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Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve MANAGEMENT PLAN

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Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve MANAGEMENT PLAN Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 Turneffe Atoll Management Plan 2012 – 2017 Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve Management Plan 2012 - 2017 Photo: Turneffe Atoll Trust Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 This Management Plan is dedicated to K. Mustafa Touré Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Turneffe Atoll Sustainability Council, and particularly the members of the Core Team, for their input into the management planning process. We would also like to thank those individuals – particularly fishermen, tour guides and researchers - who participated, shared information, proof read sections and provided recommendations. Without this input and support, this Management Plan would not be as strong a foundation for future management as it is. This Management Plan was significantly strengthened through input from the Fisheries Department, and from a parallel, widely participatory Management Action Planning Process, led by The Nature Conservancy. Particular recognition also needs to go to Craig Hayes, K. Mustafa Touré, and other members of the Turneffe Atoll Advisory Council, who have spearheaded the Turneffe initiative over many years, and have been instrumental in ensuring that Turneffe is recognized as an important component of Belize’s natural heritage. Financial support towards this management planning process was provided by Turneffe Atoll Trust Belize Fisheries Department Belize City Belize, Central America Phone: 501-223 2623 [email protected] Cover Photo: Turneffe Atoll Trust Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................6 Background and Context ............................................................................................................. 6 Management Objectives for Turneffe Atoll ................................................................................ 8 1. Current Status .................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Regional Context ................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 National Context .................................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1 Legal and Policy Framework ......................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Land and Sea Tenure .................................................................................................... 24 1.3.3 Evaluation of Turneffe Atoll ......................................................................................... 27 1.3.4 Socio-Economic Context ............................................................................................... 31 1.4 Physical Environment of Management Area ....................................................................... 41 1.4.1 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 41 1.4.2 Geology ......................................................................................................................... 45 1.4.3 Bathymetry ................................................................................................................... 48 1.4.4 Tides and Water Movement ......................................................................................... 50 1.4.5 Water Parameters ........................................................................................................ 53 1.5. Biodiversity of Turneffe Atoll ............................................................................................. 58 1.5.1 Ecosystems ................................................................................................................... 58 1.5.2 Fauna ........................................................................................................................... 85 1.5.3 Economically Important Species .................................................................................. 99 1.5.4 Past and Present Research ......................................................................................... 108 1.6 Cultural and Stakeholder Use of Turneffe Atoll ................................................................ 110 1.6.1 Current Community and Stakeholder Use ..................................................................... 112 1.6.2 Recreation and Tourism Use .......................................................................................... 115 1.6.3 Educational Use .............................................................................................................. 119 Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 2. Conservation Planning .................................................................................................... 121 2.1 Identification of Conservation Targets .............................................................................. 121 2.2 Assessing Biodiversity Viability .......................................................................................... 124 2.4 Monitoring of Success of Conservation Strategies ............................................................ 158 2.5 Planning for Climate Change ............................................................................................. 166 2.5.1 Site Resilience Assessment ......................................................................................... 166 2.5.3 Climate Change Impacts 2.5.3 .................................................................................... 170 2.5.3 Socio Economic Impacts Socio Economic Impacts ........... 176 2.5.4 Climate Change Assessment Outputs ......................................................................... 177 3. Management Planning ................................................................................................... 182 3.1 Management Goals ........................................................................................................... 182 3.2 Management and Organizational Background .................................................................. 186 3.3 Previous Management ...................................................................................................... 188 3.4 Management Strategies .................................................................................................... 189 3.4.1 Management Constraints, Limitations and Priorities ................................................. 189 3.4.2 Rules and Regulations ................................................................................................ 190 3.4.3 Management Zones .................................................................................................... 192 3.4.4 Alternative / Supplementary Livelihoods ................................................................... 197 3.4.5 Training of Young Fishermen ...................................................................................... 200 3.5 Management Programmes and Objectives ...................................................................... 202 3.5.1 Natural Resource Management Programme ............................................................. 204 1. 3.5.2 Science Programme ....................................................................................... 212 3.5.3 Education and Outreach Programme ......................................................................... 221 3.5.4 Infrastructure Programme.......................................................................................... 227 3.5.5 Administration Programme ........................................................................................ 230 3.6 Timeline, Evaluation and Review....................................................................................... 233 3.7 Financing ............................................................................................................................ 239 References ......................................................................................................................... 241 Turneffe Atoll – Management Plan 2012-2017 Introduction Background and Context Turneffe Atoll, with its high biodiversity, SITE INFORMATION limited anthropogenic threats, has long been identified as a significant gap within Belize’s Size: The Atoll itself is approximately 48.3 km long National Protected Areas System (NPAPSP, and 16.1 km wide (30 miles long and 10 miles Ron Spilman / SEA 2005), with sustained lobbying by a number of wide), within a proposed management area encompassing approximately 131,690 ha / 1,317 stakeholders (both tourism and fishing km2 (325,412 acres). sectors) towards improved management of the Atoll and its resources. Location: Turneffe Atoll is located 32km (20 miles) east of Belize City and is surrounded by deep oceanic waters. Turneffe is considered the largest The need for mechanisms to be put in place and most biologically diverse coral atoll in Belize, for improved management of the Atoll was and in the Mesoamerican Reef ecoregion. recognized as early as 1968, and calls for Uses: Extractive and non-extractive – commercial,
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