DOCSLIB.ORG

Modernization and Contraception in Kenya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modernization and Contraception in Kenya MODERNIZATION AND CONTRACEPTION IN KENYA FROM 1998 TO 2008-2009 by DIANA ALAKA OPOLLO Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Social Work The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2011 Copyright © by Diana Alaka Opollo 2011 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the most special people in my life, with whom I have been able to achieve my dreams: my father, the Late Mr. Phillip Ochara Opollo and my mother, Mrs. Joyce A. Opollo. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pursuing a doctorate degree requires extreme dedication, tenacity, and perseverance. Equally required and certainly very important, more times than others, are support and the right guidance. While this page is not enough to mention each person who has supported me in my academic journey, I would like to specially thank a few who significantly influenced my life, and helped me to complete my higher education and achieve my dreams. My academic journey began at a very young age; the vision and desire of pursuing a doctorate degree was instilled in me by my family at an early age, but that was just a dream. With the consistent support and unconditional love from my family; I was able to complete my education. I would like to start by thanking my immediate family for their constant support and encouragement throughout the years; my father, the late Phillip Ochara Opollo, my mother Mrs. Joyce Opollo, my sisters Nancy Achieng, Winnie Aguko, Leah Vaughn, Rachel Tschann, Jakki Opollo, and my brothers Ken Opollo and Bobby Opollo. Successful completion of a dissertation requires guidance and support from one’s committee. I was especially blessed and highly favored to have had an extremely supportive and well-wishing committee, who encouraged me from the beginning and guided me to the end. I thank my dissertation chair Dr. Vijayan Pillai, whose dedication and support far exceeded the expectations of a dissertation committee chair. He is the best mentor any student could ask for. Extra special thanks also go to rest of my committee members who together served as an excellent team: Dr. Randall Basham, Dr. Maria Scannapieco, Dr. Doreen Elliott, and Dr. Rashmi Gupta. Additionally, I would also like to thank Rita Hay, John Dillard, and Jaime Palma for their constant assistance and support throughout the program. Outside academics, a great support system of friends and family enable you to go on, cheering you on and encouraging you when you are down. I have been blessed with such great and wonderful friends, a few of whom require special mention: Dr. Sisay Teketele, Fatma Gheorghe, Lydia Adundo, Dr. Grace Virtue, Dr. Consoler Teboh, Roshanda McLemore, Benjamin Gant, and Fangshun Wei. iv Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to my fiancé Michael Salako, whose patience and continued support enabled me to successfully pursue my doctoral studies. November 26, 2011 v ABSTRACT MODERNIZATION AND CONTRACEPTION IN KENYA FROM 1998 TO 2008-2009 Diana Alaka Opollo, PhD The University of Texas at Arlington, 2011 Supervising Professor: Dr. Vijayan K. Pillai The objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence contraceptive use in Kenya. More specifically, the study focuses on the determinants of membership in two categories of contraceptive use: modern contraception methods and other contraception methods. Additionally, the study will describe the differences in contraceptive use between 1998 and 2008-2009 and attempt to examine what factors caused and propelled changes. In order to explain the categorical variations, this study uses two theories: modernization theory and human capital theory. In describing changes between 1998 and 2008-2009, this study will examine both individual as well as societal factors related to contraceptive use in Kenya, using Ryder’s theory on social change. This study utilizes two data sets from the 1998 Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) which surveyed a total of 7,881 women, and the 2008-2009 KDHS which surveyed 8,444 women. This study utilizes several data analyses techniques such as descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression, and decomposition analysis. The findings of these analyses will be reported followed by a discussion on the findings. Additionally, this study will address implications for social work practice, policy, research, and education. Moreover, this study will address utilize the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) values and ethics assessments. Lastly, this paper will address the limitations faced, future directions, and a conclusion tying together the entire study. vi The study results indicate that, women with some education and higher education were found to be more likely to use modern contraceptives than women with no education. Women who live in urban areas are more likely to use modern contraceptives compared to women who live in rural areas. Additionally, women who earn an income are more likely to use modern contraceptives compared to women who do not earn an income. The proposed hypotheses are strongly supported by the chi square associations of the selected determinants on contraceptive use. The hypotheses are also supported by the regression analyses net effects with independent variables only, and net effects with both independent and control variables. Additionally, statistically significant compositional changes addressed by the Phi Coefficient values supported the compositional changes within cohorts of selected variables over the two time periods, 1998 and 2008-2009. Moreover, the effect or processual changes indicated support for the proposed hypotheses showing change in the selected determinants over time across cohorts, between the two time periods, 1998 and 2009. Lastly, the decomposition analysis suggests that all variables contributed to the overall change of selected determinants over the two survey periods 1998 and 2008-2009. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ ……………..iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………..………..….. ................................................. .1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Social and Cultural Factors ......................................................................................... 15 2.2 Policy and Political Factors ......................................................................................... 22 2.3 Legal Factors .............................................................................................................. 25 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 29 3.1 Modernization Theory ................................................................................................. 30 3.1.1 Urban versus Rural Residence ................................................................... 34 3.1.2 Age at Marriage .......................................................................................... 36 3.1.3 Income ........................................................................................................ 38 3.2 Human Capital Theory ................................................................................................ 40 3.2.1. Education ................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Social Change Theory ................................................................................................ 45 4. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Operationalization of Variables ................................................................................... 50 4.2 Data Analysis Techniques .......................................................................................... 56 5. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................................................................ 60 5.1 Section I Descriptive Analysis ..................................................................................... 61 5.2 Section II Chi Square Associations ............................................................................. 98 viii 5.3 Section III Logistic Regression .................................................................................. 101 5.4 Section IV Decomposition Analysis .......................................................................... 119 5.5 Compositional Analysis ............................................................................................. 119 5.6 Processual Changes ................................................................................................. 135 5.7 Decomposition Analysis Formula .............................................................................. 139 6. DISCUSSION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abortion and the Law in New
    NSW PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY RESEARCH SERVICE Abortion and the law in New South Wales by Talina Drabsch Briefing Paper No 9/05 ISSN 1325-4456 ISBN 0 7313 1784 X August 2005 © 2005 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written consent from the Librarian, New South Wales Parliamentary Library, other than by Members of the New South Wales Parliament in the course of their official duties. Abortion and the law in New South Wales by Talina Drabsch NSW PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY RESEARCH SERVICE David Clune (MA, PhD, Dip Lib), Manager..............................................(02) 9230 2484 Gareth Griffith (BSc (Econ) (Hons), LLB (Hons), PhD), Senior Research Officer, Politics and Government / Law .........................(02) 9230 2356 Talina Drabsch (BA, LLB (Hons)), Research Officer, Law ......................(02) 9230 2768 Lenny Roth (BCom, LLB), Research Officer, Law ...................................(02) 9230 3085 Stewart Smith (BSc (Hons), MELGL), Research Officer, Environment ...(02) 9230 2798 John Wilkinson (MA, PhD), Research Officer, Economics.......................(02) 9230 2006 Should Members or their staff require further information about this publication please contact the author. Information about Research Publications can be found on the Internet at: www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/WEB_FEED/PHWebContent.nsf/PHPages/LibraryPublications Advice on
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Access to Safe Abortion Supplies
    eport R Ensuring Access to Safe Abortion Supplies Landscaping of barriers and opportunities Heather Clark Saumya RamaRao John Townsend MAY 2017 MAY The Population Council confronts critical health and development issues—from stopping the spread of HIV to improving reproductive health and ensuring that young people lead full and productive lives. Through biomedical, social science, and public health research in 50 countries, we work with our partners to deliver solutions that lead to more effective policies, programs, and technologies that improve lives around the world. Established in 1952 and headquartered in New York, the Council is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization governed by an international board of trustees. Population Council One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza www.popcouncil.org © 2017 The Population Council, Inc. Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 2 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Clinton Administration's Promotion of Abortion at the 1994 Cairo Conference and the Strength of the Islamic Response
    Rumage: Resisting the West: The Clinton Administration's Promotion of Abo CALIFORNIA WESTERN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 27 FALL 1996 NUMBER 1 RESISTING THE WEST: THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION'S PROMOTION OF ABORTION AT THE 1994 CAIRO CONFERENCE AND THE STRENGTH OF THE ISLAMIC RESPONSE SARAH A. RUMAGE" "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean-neither more nor less." "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things." "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master-that's all."' "Whoever hath an absolute authority to interpret any written or spoken laws, it is he who is truly the lawgiver, to all intents and purposes, and not the person who first spoke or wrote them. "2 INTRODUCTION Who makes the law, and who decides what the law means? For modem lawyers, the true riddle is not in the actors' identification, but whether these are different questions involving different actors, or instead the same question involving the same actors. For theologians, however, the question may even signify the dividing point between God and man. And until quite recently, * B.A., University of Miami (Florida) in anthropology, 1976; J.D., New York Law School, 1982; M.A. in history, 1993; LL.M. Temple University School of Law, 1996; Ph.D. candidate at John Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. I wish to thank Professor Fouad Ajami for his helpful comments and encouragement, Professor Imad-Ad-Dean Ahmad for his great patience and critical eye, Professor Robert Gurland for opening the world of philosophical ethics to me, and especially my students at Temple University School of Law, who never failed to make me think.
    [Show full text]
  • Abortion Facts and Figures 2021
    ABORTION FACTS & FIGURES 2021 ABORTION FACTS & FIGURES TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE Introduction . 1 Global Overview . 2 African Overview . 4 By the Numbers . 6 Maternal Health . .9 Safe Abortion . 11 Unsafe Abortion . 13 Post-Abortion Care . 15 Contraception . 17 Unmet Need for Family Planning . 22 Abortion Laws and Policies . 24. PART TWO Glossary . 28 Appendix I: International Conventions . 30. Appendix II: How Unsafe Abortions Are Counted . 32 Appendix III: About the Sources . .33 Regional Data for Africa . 34 Regional Data for Asia . 44 Regional Data for Latin America and the Caribbean . 54. POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU Population Reference Bureau INFORMS people around the world about population, health, and the environment, and EMPOWERS them to use that information to ADVANCE the well-being of current and future generations . This guide was written by Deborah Mesce, former PRB program director, international media training . The graphic designer was Sean Noyce . Thank you to Alana Barton, director of media programs; AÏssata Fall, senior policy advisor; Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, former associate vice president; Kate P . Gilles, former program director; Tess McLoud, policy analyst; Cathryn Streifel, senior policy advisor; and Heidi Worley, senior writer; all at PRB, for their inputs and guidance . Thank you as well to Anneka Van Scoyoc, PRB senior graphic designer, for guiding the design process . © 2021 Population Reference Bureau . All rights reserved . This publication is available in print and on PRB’s website . To become a PRB member or to order PRB materials, contact us at: 1875 Connecticut Ave ., NW, Suite 520 Washington, DC 20009-5728 PHONE: 1-800-877-9881 E-MAIL: communications@prb .org WEB: www .prb .org For permission to reproduce parts of this publication, contact PRB at permissions@prb org.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use In
    DETERMINANTS OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN CAMEROON FROM 1991 TO 2004 By CONSOLER TENUG TEBOH Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2011 Copyright © by Consoler Teboh 2011 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to a few very special people in my life, my mother: Esther Acha Teboh; my beloved wife: Christina Teboh; and the kids: Sheila, Batuo, and Esther. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The pursuit of studies at the doctoral level requires persistence, dedication and perseverance. In spite of these tenets, the student’s social capital in the form of guidance, mentorship and support cannot be overemphasized. Although it is humanely impossible to mention every individual who has financially, physically and emotionally supported me during the course of the program, I would like to acknowledge those who symbolically shaped my life and helped me in the completion of my academic work. I would like to start by thanking my wife and children without whom I may not have been motivated to finish the program. They have endured the long absences that I took away from quality family time. I would also like to thank my mothers: Mrs. Sophie Teboh and Mrs. Esther Teboh; brothers: Ni Dan, Ni Gabby Ni Alex, John and Emmanuel; my sisters: Ma Eli, Ma Anna, Ma Mado and Ma Bri; my in-laws, Mrs. L. Baiye, Mrs. A. Baiye, Mr. J. Baiye the children, Ni Mike, Manyi Yellow; and my aunt, Ma Grace Ndam, and all my nieces and nephews for their constant support and encouragement throughout the years.
    [Show full text]
  • MODELING SON PREFERNCE in PAKISTAN by SADIA SAEED
    MODELING SON PREFERNCE IN PAKISTAN by SADIA SAEED Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2012 Copyright © by Sadia Saeed 2012 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pursuing doctoral studies requires dedication, hard work, patience and perseverance, support and guidance. Though only my name will be appear on the title page of this dissertation, there are many people behind this effort and I owe my gratitude to all those people who supported and helped me during my research and graduate studies. Without their help and support I would not be able to complete my studies. First of all I would like to thank my late father Muhammad Saeed Dar. My PhD was his dream. In a male dominant society, where sons are considered precious gems, my father always considered me a treasure. He always said that girls are a blessing from Allah Almighty and I am blessed that Allah Almighty gave me a daughter like you. He never differentiated between me and my brother. He always said that girls should be highly educated, independent, and confident. It was his guidance, support and encouragement which gave me the courage to travel alone to the United States to pursue my PhD. I would like to thank my mother Nasira Saeed, who always helped me in every matter of my life. She is a high school graduate, but she always helped me in my studies. She used to sit with me through the whole night during my exams.
    [Show full text]
  • Abortion Policies and Reproductive Health Around the World
    Abortion Policies and Reproductive Health around the World United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division DESA The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Notes The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This report presents data for countries using a traditional classification by development group. The “developed regions” comprise all countries and areas of Europe plus Northern America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. The “developing regions” comprise all countries and areas of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean plus Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access
    Uneven Progress and Unequal Access Uneven Progress and Unequal Access Susheela Singh Lisa Remez Gilda Sedgh Lorraine Kwok Tsuyoshi Onda Acknowledgments his report was written by Susheela Singh, Lisa San Francisco, and Fundación Oriéntame and TRemez, Gilda Sedgh, Lorraine Kwok and Tsuyoshi Fundación Educación para la Salud Reproductiva Onda—all of the Guttmacher Institute. It was (USA and Colombia); Ilana Dzuba, Gynuity (USA); edited by Jared Rosenberg; Michael Moran and Katy Footman, Marie Stopes International (UK); Kathleen Randall were responsible for production. Diana Greene Foster, University of California, San Francisco; Beth Fredrick, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg The authors thank the following Guttmacher School of Public Health (USA); Chimaroake colleagues for their comments and help in Izugbara, African Population and Health Research developing this report: Akinrinola Bankole, Sneha Centre (Kenya); Shireen Jejeebhoy, Independent Barot, Onikepe Owolabi, Ann Starrs and Gustavo Researcher (India); Katherine Mayall, Center for Suarez, for reviewing a draft of the report; Jonathan Reproductive Rights (USA); Ndola Prata, University Bearak, for invaluable assistance with data; Suzette of California, Berkeley; Mahesh Puri, Center for Audam and Mia Zolna, for data analysis; Alanna Research on Environment, Health and Population Galati, Rachel Jones, Elizabeth Nash and Anna Activities (Nepal); Mónica Roa, Independent Popinchalk, for providing follow-up data; and Alex Consultant (Colombia); Zeba Sathar, Population Arpaia for research support. They
    [Show full text]
  • World-Abortion-Map.Pdf
    I PROHIBITED ALTOGETHER II TO SAVE THE WOMAN’S LIFE III TO PRESERVE HEALTH GREENLAND The World’s IV BROAD SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC GROUNDS FINLAND V ON REQUEST (GESTATIONAL LIMITS VARY) ICELAND SWEDEN RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNKNOWN CANADA NORWAY Abortion ESTONIA LATVIA NORTHERN IRELAND DENMARK LITHUANIA NETHERLANDS IRELAND GREAT BELARUS BRITAIN GERMANY POLAND BELGIUM CZECH LUXEMBOURG UKRAINE REPUBLIC KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAK REP. MONGOLIA LIECHTENSTEIN AUSTRIA Laws SWITZERLAND HUNGARY MOLDOVA SLOVENIA FRANCE CROATIA ROMANIA ITALY SAN BOSNIA SERBIA MONACO MARINO HERZ. DEM. PEOPLE’S MONTENEGRO BULGARIA UNITED STATES ANDORRA KOSOVO GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN REP. OF KOREA How many women of reproductive age N. MACEDONIA PORTUGAL ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN SPAIN TURKMENISTAN REP. OF JAPAN TURKEY TAJIKISTAN KOREA live in countries under each category? CHINA MALTA GREECE CYPRUS SYRIA LEBANON AFGHANISTAN WEST BANK/GAZA STRIP MOROCCO TUNISIA IRAN ISRAEL IRAQ JORDAN KUWAIT NEPAL PAKISTAN BHUTAN BAHAMAS ALGERIA LIBYA QATAR MEXICO EGYPT BAHRAIN CUBA WEST SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH TAIWAN SAHARA UAE INDIA HONG KONG OMAN MYANMAR DOMINICAN REPUBLIC LAOS SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS MAURITANIA III BELIZE HAITI MALI JAMAICA PUERTO ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA NIGER RICO SUDAN THAILAND PHILIPPINES HONDURAS DOMINICA CAPE VERDE II 237 MILLION ERITREA YEMEN GUATEMALA SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES CHAD NICARAGUA SAINT LUCIA SENEGAL EL SALVADOR ARUBA BARBADOS GAMBIA CAMBODIA 359 MILLION 14% CURAÇAO BURKINA GRENADA GUINEA-BISSAU FASO DJIBOUTI VIETNAM COSTA RICA PANAMA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO GUINEA BENIN MARSHALL ISLANDS 22% MICRONESIA NIGERIA SOMALIA SRI LANKA VENEZUELA ETHIOPIA SIERRA LEONE COTE TOGO CENTRAL D’IVOIRE SOUTH PALAU SURINAME GHANA AFRICAN SUDAN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM GUYANA LIBERIA REP. CAMEROON MALAYSIA COLOMBIA KIRIBATI MALDIVES EQUATORIAL GUINEA UGANDA SINGAPORE WOMEN OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 90 MILLION IV DEM.
    [Show full text]
  • Reclaiming & Redefining Rights
    ICPD+20: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Middle East and North Africa RECLAIMING & REDEFINDING RIGHTS Civil Liberties Program First edition / September 2013 Design and printing: www.reemnaeim.com Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 6 Dar El-Shefa St., Ground Floor, Garden City, Cairo, Egypt. Tel/fax: + (202) 279 60 158/ 279 60 197 www.eipr.org - [email protected] All printing and publication rights reserved. This report may be redistributed with attribution for non-profit purposes under Creative Commons license. CONTENTS IV 01 List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction IV 05 List of Boxes Chapter 2 Contextualizing Women’s Rights and Health Expenditure VI Acknowledgements 27 Chapter 3 Reproductive Health and VII Rights Executive Summary 61 VIII Chapter 4 Acronyms and Sexual Health and Rights abbreviations 91 Chapter 5 Voices from the Region 95 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations LIST OF TABLES 9 Table 1 Country reservations to the CEDAW 73 Table 23 Anti-rape laws in six countries in the MENA region 13 Table 2 Comparison of HDI values and ranks, IHDI values, 74 Table 24 Anti-marital rape laws in six countries in the MENA MPI values and GII values and ranks region 13 Table 3 Gender Inequality Index 75 Table 25 Anti-FGM laws in six countries in the MENA region 14 Table 4 Seat in parliament held by women (% of total) 75 Table 26 Percentage of women subject to FGM in six countries in the MENA region, (1997–2007) 14 Table 5 Girls’ share of primary, secondary and tertiary enrollment 76 Table 27 Anti-sexual harassment
    [Show full text]
  • Abortion in Asia
    FACT SHEET Abortion in Asia Incidence and Trends roughly the same since 1990–1994. It Obstacles include difficulty finding ■■ During 2010–2014, an estimated 36 ranges from 22% in Western Asia to providers willing to perform abortion, million induced abortions occurred 33% in Eastern Asia. substandard conditions in health each year in Asia. The majority of these facilities, lack of awareness of the abortions occurred in South and Central Legal Status of Abortion legal status of abortion and fear Asia (16 million), which includes India, ■■ Because abortion is broadly legal in the of stigmatization for terminating a and Eastern Asia (13 million), which region’s two most populous coun- pregnancy. includes China. tries—China and India—the majority of women in Asia live under liberal Unsafe Abortion and Its ■■ The annual rate of abortion, estimated abortion laws. Consequences at 36 abortions per 1,000 women of ■■ In Asia in 2014, at least 6% of all childbearing age (i.e., those 15–44 ■■ Abortion is not permitted for any maternal deaths (or 5,400 deaths) were years old), fell from 41 per 1,000 in reason in three Asian countries: Iraq, due to unsafe abortion. 1990–1994. However, the decline was Laos and the Philippines. not statistically significant. ■■ The proportion of abortions performed ■■ Seventeen countries allow abortion under unsafe conditions in Asia is not ■■ The abortion rate is roughly 36 for without restriction as to reason. All of known. However, it is estimated that married women and 24 for unmarried these countries impose gestational 4.6 million women in Asia (excluding women.
    [Show full text]
  • Unsafe Abortion
    Unsafe abortion Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000 Fourth edition World Health Organization Geneva, 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization. Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000. -- 4th ed. 1.Abortion, Induced - epidemiology 2.Abortion, Induced - mortality 3.Review literature I.Title. ISBN 92 4 159180 3 (NLM classification: WQ 440) © World Health Organization, 2004 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The methodology of estimation has been reviewed and cleared for publication by Claudia Stein of the Evidence and Information for Policy (EIP) Cluster. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]