Special Feature the Humanitarian Situation in Yemen
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HPN Humanitarian Practice Network Managed by Humanitarian Humanitarian Policy Group Exchange Commissioned and published by the Humanitarian Practice Network at ODI Number 61 May 2014 Special feature The humanitarian situation in Yemen HPN Humanitarian Humanitarian Practice Network Managed by Humanitarian Policy Group Exchange Number 61 May 2014 Contents Editorial The humanitarian situation in Yemen 3 Yemen’s security crises and transition process: implications for humanitarian action and access 5 Political transition and the humanitarian challenge in Yemen 8 Managing the risks to medical personnel working in MSF projects in Yemen 11 Family planning and post-abortion care in emergency response: IRC’s experience in Yemen 14 Humanitarian relief and building resilience in Yemen 16 Leading either to money or the sea: mixed migration from the Horn of Africa to Yemen 19 The evolution of DFID’s humanitarian financing in Yemen 21 Overcoming obstacles: Inter-Cluster Coordination in Yemen Practice and policy notes 24 Towards ‘principled’ humanitarian funding 26 Does accountability deliver results? The theme of the 61st edition of Humanitarian Exchange is the humanitarian 29 Research gaps on civil–military policy trends 32 Negotiating humanitarian access in southern situation in Yemen. Despite a political transition process, conflict has Afghanistan: communication, complexity and exacerbated the country’s long-standing humanitarian challenges and coordination restricted access to people in need. In the lead article, co-editor Steven A. 34 Rethinking emergency water provision: can we Zyck emphasises the importance of maintaining a clearly delineated space stop direct water trucking in the same places for apolitical humanitarian efforts, while Ismail Ould Cheick Ahmed and every year? Trond Jensen stress the need to find new partners and support long-term 37 Path-dependency culture in humanitarian development, resilience and capacity-building. Michaël Neuman reports decision-making: why it was hard to change on a study of attacks against Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) programmes direction in Haiti in Yemen, which revealed the underlying cause to be the poor quality of About HPN relationships between patients and medical staff. Dr. Abdelhadi Eltahir, the humanitarian Practice network at the Overseas Nathaly Spilotros and Kate Hesel demonstrate that sensitive family planning Development institute is an independent forum and post-abortion care services have been accepted and used by Yemeni where field workers, managers and policymakers in the humanitarian sector share information, communities if they are good-quality and appropriate. Brian Wittbold and analysis and experience. The views and opinions colleagues describe the International Organisation for Migration (IOM)’s expressed in HPN’s publications do not necessarily work in areas controlled by armed non-state actors, and Anna Stein looks state or reflect those of the Humanitarian Policy Group or the Overseas Development Institute. at the protection risks faced by migrants from the Horn of Africa moving to or transiting through Yemen. Helen McElhinney makes the case for the UK Cover photo: Distribution of Identity Cards by Oxfam staff in Yemen in March 2012 government’s move to multi-year humanitarian funding in Yemen, while Leah © Wolfgang Gressmann/Oxfam Campbell reflects on the challenges of inter-cluster coordination in Yemen. Editorial photo: A mother and child en route to an Oxfam- supported school in Yemen © Abbie Trayler-Smith/Oxfam Articles in the Practice and Policy Notes section examine European donor financing policies and procedures; the link between accountability mechanisms and programme quality; the evidence base for civil–military policy decisions; the details of negotiated humanitarian access arrangements in Southern Afghanistan; and the use of Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) to improve water and sanitation Britain’s leading independent think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues programming in the Horn of Africa. Using Haiti as an example, the issue Overseas Development Institute ends with an article questioning whether the humanitarian cluster system 203 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NJ United Kingdom. is agile enough to enable plans to be adapted as situations change. Tel. +44 (0) 20 7922 0300, Fax. +44 (0) 20 7922 0399 As always, we welcome any comments or feedback, which can be sent to hpn@ HPN e-mail: [email protected] HPN website: http://www.odihpn.org odi.org.uk or to The Coordinator, 203 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NJ. humanitarian exchange The humaniTarian siTuaTion in Yemen Yemen’s security crises and transition process: implications for humanitarian action and access Steven A. Zyck Insecurity in Yemen has risen sharply in recent months as several parallel conflicts have intensified and expanded. Hundreds of killings have been attributed to the state security services, tribal militias and Sunni and Shia movements since the start of the year. This spike in violence has taken place amidst – and has contributed directly to – a worsening humanitarian situation, and aid access has been curtailed. While there is some hope that the ongoing political transition, including the t National Dialogue process, will he humanitarian situati help to bring stability, it may also © Paul Stephens/IRIN lead to further conflict and greater humanitarian challenges. The evolving security situation Yemen faces three main categories A boy waits in line for food at the Mazraq refugee camp in Hajjah province of conflict and insecurity. The first has resulted from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula March this year, when the government and Hiraak agreed (AQAP), which has launched regular attacks against to a truce. During the conflict in Al Dhale the government Yemeni government and international targets. The second had blocked aid agencies from the affected areas as the conflict has taken place between the Yemeni government Yemeni armed forces shelled the provincial capital; at and security services and a southern separatist movement least 40 people were killed during the fighting. known as al-Hiraak al-Janoubi. Hiraak, which has widespread support across the south, has repeatedly Finally, the Houthis are engaged in intense bouts of engaged in large demonstrations against what it considers sectarian and political violence against hard-line Salafist to be a northern-dominated government. (Sunni) militias and the Islamist Al-Islah party. Several hundred people were killed in fighting between Salafists, Each of these conflicts has evolved in dangerous new Houthis, tribal militias and others during the uprising, ways following the Arab Spring protests of 2011. In 2011 and the situation has escalated markedly since then; the an Al-Qaeda-linked group known as Ansar al-Sharia seized conflict has pulled in not only Iran (on the Houthi side) and Abyan governorate in southern Yemen and imposed a harsh Saudi Arabia (on the Salafist side), but also militants from form of Islamic law. While the Yemeni military and local across the region. In early February 2014 fighting between militias ultimately defeated Ansar al-Sharia, the 16-month the Houthis and their sectarian and tribal opponents killed conflict left hundreds dead. Ansar al-Sharia and AQAP were 150 people in Amran governorate alone. The fighting has O scattered to neighbouring provinces (or melded into the increasingly neared the capital, with more than 50 people local population) and continue to drive violence. being killed in violence between Houthis and various n i n Y e m e n Sunni groups near Sana’a in early March 2014. Formerly Hiraak, the southern separationist movement, has also seen as a primarily tribal or territorial conflict oriented engaged in renewed conflict since the Arab Spring, mounting around remote northern governorates, the conflict is now larger protests and regular, large-scale demonstrations. predominantly sectarian and national in nature. Yemen’s security services have periodically opened fire on demonstrators – killing dozens and increasingly pushing The humanitarian crisis Hiraak to demand independence rather than merely The changing nature of Yemen’s major conflicts affected greater autonomy. The situation is likely to escalate further Yemeni civilians as well as aid agencies. As of late 2013, following fighting between the central government and more than 300,000 people were internally displaced by Hiraak in Al Dhale governorate between late 2013 and mid- fighting, and media reports indicate that tens of thousands number 61 • may 014 more have been displaced by more recent fighting in Al Worker Security Report indicates that Yemen was the Dhale in the south and governorates affected by Houthi country with the second-most number of aid workers fighting (primarily Amran, Sa’ada, Hajja and Al-Jawf). kidnapped (after Afghanistan) in 2012. While the number Aid agencies operating in Yemen report that their ability of attacks against aid workers reflected in the Aid Worker to access affected populations is constrained despite Security Database is relatively low – only four in Yemen unprecedented levels of humanitarian funding. in 2013 compared to 29 in South Sudan or 17 in Syria – several aid agencies note that threats, intimidation and In some cases constraints are imposed by aid agencies minor attacks are common and often go unreported. themselves, based on assessments of local conditions. During the conflict in and around Abyan in 2011 and 2012, Implications of the transition process