Emergence of Political Islam in the Arab World
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Guess submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of the American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs Chair: "T)r. Clovis Dr. Serif Mardin I j T jL lq c O (3 ~ ^ > A - Dean of the School of International Service Date 1996 The American University 7 m Washington, D.C. 20016 -r: i'E AMERICAN UNIVERSITYU8FL' - Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1383634 Copyright 1996 by Guess, Marc C. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1383634 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright by MARC C. GUESS 1996 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To Chantal, for your love, patience and support. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL ISLAM IN THE ARAB WORLD: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF ALGERIA AND JORDAN BY Marc C. Guess ABSTRACT The Arab world has recently witnessed the emergence of Political Islam, a movement seeking to establish “Islamic” states. Political Islam arose from an ideological vacuum in the Arab world that was a consequence of the Arab defeat in the 1967 War and the resulting collapse of Nasser’s “Arab Nationalist” philosophy. In subsequent years, this movement has posed both a philosophical and political challenge to secular Arab regimes and succeeded in altering the political landscape of the Middle East. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of two Arab states, Algeria and Jordan, in order to examine the factors that led to the emergence of Islamic groups as political alternatives in those states. The study will show that Islamic groups in both countries emerged as political forces primarily as a result of and in reaction to, the internal political and economic decisions of the ruling regimes of each state. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In reflecting upon the work involved in completing this study, several people deserve mention for their help and encouragement. First, I would like to thank my friend and colleague Faisal Hasan, with whom I have spent a great deal of time discussing the Middle East, and who freely shared his observations and ideas on the region with me. Those conversations provided the framework for this study, and helped me to focus on many of the issues in the region that I wanted to broach in this study. Second, my sincere thanks to the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Clovis Maksoud and Dr. Serif Mardin. During the course of my graduate study, and throughout this project, I benefitted greatly from their extensive knowledge of the Middle East and its history, and from their willingness to share that knowledge with me. Despite their busy schedules and numerous obligations, both gave freely of their time and advice, for which I am deeply grateful. My association with them has easily made my studies at American University my most rewarding educational experience. Finally, thank you to my wife, Chantal, who provided me with the support and encouragement I needed to finish this often difficult task. While acting as my proofreader and editor during this project, she provided me with invaluable suggestions and assistance that helped to improve this study in a variety of ways. In addition, she consistently provided support and expressed confidence in my abilities when I was uncertain of my iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ability to finish this project. This study stands as a measure of her confidence in me, and I remain indebted to her for it. Marc C. Guess Arlington, Virginia November 1996 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................. iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 Statement of Major Problems and Objectives of Research .......................4 Statement of Significance of the S tudy ......................................................4 Preliminary Review of Literature ...............................................................6 Methodology..............................................................................................9 Preview of Research Framework ............................................................. 12 PART ONE: THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT H. POLITICAL ISLAM: IDEALS, EMERGENCE AND IMPLEMENTATION ......................................16 Theoretical Underpinnings ....................................................................... 18 Political Islam/Islamism: Definitions.......................................................18 The Modem Islamist Discourse: Al-Banna and Mawdudi .....................24 Al-Banna ..................................................................................... 25 Mawdudi ..................................................................................... 30 The Ideological Vacuum: The Failure of Arab Nationalism .....................34 Nasser and The Arab Nationalist Movement ........................................35 The Fall of Arab Nationalism: The 1967 Arab-Israeli War and the Emergence of Islam as an Ideological Alternative ...................40 Islam as a Political Force: The Iranian Revolution ................................. 44 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. in. ISLAM IN THE FORMATION OF ALGERIA AND JORDAN.......................49 Islam and the Struggle for Algerian Independence ................................... 50 The Islamist Movement, the FLN and the Algerian Revolution .......... 50 Islam in the Independent Algerian State ..............................................55 The Hashemite Monarchy and the Muslim Brotherhood .........................59 The Muslim Brotherhood in the Independent Jordanian State ...............59 Comparative Synthesis .............................................................................62 PART TWO: DOMESTIC POLICIES AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE ISLAMIC ALTERNATIVE: THE ALGERIAN AND JORDANIAN STUDIES IV. THE ALGERIAN STUDY. THE RULE OF THE FL N ..................................... 65 Political Participation: The State Monolith ............................................. 67 The FLN and State Control of Political Life in Algeria .........................67 The Economy: A Legacy of Mismanagement ......................................... 73 The Socialist Economic State and "Industrializing Industries" .............73 The Four-Year Plans .............................................................................77 The Collectivization of Agriculture: The Agrarian Revolution.............83 The Transformation of Algerian Society ..................................................89 Religion: The Cooptation of Islam by the State ...................................90 Education: The Problems of “Arabization”