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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation / Title of the Doctoral Thesis Translation in Tibet Tibetische Übersetzungsmethoden und terminologische Begriffsarbeit und -entwicklung im tibetischen Buddhismus verfasst von / submitted by Mag.a phil. Jasmin Eisenbeutel angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 792 323 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Transkulturelle Kommunikation field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Budin Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Mathes Danksagung Das Erreichen eines langfristigen Ziels ergibt sich nicht ausschließlich aus den eigenen Bemühungen, sondern ist stets das Resultat zahlreicher günstiger Bedingungen. So verdanke ich den erfolgreichen Abschluss meines Forschungsprojektes der Unterstützung und Mitwirkung vieler Personen. Mein besonderer Dank geht an Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Budin, der mir auf jede Frage stets wertvolle Antworten gegeben hat sowie allgemeine wegweisende Anregungen und Hinweise. Seine wohlwollende und freundliche Art waren fortwährend eine Quelle der Motivation und seine effiziente und zielgerichtete Betreuung sind ein bedeutender Faktor für den raschen Abschluss dieses Dissertationsprojektes. Großer Dank geht auch an Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Mathes für die konstruktiven Gespräche, für seine Bereitschaft zu dem Experteninterview sowie für seine bedeutsamen und äußerst hilfreichen Anmerkungen. Ein herzliches Dankeschön geht an die ExpertInnen für ihre wertvollen Beiträge ihm Rahmen der Interviews – zu nennen sind hier emer. O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ernst Steinkellner, Dr. Pascale Hugon, Christof Spitz und Jürgen Manshardt. Ohne sie wäre die Durchführung des empirischen Teils der Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Ebenso bedanken möchte ich mich bei Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil.habil. Hanna Risku und emer. O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ernst Steinkellner, die mir als GutachterInnen zur Verfügung standen. Aus ganzem Herzen danke ich auch dem buddhistischen Gelehrten, Geshe Tenzin Dhargye, der mir in den vergangenen Jahren die wesentlichen buddhistischen Lehrinhalte vermittelte und dadurch meine philosophisch-erkenntnistheoretische Wissensbasis für diese Arbeit legte. Eine herausragende Stellung nehmen meine Familie und FreundInnen ein, die mich während dieser Zeit auf allen Ebenen unterstützt, motiviert und inspiriert haben. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...............................................................................................................1 Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................2 Tabellenverzeichnis ....................................................................................................................2 1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................3 1.1 Forschungsfrage, Hypothese und Zielsetzung .............................................................4 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit .........................................................................................................6 2 Translation in Tibet .............................................................................................................9 2.1 Die Übersetzungsphasen in Tibet .................................................................................9 2.2 Die Entwicklung der tibetischen Schrift als Basis der Übersetzungsarbeit .................9 2.3 Die tibetischen Übersetzer .........................................................................................12 2.4 Das Paṇḍita-Lo tsā ba-Modell ...................................................................................12 2.5 Terminologische Begriffsarbeit in Tibet ....................................................................15 2.5.1 Die Entwicklung und Standardisierung tibetisch-buddhistischer Fachterminologie ...............................................................................................................17 2.5.1.1 Die Mahāvyutpatti (Tib. Bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa chen po) – „Das große etymologische Wörterbuch“ Sanskrit-Tibetisch ..................................................17 2.5.1.2 Die Madhyavyutpatti (Tib. Bye brag tu rtogs par bye dpa ‘bring po bzw. Sgra-sbyor bam-po gnyis-pa) – Übersetzungrichtlinien ................................................19 2.5.1.3 Kritische Betrachtung der Mahāvyutpatti und der Madhyavyutpatti ..........23 2.6 Die Katalogisierung von übersetzten Werken ............................................................26 2.7 Der buddhistische Kanon ...........................................................................................27 2.7.1 Der tibetische Kanon: Kangyur (Tib. bKa’ ’gyur) und Tengyur (Tib. bsTan 'gyur) 28 2.8 Pramāṇa (Skt.) – das Gebiet der Logik und Erkenntnistheorie ......................................30 2.9 Der Kulturtransfer in den Westen und seine Herausforderungen ..............................33 2.10 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................37 3 Der terminologische Hauptteil ...........................................................................................38 3.1 Von der Praxis zur Theorie ........................................................................................39 3.2 Klärung des Begriffs Terminologie ............................................................................40 3.3 Die philosophische Terminologie und begriffsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen ...........40 3.4 Die Terminologielehre ...............................................................................................44 i 3.5 Der soziokognitive Ansatz .........................................................................................47 3.6 Die Arbeit als TerminologIn ......................................................................................50 3.7 Die präskriptive Terminologiearbeit ..........................................................................51 3.8 Die deskriptive Terminologiearbeit ...........................................................................54 3.9 Systematische und punktuelle Terminologiearbeit ....................................................54 3.9.1 Die systematische Terminologiearbeit ................................................................54 3.9.2 Die punktuelle Terminologiearbeit .....................................................................56 3.10 Die semasiologische und die onomasiologische Terminologiearbeit .....................57 3.11 Zentrale Begriffe der Terminologielehre ................................................................59 3.11.1 Der Terminus ......................................................................................................60 3.11.2 Der Gegenstand ...................................................................................................63 3.11.3 Die Benennung ....................................................................................................64 3.11.4 Der Begriff ..........................................................................................................65 3.11.5 Probleme bei der Zuordnung von Begriff und Benennung .................................67 3.11.5.1 Eineindeutigkeit vs. Eindeutigkeit ...............................................................67 3.11.5.2 Synonymie ...................................................................................................68 3.11.5.3 Polysemie .....................................................................................................70 3.11.5.4 Homonymie .................................................................................................72 3.11.6 Äquivalenz ..........................................................................................................72 3.11.6.1 Terminologische Lücken .............................................................................75 3.11.7 Das Begriffssystem .............................................................................................76 3.11.8 Das Begriffsfeld ..................................................................................................78 3.11.9 Begriffliche Struktur der Arbeit ..........................................................................79 3.11.9.1 Teil-Begriffssysteme des Fachgebiets Bewusstsein und Erkenntnis ...........81 3.12 Der terminologische Eintrag ...................................................................................87 3.12.1 Die Benennung als Datenkategorie .....................................................................87 3.12.2 Die Quellenangabe ..............................................................................................88 3.12.3 Die Definition .....................................................................................................88 3.12.3.1 Definitionsarten ...........................................................................................90 3.12.3.1.1 Die Inhaltsdefinition ...............................................................................90 3.12.3.1.2 Die Umfangsdefinition ...........................................................................91 3.12.3.1.3 Die Bestandsdefinition
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