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Thermoelectric Applications Thermoelectric Generators Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour France Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Electrique (SIAME EA4581), Fédération IPRA FR2952 Thermoelectric applications Thermoelectric generators CHAMPIER Daniel Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 1 Thermoelectric (TE) Generators TEG convert directly a very small part of the heat moving through them into electricity exchanger exchanger Maximum Power Dependence upon the temperature TE modules difference across the thermoelements Tsc Tsh Th Tc NS. WTMax 2 ... 2 elec 8L Heat Heat Generator sink Construction : ‘‘power factor’’ : .number of thermoelements type of TE material .cross-sectional area .length of each element. Module efficiency Electrical power (<5%) We T 1 zT 1 . TE Tc Qh Th 1 zT Th Electronic converter efficiency, generator maximum power R T TE . Ts DC DC RRRHCTE Storage Battery Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 2 World total final consumption from 1971 to 2011 by fuel (Mtoe) ***Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, etc 1Toe=tonne of oil equivalent =41.8 GJ =11.6 MWh = 1 Tep (français) International Energy Agency publication :2013 Keyworld energy statistic 3 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 3 Gail Tverberg http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/03/12/world-energy-consumption-since-1820-in-charts 4 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 4 173,000 terawatts Energy is not a problem Sustainability is the problem Ocean Thermal Energy y I have a dream 0.005 TW.y <0.00001 TW.y 1 Billion cars with TEG a 250W TEG Yes we can 2014 Perez Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 5 Roadmap for climate and energy policies 2008 European Concil new environmental targets : "three 20 targets” by 2020 .To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 20%. .To increase energy efficiency to save 20% of EU energy consumption .To reach 20% of renewable energy in the total energy consumption in the EU. January 2014 European Concil new environmental targets by 2030 .To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 40%. .To continue improvements in energy efficiency .To reach 27% of renewable energy in the total energy consumption in the EU. 6 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 6 Some EfficiencyEfficiency in Electricity Generation 2003 Union of the electricity industry . L’objectif « 20-20-20 » vise pour 2020 à : Diminuer de 20 % les émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) par rapport aux missions de 1990 ; Réduire de 20 % la consommation d'énergie par le biais de l'amélioration2013 de l'efficacité énergétique; Atteindre 20 % d'énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique. 7 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 7 The carbon footprint of Energy-Technologies Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 8 TE efficiency 50 45 Carnot efficiency ZT=3 40 ZT=2 ZT=1 35 ZT=0.8 ZT=0.5 30 25 20 efficiency % efficiency 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 difference of temperature Th-Tc K We T 1 zT 1 . Thermoelectricity : no chance for big powerTE plant Tc Qh Th 1 zT Th Thermoelectricity has a chance only where other forms of energy production are not cost effective. Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 9 Classification of generators • recovery of thermal energy lost: optimization of wasted heat • production in extreme environment: sources dedicated to TEG • decentralized power generation: renewable energy sources • microgeneration: all heat sources are acceptable • thermoelectric solar: energy source : the sun. Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 10 Waste heat 1 quad=2.93 1011kWh=1.055x1018J Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 11 Secteur automobile Thermoelectric technology for automotive Waste Heat Recovery Prototypes : - FIAT - FORD - GM - BMW - Amerigon - Renoter (Renault truck Volvo …) Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 12 Thermoelectric technology for automotive Waste Heat Recovery Opportunity for Waste Heat Recovery with Thermoelectrics Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 13 Thermoelectric technology for automotive Waste Heat Recovery 3% efficiency mean 0.9kW Sankey diagram for diesel vehicle light duty trucks Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 14 Economic context European Union New CO2 emission performance standards Emission target for passengers cars 130g/km for 2012 drastically reduced to 95g/km for 2020 Emission target for light duty trucks 175g/km for 2014 135g/km for 2020. Fine and penalties to be paid by car manufacturers that exceed EU CO2 limits 20€ per exceeding gram starting from 2012 95€ per exceeding gram starting from 2020 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 15 Comparison Alternator - TEG Electricity produced by alternator Conversion efficiency from fuel chemical energy to mechanical energy 25-27% alternator efficiency from mechanical to electrical energy 60% conversion efficiency from fuel chemical energy to electrical energy 15-16% Electricity produced by TEG small-medium gasoline engine at motorway driving condition is characterized by a thermal power, in its exhaust gases, of 10kW at 600°C, 4-5% system conversion efficiency, which can be feasible with ZT=1-1.2 is enough to guarantee 400-500 Wel. 2 400-500Wel means 6-7g/km CO reduction (Fiat Research Center) Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 16 Automotive Requirements for a TE Generator Requirements •Backpressure limit in TEG •Exchanger must not disturb too much exhaust gases: pressure drops very low (tens of a few millibars). •Temperature limit for TE materials (add bypass for exhaust gases) •Durability test requirements •Assembly requirements •Control and sensor requirements •Power conditioning (DC/DC converter) •Recycling •Price and Performance Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 17 Alternator Replacement by a TEG A TEG must be able to provide necessary power ( about 3kw 220A 14V) to the vehicle under extremely challenging conditions: • Idle • City drive cycle (Start-Stop) • +50°C to -30°C ambient conditions • Full accessory loads, including current spikes • Reduce TOTAL fuel consumption, weight, and cost compared to an alternator/battery system Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 18 Ford TEG on a Ford Fusion with 3.0L V-6 Engine the exhaust Half-Heusler + Bi2Te 3segmented TE elements Anticipated power: ~500 Watts (peak) Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 19 Ford Packaging for Prototype TEG TEG FlexCoupling To Exhaust Underfloor Catalyst To Exhaust Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 20 FORD C. Maranville “ Thermoelectric opportunities for light-duty vehicles.” Ford Motor Company 2012 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 21 FORD : TEG performances for a 100km/h cruise Temperature of gas 105km/h Welec A bypass is necessary to protect the TEG Anticipated power: ~500 Watts (peak) !!! C. Maranville “ Thermoelectric opportunities for light-duty vehicles.” Ford Motor Company 2012 Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 22 General Motor 2011Meisner advanced thermoelectric material and generator technology for automotive waste heat at GM.pdf Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 23 GM project may 2011 General Motors Thermoelectric Generator Vehicle Selection : Chevy Suburban This module could capture waste heat in car's exhaust and convert it to energy, improving fuel economy in a Chevy Suburban by 3%. Computer models show the device could generate 350 to 600 watts for city and highway driving, respectively. Finalize design of prototype TEG by-pass valve set point temperature only Bi2Te3 modules for the heat exchanger is about 250°C. 2011Meisner advanced thermoelectric material and generator technology for automotive waste heat at GM.pdf Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 24 GM : Instrumented TEG and Results 150°C Temperature of the heat exchanger is 250°C for a temperature of exhaust gas around 400°C 2011Meisner advanced thermoelectric material and generator technology for automotive waste heat at GM.pdf Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 25 GM : Instrumented TEG and Results 11 W avec un HiZ20 150°C 50°C Coolant 1,3 W avec Temperature variation along the Teg // un HiZ20 to the exhaust gas flow is significant 209$ !!!! Front 250° Middle 178° Rear 148° Temperature variation transverse to the exhaust gas flow is low < 3°C 2011Meisner advanced thermoelectric material and generator technology for automotive waste heat at GM.pdf Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 26 GM : Instrumented TEG and Results Computer models show the device could generate 350 to 600 watts Open circuit voltage are consistent with a 50°C smaller ΔT than measured between the heat exchanger
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