblical Basics 78 3.3 Other Influences 101 3.4 Conclusion 111 4 Psychotherapy 114 4.1 Numbers 116 4.2 What is Psychotherapy About? 116 4.3 Christian Sources 124 4.4 How Does Psychotherapy Work? Protocolled Methods 128 4.5 Spiritual Interventions 131 4.6 The Therapeutic Relationship 139 4.7 Institutional Environment 149 2 4.8 Mutual Differences in the How 151 4.9 Why Should Psychotherapy Be What It Is 155 4.10 Conclusion 163 5 Internal Evaluation of Psychology and Psychotherapy in Relation to Worldview 166 5.1 Numbers 167 5.2 The Impact of Worldviews 170 5.3 Disagreements on Epistemology 176 5.4 Disagreements on Anthropology 182 5.5 Disagreements on Psychotherapy 185 5.6 Discussion 189 6 External Evaluation of Psychology and Psychotherapy in Relation to Worldview 195 6.1 Reformational Philosophy as an External Standard 197 6.2 Psychological Science Dependent on Biblical Truths Ad a) 206 6.3 Theology and Psychology: Two Sources (Ad b) 213 6.4 Psychology and Psychotherapy (Ad c) 219 6.5 Psychotherapy and Pastoral Care (Ad d) 223 6.6 Historical Reflections on the Self 228 6.7 Control and/or Surrender of the Self (Ad e) 235 6.8 Conclusion 238 7 Psychotherapy and Christianity 240 7.1 Tensions 241 7.2 From Tensions to Polarities 249 7.3 The Compatibility of Christian Faith and Psychotherapy Examined 255 7.4 Conclusions 272 8 Generalizing the Results 275 8.1 Criteria for the Procedure of Generalizing 275 8.2 Jewish Orthodoxy 277 8.3 Islam 284 8.4 East Asian Cultures 290 8.5 African Cultures 295 8.6 Transpersonal Psychology 300 8.7 Conclusion 306 3 9 Tryout – Application to the Initial Cases 310 9.1 Fit, Goal, and Method 310 9.2 Case 1 311 9.3 Case 2 322 9.4 Case 3 328 9.5 Conclusions 334 10 Recapitulation 338 10.1 Summary 338 10.2 Conclusion 349 10.3 Postscript 357 References 359 Worldview and Psychotherapy An Analysis of the Christian Integration Debate Summary 397 Levensbeschouwing en psychotherapie: Analyse van het christelijke integratiedebat Samenvatting - Summary in Dutch 410 Acknowledgements 425 Curriculum Vitae 429 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology Stanislav Grof Grof Transpersonal Training
    International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 27 | Issue 1 Article 6 1-1-2008 Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology Stanislav Grof Grof Transpersonal Training Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Grof, S. (2008). Grof, S. (2008). Brief history of transpersonal psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 27(1), 46–54.. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 27 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2008.27.1.46 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology Stanislav Grof Grof Transpersonal Training Mill Valley, CA, USA The International Transpersonal Association (ITA) was formed in 1978 for the purposes of promoting education and research in transpersonal subjects, as well as sponsoring global conferences for the international transpersonal community. The association was subsequently dissolved in 2004, but is now in the process of being reactivated and revitalized. As background for this development, this paper reviews the history of ITA including its international conferences and noteworthy presenters, the organization’s definition, strategies, and specific goals, and details of its contemporary revival. n the middle of the twentieth century, American The behaviorists’ exclusive emphasis on determination psychology was dominated by two major schools— by the environment, stimulus/response, and reward/ behaviorism and Freudian psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Didi Firman Transpersonal Orientation Article THE
    Dr. Didi Firman Transpersonal Orientation Article THE TRANSPERSONAL DIMENSION Defining transpersonal as simply that which goes beyond the individual or personal, it could be hypothesized that all counselors are, at least in part, transpersonal in their orientation. Vaughan noted that transpersonal psychology is “an open-ended endeavor to facilitate human growth and expand awareness beyond limits implied by most traditional Western models of mental health ”. Transpersonal psychology becomes then, a holistic perspective, focusing on the whole spectrum of human experience, with an eye towards holding a wider view, one that sees spiritual issues with equal relevance to personality and family of origin issues. PURPOSE, MEANING AND VALUES Psychosynthesis concerns itself with the arena of the transpersonal, first and foremost, through an ongoing consideration of meaning, purpose and values in the individual’s life. STAGES OF PSYCHOSYNTHESIS Where psychosynthesis begins to show its transpersonal colors is in the ‘last’ stage of work. Firman and Gila (2002) note that these stages “describe how we may then become conscious of, and respond to, the deeper motivations and meanings in our lives, the source of which is termed the Self ” Assagioli (2000) referred to these stages as “Realization of One’s True Self” and “psychosynthesis ” (pp.21-23). BI-FOCAL VISION Key here is the counselor’s ability to see with wide vision, what is called bifocal vision in psychosynthesis (Whitmore, 2004). Bifocal vision invites the practitioner to see the client through the lens of that client’s presenting issues, diagnoses or problems, while at the same time seeing that person as a soul in search of realization.
    [Show full text]
  • Jung and Transpersonal Psychology Jacob Kaminker John F
    International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 35 | Issue 2 Article 6 7-1-2016 Introduction to the Special Topic Section: Jung and Transpersonal Psychology Jacob Kaminker John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Religion Commons, and the Transpersonal Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Kaminker, J. (2016). Introduction to the special topic section: Jung and transpersonal psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 35 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2016.35.2.48 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Introduction is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Introduction to the Special Topic Section: Jung and Transpersonal Psychology Jacob Kaminker John F. Kennedy University Pleasant Hill, CA, USA ranspersonal psychology has been entwined with the human condition. The word “metaphor” does the trajectory of Jungian (1963/1989) thought not mean that these approaches are mere fantasies since its inception. Jung has been credited with or poetic images, for in one sense all of science Tcoining the term transpersonal (Vaughan, 2013) and and philosophy are metaphors. … Spiritual and has often been identified as a key figure in transpersonal psychological systems, then, are but those abiding psychology, with his model even being called the “first descriptions and metaphors that have resonated transpersonal psychology” (Cortright, 1997, p.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transpersonal Orientation: Psychosynthesis in the Counselor's
    A Transpersonal Orientation: Psychosynthesis in the Counselor’s Office* By Dorothy Firman, Ed.D. Introduction Defining transpersonal as simply that which goes beyond the individual or personal, it could be hypothesized that all counselors are, at least in part, transpersonal in their orientation. By and large Americans, in any profession, believe in God and in various other religious and spiritual perspectives (Harper, 2005). Given that this is the case, the transpersonal (or spiritual) dimension, is, almost inevitably, part of a counselor’s possible arena of concern. While it is important for counselors to orient themselves specifically towards areas of interest and expertise, it is also clear that broad knowledge and comfort in the widest possible area will serve both the counselor and client. It is therefore important that all counselors have a working knowledge of the transpersonal orientation in counseling and psychotherapy, simply to keep pace with their client’s concerns. It seems clear from the research, that counselors do, in fact, share an interest in and concern for the transpersonal dimension in their clinical work (Winston, 1990; Carlson, Kirkpatrick, Hecker, and Killmer, 2002). What is also likely to be true, is that counselors are not trained to work in that dimension nearly as thoroughly as they are trained, for instance, to work in family of origin issues. It is not surprising, at least historically, to find counselors dealing with spiritual or transpersonal issues with their clients, but not talking about that aspect of their work in supervision. And more often than not, there is little if any academic training in the transpersonal orientation in counseling and psychology (Shafranske and Malone, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • City Research Online
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Keogh, Clare (2016). The place of Transpersonal Psychology in the pluralistic approach of counselling psychology.. (Submitted Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/15295/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Portfolio for Professional Doctorate in Counselling Psychology (DPsych) Clare Keogh City University Department of Psychology 2016 Portfolio Title The place of Transpersonal Psychology in the pluralistic approach of counselling psychology. Table of Contents Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Opening the Door to Creativity: a Psychosynthesis Approach
    Opening the door to creativity: A psychosynthesis approach Catherine Ann Lombard, M.A.1 and Dr. Barbara C. N. Müller2 Abstract Given the great importance of creativity in society, and in health psychology in particular, investigating how creativity can be enhanced is a valuable area of research. Interventions that enable individuals to become more creative vary from their focus on increasing divergent thinking to task reactivation during sleep. This article introduces psychosynthesis psychology as an additional theoretical and therapeutic approach for enhancing creativity through its concept that creativity originates from different levels of the unconscious. We show that the subpersonality model, one of the fundamental psychosynthesis techniques, is an effective intervention for aiding creative expression, as it helps people to connect to different levels of their unconscious creativity. It is assumed that through the use of this technique, clients are able to release and unblock energies that not only allow them to rebuild their personal identities, but also become actively creative in their daily lives. We support this assumption with qualitative findings that include testimonies from eleven clients in The Netherlands who received psychosynthesis counseling. In addition, qualitative data of a case study demonstrates subpersonality integration and its role in helping clients to become more creative in their personal and professional lives. The present paper is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of using psychosynthesis to facilitate creativity. The framework of psychosynthesis psychology, its techniques (which include the subpersonality model), and its therapeutic approach, are viable methodologies for anyone searching to unblock and activate new creative energy and achieve personal and professional growth.
    [Show full text]
  • A Personal Overview*
    THE TRANSPERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: A PERSONAL OVERVIEW* Frances E. Vaughan Mill Valley, California I have come to understand the transpersonal perspective as a metaperspective that attempts to acknowledge and learn from all points of view. It is a perspective that does not seek to impose a new belief system or a new metaphysics, but rather to see the relationships between existing world views in order to envision transformational possibilities. Since integration 1969 the transpersonal perspective has emerged from an of integration of ancient wisdom and modern science. Clearly ancient science and mysticism need each other. Science needs the wisdom wisdom of mysticism and mysticism needs the power of and modern science. In this sense the transpersonal perspective sees the science Eastern spiritual disciplines and Western scientific ap­ proaches to psychology as complementary. It recognizes the transcendental unity of all religions and sees the unity in the mystical core of every spiritual tradition. The mystical teachings agree that the source of wisdom is within us. Each spiritual tradition has a different way of saying it. For example, in Christianity we are told that "the the source kingdom of God is within." In Buddhism, wisdom is in the of wisdom discovery of "our own true nature"; in Hinduism, it is in "Atrnan" realization; in transpersonal psychology, we speak of "the Self." Yet the source is always the same and we need access to this source of inner wisdom if we are to use science for the benefit of humanity, rather than for self­ destruction. Furthermore, there comes a time when we can *Adapted from a keynote presentation at the 7th Annual Conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Transpersonal Psychology in Context: Perspectives from Its Founders and Historians of American Psychology
    TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CONTEXT: PERSPECTIVES FROM ITS FOUNDERS AND HISTORIANS OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY Nicole Ruzek, Ph.D. Pomona, California ABSTRACT: This article provides a summary of perspectives regarding transpersonal psychol- ogy’s relationship to mainstream American psychology. Founders of transpersonal psychology and historians of American psychology addressed the following questions: (a) How well known is transpersonal psychology?, (b) Is transpersonal psychology considered a subdiscipline of American psychology?, (c) Can transpersonal psychology be described as the fourth force in American psychology?, (d) What impact has transpersonal psychology had in mainstream American psychology, and why?, and (e) How might transpersonal psychologists participate in the activities of mainstream American psychology today? INTRODUCTION On September 14, 1967 at a Unitarian church in San Francisco then-president of the American Psychological Association, Abraham Maslow, predicted the emergence of a ‘‘fourth force’’ in American psychology (Sutich, 1976). This force was inspired by social and political changes happening in the United States during the 1960s (Moss, 1999; Taylor, 1999). The civil rights, women’s and counterculture movements of the 1960s stemmed from a deep dissatisfac- tion with, and questioning of, the socially and politically conservative atmosphere of the 1950s. Through music, art, politics, and social experimen- tation, Americans protested the oppression of minorities, the use of military force in solving international conflicts, and the more subtly perceived social repression of disenfranchised youth (Goffman & Joy, 2004; Woods, 2005). Oppressed black, as well as privileged white, youth banded together to create a free and open society. Organizations like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) encouraged young people to exercise their rights as citizens of a democracy and express themselves through political activism and free speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Core Concepts in Transpersonal Psychology
    CORE CONCEPTS IN TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY John Davis, Ph.D. Naropa University IntroduCtion A lot of my teachinG and some of my writinG for the past 25 years has focused on introduCinG and surveyinG transpersonal psyCholoGy. I have ColleCted definitions of transpersonal psyCholoGy from various sourCes and worKed to refine my own. However, I have notiCed that Certain ConCepts, phenomena, or researCh have been more useful in “GettinG” this field. Rarely do the formal definitions make the liGhts Go on for students about what transpersonal psyCholoGy stands for. Rather, in our disCussions, there will usually be one ConCept or phenomenon whiCh does it. I saw the Clearest example of this in a Colleague. For a number of years, she had invited me into her History of PsyCholoGy Course for a leCture on transpersonal psyCholoGy. She was not a transpersonalist, but she was open enouGh to feel the students needed some exposure to this field. And she was a doodler. For a few semesters, I watched her sit in the bacK of the room and doodle while I defined transpersonal psyCholoGy and Gave its history. Then one semester I deCided to emphasize peak experienCes in my presentation. When I Got to a personal example of a nature-based peak experienCe, she stopped doodlinG and sat up. I saw the liGht Go on for her. We shared a profound love for the Canyon Country, and this was her bridGe. For Janis, it was a Combination of eCopsyCholoGy and peak experienCes whiCh triGGered a shift in her felt sense of transpersonal psyCholoGy. I have been refleCtinG on the ConCepts whiCh have been most useful to me and to my students in understandinG, defininG, and CommuniCatinG about this field.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 by John Firman and Ann Russell Psychosynthesis Palo Alto 461
    What is Psychosynthesis? 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOSYNTHESIS? by John Firman and Ann Russell Psychosynthesis Palo Alto 461 Hawthorne Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 U.S.A. Copyright © 1992, 1993, by John Firman and Ann Russell All rights reserved. CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition...................................... 5 What is Psychosynthesis?............................................. 7 Assagioli’s Diagram of the Person .......................................... 8 The Middle Unconscious........................................................... 9 Lower and Higher Unconscious ............................................ 12 The Lower Unconscious .......................................................... 13 The Superconscious ................................................................. 16 “I,” Awareness, and Will ......................................................... 19 Self............................................................................................... 22 Personal Psychosynthesis ...................................................... 27 Transpersonal Psychosynthesis ............................................ 30 Self-realization.......................................................................... 34 In Conclusion ............................................................................ 38 About the Authors ........................................................ 41 Bibliography .................................................................. 41 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This monograph was originally
    [Show full text]
  • A Transpersonal Orientation: Psychosynthesis in the Counselor's
    A Transpersonal Orientation: Psychosynthesis in the Counselor’s office Introduction Defining transpersonal as simply that which goes beyond the individual or personal, it could be hypothesized that all counselors are, at least in part, transpersonal in their orientation. By and large Americans, in any profession, believe in God and in various other religious and spiritual perspectives (Harper, 2005). Given that this is the case, the transpersonal (or spiritual) dimension, is, almost inevitably, part of a counselor’s possible arena of concern. While it is important for counselors to orient themselves specifically towards areas of interest and expertise, it is also clear that broad knowledge and comfort in the widest possible area will serve both the counselor and client. It is therefore important that all counselors have a working knowledge of the transpersonal orientation in counseling and psychotherapy, simply to keep pace with their client’s concerns. It seems clear from the research, that counselors do, in fact, share an interest in and concern for the transpersonal dimension in their clinical work (Winston, 1990; Carlson, Kirkpatrick, Hecker, and Killmer, 2002). What is also likely to be true, is that counselors are not trained to work in that dimension nearly as thoroughly as they are trained, for instance, to work in family of origin issues. It is not surprising, at least historically, to find counselors dealing with spiritual or transpersonal issues with their clients, but not talking about that aspect of their work in supervision. And more often than not, there is little if any academic training in the transpersonal orientation in counseling and psychology (Shafranske and Malone, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • The Essence of Transpersonal Psychology Contemporary Views S
    International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 21 | Issue 1 Article 4 1-1-2002 The Essence of Transpersonal Psychology Contemporary Views S. I. Shapiro University of Hawaii Grace W. Lee University of Hawaii Philippe L. Gross University of Hawaii Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Shapiro, S. I., Lee, G. W., & Gross, P. L. (2002). Shapiro, S. I., Lee, G. W., & Gross, P. L. (2002). The se sence of transpersonal psychology: Contemporary views. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 21(1), 19–32.. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 21 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2002.21.1.19 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Essence of Transpersonal Psychology Contemporary Views S. L Shapiro Grace W. Lee Philippe L. Gross Universicy ofHawai'i Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA The authors compiled 80 chronologically ordered passages from the contemporary psychology literature that address the essence of transpersonal psychology. A thematic analysis of these passages revealed that the two most frequent categories, occurring 53 (66.2%) and 49 (61.2%) times respectively, were: (a) Going beyond or transcending the individual, ego, self, the personal, personality, or personal identity; existence of a deeper, true, or authentic Self; and (b) Spirituality, psychospiritual, psychospiritual development, the spiritual, spirit.
    [Show full text]