DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydropower Special Market Report Analysis and Forecast to 2030 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydropower Special Market Report Analysis and Forecast to 2030 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Hydropower Special Market Report Analysis and forecast to 2030 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, electricity markets, Canada Indonesia energy efficiency, Czech Republic Morocco access to energy, Denmark Singapore demand side Estonia South Africa management and Finland Thailand much more. Through France its work, the IEA Germany advocates policies that Greece will enhance the Hungary reliability, affordability Ireland and sustainability of Italy energy in its 30 member countries, Japan 8 association countries Korea and beyond. Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Revised version, Poland July 2021. Information notice Portugal found at: www.iea.org/ Slovak Republic corrections Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Please note that this publication is subject to United States specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The The European terms and conditions are available online at Commission also www.iea.org/t&c/ participates in the work of the IEA This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Hydropower Special Market Report Abstract Abstract The first ever IEA market report dedicated to hydropower highlights the economic and policy environment for hydropower development, addresses the challenges it faces, and offers recommendations to accelerate growth and maintain the existing infrastructure. This report presents ten-year capacity and generation forecasts for reservoir, run-of-river and pumped storage projects across the globe, based on bottom-up country and project-level monitoring. PAGE | 1 IEA. All rights reserved. Hydropower Special Market Report Foreword Foreword A little over two years ago, at the 7th World Hydropower Congress in Paris, I underscored the huge untapped potential of hydropower – the world’s largest source of clean and flexible electricity generation – particularly in emerging and developing economies. I said then that the voice of hydropower was not being heard loudly enough, and I promised that the IEA would be a strong voice for the hydropower community, notably by making hydropower the focus of our Renewables 2020 market report. We did not know then that a global pandemic in early 2020 would deliver a shock of historic proportions to our societies and economies. Today, I’m proud that despite the disruptions we faced in 2020, we are now delivering on our promise of two years ago with this Hydropower Special Market Report. And I thoroughly believe it is worth the wait. This special report is the world’s first study to provide detailed global forecasts to 2030 for the three main types of hydropower: reservoir, run-of-river and pumped storage facilities. The report shows that some things have not changed with the Covid-19 crisis. It finds that there is still a huge amount of hydropower potential worldwide that remains untapped despite being economically viable. This potential is particularly strong in emerging economies and developing economies, where demand for new energy supplies continues to expand rapidly and many people still lack access to reliable energy services. If it is developed sustainably, hydropower can bring major benefits to energy systems in many countries. The report’s forecast unfortunately shows that, based on today’s policy settings, the growth of hydropower globally is set to slow this decade. This is something the world can ill afford. As our report highlights, hydropower is the forgotten giant of low-carbon electricity; it produces more of it than any other source worldwide. And hydropower’s critical contribution clean energy transitions is not limited to the huge amounts of renewable electricity it produces – its capabilities for providing flexibility and storage for electricity systems are also unmatched, making it a natural enabler for integrating greater amounts of wind and solar power. This rare combination of attributes cannot be ignored. The IEA’s recent Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector makes it clear that the 2020s have to be the decade of massive deployment of all clean and efficient energy technologies if the world is to have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. PAGE | 2 IEA. All rights reserved. Hydropower Special Market Report Foreword Hydropower is unquestionably one of those technologies, but governments must devote significant policy attention to enabling it to overcome some of the major difficulties it currently faces. And all hydropower projects need to meet high standards for sustainability to ensure the energy and climate benefits they can bring are not undermined by negative environmental and social side effects. The gap between rhetoric and action remains a major issue today. Despite encouraging pledges by more and more governments to reach net-zero emissions by mid-century, climate ambitions are not yet backed up by credible policies to drive down emissions. One concrete step governments can take to start closing this gap is to put hydropower squarely back on the energy and climate policy agenda. That is one of seven priority areas for action set out in this report, which I hope will prove useful for policy makers seeking to build a clean and secure energy future. Finally, I would like to thank Heymi Bahar and the team of IEA colleagues who have worked extremely hard, with the support of Paolo Frankl, to fulfil the promise I made to the hydropower community in May 2019. Dr Fatih Birol Executive Director International Energy Agency PAGE | 3 IEA. All rights reserved. Hydropower Special Market Report Acknowledgements Acknowledgements, contributors and credits This study was prepared by the Renewable Energy Division in the Directorate of Energy Markets and Security. Heymi Bahar was the project manager and directed the report. He designed and co-ordinated the study along with Yasmina Abdelilah, who also led the analytical framework. The report benefited from analysis, drafting and input from multiple colleagues. The authors of the report were, Yasmina Abdelilah, Heymi Bahar, François Briens, Piotr Bojek, Trevor Criswell, Kartik Veerakumar and Grecia Rodríguez who was also responsible for data management. The report also benefited from analysis, data and input from Chenlu Cheng, Andrea Dertinger and Kazuhiro Kurumi. Craig Hart and Peerapat Vithayasrichareon from the IEA Renewables Integration and Secure Electricity (RISE) Unit contributed to the analysis and drafting on flexibility. Jinsun Lim and Luca Lo Re from the Energy and Environment Division conducted the analysis and drafted the section on the impact of climate change on hydropower generation. Paolo Frankl, Head of the Renewable Energy Division, provided strategic guidance and significant input to this work. Valuable comments, feedback and guidance were provided by other senior management and numerous other colleagues within the IEA, in particular, Keisuke Sadamori, Laura Cozzi, Laszlo Varro and Peter Fraser. Other IEA colleagues who have made important contributions to this work include: Lucila Arboleya Sarazola, Praveen Bains, Davide d’Ambrosio, Pablo Gonzalez, Shai Hassid, César Alejandro Hernández Alva, Randi Kristiansen, Ryszard Pospiech and Brent Wanner. Timely data from the IEA Energy Data Centre were fundamental to the report, with particular assistance provided by Mathilde Daugy, Julia Guyon, Nick Johnstone, Samantha Mead, Julian Prime, Céline Rouquette, Roberta Quadrelli and Aloys Nghiem and the data science team for their work on scrappers. This work benefited from extensive review and comments from the IEA Standing Group on Long-Term Co-operation, IEA Renewable Energy Working Party, PAGE | 4 IEA. All rights reserved. Hydropower Special Market Report Acknowledgements members of the Renewable Industry Advisory Board (RIAB) and experts from IEA partner countries and other international institutions. The work also benefited from feedback by the IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology. Special thanks go to the IEA Hydropower Technology Collaboration Programme, and the International Hydropower Association for their valuable guidance on the design process and extensive review comments. Valuable input was provided by Alex Beckitt, Niels Nielson, and Atle Harby (IEA Technology Collaboration Program on Hydropower), Alex Campbell, Joao Costa, Samuel Law, David Samuel, and Nicholas Troja (International Hydropower Association), Angela Africano (GE Renewables), and Richard Taylor (RMT Renewables Consulting Ltd). Many experts from outside of the IEA provided valuable input and reviewed this report. They include: Countries Canada (Natural Resources Canada), China (Energy Research Institute – ERI), European Union (European Commission – DG Energy), Japan (METI, Institute of Energy Economics), Norway (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy), Switzerland (Federal Office of Energy), Turkey (Ministry of Energy), United States (Department of Energy) and Zambia (Ministry of Energy). Other organisations Andritz, Australian National University, BBK, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Électricité de France (EDF), Electric Power Development Company (JPOWER), Electric
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydro Energy for Off-Grid Rural Electrification Ef
    Harnessing Hydro Energy for Off-grid Rural Electrification ef ydro power is considered the largest and most mature application of renewable energy. The installed capacity worldwide is estimated at 630,000 MW, producing ri H over 20 percent of the world’s electricity. In the European Union, hydro power contributes at least 17 percent to its electricity supply. Translated in terms of environmental costs, the hydro installations in the European Union are instrumental in avoiding 67 million tons of CO2 emissions annually. There is yet no international consensus on how to classify hydro systems by size. The European B Small Hydro Association however has included in the definition of small hydro those systems with capacity up to 10 MW. The Philippines has adapted the European nomenclature, but further breaks down “small” systems into “mini” and “micro.” RA 7156 defines mini-hydro systems as those installations with size ranging from 101 kW to 10MW. By inference, micro- hydro systems refer to installations with capacity of 100 kW or less. Small hydro power plants are mainly ‘run-off-river’ systems since they involve minimal water impounding. As such, they are regarded environmentally benign forms of energy generation. It is estimated that a 5-MW small hydro power plant that can supply power to about 5,000 families, replaces 1,400 tons of fossil fuel and avoids emissions of 16,000 tons of CO2 and more than 100 tons of SO2 annually. In the Philippines, the Department of Energy has identified 1,081 potential sites of small hydro installations that can produce power up to 13,426 MW.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and Training Module ITU Competitive Coach
    37 energy and training module ITU Competitive Coach Produced by the International Triathlon Union, 2007 38 39 energy & training Have you ever wondered why some athletes shoot off the start line while others take a moment to react? Have you every experienced a “burning” sensation in your muscles on the bike? Have athletes ever claimed they could ‘keep going forever!’? All of these situations involve the use of energy in the body. Any activity the body performs requires work and work requires energy. A molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the “energy currency” of the body. ATP powers most cellular processes that require energy including muscle contraction required for sport performance. Where does ATP come from and how is it used? ATP is produced by the breakdown of fuel molecules—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. During physical activity, three different processes work to split ATP molecules, which release energy for muscles to use in contraction, force production, and ultimately sport performance. These processes, or “energy systems”, act as pathways for the production of energy in sport. The intensity and duration of physical activity determines which pathway acts as the dominant fuel source. Immediate energy system Fuel sources ATP Sport E.g. carbohydrates, energy performance proteins, fats “currency” Short term energy system E.g. swimming, cycling, running, transitions Long term energy system During what parts of a triathlon might athletes use powerful, short, bursts of speed? 1 2 What duration, intensity, and type of activities in a triathlon cause muscles to “burn”? When in a triathlon do athletes have to perform an action repeatedly for longer than 10 or 15 3 minutes at a moderate pace? 40 energy systems Long Term (Aerobic) System The long term system produces energy through aerobic (with oxygen) pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordillera Energy Development: Car As A
    LEGEND WATERSHED BOUNDARY N RIVERS CORDILLERACORDILLERA HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANT (EXISTING) HYDRO PROVINCE OF ELECTRIC PLANT ILOCOS NORTE (ON-GOING) ABULOG-APAYAO RIVER ENERGY MINI/SMALL-HYDRO PROVINCE OF ENERGY ELECTRIC PLANT APAYAO (PROPOSED) SALTAN B 24 M.W. PASIL B 20 M.W. PASIL C 22 M.W. DEVELOPMENT: PASIL D 17 M.W. DEVELOPMENT: CHICO RIVER TANUDAN D 27 M.W. PROVINCE OF ABRA CARCAR ASAS AA PROVINCE OF KALINGA TINGLAYAN B 21 M.W AMBURAYAN PROVINCE OF RIVER ISABELA MAJORMAJOR SIFFU-MALIG RIVER BAKUN AB 45 M.W MOUNTAIN PROVINCE NALATANG A BAKUN 29.8 M.W. 70 M.W. HYDROPOWERHYDROPOWER PROVINCE OF ILOCOS SUR AMBURAYAN C MAGAT RIVER 29.6 M.W. PROVINCE OF IFUGAO NAGUILIAN NALATANG B 45.4 M.W. RIVER PROVINCE OF (360 M.W.) LA UNION MAGAT PRODUCERPRODUCER AMBURAYAN A PROVINCE OF NUEVA VIZCAYA 33.8 M.W AGNO RIVER Dir. Juan B. Ngalob AMBUKLAO( 75 M.W.) PROVINCE OF BENGUET ARINGAY 10 50 10 20 30kms RIVER BINGA(100 M.W.) GRAPHICAL SCALE NEDA-CAR CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION SAN ROQUE(345 M.W.) POWER GENERATING BUED RIVER FACILITIES COMPOSED BY:NEDA-CAR/jvcjr REF: PCGS; NWRB; DENR DATE: 30 JANUARY 2002 FN: ENERGY PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION OUTLINEOUTLINE Î Concept of the Key Focus Area: A CAR RDP Component Î Regional Power Situation Î Development Challenges & Opportunities Î Development Prospects Î Regional Specific Concerns/ Issues Concept of the Key Focus Area: A CAR RDP Component Cordillera is envisioned to be a major hydropower producer in Northern Luzon. Car’s hydropower potential is estimated at 3,580 mw or 27% of the country’s potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Energy Challenges September 2015 1 Energy Challenges
    QUADRENNIAL TECHNOLOGY REVIEW AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES Chapter 1: Energy Challenges September 2015 1 Energy Challenges Energy is the Engine of the U.S. Economy Quadrennial Technology Review 1 1 Energy Challenges 1.1 Introduction The United States’ energy system, vast in size and increasingly complex, is the engine of the economy. The national energy enterprise has served us well, driving unprecedented economic growth and prosperity and supporting our national security. The U.S. energy system is entering a period of unprecedented change; new technologies, new requirements, and new vulnerabilities are transforming the system. The challenge is to transition to energy systems and technologies that simultaneously address the nation’s most fundamental needs—energy security, economic competitiveness, and environmental responsibility—while providing better energy services. Emerging advanced energy technologies can do much to address these challenges, but further improvements in cost and performance are important.1 Carefully targeted research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) are essential to achieving these improvements and enabling us to meet our nation’s energy objectives. This report, the 2015 Quadrennial Technology Review (QTR 2015), examines science and technology RDD&D opportunities across the entire U.S. energy system. It focuses primarily on technologies with commercialization potential in the mid-term and beyond. It frames various tradeoffs that all energy technologies must balance, across such dimensions as diversity and security of supply, cost, environmental impacts, reliability, land use, and materials use. Finally, it provides data and analysis on RDD&D pathways to assist decision makers as they set priorities, subject to budget constraints, to develop more secure, affordable, and sustainable energy services.
    [Show full text]
  • Hector's Posts – Volume 5, 1St Edition Editor's Note Messages
    Hector's Posts – Volume 5, 1st Edition Editor's Note This document contains the postings from mostly one individual, Hector Perez Torres, collected at the yahoo site: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/evgray/. Within are message numbers from 20,000 to 24,999, the rest left to subsequent volumes. Messages #20091 Re: Videos - Longitudinal and Transverse --- I will sum it to a single solution.... "Impedance Matching" RV proves the point quite well with an RV fed from a single wire at a distance , a Air capacitor "plate" is used at ends to complete the "dipole" the single wire signal is lomgitudinal in nature.... Can it be understood ? Hector #20105 Re: Videos - Longitudinal and Transverse Answer within lines (and this are important ones to add to compilations so read carefully ) Hector --- In [email protected], "Dan Combine" <dancombine@...> wrote: > There are 2 kinds of impedance matching: > > 1. complex impedance matching > (R-load = R-line) and Ampere load & Voltage load & density load & vaccum load within a set of many posible vectoring in LC networks from narrowbanded low impedance to broadbanded hi impedanced spectrum . > > This is also called reflectionless or broadband matching, and is the most commonly used in the 'modern' world. (usualy hi impedance) > It is to avoid reflection back into the transmission line or source. In RF the ternm is to avoid reflected power (SWR) matching 1:1 Both > the load and source must be resistive, so Z-load = Z-line = Z- source. not nesesarily as source as well as load can be virstualy superconductive at resonant states , MRA papers gives a hint to that Were is the resistance at 0 point ? if voltage is maximal and current is 0 resistance is 0 As well if current is maximal and voltage is 0 resistance again is virtualy o ..
    [Show full text]
  • The Radio Amateurs Microwave Communications Handbook.Pdf
    1594 THE RADIO AMATEUR'S COM ' · CA 10 S HANDBOOK DAVE INGRAM, K4TWJ THE RADIO AMATEUR'S - MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS · HANDBOOK DAVE INGRAM, K4TWJ ITABI TAB BOOKS Inc. Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214 Other TAB Books by the Author No. 1120 OSCAR: The Ham Radio Satellites No. 1258 Electronics Projects for Hams, SWLs, CSers & Radio Ex­ perimenters No. 1259 Secrets of Ham Radio DXing No. 1474 Video Electronics Technology FIRST EDITION FIRST PRINTING Copyright © 1985 by TAB BOOKS Inc. Printed in the United States of America Reproduction or publication of the content in any manner, without express permission of the publisher, is prohibited. No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information herein. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ingram, Dave. The radio amateur's microwave communications handbook. Includes index. 1. Microwave communication systems-Amateurs' manuals. I. Title. TK9957.154 1985 621.38'0413 85-22184 ISBN 0-8306-0194-5 ISBN 0-8306-0594-0 (pbk.) Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction vi 1 The Amateur 's Microwave Spectrum 1 The Early Days and Gear for Microwaves- The Microwave Spectrum- Microwavesand EME-Microwavesand the Am- ateur Satellite Program 2 Microwave Electronic Theory 17 Electronic Techniques for hf/vhf Ranges- Electronic Tech- niques for Microwaves-Klystron Operation-Magnetron Operation-Gunn Diode Theory 3 Popular Microwave Bands 29 Circuit and Antennas for the 13-cm Band-Designs for 13-cm Equipment 4 Communications Equipment for 1.2 GHz 42 23-cm Band Plan-Available Equipment- 23-cm OX 5
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Axis Water Turbine: Generation and Optimization of Green Energy
    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 5 (2018) pp. 9-14 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Horizontal Axis Water Turbine: Generation and Optimization of Green Energy Disha R. Verma1 and Prof. Santosh D. Katkade2 1Undergraduate Student, 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, (India) 1Corresponding author energy requirements. Governments across the world have been Abstract creating awareness about harnessing green energy. The The paper describes the fabrication of a Transverse Horizontal HAWT is a wiser way to harness green energy from the water. Axis Water Turbine (THAWT). THAWT is a variant of The coastal areas like Maldives have also been successfully Darrieus Turbine. Horizontal Axis Water Turbine is a turbine started using more of the energy using such turbines. The HAWT has been proved a boon for such a country which which harnesses electrical energy at the expense of water overwhelmingly depends upon fossil fuels for their kinetic energy. As the name suggests it has a horizontal axis of electrification. This technology has efficiently helped them to rotation. Due to this they can be installed directly inside the curb with various social and economic crisis [2]. The water body, beneath the flow. These turbines do not require complicated remote households and communities of Brazil any head and are also known as zero head or very low head have been electrified with these small hydro-kinetic projects, water turbines. This Project aims at the fabrication of such a where one unit can provide up to 2kW of electric power [11].
    [Show full text]
  • Hydro, Tidal and Wave Energy in Japan Business, Research and Technological Opportunities for European Companies
    Hydro, Tidal and Wave Energy in Japan Business, Research and Technological Opportunities for European Companies by Guillaume Hennequin Tokyo, September 2016 DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication reflects the views of the author and not necessarily the views of the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, the views of the Commission of the European Union or Japanese authorities. While utmost care was taken to check and confirm all information used in this study, the author and the EU-Japan Centre may not be held responsible for any errors that might appear. © EU-Japan Centre for industrial Cooperation 2016 Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first and foremost thank Mr. Silviu Jora, General Manager (EU Side) as well as Mr. Fabrizio Mura of the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation to have given me the opportunity to be part of the MINERVA Fellowship Programme. I also would like to thank my fellow research fellows Ines, Manuel, Ryuichi to join me in this six-month long experience, the Centre's Sam, Kadoya-san, Stijn, Tachibana-san, Fukura-san, Luca, Sekiguchi-san and the remaining staff for their kind assistance, support and general good atmosphere that made these six months pass so quickly. Of course, I would also like to thank the other people I have met during my research fellow and who have been kind enough to answer my questions and helped guide me throughout the writing of my report. Without these people I would not have been able to finish this report. Guillaume Hennequin Tokyo, September 30, 2016 Page 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the long history of the Japanese electricity market, Japan has often reverted to concentrating on the use of one specific electricity power resource to fulfil its energy needs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Small-Scale Hydropower Plants in Sites of Environmental Value: an Italian Case Study
    sustainability Article The Small-Scale Hydropower Plants in Sites of Environmental Value: An Italian Case Study Marianna Rotilio *, Chiara Marchionni and Pierluigi De Berardinis Department of Civil, Architecture, Environmental Engineering, University of Studies of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (P.D.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-349-6102-863 Received: 18 October 2017; Accepted: 29 November 2017; Published: 30 November 2017 Abstract: Since ancient times water has been accompanying technological change in the energy sector. Used as a source of hydraulic energy, it currently generates one-fifth of the global electricity production. However, according to collective imagination, hydroelectric plants are constructions of high environmental, acoustic, and visual impact, which may harm the preservation of the territory. This paper intends to address the topic of mini-hydropower that, in addition to providing the production of renewable energy, ensures a limited environmental impact even in delicate contexts with high landscape values, by elaborating a research methodology that makes these interventions compatible with them. The process of “global compatibility” checks developed to assess the feasibility of the intervention will be explained in the paper. We intend to describe here the research process undertaken to make the planning of this type of system sustainable, in contexts that need to be rehabilitated in relation both to the accessibility of citizens and to the environmental enhancement. The intervention planned will be characterized by the combined use of other renewable energy sources, in addition to water. The proposed methodology has been tested on a case study in the village of Roccacasale, in the province of L’Aquila.
    [Show full text]
  • The Entropocene
    THE ENTROPOCENE Jeff Robbins Rutgers University 101 Murray Hall, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ABSTRACT According to Eric Schneider and the late James Kay “nature abhors a gradient” as it seeks to degrade any and all differences that can make a difference. They also claim that life self-organized by creating a meta-order out of disordered orders, evolving as an increasingly efficient, effective, sustainable (order from order) means for degrading the huge sun to earth temperature gradient. They inject purpose into the scheme by claiming that life represents “order emerging from disorder in the service of more disorder.” Or, as Jeffrey Wicken succinctly put it in “Evolution and Thermodynamics: The New Paradigm,” “Organisms are remote-from-equilibrium systems that maintain their organizational structures by irreversibly degrading free energy through informed kinetic pathways acquired through evolution. Dissipation through structuring is the strategy of life.” In other words, life came about as an evolving means for giving the Second Law of Thermodynamics what it wants. Entropy. In my 2015 ISSS paper, “Anthropocene as Life’s State of the Art in Disorder Production: A Sustainability Conundrum,” I proposed that our species collectively is disorder producer summa cum laude. We are the most efficient, most effective, degrader of gradients, producer of entropy yet evolved. Calling our epoch, “the Anthropocene” doesn’t capture our essence. Our epoch is the Entropocene. We have turned the bio-geosphere from an accumulator of solar exergy (“free energy”, the measure of energy’s utility) as in fossil fuels, into a trapper of entropy a.k.a., global warming.
    [Show full text]
  • System-Of-Systems Approach for Integrated Energy Systems
    A System-of-Systems Approach for Integrated Energy Systems Modeling and Simulation Preprint Saurabh Mittal, Mark Ruth, Annabelle Pratt, Monte Lunacek, Dheepak Krishnamurthy, and Wesley Jones National Renewable Energy Laboratory Presented at the Society for Modeling & Simulation International Summer Simulation Multi-Conference Chicago, Illinois July 26–29, 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Conference Paper NREL/CP-2C00-64045 August 2015 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]