Chapter 1: Energy Challenges September 2015 1 Energy Challenges
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WORKING PAPER The Value of Oil Price Projectiom Nebojsa Nakinnovic Leo SchrattenhoLzer October 1935 IQ-85-68 lnternrtionrl Institute tor -lid System, Anrlyth NOT FOR QUOTATION WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS The Value of Oil Price Projections Nebo jsa Nakicenovic Leo SchrattenhoLzer October 1935 TW-85-68 Working Papers are interim reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and have received only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute or of its National Member Organizations. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 2361 Laxenburg, Austria -ABSTRACT AND SUBXAXY The central theme of this paper is the development of the international price of crude oil. A short overview of oil price his6ry is followed by a discussion of the factors that were responsible for previous, sometimes erratic, changes. We con- clude that these factors are likely to maintain their influence in the future, thus giving the forecasts of oil prices a high uncertainty. This uncertainty is reflected in several reports containing oil price proje[ctions. We argue, therefore, that a question soieiy about future oil prices must remain unanswered. Tnis does not render the efforts to examine the future futile; it simpiy means that the question shouid be rephrased. We offer one possible problem formulation that explicitly accounts for the high uncertainty. This formulation requires that specific policy probiems and options for solving them be specified before oil prices are projected - a condition that does not always hold or, at least, that does not seem to be regarded as important enougn to be described in many reports on oil price studies. -
Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times. -
U.S. Energy in the 21St Century: a Primer
U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY R46723 U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and Melissa N. Diaz, the United States has moved from being a net importer of most forms of energy to a declining Coordinator importer—and a net exporter in 2019. The United States remains the second largest producer and Analyst in Energy Policy consumer of energy in the world, behind China. Overall energy consumption in the United States has held relatively steady since 2000, while the mix of energy sources has changed. Between 2000 and 2019, consumption of natural gas and renewable energy increased, while oil and nuclear power were relatively flat and coal decreased. In the same period, production of oil, natural gas, and renewables increased, while nuclear power was relatively flat and coal decreased. Overall energy production increased by 42% over the same period. Increases in the production of oil and natural gas are due in part to technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling that have facilitated access to resources in unconventional formations (e.g., shale). U.S. oil production (including natural gas liquids and crude oil) and natural gas production hit record highs in 2019. The United States is the largest producer of natural gas, a net exporter, and the largest consumer. Oil, natural gas, and other liquid fuels depend on a network of over three million miles of pipeline infrastructure. -
Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu)
U.S. energy consumption by source and sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu) Sourcea End-use sectorc Percent of sources Percent of sectors 70 91 Transportation Petroleum 24 3 28.2 36.7 3 5 2 <1 (37%) (37%) 1 34 40 9 Industrial 4 3 26.3 Natural gas 12 33 (35%) 32.1 16 11 (32%) 36 8 44 7 Residential 41 11.9 (16%) 12 9 22 39 Renewable energy 7 3 Commercial 11.5 (11%) 2 <1 9.4 (12%) 56 49 10 Total = 75.9 Coal <1 11.3 (11%) 90 Electric power sectorb Nuclear 100 8.5 (8%) Electricity retail sales 12.8 (35%) Total = 100.2 Electrical system energy losses 24.3 (65%) Total = 37.1 a Primary energy consumption. Each energy source is measured in different physical content of electricity retail sales. See Note 1, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at the end of units and converted to common British thermal units (Btu). See U.S. Energy Information EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Section 2. Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, Appendix A. Noncombustible renewable c End-use sector consumption of primary energy and electricity retail sales, excluding electrical energy sources are converted to Btu using the “Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach”, see system energy losses from electricity retail sales. Industrial and commercial sectors EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Appendix E. consumption includes primary energy consumption by combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and b The electric power sector includes electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) electricity-only plants contained within the sector. plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. -
Analiza Kretanja Cijene Nafte Obzirom Na Pandemiju COVID-A 19 I Usporedba S Povijesnim Kretanjem Na Svjetskom Tržištu
Analiza kretanja cijene nafte obzirom na pandemiju COVID-a 19 i usporedba s povijesnim kretanjem na svjetskom tržištu Njirić, Marin Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering / Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:169:342279 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-26 Repository / Repozitorij: Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering Repository, University of Zagreb SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU RUDARSKO-GEOLOŠKO-NAFTNI FAKULTET Preddiplomski studij naftnog rudarstva ANALIZA KRETANJA CIJENE NAFTE OBZIROM NA PANDEMIJU COVID-a 19 I USPOREDBA S POVIJESNIM KRETANJEM NA SVJETSKOM TRŽIŠTU Završni rad Marin Njirić N4350 Zagreb, 2020 Sveučilište u Zagrebu Završni rad Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet ANALIZA KRETANJA CIJENE NAFTE OBZIROM NA PANDEMIJU COVID-a 19 I USPOREDBA S POVIJESNIM KRETANJEM NA SVJETSKOM TRŽIŠTU Marin Njirić Završni rad je izrađen: Sveučilište u Zagrebu Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet Zavod za naftno-plinsko inženjerstvo i energetiku Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb Sažetak U svjetskoj ekonomiji nafta zauzima jednu od najvažnijih uloga za gospodarski razvoj svake zemlje. S obzirom da je izuzetno bitna sirovina, njena cijena utječe na sve grane gospodarstva, kretanja svjetskih političkih i gospodarskih trendova, kretanje indeksa na burzama te stanje svjetskog gospodarstva općenito. Tijekom povijesti, događali su se razni preokreti cijena nafte, čime bi mnoge zemlje ili tvrtke profitirale ili upale u krizu. U razdoblju COVID-a, cijena je drastično potonula te se u ovom radu prati taj pad cijene u usporedbi s cijenama tijekom prijašnjih kriza u povijesti. -
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016 An Overview of Energy Efficiency Quick Facts: Energy efficiency means reducing the amount of energy Population, 2014: 6,731,484 that you need to perform a particular task. When you Population growth rate, 2006-2014: 0.79% per year practice energy efficiency, you increase or maintain your Number of households, 2014: 2,387,246 level of service, but you decrease the energy used to Source: United States Census Bureau. provide that service through efficient technologies. Examples include ENERGY STAR appliances, compact fluorescent and LED light bulbs, better insulation for Primary Energy Consumption (2013) buildings, more efficient windows, high efficiency air Primary energy consumption: 1,415 trillion Btu conditioning equipment, and vehicles with higher miles Growth rate, 2006-2013: -0.57% per year per gallon (mpg). Another distinct strategy is energy con- servation, which means that you change your behavior or Primary energy consumption per capita: 213 million Btu lifestyle to reduce energy use. Examples include carpool- Ranking, energy consumption per capita: 43 ing, using mass transit, turning thermostats down in the Ranking, total energy consumption: 27 winter and up in summer, and other behavioral changes. Ratio of consumption to production: 2.38 Improving energy efficiency is a “win-win” strategy — Energy Expenditures (2013) it saves money for consumers and businesses, reduces the need for costly and controversial new power plants, Total energy expenditures: $ 22.8 billion increases the reliability of energy supply, cuts pollution Ranking, energy expenditures: 23 and greenhouse gas emissions, and lowers energy Energy expenditures per capita: $ 3,434 imports. -
Energy and Training Module ITU Competitive Coach
37 energy and training module ITU Competitive Coach Produced by the International Triathlon Union, 2007 38 39 energy & training Have you ever wondered why some athletes shoot off the start line while others take a moment to react? Have you every experienced a “burning” sensation in your muscles on the bike? Have athletes ever claimed they could ‘keep going forever!’? All of these situations involve the use of energy in the body. Any activity the body performs requires work and work requires energy. A molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the “energy currency” of the body. ATP powers most cellular processes that require energy including muscle contraction required for sport performance. Where does ATP come from and how is it used? ATP is produced by the breakdown of fuel molecules—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. During physical activity, three different processes work to split ATP molecules, which release energy for muscles to use in contraction, force production, and ultimately sport performance. These processes, or “energy systems”, act as pathways for the production of energy in sport. The intensity and duration of physical activity determines which pathway acts as the dominant fuel source. Immediate energy system Fuel sources ATP Sport E.g. carbohydrates, energy performance proteins, fats “currency” Short term energy system E.g. swimming, cycling, running, transitions Long term energy system During what parts of a triathlon might athletes use powerful, short, bursts of speed? 1 2 What duration, intensity, and type of activities in a triathlon cause muscles to “burn”? When in a triathlon do athletes have to perform an action repeatedly for longer than 10 or 15 3 minutes at a moderate pace? 40 energy systems Long Term (Aerobic) System The long term system produces energy through aerobic (with oxygen) pathways. -
1 Potential Influences on the Prospect of Renewable Energy Development in OPEC Members Hanan Alsadi1 1. Introduction the Global
1 Potential Influences on the Prospect of Renewable Energy Development in OPEC Members Hanan Alsadi1 1. Introduction The global energy transitioning trend escalates due to the continuous growth of energy consumption and advancing climate change. While the total fossil fuel consumption is increasing twice as fast as the average rate over the last decade, making 70% of the global energy demand, the reckless use of fossil fuel is causing substantial damage to the environment (International Energy Agency, 2018; Šolc, 2013). An effective fix to the problem while dubious is to replace the energy source by alternatives. The renewable energy (RE) offers the most definite prospect for producing clean, sustainable power in substantial quantities, which arouses interest around the world. According to Gielen and Colleagues (2019), the RE’s share of global consumption energy would rise from 15% in 2015 to 63% in 2050. However, if this increasing trend in renewable energies would also prevail among Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), is subject to debate. They all have abundant potential to invest in renewable energy sources. Yet, some of the Middle Eastern and Arab Gulf OPEC members do not have or have a small amount of renewable energy sources. In contrast, other members have significant renewable energy sources. Researchers have studied some aspects of renewable energy and its relationship to the OPEC countries. For example, Wittmann (2013) looked at the potential for transitioning from petroleum exportation to renewable energy exportation among the OPEC countries. Still, Wittmann does not explain any specific transition strategies or plans for the Middle Eastern OPEC countries. -
Investigation Into the Energy Consumption of a Data Center with a Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger
Article Mechanical Engineering July 2011 Vol.56 No.20: 21852190 doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4500-5 SPECIAL TOPICS: Investigation into the energy consumption of a data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger ZHOU Feng, TIAN Xin & MA GuoYuan* College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China Received October 18, 2010; accepted February 17, 2011 A data center test model was used to analyze the energy dissipation characteristics and energy consumption of a data center. The results indicate that adequate heat dissipation from a data center cannot be achieved only from heat dissipation through the build- ing envelope during Beijing winter conditions. This is because heat dissipation through the building envelope covers about 19.5% of the total data center heat load. The average energy consumption for an air conditioner is 4 to 5 kW over a 24-h period. The temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air for the data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger is less than 20°C. The energy consumption of the thermosyphon heat exchanger is only 41% of that of an air conditioner. The annual energy consumption can be reduced by 35.4% with a thermosyphon system. In addition, the effect of the outdoor temperature on the en- ergy consumption of an air conditioner is greater than the indoor room temperature. The energy consumption of an air conditioner system increases by 5% to 6% for every 1°C rise in the outdoor temperature. data center, energy consumption, thermosyphon heat exchanger, ambient energy Citation: Zhou F, Tian X, Ma G Y. -
Hydropower Special Market Report Analysis and Forecast to 2030 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Hydropower Special Market Report Analysis and forecast to 2030 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, electricity markets, Canada Indonesia energy efficiency, Czech Republic Morocco access to energy, Denmark Singapore demand side Estonia South Africa management and Finland Thailand much more. Through France its work, the IEA Germany advocates policies that Greece will enhance the Hungary reliability, affordability Ireland and sustainability of Italy energy in its 30 member countries, Japan 8 association countries Korea and beyond. Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Revised version, Poland July 2021. Information notice Portugal found at: www.iea.org/ Slovak Republic corrections Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Please note that this publication is subject to United States specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The The European terms and conditions are available online at Commission also www.iea.org/t&c/ participates in the work of the IEA This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Hydropower Special Market Report Abstract Abstract The first ever IEA market report dedicated to hydropower highlights the economic and policy environment for hydropower development, addresses the challenges it faces, and offers recommendations to accelerate growth and maintain the existing infrastructure. -
Taylor Farms Achieves Industry First Sustainability Milestones in Energy Independence and Waste Conservation
Taylor Farms Achieves Industry First Sustainability Milestones in Energy Independence and Waste Conservation January 14th, 2020 Three facilities are now Total Resource Use and Efficiency (TRUE) platinum zero waste certified and more than 90 percent energy independent SALINAS, Calif. – Jan. 13, 2020 –Taylor Farms, North America’s leading producer of salads and healthy fresh foods, has received the U.S. Green Building Council TRUE platinum zero waste certification at three facilities in California while simultaneously achieving 90 percent energy independence from the utility grid through unique microgrid solutions. Together, their unique suite of investments and programs reduced 175,000 metric ton (MT) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in just two years, equivalent to 37,000 cars off the road annually. The three facilities in Monterey County are the first fresh food facilities to achieve the highest level of TRUE zero waste certification, diverting over 95 percent of materials from the environment, incinerators and landfills. “Now more than ever before, we are noticing a shift in customers, consumers and business partners to be increasingly more aware of the source of their food and the sustainable practices behind that food production,” said Bruce Taylor, Chairman and CEO, Taylor Farms. “We are proud that Taylor Farms is at the forefront of developing and identifying sustainability practices that are breaking down barriers and establishing new norms within the industry. Consumers should be confident that our product offerings are helping them to lead healthy lives while contributing to a healthy environment and healthy communities.” “We commend Taylor Farms for their leadership and climate action achievements, which have made a positive impact in our shared sustainability journey.” Townsend Bailey, Director - North America Sustainability, McDonald’s Building an industry first groundbreaking microgrid and Environmental Management System (EMS) takes entrepreneurial drive and strategic partnerships. -
Improving Institutional Access to Financing Incentives for Energy
Improving Institutional Access to Financing Incentives for Energy Demand Reductions Masters Project: Final Report April 2016 Sponsor Agency: The Ecology Center (Ann Arbor, MI) Student Team: Brian La Shier, Junhong Liang, Chayatach Pasawongse, Gianna Petito, & Whitney Smith Faculty Advisors: Paul Mohai PhD. & Tony Reames PhD. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank our clients Alexis Blizman and Katy Adams from the Ecology Center. We greatly appreciate their initial efforts in conceptualizing and proposing the project idea, and providing feedback throughout the duration of the project. We would also like to thank our advisors Dr. Paul Mohai and Dr. Tony Reames for providing their expertise, guidance, and support. This Master's Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the OPUS requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan. ABSTRACT We developed this project in response to a growing locallevel demand for information and guidance on accessing local, state, and federal energy financing programs. Knowledge regarding these programs is currently scattered across independent websites and agencies, making it difficult for a lay user to identify available options for funding energy efficiency efforts. We collaborated with The Ecology Center, an Ann Arbor nonprofit, to develop an informationbased tool that would provide tailored recommendations to small businesses and organizations in need of financing to meet their energy efficiency aspirations. The tool was developed for use by The Ecology Center along with an implementation plan to strengthen their outreach to local stakeholders and assist their efforts in reducing Michigan’s energy consumption. We researched and analyzed existing clean energy and energy efficiency policies and financing opportunities available from local, state, federal, and utility entities for institutions in the educational, medical, religious, and multifamily housing sectors.