DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 420 614 SO 028 887

AUTHOR Kosla, Bernice C. TITLE Romania and Project. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad, 1997. (Romania and Bulgaria). SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 260p.; Much of the supporting documentation may not reproduce clearly. For other documents in the 1997 program, see SO 028 883-890. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; Cooperation; Critical Thinking; Foreign Countries; *Political Science; Primary Sources; Secondary Education; Social Studies; History; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Bulgaria; *Romania

ABSTRACT This document consists of six pages of course description accompanied by over 200 pages of reproduced material including the complete constitutions of Bulgaria, Romania, and the United States, respectively. This unit allows students to analyze primary and secondary sources, think critically about the documents, and reflect on whether a country's constitution reflects the character and priorities of its people. Working in groups, students examine blind copies of the Romanian Constitution, the Bulgarian Constitution, and the United States Constitution. After discussing the basic concepts in the documents, students identify the sources for each of the documents._In addition, students examine excerpts from literary works from all three countries and data pertaining to each country. (EH)

******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** FULBRIGHT

FULBRIGHT-HAYS SUMMER SEMINAR

ROMANIA AND BULGARIA

1997

Bernice Kos la Secondary Education Teacher Glen Burnie Senior High School Glen Burnie, Maryland 21060

PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ,_.77/16,14 Sit-EF-Am au 4

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 FULBRIGHT SUMMER SEMINAR ABROAD PROJECT FOR ROMANIA AND BULGARIA

SUMMER 1997

Submitted November 1997 Bernice C. Kos la PURPOSE

There are many purposes behind this project. The first purpose is to expand the student's knowledge of Romania and Bulgaria. Next, is to explore the hypothesis that a country's constitution reflects the character and priorities of its people. The third purpose is to give the student a chance to experience working with primary and secondary sources. The last main purpose is to let the student exercise critical thinking skills. These purposes will be focused on in a Unit Plan that will take eight to ten class days. It can be used in upper level classes in either a World History, International Relations or Government course. The focus would be on the Post Cold War era.

OBJECTIVES

The student will be able to: 1) comprehend and analyze a document. 2) formulate an opinion baseddn the document. 3) identify which constitution corresponds to which country. 4) revise opinion (if necessary) based on new information. 5) determine if constitution does reflect the character and priorities of the country. 6) analyze the possible future of the country using the constitution and data packet.

STRATEGIES

Cooperative Learning Directed Reading Discussion Research Reading Charts and Graphs Directed Writing

MATERIALS

Romanian Constitution (Blind copy and Complete copy) Bulgarian Constitution t 64 United States Constitution 44 " CC Excerpts from literary works from all thr If e countries Data pertaining to all three countries. Surveys and opinion polls from Romania and Bulgaria Tourist brochures from Romania and Bulgaria

BACKGROUND NOTES

Each student in a group of three will examine and analyze one of the "blind" copies of one of the three countries constitution (Bulgaria, Romania, or United States). By answering the questions on the Constitutional Analysis form they will gain an impression of that specific country from their constitution. The student will fill out the Initial Impression of the Constitution form. Thenlin the group1the students will share the information with each other. At this time further revision of which constitution belongs with which country may take place. The groups will share their choices with the class. Some discussion is indicated at this time about how they came to their conclusions. Next the students will be given information packets on the three countries. These will come from the documents in the Material list. In their groups they will analyze the documents along with the constitutions. They will have a chance to make a final revision of their choices. The complete copies of the constitutions will be handed out and they can see how correct their choices were. A class discussion will be held on the question of "did the constitutions reflect the character and priorities of the country?" Why or why not? The last task will be an individual essay that will address, in their opinion, ( backed up by data) what is the future of either Romania or Bulgaria.

EVALUATION

Evaluation will be the worksheets (forms) filled out by the students, the discussion and the essay.By combining these three areas the teacher will be able to evaluate how well the purposes and objectives were met.

5 EUROPEAN HISTORY CONSTITUTION COMPARISON

CONSTITUTION ANALYSIS

CONSTITUTION

1 Analyze each constitution using the questions belowas your guide. Answer the questions completely and specifically. 1 1. What type of government does thiscountry have?

2. How is the executive branch set up?What are the duties of the various participants, how are they elected, how longare their terms, under what terms can they be replaced?

3. How is the legislative branch set up? What are the duties of the various participants, how are they selected, how long istheir term, under what term 1 can they be replaced?

4. How is the judicial branch set up?What are the duties of the various participants, how are they selected, how longare their terms, under what terms can they be replaced? 1 5. What rights do the people have?What are their protections under the constitution?

6. What areas fall under state control?

7. Who can be a citizen of this country?What does a person need to do to become a citizen?

8. Is the press protected in the constitution? If yes- what are the protections?

9. Do children have any rights? If yes- what are they?

10. What are the povisions in regard to education?

11. What are the provisions for health care?

12. Who can declare war?What is the procedure?

13. What are the requirements torun for office?

14. How is a budget made?

15. How do they collect funds? 1 16. How are laws made? 17. What are the provisions for local government? 1 18. Is there a process for determining the constitutionality of a law?

19. How is the constitution amended?

I 20. What are the provisions for religion?

21. What does the constitution state in regard to industry and business? 1 22. Does the state address the subject of marriage? If so- how?

23. What are the responsibilities of the citizens toward the state?

24. What are the provisions for a military?

25. Is thertany mention of minorities?What issues are addressed?

26. What are the provisions concerning immigration or emigration?

1

1 . INITIAL IMPRESSION OF CONSTITUTION

CONSTITUTION #

1. How big is the country? (large, medium, or small)

2. Is it a more rural or urban country?

3. What are the main imports, exports?

4. What are their main priorities?

5, What are their main concerns?

6. What is your general impression of the country?

7. Which country's constitution is this?Bulgaria, Romania or United States of America Republic of Romama r-.

Iasi Oradea G Cluj-Napoca 'Bacau ,--- r,/--

_c___Q_A.rad )Sibiu Galati Brasov a Braila IAN Timisoara TRAN Ploiesti

BUCHAREST Constanta * Danube Giurgiu Boundary representations not necessarily authoritative. Craiova

OROUNTA Romans conquered most of Paci4#0 ince to supply grain,: gold,.;tind:: 410 air4-CliP140 , ,,Milei(237;500 square kilometers), province's natives. soon adopts ..._itize-otgigop..,Taki Mountain ranges culture. T4.c name Romanig tryir 41-4104.2, . is :. tin 040ipioi,regions., The Carpathians Between 200 and 1109,.ri,00: tO southeast and the region. In the. 14th van4in Alps nui east to west in the center of the coun- Wallachia (hi the south) became In lain*.panubeRiVer, which begins in and In 1500, the, principaliti0- ovri;.throngh;seVeral:..Europeart,countries, forms much of were never an integral 04Fc of t Several European wars: terri- ROinailia!S southern bOrder.ltiiitaiinth through a small por- , tionOf Roinanneseastenkterritoryand empties into the Black tory among various countrics:g4,130:0$:.,:...p.oi#91RT47 Se4: Low plains*alongtir sOfithernand eastern borders. ish rule did not comenittiljl0t.,, again .,ktoP?anjatF1P).r4rSarq Nvarrinatid sunny; winters are cold with Mc14ayiki 04. and.OlOudy.The average teinp*MiiitijttlY is,70°F (21°C); :Because CC.41)**10414P1,. 'al,,110K-44.1ff4ti!O,P.0 the)tverage in januaryiA.3017141Ty. Natural resources-in England, ipt Word .4110001F6. abin chide crude oil, natural gas; coal, iron, and timber. More than (roughly pisent¢iayMpldolaiiie'nt' 40 percent of, the land 'is arable !and 28 percent is forested. 'These Rodiania faces severe pollution problems due to excessive acquisitions 401e4410#0.., kelgatod it frOm industrialization in'past dedades-and :old technology. Many ri4eis,CtOwns, and. forests are chntaminated, and the people 194044.461.1001C,P,**... *-°°;9.1'..1$;:vInaPje4 suffer from respiratory diseases in some areas. The current sia 1941; 1944;'.41OVieVet:f: ichael:arrested . . government is seeking ways to address the problems, but it Romania's pro-Nazi dioit*:44::R.Orpania t. switched to the lacks the necessary funds, experience, and technology to make Allied side. Shortly thereafter; RUSSiaktincPS":occupied the significant progress. country and RoMania came under.Soviet influence.-The mon- History archy was abolished, King Michael wen into .ekiie (he still The ancestors of today's Romanians were Geto-Dacians, lives in ), and a Communist regime.was estab- an Indo-European people. Between the sixth and fourth cen- lished. Bessarabia was annexed.by:the Soviet. Union as turies.c., the Dacians assimilated surrounding influences Moldavia. When that area became independent in 1991, eth- to form their own unique civilization. Around A.D. 100, the nic Romanians on both sides initiallyitivored reunification.

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 Lingua:1y Romanian. a Litt ri-1.iased languag.. After 1965. when Nicolae came to rower in in the same family as Spanish. French.Italian. and Portu- Romania. the country brokeith the Soviet Union to pursue .,!uese. Young people may also speakEnglish. German, or Ital- an independent course. Communism remained strong and ian. French is a common second language among olderpeople. Ceausescu ruled w ith complete control over all aspects of The Germans and Hungarians speak their native ethnic local life. The extensive internal seetiritsystem. Securitdie. tonues. The Rwni speak Romany. stifled dissent. Corruption and human-nehts vililations were Religion common. The people suffered grindin2 poerty and brutality. Nearly all Romanians are Christian. About 70 percent he- When democratic movements .wept Europe in 1989. loni to the Ronianian Orthodox Church. Six percentof the Ceausescu vowed nothing uould change in Romania. How- people tmostly Hungarians) are Roman Catholic and 3 per- ever. large groups of demonstrators soon protested his regime. cent are Uniate (Greek Catholic).Other Christian religions. With the army supporting the people's revolution, the regime Islam. and Judaism are also practiced. During the Ceausescu fell after several days of fighting. Ceausescu and his wife regime, religious organizations were carefully regulated. but were executed and the National Salvation Front took control. now people are free to practice religion asthey wish. Devo- Despite his close ties to the former regime, National Salva- tion to religion is especially strong in rural areas. About 15 per- tion Front leader, Ion Iliescu, won the election (May 1990). cent of the population claims no religiousaffiliation. Iliescu's government restric,ed civil rights, but it granted General Attitudes Romanians freedom of speech, national elections, a new con- The Romanian people seem confused and divided about stitution, and plans for economic reform. their future. Having emerged from the authoritarianregime In 1991, civil unrest led to an interim government, which of the Ceausescu era (1965-89), but still not possessing the governed until September 1992 elections. Iliescu was reelected economic and political freedoms they thought would be theirs. and sought to improve Romania's international image. Un- they worry that the future is no longer bright. Many people. der the leadership of Prime Minister Nicolae Vacaroiu, Ro- especially in large urban areas, continue to distrust the gov- mania enjoyed increased agricultural harvests in 1994, higher ernment and would like to see greaterdemocracy. These industrial output, and some improvements. But undemocratic people favor a country where many opinions (political,reli- laws giving prominence to ethnic Romanians, as well as other gious, and social) can be expressed and appreciated.They nationalist activities, kept Romania from enjoying strong re- seek to change traditional Romanian society to makeit more gional and European relations. In 1995, Iliescu announced similar to other European societies. Other people wouldlik plans to qualify for European Union membership by the year to see economic reform but not necessarily achange in gov 2000. To do so, Romania will have to significantly alter cer- ernment or traditional society; they would be more prone to tain social institutions, laws, and economic policies. accept a single political party and a singleapproach to soci order. THE PEOPLE These conflicting attitudes about the future of the nation Population have led to violence, instability, and the rise ofdangero The population of Romania is about 23.2 million and cur- tensions between ethnic groups. The resulting instabilityh rently is not growing. Ethnic Romanians comprise most of allowed for the rapid expansion of organized crime andfo the population (84 percent). A significant Hungarian minor- extremist groups to gain political prominence. Economic In ity (8.9 percent) lives mostly in Transylvania. This group still troubles have led to greater poverty and disillusionment. identifies with Hungary and the Hungarian culture. They have deed, living standards in 1995 were lower than in 1988. Re fac- been the subject of intense negotiations between the two coun- solving such wide differences is one of the greatest tasks tries. Hungary demands that Romania guarantee minorities ing the nation today. Unfortunately, most people have tod their rights to education, language use, and expression, but with the more urgent concern of feeding and housingthe the Romanian Parliament has been reluctant to do so. families. The Romi (Gypsies) comprise about 8 percent of the popu- Personal Appearance lation, although an exact count has never been made. This Romanians attach importance to their appearance, althou group tends to live separately from the Ro anians and gen- clothing worn in rural areas is often less fashionable. Peopl erally is not accepted by other ethnic grow s. The Romi are generally dress conservatively in public. Women wear skirts women poor, undereducated, and underemployed;ey do not inte- and dresses. Slacks usually are worn only:by younger grate into mainstream society and are oft n subject to dis- and girls. Female office workers may also wear tailoredsuit. crimination throughout Europe. Businessmen wear conservative suits. The youth prize denim clo Other minority groups include Germans, ans, Serbs, jeans, T-shirts, short jackets, and other Western-style Croats, Russians, and Turks. The German p pulation has de- ing. People do not commonly wear hats, but in rural are clined because many have emigrated to Germany. Large num- older women wear scarves. The elderly generally wear dark, bers of other ethnic groups are also trying to leave Romania, conservative colors. but they are meeting increasing resistance other countries. Colorful folk costumes may be worn on Sundays, at fest More than half of Romania's population livds in cities, largely vals, or on special occasions. Gypsy women wear long, co of a loved because of forced urbanization under CeaLsescu. Forty per- orful skirts. Family members mourning the death cent of the population is younger than age 25. one may remain in black fromsix weeks to a year. BEST COPY AVAILABLE in I .f.N ..,, handshake. \len shake hands .1/4 man usuali waits children. Men L!eneralivare not involved in house-

or 'A.0111:111 1(i heril.a)d `.\,hen greeting..A omen id .h,.res. Grandparents often live with the family. often use the phraseBun,:(.-13tisk bile men savSaha (Salu- A iris ate farm includes a two-or three-bedroom home. ation I.In cities.a man onian hkissin:1 her ,:ar,..:en and orchard, and small farmbuildines.Ceausescu at- hand. Even it' he Joe, not, he may sa,. Kissour :empied to destroy these farmsteadsand. with them. rural hand ,.; en of '.";;% YOLIF1,2, pCuplz.! AI,:use :h:s tearint down homes and forcing people inc ith :heir parents or eldershi rum: areas. eryone N to move into large housing blocks. The apartments had no greeted individually: people also erect stran,2ers ande \pect :-tinnimi water, bathrooms, or heat, and strictly enforced reo.u- their erecting to be returned. lations limited the amount of electricity each apartment could The most common verbal greeting isBond Zan: i Good use. These buildings are bitterly resented in rural areas. and day). Thula dimineata(Good morning) andBuna seam (Good sonic have called for their destruction. .A housingshortage evening) are also used. Only close friends and relativesgreet prevents that from happening at this time. While forcedur- each other by first name. However, adults normally address banizationand limits on electricity use are no longer prac- young people by their first name. When applicable, people ticed, improvements in living standards have not yet devel- use professional titles ("Doctor," "Professor," etc.) before oped because of a poor economy. Many families, urban and surnames. rural, lack proper housing and most go without modern con- Gestures veniences. Yawning without covering the mouth is impolite. When Dating and Marriage one sneezes, others often say Sanatate (Good health) or Noroc Boys and girls usually begin to socialize in high school. (Bless you). Noroc is also used at parties to mean "Cheers." Popular activities include going to movies, parties, sporting Making eye contact during conversation is a sign of honesty. events, and school dances and taking walks. It is impolite for men to keep their hands in their pockets Most adults expect to marry and have a family in spite of when speaking to women, officials, older people,or a large economic difficulties. In urban areas, men usually marry be- audience. People also avoid chewing gum duringconversa- tween ages 23 and 25; women marry at about age 22. People tion and do not cross their legs in mixed company. Friends in villages still marry at a young age. Local and ethnic cus- often hold hands or walk arm in arm. On public transporta- toms regarding courtship and marriage vary by region. People tion, men generally offer their seat to a woman. Gentlemen in rural areas enjoy engagement ceremonies in which the remove their hats before entering buildings, except stores. groom's family brings the engagement and wedding rings to Visiting the bride's family. Both families celebrate the event with din- Romanians like to receive and pay visits, which usually ner, singing, and dancing. Before the wedding ceremony, the are arranged in advance. People often gather for birthdays, groom may carry a pine tree on the way to the bride's house anniversaries, holidays, or just to.socialize. Hosts generally as a sign of long life. Most weddings involve church ceremo- offer their guests a drinkcoffee, tea, brandy,or a popular nies. Godparents are expected to take an active part in wed- regional wine and perhaps other refreshments. It is polite ding activities. for dinner guests to bring an odd number of flowers (threeor Diet more) or a small gift for the hostess. Guests avoid giving red Romanian food is characterized by distinctive ethnic spe- roses (a sign of romantic affection) or an even number of cialties including mititei (grilled meatballs), patricieni (grilled flowers (often associated with funerals). Gifts usuallyare sausage), mamaliga (cornmeal mush served like mashed po- opened immediately and admired. Guests typically ask the tatoes), and sarmale (minced meat with rice, rolled in pick- hosts for permission before smoking. led cabbage leaves). Breakfast usually consists of eggs, cheese, Eating rolls or other breads, and coffee. Lunch begins with soup, Lunch traditionally is the main meal of the day; however, followed by meat, potatoes, and a vegetable. Most people eat due to work and school schedules, many families can only bread with every meal. Wine or beer is usually served as well. eat lunch together on Saturday and Sunday. Supper is similar A special plum brandy called tzuica is also popular. Pastries to lunch, but the servings are somewhat smaller. Romanians are popular for dessert. Although food is now more readily eat in the continental style, with the fork in the left hand and available, people cannot easily afford.the higher prices. the knife remaining in the right. They keep both hands (not Recreation elbows) above the table during a meal. The hostess indicates Romanians enjoy sports, particularly soccer. Romania's when the meal will begin and when it will end. Toasting is national soccer team competed in the 1994 World Cup. Oina, usually a part of formal and informal lunches and dinners. a kind of baseball, is a traditional sport. Romanian athletes have done well in international competitions, especially in LIFESTYLE gymnastics, weightlifting, and tennis. Leisure activities in- Family clude meeting with friends or family, watching television. The family has always been important to Romanians. and taking walks, reading, or going to the theater. Many enjoy the father maintains a dominant role. Urban families tendto folk shows, with music and dancing.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 11 With the tall of . stittl eNtell.,1e industrial compie Christmas. Easter. and other reli,:.ius''lidas s. Romania's Ror...ania's Human1)ex-clop:mein Index (0.703)ranks it 98th national dayI December commemorates the union ;%t the out of i 7-1 countries. Real gross domestic product per capita kingdom of Romania and three smaller territories in 191S. is estimated at $2.8-10. These ticures indicate that most people r Other national holidays include the New Year 11-2 Januar% strus,,,le but are able to meet basic needs. .Although thecoun- and Labor Day 1I -2 May I. tryis industrialized. it ranks below many developing nations Commerce in its ability to create economic opportunities for the people. Factory workers usually hegin theirLI.P.at 7:00 A.5I. and Romania's currency is the Ieu(L). work until 3:00 or 5:00 P.M.. depending on the institution. Transportation and Communication Most factories close on Saturday and Sunday.Government Public transportation in the cities is reasonably efficient offices are open from 8:00 A.st. to4:00 P.M.,while banking and inexpensive. Boarding passes for buses are obtained from offices are open from 9:00 A.H. to noon and 2:00 to 4:00P.M. ticket booths and magazine stands. The train network links A few stores may close around lunchtime but remain open major cities, but many trains are poorly maintained and lack later in the evening. General department stores are open all heat in the winter. In rural areas, travel by bicycle and horse- day. Except for restaurants, coffee stops, and some private or donkey-drawn carts (called leitenvagons) is still common. shops, most businesses are closed on Sunday. Depending on Few people own cars. In urban areas, many people have tele- their seniority, workers enjoy two- to four-week vacations. phones; communications systems are limited in some rural areas. The press is free to print what it wishes. SOCIETY Education Government Education is compulsory and free between the ages of six Romania's new constitution established it as a republic in and sixteen. Students then seek employment, enter vocational 1991. The president is head of state but also has broader pow- training, or prepare for a university education. Most students ers. Romania's prime minister is head of government. Parlia- complete some education beyond the required ten years. Uni- ment has a 143-seat Senate and a 341-seat House of Depu- versity entrance was determined in the past by loyalty to the ties. The voting age is 18. National elections were scheduled Communist Party and good performance in school. Loyalty for November 1996. The most powerful political parties are to the party is no longer required, and university students are the Party of Social Democracy in Romania and the Demo- among the most vocal supporters of political change. The lit- cratic Convention. Several other parties hold blocks of seats eracy rate is 95 percent. in Parliament and are relied on for passing legislation. Health Economy Many important health problems face the people of go- Before World War II, Romania was an agricultural nation. mania. Due to a practice of giving newborn babies blood trans- However, postwar policy led to rapid industrialization. In- fusions if they appeared anemic, many children contracted dustry came to account for more than 60 percent of the gross AIDS from contaminated needles and blood. Romania has national product, while agriculture fell to less than 10 per- large concentrations of AIDS-infected children. Many women cent. During the 1980s, in an attempt to reduce the 'foreign also have the disease (whereas it affects mostly men in othe debt, Ceausescu diverted large portions of the domestic agri- countries). Hepatitis B is another danger. Illnesses associated cultural crop to exports. While the plan succeeded in decreas- with heavy pollution are common. Health facilities are ofte ing the debt, it also caused food rationing and lowered the poorly equipped and understaffed. Large groups of orphan standard of living. The plan was halted in 1989. Today, food children do not receive necessary attention or care. With the is plentiful but expensive, often consuming up to 70 percent help of Western nations, the government is trying to address of a family's monthly income. these problems. The infant mortality rate is 19 per 1,000. Life' The most important exports are machinery and equipment, expectancy averages 69 to 75 years. natural gas and oil products, consumer goods, and foods. During the 1980s, Romania increased trade with Western FOR THE TRAVELER Europe to increase earnings. Trade continues, but economic U.S. travelers must have a valid passport to enter Roma progress is lag ing behind other nations. A 1991 law that re- nia and a visa to stay more than 30 days. Visas can be ob- turns farmland o the families who owned it before commu- tained at the border or applied for at the embassy. No vacci nism is design to encourage private ownership and enter- nations are required, but some may be advisable dependin prise in the acultural sector. Unfortunately, land transfer on the itinerary. Credit card use is limited but increasing. Ar- has been verylow. Even if it were quicker, most farmers eas isolated by mountains offer a look at a culture that h lack credit or cital and, therefore, could not buy equipment, not changed for decades. For travel information, contact th seeds, or fertilizers. Thus, the collective farm system remains. Romanian National Tourist Office, 342 Madison Avenue, Sec High inflation, unemployment, political instability, and the and Floor, Suite 210, New York, NY 10173; phone (212) 697- slow pace of structural reform have hampered economic 6971. The Embassy of Romania is located at 1607 23d Stree I progress andkipt foreign investment at a minimum. A few NW, Washington, DC 20008; phone (202) 232-4747.

ACulturgrarnis a pr uct of native commentary and original, expert analysis. Statistics are estimates and information is presented as a matter of opinion. While editors strive for accacy and detail, this document should not be considered strictly factual. It is a general introduction to culture, an initial step in building brid of understanding bet een peoples. It may not apply to all peoples of the nation. You should therefore consult other sources for more information.

"Printed on recycled paper t3EST COPYAVAILABLE July .VE11. R0.11.1.V1-1 OVER\ .1E \V

December 1989 opened a new page in NAME ROMANIA/ROMAN1A. Romania's history. The collapse of Nicolae GEO( ;R. \ I'll IC. \ I.. POSITION. South-east of Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula. in the Ceau.yescu's dictatorial regime paved the way for lower Danube basin, bordering the Black Sea. the reinstatement of democracy, of the multiparty NE I G II BO U RS: Republic of Moldova (681.3 km), Ukraine (639.4 km), Hungary (444.8 km), Yugosla- system, of the free market economy and for via (544.3 km), Bulgaria (631.3 km), the Black Sea (234.0 km). Romania's reintegration into the European RE.A 238,391 sq km. space, which it had been severed from by the R E : Li E I: DISTRIBUTION: Mountains (31%), hills (36%), plains (33%). communist regime. POP U I...ATI ON: 22,600,000 (1.1.1997); 89.4% Romanians, 10.6% ethnic minorities. Urban population: The main components of the process of reform have included: liberalisation of prices and of 55%. foreign trade, privatisation of state enterprises, R EI.IG ION Orthodox (86.8%), Roman-Catholic (5.0%), Reformed (3.5%), a.o. development of a financial and banking system C.\ PIT \ I. Bucharest (population: 2.037,278 1.7.1996). compatible with a free market, introduction of a \ STRATI YE DI YISION County, town, commune. There are 41 counties and Bucharest Mu- modern tax sliwtent and encouragement offoreign nicipality. 262 cities and towns, 2,687 communes (with about 13,000 villages). invesnnent. \ I. \ I \ Cl ES : -.:0-i..Constanta (347,000), Iasi (347,000), Timisoara (332,000), Cluj-Napoca (332.000). The elections of November 1996 were won by Galati (328,000), Brasov (320,000), Craiova (310,000). 25 cities have a population of over 100,000. political forces whose programme provides for 0 \ I. I. A NG U AC; F Romanian, the easternmost member of the family of Romance languages: an accelerated and coherent promotion of the foreign languages: English, French, German. refOrm, fast restructuring and privatisation of the N I G I ITS \ \ IE.\ U RES: The metric system in force since 1866. state-owned companies, reduction of subsidies CUR R ENO'. 1 leu (pl. lei). 1 US S=7,081 lei; I DM =4,161 lei; 1£= 11,618 lei; I FF= 1,23616 (16.5.1997). and full liberalisation of prices, encouragement STATE OR(; \ NIS \TI 0NRepublic, according to the Constitution of 21.1111991, with a two-cham- o f foreign investment. ber Parliament elected for a 4-year term, a President elected by universal vote for two 4-year terms at the The benefits offered by Romania as a location most. President: Emil Constantincscu (b. 1939). Prime Minister: Victor Ciorbea (b. 1954). for investment generally include: a large domestic IN IERNATION.A I. \ IF 111E16111 I': Romania has diplomatic relations with 176 states and is a member market (22.6 million consumers, the largest in SE Europe and the second largest in Central of UNO, FAO, GATT (since 1995 WTO), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICJ, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU. Europe), excellent location at the crossroads of UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNEP, UNIDO, UPU, WEP, WFC, WHO, WIPO, WMO and EBRD. In traditional trade routes, which facilitates access 1993 Romania became a member of the Council of Europe; on February 1, 1995 Romania acquired associate to over 200 million customers within a 1,000 km membership of the European Union. On January 26, 1994 Romania was the first East-European state to radius, a skilled labour, a wide range of natural sign, in Brussels, NATO's Partnership for Peace. On April 12, 1997 Romania joined C.E.F.T.A. resources, an attractive foreign investment NU ER OF E\ I PLO YE ES (I.!. I 997r5,634,000. Unemployed: 657,564 (6.3% of the active popu- legislation. In this respect, legislation enshrines lation). the basic principles of equality of treatment for AVERAGE NOM INA \NAGE .AND SALARY EA RNINGS1Decomber 1996 433,692 lei. foreign investors, nonintervention by the GROSS DO \TESTI(' PRODUCT I 19961: 109,506 billion lei. The private sector's share in GDP Government and unrestricted access to all sectors (1996): 52% (45% in 1995). of the Romanian economy, full repatriation of STATE B UDGET(199h( Revenue (18,372 billion lei); Expenditure (23,732 billion lei); Deficit (5,359 the profit and of the capital, and the right to buy billion lei). land by the interested companies. )1°N-fluxINFLATION RATE119961: 3.8%. On May 1,1997, foreign investment in Romania BRO.. 1) \ I ON EI December 19961:30,342 billion lei. totalled 52.454 billion and the number of PUBLIC DEBT ( December 1 996): 12,792 billion lei. companies. with foreign capital participation stood EXTERNA I. DE13-1-(De.:t:niber 19961:6,872 mill. S. at 46,000. The number of investing countries was 145 and 75% of the invested capital had come TRANSPORT: Railway network: 11,376 km of which 35% is electrified track. Road network: 72,859 from OECD Member States (55% front European km of which 17,608 km are modernised roads. Member States). Principal investors: The Nether- FORE IGN TRADE :')';61: Export FOB: 8,085 mil. S; import FOB: 10,555 mil. S. 53% oldie foreign lands. , , Germany, , USA, trade was with the European Union. United Kingdom, Turkey, Luxembourg a.o. \ l'RTNE RS (1996 r Germany, Italy, Russia, France.

BEST COPY AVAfLABLE tr

o 1.-I C I. N. )1 E.: ROMANIA/ROMANIA. N 1.k1 \ (1 II ES (.1 ti IN 1.19011r Constanta (347,000 pop.). Iasi (347 1, (;EOG12.A. PII ICA I. POSITION: State located in SE Central Europe, pop.), Timisoara (332,000 pop.), Cluj-Napoca (332,000 pop.). G north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube and bordering on (328,000 pop.), Brasov (320,000 pop.), Craiova (310.000 pop.). Plo .1 the Black Sea. Romania lies between 43°37'07" and 48°15'06" Latitude(254,000 pop.), Braila (235,000 pop.), Oradea (223,000 pop.). Baca North and 20°15'44" and 29°41'24" Longitude East The 45th parallel (208,000 pop.). 25 cities have a population larger than 100,000, a of Latitude North (midway between, the Equator and the North Pole)of them have a population exceeding 300.000. crosses Romania 70 km north of its capital and meridian 25° Longitude PORTS: On the Black Sea Constanta (which can take ships East (midway between the Atlantic coast and the Urals) runs 90 km 150,000 dwt), Mangalia and Sulina (free port). On the Danube Orsovi west of Bucharest. Drobeta-Tumu Severin, Tumu Magurele. Giurgiu, Oltenita, Caliiris. BOt N DA RI ES: 3,175.1 km. Romania borders to the north-east and Cernavoda, Braila, Galati, Tulcea (the last three arc both river an east on the Republic of Moldova (681.3 km), to the north and east onports) The Danube-Black Sea Canal (64.2 kin long) bet Ukraine (639.4 km), to the south on Bulgaria (631.3 km), to the south-Cernavoda and Constanta South-Agigea was opened to traffic in I west on Yugoslavia (544.3 kin), and to the west on Hungary (444.8 It is navigable for river and sea-going ships of up to 5.000 dwt. Fol lowin kin). Romania's Black Sea Coast stretches for 234 km. the opening in 1992 of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal, it facilita A RE.k: 238,391 sq. km. Romania has an ellipsoidal shape, measuringdirect connection between the Black Sea and the North Sea. in a straight line 735 km from W to E and 530 km from N to S. I R PORTS: Bucharest-Otopeni, Bucharest-Baneasa, Consta a RELIEF DISTRIBUTION: Mountains (31%), hills (36%), plains Mihail Kogalniceanu, Suceava, Arad. Sibiu, Timisoara (all fo (33%). international traffic as well), Bacau, Baia Mare, Caransebes, C 1 POPULATION: 22,600,000 (January I, 1997); 95.0 inh./sq. km. Napoca, Craiova, Deva, Iasi, Oradea, Saw Mare, Targu Mures, Tu According to the census returns of January 7, 1992, Romania'sNATIONAL FLAG (proportion 3/2): Three equal vertical strip population was 22,810,035, of whom 20,408,542 (89.4%) were from the staff: blue, yellow and red. Romanians and 2,401,493 (10.6%) were ethnic minorities. Of the latter,NATIONAL. COAT-OF-ARNIS (since 1992): An eagle holdi 1,624,959 (7.1% in total population) were Hungarians; 401,087 (1.7%)cross in its beak and a sword and a sceptre in its claw as well a. Gypsies; 119,462 (0.5%) Germans; 65,764 (0.3%) Ukrainians; 8,955 symbols of the historical provincesWallachia, Moldavia, Transylv i (0.04%) Jews a.o. About 8 million Romanians live outside the country's (with Crisana and Maramures), Banat (with Oltenia) and Dobrudja. boundaries On January I, 1996, urban population accounted for NATIONAL DAY (since 1990): December 1 (anniversary of the 19 55.0%, and males accounted for 49.0%. Birth rate 10.2%0; death rateunion of all Romanians into a single state). Legal holidays: Janus 12.6%o; natural growth 2.4°/00 (1996). Population by age groups: 0- and 2, Easter Monday, May Day, December I, December 25 and 14 years 4,600,000 (20.2%); 15-59 years 14,100,000 (62.3%); 60 years STATE ANTHEM (since 1990): "Awake. Ye, Romanian". Lyric! and over 4.000,000 (17.5%) (January 1, 1996). Life expectancy (1993-Andrei Muresanu; music: Anton Pann. 1995): 69.40 years, 65.70 years for males and 73.32 years for females. FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Republic. C.A P ITA I.: Bucharest Municipality (228 sq.km.), divided into sixOFFICIAL LANGUAGE: Romanian. The easternmost represent' administrative districts, with a population of 2,037,278 (July I, 1996)of the family of Romance languages, Romanian is descended from Located in the southern Romanian Plain, along the rivers DambovitaLatin spoken in Dacia and Moesia in ancient times. and Colentina, the city dates from the 14th centuryIn 1459 the first STANDARD TIME: East European zone time (GMT + 2 hours written reference to Bucharest mentions it as residence of Vlad Tepesof 1979, from the last Sunday of March to the last Sunday of Septen (Vlad the Impaler, known also as Dracula). Bucharest first served as Daylight Saving Time (GMT + 3 hours). Romania lies in the same , capital of Wallachia in the 17th-19th centuries before becoming the zone as the Republic of Moldova, Finland, Greece, , an capital of Romania in 1862. the Republic of South Africa. ..DNIINIS1 R.ATIVE DIVISION: County (Judef), Town (Ora), WEIGHTS AND A I E.ASUR ES: The metric system, in force since I Commune (Contunii). There are 41 counties and the capital of Bucharest CURRENCY: I leu (plural lei). The domestic convertibility o (with a county status), 262 towns (of which 80 municipalities), 2,687 leu was introduced in November 1991.I US$ = 7,081 lei;I DM communes (with 13,285 villages). 4,161 lei;1 £ = 11,618 lei;l Fr.F. = 1,236 lei, (May 16,

1

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Ihue In thr,ugll lIuejll,Ilt'i:ulilllliltuI7i prasecihlmnt hrlI,,I,l:lis ,cllv,I excessivefrutin1990 the hOlallIanian by: eenlralizalion. uhiquilous regime socialist rigid was planning, clnaracierized Islale and low co.operahivc) effetency, all nbc begtnlnmng lnnbaiatlees owilcrshmp. of S(iemilutmily,Sl:hlcsl. IV il/ e rl's (tat,l. m,ucip:ul (lilly, lISA, llIs'csmors: (blued Kimmgmhtmmtu. 'I't,nkt'v, IlmseillI101iIS,', 1 h,e Nehb,eI):lllalS, Siu,muh hsm,re,u, I il 'I Ailj:ilsl.iti I ',nil't'ssi,,pi 3'l, II'iiil 2':,); ((Iii Rile I 'I,,,reli mliii uti:uke lip ilK prtusecnhlng InagIsIt acyl iC)licseitls Ihie gencutul hItch esiS ttutl,nig lime prodluchive brandIes anml suub'branclues and forced, energy- 'I'he shie aunhl grnlvlh of I lit' priVate scctmir: 1 lie (11 stIle Seelihu uI i 111111 I"..p, SvItl',),I'es),s'per,:,il I:v;Illg,'ltt':l) 21221 III l',I: 1111cr I Iii Ilic s,s'ieiy alliul valet's orhler:Inhh Ihie cilloens' t11ills 11111 lit'ehlhlllls Illeilsive indnstriulinahioil wilinoul any correlaluomi will1 line Cliunlry's doulhl16% IhuhIllIn imi 1990,3511. 111(11)1' svas iu, ep,IIIII:lteai all 521. uI Ilie cm,4 (Itt' h115 II, I I I 'RI 711, si,. 17') 0 21:1.I S: NI,IIIaiy scivkt ,llI,eiIt'vt'I'l.(,'IS Is t'Il,i,jliIIs,'IV 1,41' II. I 51,1,I(illi5iiitlll iicrk l'lillte Mil,ister:lea,I t,I'SlaIe: Viel,,r 1711111 Ciorhea (l,lusiatllioescn (6. 1(54: 5111cc iI'. 6l,1'i: I)eceliuher since Noveitub,er I'lSl,). 111111,). Iher:msn fu,rced Inalermai promolion resonrces. of exports, an, lIlt by cxaggeratletl satcrihieing culbacks arty efficiency in imports cnllenia md stulessedan of11996): goods iumilmmslry17611,1. scrs',t'Cs (2.1:1.), (711,1, ttgrlei,il,inc hlurempmu (((71..). lInde eolmvuu,It'il,,lu I 511,1 I 7.1. ill I ')'15 'FIle tll,lIt' ll i lin Iii'), 11,11 41 ,,',ieii, Anne N,ts s'I\ est'epl 22.11)1) null. it cases SIIpoI:,ie,I liv I:t,r I 31)111111 itan: An iiee',,nil ,\i, IkknceI.eilgil4 i,l'seuvit'e: leg:leyehipluuiri:h of hour loIl,,svlmlg II ''SI, liii':: Romanians enjuuyed a periiuI ,ui great me)tcI 1011410,14) Ilalfhlecades of colnntt,tllsllie collapse regiltte. of Ilte Ille ('eau5esehl hutrhlehis,,nte ,IuclaioIslil1t, I allstub ecoulonnicI a91(e) riesv Ron,anitu to branches, paying paid off resulting overforeign 21 indebtsbillion an exlrelnely eatlydollursl. In Ihedeepenedlow 1989qualhly (over Ilue of ImlecrisIs 975' mit Cllhtlf"fl'''4.Ilnere ,s'eie )s'e'npthretl_tchIlb_71fl>,thlib ul'er 2 4 llohimu,it prls'ale lane (tolls hub 511,11.1 regtsbelehl mi I It'll, nl,,i I 'on, IIll WI4)),l,\FAiel.IInllls ,i'iti, 1111(11S ) I' hAl) III IF'AI) III) IMP SI 1(11 611) I\: I 17), si:,tc'', ,,p,I it maniaa ,i,e,iiber has diplioii:,lic ni .INI I, PAl I, ,iiil IIii'Iichullresisl:uncelcg:,cy hlf lrallsilillupCri,1h) ('cauiescu'sby m,i,l strihcluures arbilrary hlian mild II rule',iuimlhad itleliialiiles hceutoriginuailyaotI4.'lpaleI. megaliuttaoia resulled Ill a Inudlt as well 111111,4 l)esp,leas lIne grudmual19110flie pace eieclim,ilsGovenlmenl of dorm adopled of Pctrc a slralegyRoman ofwhich Iransilion look office which after combined lhc May a 20, in slate enlerprises (by lurning Iheun nb bIle15511.11crbtts undengiltleNtubi,lnn:nllt'sNKlN:bI' ilankilig a I(aink 111:9111 '111)1sysnem tuf ISss':msI(,,,o:mt,iti prlucess 111161 crealed Ill ucsurbudbnrinng.6'nI ss'mlil 6: hue'file cmimntulercmai RuiIh:lnnl:unhtlinkmIgvt't'lun In tsltnrcln i I 'I') I,ti lesS I IINR I ulelegabed Ill ul,e )Itutui:oni:,mp II, 66') I,I 6611',II'. ):NI''I',\I), WI))). 6611(1. 1N))I'. 66611)I,,', IJNIS('l). nit' lIe' viii I2,iil 61)16)) )JNIII. (hone (1NIIN),p1 tIN). lilt) 4,1 Fitropeittcii,lici (lip Jatm:,ry 26. In 1)93 byhitlertl:uI1110 et'unll,nthc ttithluy p,iiuiica) pmuiliie:hl hill developmenlhiciulites. parlies a which slihggishi and mnshroumllme,h Itilent:hliIllitll eu',uhtl,uhlc re1101:ili,un tiller relun 11151). iii, ss'erea ll,,in,aupi:m'sglhvettilhlel,l Inturrehl aiuluinanuonsliberttli,e,h,hased prices admioislrttlionsap),loach iti 1h11(5 Ia price I, and I Iberalizalihnn comnterctal counpauiesbIh,ver 90% of wIllutlte goods a lath ti alt efforl 10 keep iohlationary prt'ssthres (Iunhtllercitu)l61 piescnl lltpunk lucre 1)1(161. lIe Ii i,:tnks :rilmuss leglsicrell uilg lb1S'lt 1,12 lil llulllt:huilttull,iuleliolt :msetpilnt;ui tuui,b'I bhnemgn)htiulh, Ii 4,4,' Il p Ii,.,,,;,ut, lint.1',, lie' Ii,,'isluiit iii 'CaLL' mu. ill I-,'Il,ua,y I, Intl I:ilitle:Ili slale Ii, sigh I 'CIII) ht'e:,nic vu in llrossels t'hnuipriselI iiimiii iltally p,ilitie;ul Inlidlivers viIulctict''l'hie from 996 Cieeli,,n ye:tr prom'eul flue mtuhln,uy Ilie ctnhilt)nlllst era. s,,t'tul lunresl il unl'ituhotnr,111111cr ahlli dullilr,mt t'ase 'ociail 1111,1 costs, sthnp lit 11115 lilt declille respecl. in prodochlonitleashnres wereand he auhmupleth displ:ucc,tnenl '('lie Iiprllouuu:lumi:,n Flrt'igll 'fi:sIeI. ('u'mlm,lielcial lie i\gu iem,lmIlItuI ll,ink. IlAM'),Ii(lN lItlIlk tile )6,ulll,mmlitun 11:11,), lila1 mite RIm,u,all,a,u l):i,ilt l,uu pin' ii,,' '9'l''' lu,i ,'IrrIm'liii,,,) I ci,u,;il )'iIl')le:Ill'I lliiti,1'e:uii lIe I'ui,ipcami I I Ii,,,,,, ,tieuuiIuetsIiii lin Apr11 12, 5141k' iii,,,, );iIlei I Ilhrlg;tly iii,) l',,i;i,,,ll( )ul (lout' Ill 22. I'fllS, R,,,i,:,i,i:, '1)7 tiletlureell,u,civie eleelipi.ule elet'limuhls slril truth tesoliliely 4,,I'llie local, IteSo parliameolaryslnO,l ,Ienam,t'rt,lle fort eh:titge. antI slrlmclnresprcsideiulit l'he IlpIlulShlhuthi IllII. Ittu,tuaniti.lIme maplu achieved i,p Ity tI crisis,ia,s', chne,lihragi,1g reduce,h imtvesttfleitl, foreigit ioveslllteull, repealed dc, lahulor '('he energye000icls, and dtllicuities raIn tlltIlerlt,la) Indisnuaniliitg tile e,,lnnnand eeuu,lhuuny, passilug nbc h,rcvuUtillmumt s5'ilIh1,1l)cs'ehcip,,iemml hl,no:ummitp, (1,1111 i)a,tks l,lu'l, ale ull'I'ree mlc III tmggnegaue Sd (heir uu,ril balt,i,cc ititimm mm unIdeal tulemniitneic,,ui hiotnimug rtlIcn 'l'Iue esc)ituilge),:,t,k'. liii mt,ne is praclically fullrcuunverlu(nle 1111 lilt' I 'i 7'',., l,,,eslc I,)25)1",,, laslilles omit gi:issl;ui,,I 211.31,.Iii u'm,ueyai,ls SIll Ii,' :,,c,,t,l iiii,It'r tt'Iueit ii 1(14: I)) lie t'iliiilu('s l,,lal aria, aual,le Iauil i,,iiieil I' I:.IVI u.u,lyelectilIlu.great suhceess(I pulihieal Fuili,twluig In lames i)luu'ilarest (lIe lipllheparhamemitary Will 51) ulliterWilIclI electilloslarge had cItiesc,,Iere,I Ill Nm,vcituberIt) lletile race) ihilte nlalt:mgedl'l'ili 3, 1996,Iuit;ul uul'fsi,rimlgIf I, tiplettlt'nhittgauud the dralnalie Ihe landIteclinneIlte lass coullIry's ill (winch eXpOrls, resnored urableus a e011sequehuce hiland million - 10 ha the - abool frlriner 110% owners or ho Ilneir :unn,lpnrposc'uf prolil. fureigmi (ill/ella lrtl,(c ntay lmt,Insacnlunmmc purchtuse tmp mm, 111,1 1(5 f,,r $51111:,)muieugmiluisesbmlit yetlr lime t'aprt:uI :'ml 0414.' .,i,i I In,) ):,k,'s 3 77,,, ,,iliei l;i,r,lslu II,. l),,,u,a,,,:i till Ill IS)? 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'l'l,e svilnner was The R,nhi:mmllt,IitIuss DelIlulcelic (iuuuvelutlimlh leer ilte Vii, lIiresillll,l alluiwlng Ihetti access 1,1 lite lien' 4111,1.1)1.1 t':cilsehh (methe ec,,00irtmctlissm1hi1tiout silmuatioul of C'OMIIC'ON 10 delenmOrlule and of the in Ihe i,uss firsl Oflradiiiollal years ol 11)0 una,nkels, ivcomiie)lrescilb,'I' is Ilie mti,tdui tIll pull',lbIlllt Ills tale ms harmedX 'I'bt (N: St,i,sltm,tnrai I:l', reh,i,i,ns ittu,'e bee,, llllpit'muiemlieui It rtllt's futummi 5'11,lmII.0'1, \'A I' Is It's'meuh it 1111,, sslucrt':ms ('1sh1l;ml 'I: 1.1 'i,' hn','t iii I97i. hull, hlllillill', SI) lit' 7th in ii,,' uvumlu)i, ,,,',Iiir',,I gas iiuli'i,'i 11115 alt's) liii l)m,'ceptd,eiI(lllo)1,lll,7'l,ill h'pmlnicsi 1959, u,Ihlue ')'he ,vincl, stiles I'arly 10,15 fir llfSllCitll lIe mi Sell:hle opet I)cltimlcr;lcy hlppuisllntut Ill lIe reghltte InitIalled :ulier ui7'ii, llomuitnna fn lila I )i'l)Sl4ltlltillt'l problemseoillparehlterit,ul a,lld at'tI mIle Irtlllsilioll, hliglI socIal lnulchslriai ch,sl ofecono,nie oulpill in reslnuehurmllg, 11)92 decreased tile P1)516 Ily 54% I uhiIhl ('onh'rontcui willi these clmtllpies celtlihillluc plojeenshtrsic CulIlSthIhIt'l 55111111 gllusisover 50 111111 mlIllliu,ll l,'S)t,ihlS ulolltirs k'hlihuS' eelli1tle,l II ?.ycar las hltll,I.mv Fmlleughliluseshln,'lii II ISo III I .,,p,, ,,, II,, II,,' Insi ,iiill,',ni,,on A II ,ami, I11,,h,c,,liai, Iic',Iille. like ii,, ,,ih,'i II,,iii:,i,ee )te,,piu's,iiiI Vt'i alt's sill, ti,' Ii ,'.'iI ever sImpLe I,, lilt' Soci;ll.i)emiluIL'r:IIielI,e lillilig pa,1v lh,lrlhlg llmuioiu 1111)2,1196, -(JSI)1;,it ,iaceulalli:mncc sectumiul, h'ouolcd litlloureul'Idle l)elil,ieral,c I,>' Ilic hue I ie,uu,,eraluc m toU,,ven lIlt' mincittalhseitee lcieeed Ill privalivaliulul,inn 1114124 opted res)rlicburiltg fur a siass'er p11cc tlhid of tile ref,,rin, ln,iluslrl:mh Slruclore(Iruss19115). ullmttth'shie oF Industry t''nItumunic prutltlel 1k'u',,,lmlleah uJbt'ratllrsI t9961: bar 1119.615 31/1, 1191)51: :,,tmh hmlhumu,t bIle Ike sct'lai Itegislet id uni ('tutIlnilt'lcc ui servILe', lutu 15 I,'',, ('1,11,, lilt 611111 liii,,, i,hli lii,,, llc'iiplcil in the sct'ooil ,l,illeuoiuon Ill', 'l'iiil;iy tile .11,' Iii,' tile ilesceip,I;,iils oh limeil,,',i I:;islcuiili,mi'l:,lluets i(i,mnan ,,',nl,l lie h,,i,iI':n,i,:ni l)acia,is, :111,1 1116:111, iS it,,1 ii l'sIrlyllllliulti'aily :111,1umI'liIhunic(('1661) Ihe :,mud l(,i,IlatniamiI luumigariaits tilt' Roliianittlts' Social.i)ehinicrallc iut l(oni:mmiia Naliumnal 1111 1_loity h?illll,l'tnhyi, ('any he I ScalerlI'IJNRI. KilIlla,iltl il Inc deh'meils,siihsidizelmtu,lderocztliil,tl, prindut'tiotl. high inilallihin line whtieim lileil and )ios't'rluilteu) rcsumlncd currency III dcprecialion. Ilodgelrelied ulplmil111111 The afnrehglu Sysbelti eleetlolls mmdc oh of sIC'teeth htetd tied 84im,Ie,esu, regies a,d,,mh,nlles I 3,1176 culinlp:mnics ,,fin:unlmuibtml svilh ltimislls'tlhlert'sb, stIle I'll I dlmphbttl,epIcs aluni,mIu,lihes 41,1,135 lu.) 71)0 l,,i,p',h;l,',', :l,,tgsii)eli,,,i,.'ili,','pp Spaiiisii,l:,higmm:igc'.. I'ieiu,'l, I >oriog ilpe M,,l,ile Apt's lit' I(u,,i,:unaius ,n,,',,i ilie Ipuesideimhmal ',umuvcuuli,nIu elecli,n1cami,Ii,laie, Emil won Conshanlineselt, 54,4)1', (If illevh,lCs, Ilte l(onti;,niatu colluptireul snilluDt'mlnler:llmc 45.5911. Q aNuuveniber iruru ruf edtimlolluic 191)6 srene refturin svhnn incluudingby polilical linefu,rces accu'ientule,I deleruhuincd reslrhucllml 10 imlsi,lnle ng li,utnly ast,nc,:ulmuuimslIttle toil 11.2.2(12c:u)'ilthl cu.11lptmnics selI'dmmlplalveti 11111) persohns) 226,4117 pu is'aue t'i,lreltmeincnis ,ii,u.0 lii' 11:11101, reeeis'e,l by (lull liiescn. lhca,I of sl:ule hetsveeui 141611,11116.6111 I iccelllllel tuiuml privali,tumion ,,l's)alme'Iinvthed t'ulimlptmuiles, real,mctua,n uf sulhsl,Iles, NltInIlh'r Ill t'ItljiiIul'h't'S I' ttaitt Itrauuielit's ml tiathimmnaI tell Ilntthv .,'., lu S ii,,,',' mmul,'peiil,'iiiis,',,' iimmiieil, :iii,l l6,ilt,,ltl )liul,'I;iliiieil Issl;lle Ihti,le1lt'niit'flCe -sl:lle tins l,,iui('1151 ill 1651 uvlieii W;ill;,,'lo:ili liie,pallli,'s: \h':,Iii,'i,,i h1,,I,):,,'i:, and iii,) utilu 19111,,tIle (1116,1)61111111seals iiu the ttesv (ll)MR. ParlIulutenI. Whlit'il illgeliler culneliudehl iu:uve ntllre tilt 111:111(05:agreelllt'mit (If - IldI hiher:hil',:htionI'll 16,611 /.6111 ttl'pnit'es, %$ 11111iN Ill )71Illounemany .6 N (6: sltlbtiuty, lloitiaiiia's ecotuilmtly hider 110110.1,t'Iillsltilt'liIllii.l:tnttaurv lummIc I. (.1115191)7): (.115 mluous,l, 'f 'itmI:1)10115.1, 51,1.1 :hgt emluldtuth,lin muut(llu'ulu,lbe 4441 Ih,nuc.l, ,,l',s'I,,,tli ,l7,h IlluIlls I, l,uiImlS)nr '5'I 111111 lltlbmslIulll I 1111 '.4 null, uiI l,v 1,111,1 Ii 'si51:11,44 lii, elnI ui)'the lip'u,aiip:,, i\Ilcr liii' St't',uti,I 'ili',uli.iti't )rat,sylvaiiia, ))esS:hr:illia \h'iei,l \V:i,, ii 11)1 ((till 5'uil,l War it,,ii,aiui:u shared 111,1 lie (ellillul IL'SlIne,,s'iiia g,is'ermhultelit;tlillVictor I'arIiaitie,l ('iorbett altdline Itl parIialnentarylisihehpt,lfof uuf Ilte PNTCI), item s'uilidthrily. a(l)h6 (lit uneinber I)eeetlll,er 'Ill ly) prest'Ilteh) cnai,lItllI goveiulmt'mil liltIbc op a)' 2, )h;91t, scdlors:algltvilht'hlnmimlutluisnl Ineigllbourmlng ididlure svas auld thypemeennralmzed ee000utties, sltule'oss'nt',l Pnir:ili',,al chlinnptmmiles. and Ityperdistorted, ion svas '(hue l:iuncined evemt anlllormllas cnimmptmrt'd lutive it 1,511 assisl;,IiccNItntlIt'r )3hi1) ni Iluunhs,b,unettupluyebl plilllnc audlnlnisbrtlll,mil(.lanuary It. I 997): (124 11111115.) 1n57,564 :1mm ers'ms I lu 1",. 111,1 iii,,' )le,'e,nhcr ii ('ei,lralhi,ice,l iiill,i,liielluihl ill lliet',ulnhiinliisi syslt'lii. '1$') iivcill,ie,s' N,t',il:,eni,) ('etuiu'tu,'scu's lui'ti I:nruipt', sohleriiug i3O,ler Irepresenit,lives IuhtugtmriahtslIe lirsl in limileapplilnled Ri,,tcmia, titam ir,lunheeauttc III)MR. these pariner a threepolihical In pailhlcalgu,s'euliuttelul, Iilree )uuces. I',4prescmhlmilg II seas l,lr ehililte I lit' iraitsler r Ibeeli/thus'hlpmu'hb slate righil 1am 0 derive toal privthnizt,licl,tshianre revenue ill hile fromapproach nations (he ecOmnonntcsrhn,chprivl,lizahiotn recognizes assels process both and nbc tine ltonua,ulan Ileed Ilir From the l,flllt'aelis'eInduslriatNumher pzpuIt1li1uf of relirellnulpthl (1411, Inrrsnu5 indicator', us'cuc l,Jantta.ry ss',,riters (19'1I) auut)I. 19971: 5411, 3,713,0011 ne me scmluumt'ml ilersttmus ' 10111: '191 177,21,1. 1112 11)1)11 ) 75.0" I HI,) a ni:,ikei eeillnulluy viii to ltiiiti:,iuu:i's teil,legi:Illi4ll lilt' lt''.i7'i,u tip 11w tesluiiai'I,iii ,, I ,ht'iliuut'raey I,:iscil ,ul' 11115tenhVup,n,mmii,,,t suidiely :istt re:ul ciiautge'over t)'regiitnc, sigitil'vIng Ilaun,:,utma's mlia,le Ill Lu delnocrtttle spurul. I,:ts hc'eo peuet'ieeul')'y he m begiitniltgtk'ceitihcr Ill II. lilt' pruseessmnfI 9'lh, privthmizaltoll2,1142 colnpaluics - t)ecettiber sverc privanized 1992 - In(2.141) sullall Inve'4ntenls(61(311). I 993 ttt:ttle )luI.) 1',), in cclmnnitix 11)1>4 1113,1%), ((996): i 2i)(u7f,9l5 11.9,111',) hilliluni Ici. of srhieh SI) ,,i,9u,'',,ii sp:,t's' ss'l,,eli she h:is always liu')iiigeI. '('lie (',ilisiiiimll,uli )vlsse,l by lIla Ilill I") III'1,1,1 III i,i em), willm lb c,,nlltillltiSl p:isl. I') II II'S': h'ohlotvimig lIle ctlitlpse if u'iilll,I101ilsill Ill whidildl,lllptmIncs, 11114 a(1114 1t1,Ilumntll mllediullt'si/eti caipiltll exceeihimng coutlptumlies aun,I only (('I hg comnpanles I I) hilllatb Id), 'lIne n,p,iun,tnl Prnlluclilltt41% ill mile tf prlctilesedlimi'. nuujllr intiuslriall gruihps (19961: eleelmie pawt'r 11 1.221 ,a,li,,'lil tIll), %'\I'/, S l')((N ,'i'.',,'ii,i,lv'I ll,'i't'ol)l,'t lii N,uvellil,e, 2), 111111, I I 'I'll liuit'l:,ouls l(,uuti:n,i:, v:ilidaic,l by tIle1 'Livt'it'igti iii,) gcilp,ilmnmd:liIlaslenil lilIrope, sllllatiulmm. R,nnaitm,m 'lit 11,0111) Ilte sottlli'svesl, ilsel I' lnar:m,imt'allyc'hm;,mlgemllueiglnhIuni mng \'ogllslnvha 1155)6 Ittet e,linstit'ahpiial lielioll, hlf titese sers'ices. 2,1142 algricuilhurc contpttnics, aild hlhmlslIy bourislln iii and havIng 857.111111 lile Incas of trade, mtnii.cu,,im1,1,mill. kWhI, crullel,ihiln,5 lllduun:ll I, smet'i 15,115cr mill,16,011) (.(.rehillc,IihilhIl..) (81,27,1 Ilt,,cms, IlnOuls. I.), tlliulnl,uhi,nth hictthl, 111111, 111111cc) (144.521, l.lI1:IlihrtlI t'mmal I (.11 gasIiiiI.t4 I. gttsillilme .1,1W 1111) s,i,'tai 5iat iii gills in,) l'ree,i,,nis,l''l:ilt', lilt' iiilii:ity hillIllil,It'ie,i lleveloplllelul11,4.11,54 :0,,) t'h,at,i,'ieri,e,) liv lime n,) i,m,h ivisil,le, l(,ipicimii:u lilt' ui lass'. s,'here is a (sincewililIVas a hire;ii,ing simoihar1712), hIcu,ilamli:l liltliule :tttul ill 19'lh,tile no 1111,51 l,,ngerFor 11w 11:1,1llml)l,irl',lIlI lirsl aliuuue c,l,nmnoul Iteighilluhir ill lile p1151bmuruleu 21111 551111 years lIlt' eltl)tl,uyt't's,11511l"(111111(N imICtIliOli Ih,laliied IN\I':s'I'slFN'F for 4.145 invesllnent hi)Ilitut INgenerally lei, IIOS1ANIA: ilnclulule: Ronnaniia'Cadvanittgcs a large cionlesbic iux,rltcl clldunhic:mi(14, bllill, I.). syomimelicfeunlhjicts (1.4rlmhhcr miuiii, 134,7)111 (.1, ceulidnt 17,1112 111,1,14. I I. 1111115cr (1,54(1 lllous.eml mIll, papel II, ".ini,',', II,,,','I, tines All ;i,i),ii,' I), 'l'he I ,,i,slilnfl,u,, i,'"," plu,i;,i,Sllm :,,e sli(llcilit'Slit p1111 iii,' Rhissi:hllii' lillIpItelilt' 11c1,,mlilie oh' M,iluliiva. a sItite Imilhi i'lleerethlliln, helsecen the rIvets 'rim) ill tilth 1,1 37,71111 s,,kili_ Intl I lnmcsler, In122 ('cluirtli nnih(ioll )SIlIihpe: ec,nsonnersl, escehietll tile i:urgesi lot'tllioli in SFal IlKl:nr,upc crossiotuhls 111,1 tlue of sceouth) lrludiliuumua( itirgesl leE,1.1110.11(7 neli ugertulors3511 ml, mu,ili.,t,1,lli,b. lluSS'l ).lbhi.3)llI tIlls ncs.I.Ii,n,Iss'e'.um (Ii 1.2.111 TV sems )I.l pcs.( (272,11)11)5.11, Irtudl,lls minIs. pcs.(.ptilrsl. II 3,l)1u2 umue:utlnmnilmuut' i'c. )4'17,5 ) 17 i .751611(1,0 ha) I)u,'l lv,i'eil:ohibc( i'ailcii,,e,it thu I 'ii;ot,in,'r uill )cltmilles :iiilhuurtl,es i hue )egisl;ulihit', ii,,' C',t't'illist' cii,iI Ihe 11)11 11111141Is poplllalimuil ilthlepellulent'e u,I'.b.4 110110W,101 Alhghls( ntrlslly 27, Rmilllatiiatnsl 19') I, clhused WIlicIl lime p1u1dI11110t'Il ehtiergcnet'hll at mc Imadeam tallIes, s5'iliclb thllosns1,01111 a ceess kin to overrtidiuts; 2110 ,yhlensiVe iuuilli,nn cnstottners sea aind rIversvililin navigalion faleclmlues - I.), 511)111 111111 ssveels (1(111)12 1.1.11111k )l,s711 Ilnu,ts.hil I, cl,ersc 142,554 1,1 4:1,1 2(111. ,nl'lime 11,1:11 'Pill,' le)tIesel,i:iliveI, elide,1body :,ii,I by (lit',,iliversal si,ie law'im,:mku,ig vole li,r a I',,oi n,li,,,i ' ye:ii fly let ti. is the pe,iple's '('he ofgeulgu.lplmic:uisecuuuimh balance, sltuhihily ilmlolallian lietu. a,u,I Rllln:Iniu 5111Kdilnceurd. hason Pnsl-d,ioillmulnlsl Eurcapesmmpllsed nap.Iselfalher hlmnn;,niasill I 9((l) is:ulillabaled It,t'lor crcsts'ru,Iulcn Set,:('an:mi('onsnali(a a providesskillcul is bIle lahl,lur a Itmlgesldirecl force, waler Black svilll link Sea lrainilnghchsreeuu p107 nil anh) IllelecIluloliugy hackbile Rltlne.Mtun-l)am,luhe Sean and and engineering, lilt Nm,1)Ip pItImIndlIllInII, edibleu'tcric,hllbbrall t,ib sv:ls123,1,6112 eSIlarleil prlmhlltdlunn I) beer (7,1,42 I I(191t1: ilumuos I ,rtlmns lm,ht,h 1.1 I 111,11 I , 11111 all ',,,oao,l,'till'lllt' Aniwdl'il'Si,i,'lll Forces isaitd ('hainti:ni ol,ilth,'sos'er lie Supreilie 11w l)eliruee adits'ity t,Ip.)' the lliiuti:itiia, pli)iht' antIlot,t,es, elided ly nod hillil'eisal is Stiptetne ShilL'. li,r a hnir.yeaicall 1)4.' clivrt''CIt'Cled ililly 1111CC). ih')lrCsenls Ilie lli,ol:llilalt optiunilAbthekcl) Itlelnher hills beenby oftill lIce illhegralmonille iiprens('oulncil tthtlklttg of Europe Il since 1993 Rntil:umli:t sigunem) lIlt 11111 lslhropt'auu slrnelllres, II hlectstoul Ille llhtltlthfltillh pof head speclnunn, ai rt'i:lnirel)'lnuluslriai('ellile fturmnland l,mw slrnebnre wagt's', and auallowirtg asride siguliflctnnl rtnnge the local of lhlurislll lualnrlul plurcllase polentiaml:resources, of unlertoediate inelumdiulg a diversifnehl Inpols (2.11srinidhl: 111111, ss'lne:lu I.). 1iluh pullaliles (3.2 10111, 1,1, vegu'Itlhhcs (261.1, toil nitlize ('1,6 111111. ye (3,1 muuii( I (, smllIll,l5sel II ,lI'lS IhultIs I_I. h:mrley tu,u,l tss'uu.Iu,l,' h:,ilev II I I, SmiptIl hct'l I ). grtlpev 1.I(illhill,t., he I ipyefluillefltI':lili:illtt'ill till IS'She basis uI a ,'iufli ,,ieilce It' ,lll(luliaic'sae'.illili,l:lle 'the (iovernlllenlIC t'nsi,res Ille ntpk'ltuelllalloll or tile oll,ce 01' Prune Mnttsler ChIC received Ill the 26,Agreenucnhagreeitleitl 1994 Rutin:umlia of association was svilh (he firstIhie slateEoropeaml in F,asicrn Utntomt Europe (0 5ifl (lIe which caine mb force on February I, I9'li, hill itunuary Ihe Enrulpe enshrimtcstlod investors,ulIralelive foreignnoIt'inlerferenCe inseslmnenl by legislation.the Goverlulnent In bills and rrspcci, unresuicted icgislaluoui access lie basic principles of equahily of trealonent for foreign aunli11111,11.4 71IllilI, 10 4u lIneml, to gralpes.i'rililsprmlmlactuoa 11.6011 i,f Ihoums.gmanms. LI. '>5/, '('he l,i pmnl:ul,mcs. prirtule Sct'tou '14'!', du,l,mnihlaled lit s'cgdbalnles ,r:lgei,,ctli,ili,istraihveall ol'puihhc areas adininistralion, is based vii iltePuhi,c prioeti,Ics a,)ntiltisir:liloli iii l,,cal aihllllt(lifly and t)OUts'Sl tnil lore ign pal cli's ;,n,l provides general I,OCIII ii Itt local wasmuilinaliunitalI'attinershtip gnttl,lehl, for005enereises, Peace permanent launchedsome basis, on Romania's bylila NATOmost favoured terribly. and has In115)1011 lakCn1996 Rolrtania part clause to fullup101111 toretention 100% sectors foreignand of freenbc ownership, uscRomanian of export fulleconomy. earnings,rcpatrialion Gnaranlees Al theof profits same arc nodtime,provided capilal. major for collIe,ailliLivettoek(January goals 58% 110.4 for pigs tpniil.l and1,19971: 93%The privatefor Cabble(3.Itmi sheep seclor's ,mnd goats. l.b.pigsll).itotal share mnillwas '10%I.shecp 'u.n I .'llihlhi/,llhlilllilt,') ill' plihile services, sole, tire 'flue county council is the public llIlilIIlislI.ihiOii anlltarily hue pobliC aditiinislrali,,it :lllhIltlrilies lit Clliflililnles eoi,,pciis Old mayors. eleeleul ncigllbonrmogupin her preferential lra,de wilh Ruigaunia, relalimnns, USA. a Yugoslavia.state After witlt11w whicIl friemldship I Ilungary Rolnamlia (I Irealies 91)61 slrives andsigned lJkruune to wOlihnild Dcveiopinnenl(119)invesitbnen) iulccnlivcs Agency (RDA) include wibli tax lIne holidays main objectiveand tariff ofexemption encouragingnIle Ronianian Government established the Romanian In (11,50/4,rmltlnycesStrtteture housIng ((9151:oI'lnlat andfood consumptiun durauhle md beverages go,tds espcnditures (59.11%),(12.2%), mtledudlnas elohlliulg in Ihe houieholds and mull) b'oolss'ctn lnrdleai of - - - - .'oh'i,ll,i',,mes'IntuIt -5. (lIe (iOs'ernitle,it liii' actis'ilies- tppollhtSof all ctnnitumne',ntd- iosvn- cihitleiIs to - - - - -' ------_ 1 preleci II liii' heaul ,,l c:iell Moldova.hi 9971, a 'Ihesitlnilatr new treaulyleadership is being elected prepared in mile SVilh parlian,euttary Ibte Repuhhlic auth of inveslillentanhl facilitating in Romania foreign investors'lotalied 2454 actiniiies. billion Ondollars May nodI, Ihe number 997, foreign edocalioncare (I .2%b. (4.3%b, traunsporl 0111cr persona)and commonicabions expenditures 14.2%). 168%), cuibore anti 1

41,11111,16,

Durables owned by the population (pieces/1,000 inhabitants - end (180 mill.5). The European Union received 55% of the Roman' of 1995): TV sets (225), refrigerators (196), washing machines (148),exports. cars (93). Main imports: machines and equipment (25%), mineral fuels (24, Nominal average reference exchange rate (lei/USD): 1990 (22.4),textiles, clothing, leather goods (16%), chemicals, plastics (12%). 1991 (76.4), 1992 (308.0), 1993 (760.1), 1994 (1,655.1), 1995 Main partners: Germany (1,704 mill. $), rtaly (1,553 mill. $), Rus (2,033.3), 1996 (3,082.6). (1,258 mill. $), France (495 mill. $), South Korea (383 mill. 5). 5 Consumer price indices (October 1990 = 100): 1991 (444.5), 1992 of the imports came from the European Union. (1,330.0), 1993 (5,259.9), 1994 (8,507.3), 1995 (10,868.1), 1996s-r.-vrE BUDGET (1996): Revenue (18,372.8 billion lei); Expendi.turi (17,055.4). (23,732 billion lei). Deficit (5,359.2 billion lei). Industrial products price indices (October 1990 = 100): 1991JUSTICE (1995): Actions brought to the court of justice (1,245,8 (857.3), 1992 (1,786.4), 1993 (5,208.6), 1994 (9,037.0), 1995of which criminal cases (250,054), civil cases (995,754). Per's (11,944.5), 1996 (18,722.8). definitively convicted (101,705), 32,948 sentenced to imprisonment Monthly inflation rate: 1991 (10.3%), 1992 (9.6%), 1993 (12.1%),of whom for murder (1,370). Number of judges (2,806). 1994 (4.1%), 1995 (2.1%), 1996 (3.8%). . HEALTH CARE: Medical assistance is generally free of charge. He- Average nominal wage and salary earnings (December 1996):rmits (January I, 1996): hospitals (414) with 173,000 beds, polycli 433,692 lei. (577), medical clinics (6,016), pharmacies (3,332). Medical-sanit Current account (mill.$): 1990 (-3,337), 1991 (-1,012), 1992 (-1,564), staff in the public sector: physicians (40,173), dentists (6,046) 1993 (-1,174), 1994 (-428), 1995 (-1,639), 1996 (-2,434). pharmacists (2,661), nurses (128,549). On July I, 1996, there w Capital and financial account (mill. S, November 1996): 1,791.0 4,057 registered AIDS cases. Credit (4,317.0); Debit (2,526.0). EDUCATION (1996/1997 SCHOOL YEAR): The system of st Broad money (December 1996): 30,342.1 billion lei. education comprises pre-school education (for children aged 3 to 6'1 External debt (December 1996): 6,819.4 mill.5. primary school (grades I-IV), secondary school (grades V-VIII), h'' Public debt (December 1996): 12,792.8 billion lei. school (IX-XII); [-VIII grades are compulsory. Vocational and forem Net international reserves (December 1996): 1,884.4 mill. $. schools have 1-2 years and higher education 46 years. After al Gold reserves (December 1996): 87.66 tones. half a century,' the first private educational units reopened in 199C TRANSPORT(1995): The railway network totals 11,376 km, of which School attendance was 4,686 thous., i.e. 21% of the county 34% electrified track. The public road network totals 72,859 km, ofpopulation. Teaching staff totalled 306,000. The number of univer which 17,608 km are modernized roads and 14,683 km national roads.students: 355,000 (of whom 25% in private higher educat The main national roads largely follow the railway lines, almost all institutions). There were 1,625 pupils and 157 university students pe leading to the same destination: the capital. River-borne traffic is almost 10,000 inhabitants. exclusively conducted on the Danube: from Bazias (at its entry inCULTURE (1995): After December 1989, there was a Romania) up to Braila it is navigable for small draught ships (up to 2information boom (following the setting up of private m), while the "maritime. Danube", between Braila and Sulina, is companies, radio and TV stations, a.o.) subject of lat navigable for up to 7 in draught ships. the rigours of the free-market economy. Cable television has registere Freight by transportation branches (1995): Total 765 mill. t. Railwaya great expansion. In 1995, 5,500 titles of books (in 35 mill. cope (105 mill. t.), road (616 mill. t.), river (15 mill. t.), sea (13 mill. t.), air 1,132 newspapers and other periodicals were printed (of which 73 (46 thous. t.), pipelines (16 mill. t.). dailies). There were 139 theatres and musical institutions, with 15. Passenger traffic by transportation branches (1995): Total: 2,937performances and 3.9 mill. spectators. 45S museums were visited b mill. passengers of whom 2,309 mill. town passenger transport. Out of8.4 mill. persons. 628 mill. passengers in intercity and international traffic, 211 mill. SPORTS (1995): Clubs (446), sports associations (3,594), sp ----used Failway-tcanspor4041-1 mill. road transport, 2 mill. river transport sections (8,436) with 336, 947 registered sportsmen. The most pop and 1.9 mill. air transport. sport is soccer. COMA1UNICATIONS (1995): Post offices: 10,823 with 258 mill.pcs.TOURISM: The variety of landscape, the abundance of historical of mail delivered, 2.9 mill. telephone subscriptions. Public radio artistic monuments, the originality of folklore and folk art, the I broadcasting stations (132), private broadcasting stations (104) with number of health resorts and spas (over 140), the possibilities for wi 4.4 mill. subscriptions. Public TV broadcasting stations (53) and 36 and summer fun make Romania an interesting tourist destination. TI private television stations with a total of 4.1 mill. subscriptions. main tourist attractions in Romania include: Bucharest; the Black CONINIERCIAL SERVICES RENDERED TO THEcoast resorts; the Danube Delta; mountain resorts and picturesque POPULATION (1996): 3,781 billion lei (74.5% private sector). growing regions; the world famous painted churches and monast FOREIGN TRADE (1996): Export FOB: 8,085 mill. $. Import FOB: of Moldavia; Maramures and southern Transylvania - the cradle 10,555 mill. $. Private economic operators accounted for about 50% ofDacian civilization. Additionally, vestiges of ancient Hellenistic at all foreign trade operations. Roman culture as well as medieval cities like Sibiu, Brasov (with Main exports: textiles, clothing, leather goods (27%), metallurgical Castle), Iasi can be found throughout Romania. In 1995 the tor products (16%), equipment (14%), minerals (9%), agricultural and food accommodation network included 2,905 facilities, of which 929 hotc products (9%). and motels totalling 290,000 accommodation places, which receiv, t3EST COPY AVAILABLE 17 WHICH ARE THE THINGSYOU FEAR L MOST ATPRESENT ?

- The figures represent percentages -

JUNE MARCH 1997 OCTOBER JULY 1997 1996 MARCH DECEMBER CURS 1996 1996 SEPTEMBRIE METROMEDIA CURS 1995 JUNE MARCH CURS ICCV 1995 1995 Prices 55 CURS 1CCV 1995 51 62 CURS ICCV 68 70 61 52 A war in the 56 54 25 37 29"-- 26 .) .Health 31 42 34 problems 41 33 -- 35 39 34 38 35 36 29 30 Unemployment- 28 25 27 27 29 ,..: 27 . 27 32 Delinqtiency.- 28 21 24 17 19 30 19 17 19 18 Social unrest. 11 15 11 10 15 10 9 12 Setting up of a 4 II 7 8 new .. 7 8 dictatorship 9 8 .. ,.. 6 7 ) This question difl not appear in march 1996survey.

9

WHICH ARE THE THINGS YOU FEAR MOST AT PRESENT

Prices 55%

Health problems 41%

28% Unemployment 11111111111111531111111111111 A nal- in the area :14W 25%

Delinquency11510211111111 21% Social unrest 3% 11% 1111111111111111

Setting up or a new dictatorship2%se40/o

4% Other2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

I 0 First choice 0 Second choice JUNE 1997

SurveySu carried on by CENTER FOR URBANAND REGION L SOCIOLOGY - CURS .10_ le5 HERE ARE 711-0OPINIONS:

OF THE STATE SHOULDDECREASE AS FAST AS POSSIBLE PRIVATIZATION SHOULD BE QUICK AND THE ROLE SHOULD DECREASE AS SLOW AS POSSIBLE PRIVATIZATION .SHOULD BE SLOW AND THEROLE OF THE STATE

WHICH ONE OF THESE OPINIONS COMESCLOSER TO WHAT YOU THINK ?

- The figures represent percentages - JUNE MARCH JULY MARCH DECEMBER SEPTEMBRIE JUNE MARCH OCTOBER 1995 1995 1996 1996 1995 1995 1997 1997 1996 CURS ICCV CURS ICCV CURS ICCV CURS METROMEDIA CURS Privatization should be quick and 64 54 53 45 50 59 59 the State should decrease its role 53 50 as fast as possible*. .* Privatization should be slow and 39 39 40 37 34 35 32 the State should decrease its role 32 33 as slow as possible

1 - 2 . ::.. 1 .1 ... - - I - No opinion -

6 7 5 ., 16 5 9 PrivUtiiiii-On should not he de ei 15 16 18

33

PRIVATIZATION SHOULD BE QUICKAND THE ROLE OF THE STATESHOULD DECREASE AS FAST AS POSSIBLE PRIVATIZATION SHOULD BE SLOWAND THE ROLE OF THE STATESHOULD INCREASE AS SLOW AS POSSIBLE THINK? WHICH ONE OF THESE OPINIONSCOMES CLOSER TO WHAT YOU

15% No opinion I53% - Privatization should be quick and the State should decrease Its role as fast as possible

32% - Privatization should be slow and the State should decrease its role as slow as possible

JUNE 1997

REGIONAL SOCIOLOGY - CURS Survey carried on byCENTER FOR URBAN AND -34- 19 HOW OFTEN DO YOU

Differeces up to 1009i, represent no opinion

Go to theatre 86% %E-1%

Go to cinema 83% 15% 7%

Read books 49% 26% VIII1 % r/-II%

% * Go for a walk/make sport 13% 23% Iffil 1123%

31% 39% 0 7%.M., Go to church III10 III 121%

Talk to neighbour/friends 10% I 19% 149%1 ',,,,14," ;"21% '7:2; -, 1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1 0 Very rare El Rare 11110ften 13 Very often JUNE 1997

Survey carried on by CENTER FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL SOCIOLOGY -CURS -45 -

IF WE CONSIDER DIFFERENT CLASSES, LOWER CLASS, MIDDLE CLASS AND 1 UPPER CLASS, WHICH ONE WOULD YOU THINK YOU BELONG TO?

Upper class Middle class Lower class Don't kno/No an seer lUtsF..1.997 Survey carried on by CENTER FOR URBAN. AND REGIONAL SOCIOLOGY - CURS 46 o BOW MUCH LAND DO YOU OWN?' Percentages of the total number of those declaring they owna piece of land

70% 67%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

13%

10% )3%

4% 4% 4% 0% 1,7,,orkom Up to I ha. 1.1 -2 ha 2,1 - 3 ha 3,1 - 4 ha 4,1 - 5 ha. 5 ha. or more

JUNE 1997 Survey carried on byCENTER FOR URBAN AND REGIONALSOCIOLOGY-CURS - 51-

WHERE DO YOU OWN A PIECE OF LAND 71

Percentages of the total number of those declaring they own a piece of land

In two or more localities 7%

In other locality _.111111,_ 26%

In this locality 67%

JUNE 1997

Survey carried on by CENTER FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL SOCIOLOGY- CURS -54. I, THE 1 GOLDE BOUG 1

I.

THE SIMPLE SPLENDOUR OF A CHARACTER:

THE ROMANIANPEASANT

NR. (2) 4 -1996 zz- WhenBRAkUSIleft his homeonfoot,.

"The poet striving to share his own personality has unwittingly imparted the ethos characteristic of each people. The poetry that suits me, though highly modern, is to a certain extent more traditionalist than what is commonly regarded as traditionalism, since it renews the con- nection with the primitive contents of our soul unaltered by romanti- cism, naturalism or symbolism. I can give an example from the plastic arts: Brincusi. This artist picks up a tradition going back much further than the so-called traditional sculpture It is the kind of art I am in favour of. A kind of metaphysical traditionalism, I would call it, bypass- ing the near past..." (Lucian Blaga, interviewed by Viata Literara, October 1926).

71e1/ Hobltal Tegi,,san1 on foot when I was 10. My father was a farmer2 with farmhands3 of his own. In Cralova, I found employment in a shop, as errand boy4, in order to carve out a livings for myself. Have you noticed that in Oltenia, where I come from, 'carving a Itvinglas a different meaning? That it means hard work? That in Bucharest 'carving a living' is almost a syi7onim for wheeling and dealing? Where I come from, carv- ing a &fop an honour, since one has to work for sixteen hours a day to this purpose. In the Capital, the term is employed disparagingly. It belies disparities pertaining to the moral climate not to the terminology alone. Have you considered Oltenian morals? (lengthy argument). In Cralova, I used to be an errand-boy at Spirtaru's Restaurant, across thethe ro d from the stations. I stayed there for six years, and would work some l& hours a day. At three in the mo g, the coachmen? would wake me up by rapping their whip crops on the door of the shed I slept in. They'd cone to pick custom from the early trains, and before speeding off with their loads of passengers, they would orger me to serve them warm sausages, chilled vermouth andhot horseradish sauce. I attended the vocational School in Cralova and the art school in Bucharest. In order to afford studying in the Capital, I had to sell off my share of the land inherited from my parents. I suppose Radu Brancusi turned in his grave with the shane and the outrage of it all. Had he been able to turn into azombies, he would have strangled me for bringing Shame upon their name9 by selling off my share of the land. I left for Munich, and twhen I got there, I had 20 el left.' The glass of wine is an opportunity forexchanging experience while chatting. As he advanced towards old age, when I methim, Brancusi would avoid the glass of wine. 1.4 C. Brancusi ignored the glass of wine and the meats forhis sturdy, malady-free clay. He needed neither boosters nor stimulants to build uphis intellectual tension. Spirits are the accompaniment of meats on feast days, and in our homeland, not every day is a feast day. OurMammas would say at the table: 'eat sparingly, my child, sparingly', that is do not waste and do not surfeit yourself. (...J C. Brancusi was methodical about his approach to food, like anyeducationist and moralist worthy of this name. [...)lk came up with a theory of the glass of wine which Ialso heard from my aged relatives along the River Olt, where I used to bake pumpkin and corn on thecob, while minding the horses and the cows in my school and student days, inthe pastures there.1...) The Oltenian man has no leisure to drink between 20 and 40, because he is all set to carve aliving and start a home of his own for himself and his family. After the wedding,he has a dance with his bride, clinks his glass with everybody present as is demanded of him for the observanceof the rules governing weddings and the procreation of children, which are strict and handed down inthe course of mysterious conversations. On Sundaysialhe participates in meetings and solemn occasions(wedding and engagement parties, christen- ings, hinerals11). On Sundays he also goes to the publichouse12. On Sundays he goes, solely as an onlooker, to the village dance, the hora13. The youngsters dance Joyously, and themarried men, between 40 and 60, drink heavily and watch the spectacle for a few hours. In the country, there are not spectacles everyday, as in Paris or Bucharest, but toil six days running. The seventh is forcelebration. 1.4 Past 60, a native of Gorj no longer drinks. Children, grandchildren, daughters-in-law and sons-in- law would make fun of the oldster. Neither his health nor his purse allow for the pursuit. The glassof wine Is drunk in moments of sadness or great joy, on making a profit, on closing adea114. The oldster15 is no longer in the position to close a deal. He no longer earns extras. He always helps onthe farm of his son-in-law16, who was brought over in his house and effectivelytook over, so as not to live off his son-in-law's well being, like a leech or a louse. The old man no longer has the right to be sad or experience great joy. Between60 and 80, the old man sees to the education of his grand- and great-grandsons, whohave sprung from his loins, grown up on his land, either in his'hut'17 or in the new, large house that befits a level-headed man. Have you noticed that the primary concern of our well-to-do man is to build himself a newhouse? (...) The old man dresses18 in white and yellow, delicate colours. His old woman,his daughter or his daughters-in-law see to it that his clothes are frequently washed19. In his turn, he takes care not to besmirch them or stain his face and hiswhite moustache20. When men drink, they're apt to fall inthe ditches and talk dirty. Where we come from, l'homme comme 11 faut '' has thousands of years of breeding behind him.' f (p. 44-46) Petre Pandrea... From: BIOGRAPHY A NUTSELL (A discussion with the artist, 1939)

10 ARGUMENT

Wedding Carol From the girls away youre led. By the green liTeath on your head

Oh, green-coloured briar leaf For to join the wives instead; Bride, it's time to take your leave It's not for the boys you wear From brothers and sisters dear, Flower garlands in your hair, From the flower garden here, Now you're in your in-laws' care. From the flower beds therein, Sing, oh, girls, and dance with glee And from all your kith and kin, While you're with your family, From the fragrant basil bed, Come, oh, girls, and sing for hours, And from many a dancing lad, And bedeck yourselves with flowers, From the love from which you flee, For after the day you marry, From the branch of the fir-tree. At the dances you wont' tarry, Weep, oh, bride, your heart is sore, Flowers you71 no longer carry; Necklacei you'll wear nomore, Singing out loud you won't dare, Nor finger-rings like before, For the house you'll have to share No more ear-rings or such toys, With your husbands' folks, and there Nor the company of boys. You71 be on your own nowhere. Translated by Florin BICAN

The Sun and the Moon Over the Black Sea A thin copper bridge, The Sun's sister bright, Gossamer-thin bridge, Milk-and lily-white, And at the bridge-end Harked to him and seeing A large cloister gray, That she could not rid For the quick to pray Of the boon he bid, And for me to joy Took another course On my wedding-day!" And made this discourse: And the mighty Sun, 'Brother, mighty Sun, He, second to none, Second unto none, Hearing her speak so Tell me, pray you, clean: Did with pleasure glow, Have there ever been, Clapped his hands and, lo, Has one ever seen, A bridge did appear, Seen or ever heard All of copper clear, That in this our world Thin as gossamere, Sister wedded brother, And a cloister grey Brother wedded sister? For the quick to pray. If 1 will take ye And when he had done, Yet so brave you be To her went the Sun, And, to boot, so skilled Took her by the hand, That by morrow morn, Brought her to the edge By the rise of dawn, Of the fairy bridge You will rise and build All of copper clear,

20 s- 1 ARGUMENT

1 Fine as gossamere; She didn't hesitate, When they trod the planking, Crossed herself in haste, The bridge started clanking, Sprang into the sea Shaking, rocking, cranking, And was drowned for aye. For had there e'er been, God's heart was not marble: Had one ever seen, He made her a barbel. e 1 Seen or ever heard Whereupon the Sun, That in this our world Feeling just like one Sister married brother, Who receives a stun, 1 s,- Brother married sister? Did some fishers call Chickory chickory blue, For to throw a trawl 1 When they crossed the bridge Into the deep sea And wended their way And rescue his love; To the cloister grey And much gold paid he. 1 For the quick to pray, And they sought and sought, For the Sun to joy But no bride they brought; 1 n BICAN On his wedding-day, For all they had done, Beam, Bride they could find none. Sanziana, What had they drawn yet 1 The Lady of flowers, In the heavy net? Of camation bowers, A sea-barbel fair The Sun's sister bright, With thin scales of air. Milk- and lily-white, They brought her aland, Spoke without delay, Threw her on the sand; 1 Spoke she in this way: And the saints came down 'Mighty Sun and brother, From their highest heaven, Second to none other, In their hands they rubbed her, Tell me, pray anon: With their hands they scrubbed her, Has there ever been, And stripping her scales, Has one ever seen, Threw her up and high, Has one ever heard High into the sky. Somewhere in the world Then, behold, old Adam 1 Of groom on the right, And good mother Eve, And of bride in front? Seeing her up there, It has been ordained, Dressed her up with care, For aye ascertained, Made her wondrous fair, That the gr om goes first, Christened her elisoon His bride on the left!' And named her the Moon, 1 And the powerful Sun, Whereat she, poor she, He, the [nighty one, Bended down her knee, Held her hand no more And bitter tears poured, And stalked on before. Praying to the Lord. Seeing no escape, The Lord would not hear,

21 26 MIORITA (THE EWE LAMB)-FOLK POEM

FROM AN UPLAND HIGH WHERE ITS HEAVEN'S MWTH, ALONG A STEEP TRAIL, DROPPING INTO THE VALE, COME THREE FLOCKS OF SHEEP THAT THREE YOUNG SHEPHARDS KEEP; THE FIRST-A MOLDAVIAN, THE SECOND-A VRANCEAN, THE THIRD-TRANSILVANIAN. THE ONE FROM VRANCEA AND THE TRANSILVANIAN, TALKED TO EACH OTHER TO MURDER THE MOLDAVIAN WHEN THE SUN COMES DOWN, AS HE IS BRAVER, HIS SHEEP STURDIER WITH THEIR HORNS LONGER, HIS HORSES BETTER BROKEN, AND HIS DOGS FIRCER. BUT THAT EWE LAMB, HEARING THE PLOT, IN THE LAST THREE DAYS BLEATS DESPERATELY, AND SHE STOPPED GRAZING. "-WHAT HAPPENED ,MY DEAR? IN THE LAST THREE DAYS YOU DIDN'T KEEP YOUR MOUTH SHUT, ARE YOU ILL, OR WHAT?" "-OH, KIND YOUNG MASTER, DRIVE DOWN YOUR FLOCK TO BLACK WOODS BY THE BROCK, 1 WHERE IT'S SHADE FOR YOU AND GRASS FOR US TOO. MASTER, MY GOOD MASTER, DRIVE THEM DOWN FASTER! CALL THE DOGS,CALL THAT ONE, STRONG AND TALL THE STRAUNCHEST OF ALL! WHEN THE SUN LEAVES THE SKY, THEY'VE SAID YOU MUST DIE -THAT SHEPHARD,THE VRANCEAN AND THE TRANSILVANIAN!" "-LITTLE EWE, ALL UNBIDDEN, YOU SPEAK WHAT IS HIDDEN! SHOULD I CHANCE ON MY DEATH ON THIS STETCH OF HEATH, TELL THE TRANSILVANIAN AND TO THE VRANCEAN THEY SHOULD BURY ME NEAR

IN THE PEN , OVER HERE, SO I MAY SLEEP 1

AMONG YOU , MY SHEEP, IN MY FOLD, IN DARK, HEAR MY DOGS BARK. THIS TOO MUST BE SAID: 1 PLACE NEAR MY HEAD A SMALL FLUTE OF BEECH 1

1 27 1:A7-7,AL: A =::A7L FLUTE SOME THAT MOURNS LONG AND LNE, A SMALL FLUTE OF ELDER WHOSE SONG IS MUCH WILDER; SO, WHEN WIND BLOWS THROUGH WILL PLAY ON THEM TOO AND MAKE MY SHEEP CROWD AND MOURN ME OUT LOUD, AND SHED TEARS OF BLOOD... BUT ABOUT THE MURDER, TELL MY FRIENDS NO WORD! JUST TELL THEM OUTRIGHT I MARRIED TONIGHT A KING'S DAUGHTER, THE BRIDE OF THE WORLD, AND IT'S PRIDE. AT THE WEDDING, TELL HOW A BRIGHT STAR FELL, THE GUESTS AT THE FEAST WERE MAPLES AND FIRS, THE HIGH MOUNTAINS-PRIESTS- MINISTRELS-THE BIRDS, A THOUSAND SMALL BIRDS, AND OUR CANDLES-THE STARS. BUT IF YOU SHOULD PASS, RUNNING OVER GRASS IN A SASH MADE OF WOOL WITH TEARS HER EYES FULL A LITTLE OLD CRONE ASTRAY AND ALONE SAYING EVERYONE ASKING EVERYONE: "-HAVE YOU SEEN MY SON A YOUNG SHEPHARD BOY AS HANDSOME AND SLIM AS THOUGH DRAWN THROUGH A RING THE WHITE OF HIS BROW FOAM MILKED FROM THE COW, HIS WHISKERS AS NEAT AS TWO YOUNG EARS OF WHEAT? AND THICK CURLS THAT GROW LIKE THE PLUMES ON A CROW AND HIS PRETTY EYES LIKE BLACKBERRIES WILD?"

THEN , MY LITTLE EWE, PITTY HER TOO, AND THESE WORDS TO HER BRING: I WAS MARRIED ON HIGH AT THE GATES OF THE SKY TO THE CHILD OF A KING BUT NO WORD BE SAID HOW,WHEN I WAS WED, (OH, LAMB,NEVER TELL!) HOW A STAR FELL, THAT THE MOON AND THE SUN WERE HOLDING OUR CROWN, THAT THE GUESTS AT THE FEAST WERE MAPLES AND FIRS, THE HIGH MOUNTAINS-PRIESTS, MINISTRELS-THE BIRDS AND CANDLES-THE STARS...

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

n n2,0 iLT.U.KGRANt.. Republic of Bulgaria Serbia and Montenegro Ruse Dobrich Danube Razgrad Pleven Shumen Varna Montana Lovech Veliko tsv-"r Turnovo Burgas Tundzha- .9444, . "4'7:4 /Ars Stara *- Zagora Maritsa Blagoevgrad Plovdiv ... Boundary representations not necessarily authoritative. Haskovo

BACKGROUND Allied with Germany in World Wars I and II, Bulgaria was Land and Climate twice defeated. Communists seized control in 1944 and con- Slightly larger than Tennessee, Bulgaria covers 42,823 solidated power when Soviet troops marched into the coun- square miles (110,910 square kilometers). Much of the ter- try later that year. The monarchy was abOlisheil by.ieferen- rain is mountainous; the Rila Mountains in the south are the dum in 1946. The prominent Bulgarian.COMinnniStleader, highest on the Balkan peninsula. The northern and central re- Georgi Dirnitrov, who had been a nationalist herO. against.the Nazis in World War 11, diertin The gions are dominated by plains. To the east lies the Black Sea. . The northern border is the Danube River, which separates Bul- was named after him. garia from Romania. The climate is similar to that of the U.S. From 1954 to 1989, Todor Zhivkov held power. His au- corn belt, with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers. thority remained unquestioned until a 1989 palace coup re- Northern regions tend to be colder than southern areas. moved him as reforms swept through EaStern Europe. In a History transitional year the CommunistS reraiiied their party the Thracians are the oldest known inhabitants of the area now Socialists prior to free elections in 1990. They Wire victori- called Bulgaria. They founded the Odrisaw Kingdom in the ous but had trouble forming a stableiciiiOnieritl:their new fifth centuryB.C.Slavic tribes began migrating to the area leader, Petar coa- several hundred years later. In the seventh centuryA.D.,Bulgars lition government was fdi*onndeithe.IeaderSlnp'pt Dirnitar (a central Asian people) migrated to the area and mixed with Popov (prime minister) and 4helytil Zbeie:;te (treii0t).A'neW the Slays and Thracians. A Bulgarian state was recognized constitution was in,1991' and subsequent elections by the Byzantine Empire in 681. Two Bulgarian kingdoms established a multiparty; parlianient.ziOdi,t popular former existed before Bulgaria was conquered by the Ottoman Turks dissident, was reelected president in 1992. .His goyenunent in 1396. The period that followed is known in Bulgaria as the worked to privatize industry, Lquidate ccilleetive farms, and "Turkish yoke." The struggle for political and religious inde- return property confiscated in 1948 to its owners or heirs. In pen erd7Frg77rise to a cultural renaissance at the end of the the 1994 general elections, Socialist 'Party leader Zhan 18th century. The Ottomans ruled until 1878, when Bulgaria Videnov became prime minister. The next presidential elec- became independent as a result of the rn7ra-n-Turkish War. tions must be held by early 1997. It was briefly divided into the Kingdom of Bulgaria (to the north) and Eastern Romelia (to the south). Eastern Romelia PEOPLE remained part of the Ottoman Empire until it was reunited Population with Bulgaria in 1886. Until 1944, this was the period of the Bulgaria's population of 8.8 million is shrinking slightly. Third Bulgarian Kingdom. The majority of people (85.3 phrcent) are ethnic Bulgarians.

Copyright 0 1996. Brigham Young University. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. It is against the law to copy, reprintj, store in a retrievalsystem, or transmit any part of this publication in any form by any means for any purpose without written permission from the Publications Division of the David M.Kennedy Center for International Studies, Brigham Young University, PO Box 24538, Provo, UT 84602-4538. Culturgranis are available for int than 150 areas of the world. To place an order, or to receive a free catalog containing information on other travel-related publications, call toll free (800)528-627. --_-_-_----- Of the restof the population. S.5 percent arc Turks. 2.(1 percent admired ,,r) a personal leel. In the past. wealthy people coul are Romas (Gypsies). and 2.5 percent are Macedonians. Ar- only he so through corruption, a condition that still afflicts soci menians. Russians. and other smaller groups also inhabit etv today. So honest, private businesspeople have to work hard Bulgaria. Sofia. the capital. has more than one million residents to gain respect and be regarded in a positive light. Bulgarian and is the largest city. The majority of people (68 percent ) live are also strengthening a work ethic that was weakened dur in urban areas. Bulgaria's Human Development Index (0.796) ing the Communist years of guaranteed employment. Career. ranks it 65th out of 174 countries. This indicates that the ba- and professional skills are becoming more important. sic needs of the population are met. but compared to other Personal Appearance industrialized nations, opportunities and choices are limited. European and American fashions are popular, but cloth Language ing is expensive. Many women knit sweaters for themselves The official language is Bulgarian, and nearly all inhabit- and their families, and most people include sweaters in thei ants speak it. About half of the Turkish population speaks wardrobe. Women are more concerned with their appearanc , Turkish as its native tongue, but most also speak Bulgarian. than men, always making an effort to be well dressed and Bulgarian is a Slavic language that uses an alphabet first de- well-groomed in public. They may wear something more ca veloped in the ninth century by Cyril and Methodius. The sual at home to keep nicer clothing in good condition. Pro Cyrillic alphabet preceded, and is similar to, the Russian al- fessional women usually wear a skirt, a blouse or sweater, phabet. Russian was previously a required subject in school, and high heels to work. Clothing is neatly pressed; wrinkled so many people can speak it. English, German, and French items are rarely seen in public. Sneakers are worn only wi are the most popular languages to study. jogging suits. Young women wear blue jeans and either Religion sweater or a shirt with buttons. Flannel is a popular fabric. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church claims a membership.of Older rural women often wear a house dress, sweater, an more than 85 percent of all Bulgarians. Muslims make up scarf with conservative shoes. about 13 percent of the population. Orthodox monasteries are Professional men wear suits and ties to work, although held in high regard for their religious and artistic significance. older men prefer trousers and sweaters. Young men wear jeans Many monasteries and churches contain frescoes and icons denim or sports jackets, flannel shirts, and sneakers or lo of significant historical value. ers. Young children are considered the best-dressed people i While religious worship was discouraged during the Com- the country, wearing imported clothing and newly hand-knit munist era, it is unrestricted today. Rural people and the older items. Hats, boots, scarves, gloVes, and winter jackets or generation are more devout in attending services; but the ur- coats are worn duringthe cold winters. ban yoUth are showing an interest in religion. Once banned, religiciiis holidays are now openly celebrated throughout the CUSTOMS AND .COURTESIES . country. Numerous Christian and non-Christian organizations '.Greeiii:.:,"I from other countries have sent missionaries to Bulgaria. Be- When meeting; Bulgari angiiiiij .i.hake hands;.:-; Ilehand- cat* a few groups have questionable practices, Bulgarians shake might be aceotnPanied'in fOrrnal.situationS by Kak ste? are developing animosity toward outside groups, and Parlia- (How are you?) or Zdraveite (Hello): Priends;relatives, an ment is considering alaw to limit their activities. colleagues use the infornial terms for these' greetings: Ka General Attitudes si? and Zdrasti or Zdrave. Close fernale friends might kiss Bulgarians generally respect those who are open, strong, on the cheek. People do not shake hands when:sayingDoti capable, gregarious, good humored, loyal to family and utro (Good morning), Dober den (Good day), Dober vetch friends, and forthright. Families and group concerns are very (Good evening), or Leka nosh( (Good night). They use first important and play a role in individual decisions. names in informal settings but Otherwiseaddress'others b Bulgarians take considerable pride in their heritage and title and family name. Gospodin (Mr.:), GosPozha (Mrs.), culture, which have been preserved despite centuries of for- Gospozhitsa (Miss) are cominOtitiileg:bitprafeisional titles eign domination. They are particularly sensitive about Ottoman are also used When one joins..asrnalfgathering,:itis poll rule. Democracy has always been important to Bulgarians. In to greet each person individtialli, tiegiiniing7With the elder! fact, the 1879 constitution was one of the most progressive in Dovishdane (Till' I see you again) AS: 24 ebniftion p Europe at the time. People are interested in politics, both do- phrase. Friendi might also say Vsichkgliub avo. (All the best) mestic and international, and try to be well-informed. Politi- or Ciao (Good -bye). Urban people do lkolstially greetstrann cal discussions are popular. Art and science are appreciated. ers passing on the street, but this is considered polite in ru Bulgarians face many challenges during the transition to areas. . democracy. They have faced economic hardship, difficult con- Gestures stitutional questions, and ethnic tensions, but they are gener- "Yes" is indicated by shaking the head from side to sid ally optimistic about the future. The youth are particularly and "no" is expressed with one or two nods. One might shake interested in Western pop culture. They admire the United the index finger back and forth to emphasize the "no" and ev States as a wealthy and fortunate country, and they also look add a "tsk" sound to express displeasure. In conversatio to Western Europe as a model for their own development. At people generally do not use hand gestures, but they often tou the same time, adults are wary of "foreign" influences in each other. Female friends might walk arm in arm down the Bulgaria, and oppose "non-Bulgarian" ideas or items. An en- street. Pointing with the index finger is rude. It is impolite f I trepreneurial spirit is emerging, but businesspeople are not men to cross an ankle over the knee or for anyone to put fe .q0 on furniture. As a matter of cleLtii lines,. it is cu.lo to touch the LIFESTYLE lower leg. ankle, or foot when eatino. One should ask perrnis- Family ,.4 sion of other passengers before lowering a bus or train window. The family unit is strong and supportive of its members. Visiting The elderly are often cared for by their adult children. Un- Visiting (na gosti) is an important part of Bulgarian life. married adults live with their parents until theymarry. Yount? Friends and neighbors commonly drop by for a short visit with- couples often live with one set of parents until they are able out prior arrangement, but more typically, an invitation is ex- to get housing for themselves. Most urban families live in tended. Hosting friends for afternoon coffee and cake is popu- apartments. which are in short supply. Rural families usually lar. as is inviting them over for dinner. If friends receive a have their own homes. Many village homes are owned by plate of baked goods, they later return the plate full of a simi- urban families, who use them for summer retreats. for retired lar gift. People often socialize at a cafe. Outdoor caféspro- parents. and for keeping family gardens. Bulgarians still feel vide opportunities to spend warmsummer evenings visiting. tied to their agricultural heritage. Women guests usually enter the home before men. Many Most families do not have more than two children. Some Bulgarians remove their shoes upon entering, unless the hosts women may receive three years of maternity leave, two of object. Slippers might be offered, or guests wear their stock- which are paid. Because urban women usually work outside ings. Hosts usually offer refreshments and a drink; alcohol is the home, grandmothers play an important role in child care. rarely served without food. Invited guests often bring flowers Men traditionally do not help with household duties, but the (odd numbers only; even numbers are for funerals) for the younger generation is assuming greater responsibilities. hostess, a bottle of alcohol for the host, or candy for the chil- Dating and Marriage dren. When visiting a newborn baby, people bring only odd The youth associate in groups at first. One-on-one dating numbers of gifts (even numbers bring bad luck), and they do usually does not occur until people are in their twenties. Fa- not visit without invitation until the baby is 40 days old. vorite activities involve getting together at a café to drink Evening visits usually start after 8:00 P.M. and may last and talk, going to a movie, dancing at a disco, or relaxing in until after midnight (until 3:00 A.M. for special occasions). the park. Rural youth enjoy socializing in the town square. Bulgarians enjoy showing hospitality to guests and having Most Bulgarians expect to marry and have children. The av- long conversations, so leaving early is rude. Eating and danc- erage age for women to marry is between 18 and 25. Rural ing are typical parts of an evening visit in urban areas. Rural men marry in their twenties and urban men in their thirties. families might get together to enjoy a meal made of produce Weddings involve big celebrations. A legal civil ceremony from the family garden. is often followed by a church wedding. A big reception is Eating held in the evening. Folk music, dancing, and eating are com- In addition to three meals a day, Bulgarians might have a mon at the reception. Many traditions are kept by families, mid-morning snack and afternoon coffee. Breakfast is usu- including pinning money on the bride's dress to represent ally light, consisting of coffee and a cheese-filled pastry or future prosperity, the groom serenading the bride at her home, some other bread product (sweet roll, toast, etc.). Tradition- and pulling on opposite ends of a loaf of bread (whoever gets ally, the main meal is eaten at midday. It consists of soup and/ the largest piece will be the boss of the family). Newlyweds or salad, a main course, and dessert. Alcohol is usually served only now are beginning to go on honeymoons. with this meal. When family schedules conflict with the tra- Diet ditional mealtime, people eat a lighter lunchat a fast-food Bulgarians eat pork, fish, or lamb with most main dishes. establishment, kiosk, or café, if not at homeand eat their Dairy products such as yogurt and cheese are common ingre- main family meal after 7:00 P.M. If dinner is not the main dients in many dishes. Popular main meals include moussaka meal, it is light and consists of some of the same foods as (a casserole with pork or lamb, potatoeS.; tomatoes, and yo- lunch, but not soup or dessert. Salads are eaten from a com- gurt) and nadenitsa (stuffed pork sausage). Kufteta is a fried mon platter with individual forks. meat patty mixed with bread crumbs. :Sarmi is a pepper or The continental style of eating is most common, with the cabbage stuffed with pork and rice. Grilled meat (skara), such fork in the left hand and the knife in the right. It is polite for as shishcheta (a lamb shish kebab), is popular, especially in guests to accept second helpings. An empty plate and glass restaurants. Shapska is a salad made with Bulgarian cheese will usually be refilled. A small amount of food left on the (called cerene),ucumbers, and tomatoes. A favorite cold soup plate (usually after second helpings) indicates one is full. Con- is tarator, whith includes cucumbdrs, Sogurt, garlic, dill, versation is expected, and everyone waits for all to finish be- walnuts, and oil. Cheese banitsa (a layered pastry) is eaten as fore leaving the table. Napkins are placedon the table, not in a snack or for breakfast, while pumpkin banitsa is a popular the lap. Meals for special occasions can include several courses dessert. Various cakes and baklava (a thin, leafy pastry with a and last many hours. Toasting (Nazdravey) is done at the be- syrup-and-nuttilling)are also enjoyed for dessert. Coffee is ginning and throughout a meal; people maintaineye contact usually either espresso or Turkish style. Meals are usually when clinking glasses during a toast. accompanied by a soft drink, alcohol, or coffee. Although Bulgarians generally eat at home, they are eat- Recreation ing out more often because so many new restaurantsare open- Skiing isex4emelypopular in Bulgaria. People also gen- ing. Bills are paid at the table. A traditional eating establish- erally enjoy being out in nature, hiking, walking, or touring ment that is common in rural areas is called a mehana; it in the countrysiile. Soccer and basketball are popular sports. features traditional food, folk music, and dancing. Bulgaria's national soccer team finished fourth in the 1994 World Cup.Augustis the fa\ orite time to i,o to the beach on Party has control of ihe National Assembly. All citizens are the Black Sea. Summer vacations also typically include a trip eligible and required to vote at age 18. to the mountains. Many professional organizations. schools. Economy and local governments own lodges in the mountains where Bulgaria's painful transition to a market economy has been their members can stay for minimal cost. slow. Divisions over privatization measures and economic Folk dancing and music are very much alive in Bulgaria. reforms led to a recent currency crisis and have threatened Festivals held throughout the year highlight various aspects the country's economic stability. High inflation (50-80 per- of traditional Bulgarian culture. Urban dwellers enjoy the cent) and high unemployment (10-12 percent) are expected performing arts (ballet. opera. and classical music). and even to continue. Private-sector growth is needed to improve con- small towns have a local theater. Movie attendance is high. ditions. Unfortunately, crucial foreign investment is lacking. and U.S. American movies are quite popular. The youth en- public debt is high, and regional conflicts have hindered trade joy rock, pop, disco. and folk music. The urban youth have on the Danube River. Finding new markets for Bulgarian access to recreation centers. goods is essential to progress. Real gross domestic product Holidays per capita is estimated to be $4,250. This figure indicates Public holidays include New Year's Day,National Day of Bulgarians can meet most basic needs but lack access to eco- Freedom and Independence (3 March), Labor Day (1-2 May), nomic prosperity. theDayof Bulgarian Culture and Science (24 May), and Bulgaria exports agricultural products (grains, tobacco, Christmas Day (25 December). On 24 May, Saints Cyril and wine, dairy foods) and some machinery. It imports consumer Methodius are honored for developing the Cyrillic alphabet, goods, food, and heavy machinery. Tourism is an important but the country's accomplishments in science and culture are source of foreign capital. The currency is theley(Lv). also celebrated. Easter is popular but not a state holiday. Name Transportation and Communication days are celebrated with a family meal. Most people use the reliable public transportation system. The most celebrated season stretches from Christmas Eve which consists of buses, trams, trolleys, and trains. Most fami- to New Year's Day. On Christmas Eve, products of the soil lies own one car. Taxis are plentiful in urban areas. (no meat) are eaten to represent a successful past harvest and Two national political newspapers and several private pa- wish for a good future harvest. On New Year's Day, people pers are increasing their circulation. Television broadcasts are eat a large meal and exchange presents. They often decorate changingrapidly, as American and European programming a tree. Children go door-to-door wishing good fortune to is becoming more popular. Telephone service is expensive friends and relatives, carrying with them a small decorated and not fully developed. stick (survachka), with which they touch people they visit in Education exchange for candy and money. Education, compulsory to age 15, was once free at all lev- At the beginning of March, Bulgarians celebrate spring els. Extreme financial pressures have led even primary schools with Martenitza. People exchange red-and-white yarn designs to charge some fees. Science and techniCal training are stressed to symbolize luck and happiness. They wear the yarn designs in school, but the lack of modern equipment hampers elx on the clothing until they see a sparrow. They then either put vcedan training. Entrance to secondary schools is deterrnin the martenitza on a tree branch to bring on spring or hide it by competitive exam, and urban students can often choose under a rock to represent the wish that the evil spirits in na- from five types of school, each offering a different focus (such ture (and man) will go to sleep. as math and science or foreign languages). A number of uni Commerce versities and three-year training institutions offer higher edu Offices are open from 9:00A.M.to 6:00P.M.in most cases, cation. The adult literacy rate is 93 percent. but private shops often have additional hours. Some businesses Health close for the midday meal. Many doge by noon on Saturday, A national health-care system proyides free medicalcare" and most are closed on Sunday. A strong capitalist spirit ex- to all citizens, but facilities often are not well equipped. Pri- ists, and entrepreneurs are turning their garages or vacant vate doctors offer better care to those who can pay for it. 'Th buildings into shops or other small enterprises. Bulgarians infant mortality rate is 12 per 1,000; life expectancy average shop daily for bread and other fresh foods. They purchase 70 to 77 years. dairy, meat, and shelf products from small stores and fresh produce at open-air markets. Selection is best on a designated FOR THE TRAVELER weekly market day. U.S. visitors need a valid passport to enter Bulgaria, bu no visa is required for stays of up to 30 days. Interesting sites SOCIETY include Plovdiv's old town and Roman ruins, Black Sea resorts Government ski resorts near Blagoevgrad, Sofia's museums, and the Ril Bulgaria is a multiparty democracy. The president is head Monastery. For travel information, contact Balkan Holidays, of state and the prime minister is head of government. Mem- 41 East 42d Street, Suite 508, New York, NY 10017. Yo bers of the 240-seat National Assembly (Narodno Sobranyie) may also wish to contact the Embassy of Bulgaria, 1621 22 are elected directly by the people. Zhan Videnov's Socialist Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; phone (202) 387-7969.

A Culturgram is a product of native commentaryanoriginal, expert analysis. Statistics are estimates and information is presented as a matter of opinion. While editors strive for accuracy and detail, this documentshould not be considered strictly factual. It is a general introduction to culture, an initial step in buildingbrid of understanding between peoples. It may not applyto all peoples of the nation. You should therefore consult other sources for more information.

I Printed on recycled naner (in %) Industry Total27.3 Private Sector 11.0 TradeTransportAgricultureConstruction and and Communication Forestry 24.710.9 7.55.5 49.219.4 5.16.8 1991* GROSS DOMESTIC(in mln PRODUCT leva in current prices) Services 24.1 - 8.5 135.711 200.832 1992* 298,934 1993* 525,552 1994 867,691 I, 1995 1,700,000 1996** 15.3 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE16.4 *- Prognose" Including ho ding gain 11.1 12.8 11.1 12.5 sTRucTuRE OF THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN % IN SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY 1991 111 1992 1993 1994 1995 111 1996 TI )TA I. 1993 1994 1995 CONSUMER PRICES GENERAL INDEXES* ServicesAgricultureIndusiry and Forestry 100.0 54.435.010.6 100.0 55.632.112.3 100.0 52.533.613.9 *December the previous year 100December 199119931992 573.7163.9179.5 DecemberDecember 19941996 1995 410.8221.9132.9 PERCENTAGE OF THE GROSS ADDED VALUE IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARY TOTAL FOR TI IF tin prices1991* of the respective year) 1992* 1993* 1994 1995 Year SalaryGross Monthlyin Leva Average Exchange RateUSD-BGL Average AverageDenominated Salary Dollar ForestryAgriculturePRIVATE SECTOR and 18.6 5.4 25.7 6.7 35.4 7.2 39.4 9.5 44.710.3 1994199319921991 4960323120471012 65.52631.98324.80021.811 101.0 73.682.546.4 60 * Including ServicesIndustry holding gain' 10.6 1.6 14.8 4.2 22.2 6.0 23.3 6.6 25.7 8.7 *Preliminary data 1996*1995 13682 7597 175.82167.168 109.0 77.8 61 MI MI 33 NMI MI 34 UM IN IIIIIII IMO IN FOREIGN VISITS TO BULGARIA IN 1996 Total Tourism Business Transit Republic of Bulgaria GreeceGreatTotal Britain 6810688 15639241581 2191911 4462532044 154298 19515 4902 4015493 64725 2735 country is hilly and mountainous. Territory:km, 60% of the territory of the 110,993.61 square municipalities. sion:dministrative-territorial divi- 9 regions . and 273 Italy 18886 7797 - 6326 - 2462 9, (IS Nor.%NetherlandsMacedonia/Commonwealth ay 298636 1509613143 14481 8911 1957 253 1267 156 6091.0 thekm (470Republic km river of andRomania 139 km - oundaries: to the North - with Turkish, Russian, English. German. Spokenfficial language: languages Bulgarian. are also tit USAof IndependentRomaniaPoland States/ 1280-1311418722 8308415190 664003 70980 71358459 19238413535571159 1184759643996 65748 2114 493TurkeySealand); km;- 378 - 259to km, thethe km to EastWest and the -with Southwith Greece theUnited - with Black - 0 Religion:Christians - 86.6 % of the pop- East Orthodox ('techGermanyFianceTurkey Rep. 1185826 12459225358167(18 1040003587810376 - 26339 90173662 1053076 7031 957 MacedoniaandRepublic of - Yugoslavia165 km. - 341 km with the Republic of -professed 0.3%.ulation. In- 13.1 separate %. Other regions religions Islam is JugoslaviaSwedenSlovakia VISITS OF BULGARIAN CITIZENS ABROAD IN 1996 151536(1 10779 7187 8663 - 788 - - 894 - 800.000 Bulgarian Turks; 300,000 population:incl. 8,340,775 7.200,000 citizens. Bulgarians: ing Currency:(On Januaryrate Lev. to the The US exchange Dollar is float- I, 1997 the Austria'Fowl 3006292 15534 Total 2353457Tourism 23771 Business 39346 735 Greeks.ofGypsies Theand density unsignificant of the popula-groups Jews, Wallachs, Russians, exchange1 USD). rate was 495.74 BGL for OveceGleamItalyIsrael Britain 303364 285412715318803 274178 239462348016110 1226 366267821 tion is 76.2 persons per square km. apital: Sofia (1,141,712 citi- South Bulgaria is reached by the Climatc:Distin-guished temperate continental. four seasons. C I RomaniaPolandS 3854444991616225 284922 3822315059 . 1750 601285700 rincipalzens) cities: Plovdiv Mediterranean influence. Iongcst river: Iskar (368 km) France1TurkeyUSA lungary 597474 259941328317597 410480 231481198316549 2472 979337 (168.051).Bourgas Stara Zagora, Pleven. (344,326), Varna (301,421). (199,470). Rouse Highcst mountain peak: i 12 JugoslaviaGcnnanySwitierland 35 1131794 6958117762 967347 59(111)16532 18858 5558 638 of theDohrich, population Slivcn, is Shoumcn.urban. 67.2 % (2925 m) Musala in the Rila Mountain 36 113 OREIGN KAM. IMPORT(in niln Icva in prices of the respective year) TRADE BALANCE EXPORT BALANCE FOB/FOB 1992199119901985 104.281.245.132.410,314.914.066.5 91,532.957,368.310,559.513,739.4 - 4,511.0 12,235.9- 327.1 244.6 I995199619941993 339,401.3227.010.3131,523.1 4.344.9 343,337.7216,194.4102,877.4 - 10.504.0 28,615.3 6.757.5 Restructuring of capital that is misman- IsThe Under Privatised 9 Per StateCent Property. For the Year the foundation stone of efficient market 'In min USI) in prices of 1996 4,603.5 258.6 summerLawssitionis the totarget marketclear of 1995of thethe economy waytopost-1989 mobilize were in Bulgaria.passed effort capital of in tran- and the aged and decapitalizing state property andgethercapitalTheeconomy opportunityregulations successfulmarket in Bulgaria. are for alreadystarta belatedsteadily of mass adopted though growing privatisation an for cashalto- the EXPORT AND IMPORT BY GROUPS OF COUNTRIES 1994 Export 1995 (in percentage) 1996** 1994 Import 1995 1996** InvestmentSecurities,tionallead to efficient Companies restructuring Act that by establishes an opera- and Stocktransparent Exchanges market. Theand between3468privatisation1996. privatisation SoJanuary particularlyfar some 1993deals 45% in andwere 1996. of September.the concluded A GDP total were of OECD('EEC 39.049.9 32.450.0 32.852.6 40.445.2 41.247.1 43.846.9 theTheinstrumentExchangesthe Privatisation Commission of is restructuring,Fundsone for of SecuritiesAct,the keyanother and instruments. andthe basic ActStock on Transformation State- and cashenough.tutiontransferred privatisation inIn thethe into mainfirst private negotiated eightand this monthsownership is farpayments offrom 1996by beingresti- ArabEFTAEuropean countries Union 35.6 5.11.8 37.2 5.91.6 39.9 6.01.0 32.8 6.21.7 38.1 2.01.9 38.9 1.11.9 Exchangeplace.he Municipality-Ownedeffective and without the established the Enterprises Commission Central could in not The United Bulgarianof Stock transferredBGLinvestmentamounting and till theamounted ofsettledamounting 20.59 debts to milliard 38.16 toamounted. 8.23 13GLmilliard milliard to and 1.8 the end of the year; the debts ry Yugoslavia. ex Centralf'zeilioxlovakiai and FastAccording European to the countries Trade Ministry (Albania. Romania, Poland. Hungary, ex 11SSR, fundsmassThetheDepository restructuring 3 privatisationthat million acquire citizensare ofandvery20% Bulgarian thewho essentialof the81 signed privatisationgovernment economy. elements up for in 68.8vatisationmilliard milliard for BGL. BGL.the Theeight sum months total of of 1996 cash is pri- CASH PRIVAISATION TnE BALKAN couNTRIEs. (1996 - in %) SHARE IN BULGARIAN TRADE cilshaveAgency,Theassets and Council theministerial are theCenter key ministriesof players Ministers, status, for Mass too.and the the Privatisationcommitteesmunicipal Privatisation coun- that privatisation.agerrestitution,The instrumentsbuy-out, cash massA privatisation.total of privatisation. denationalization of 25.300 worker-man- municipalmunicipal are tionExchangesCommissionsionwith funds the and thatCouncil seesfor issues Securities thatof licensesMinisters securities andto are privatisa- transac- Stock the deci- takers in privatisation. The (restorationwenttisedand state-owned intoso far private ofin propertyBulgaria. entitiesownership right Ofhave theseonby been realrestitution 22.000 estatepriva- thatCashrole.tions Privatisationareand law-abidingMass Privatisation is plays Programmesan essential the Government and in compliance with Parliament ministriestotalitarianthat1996Between was thenationalized concluded regime). PrivatisationJanuary a in total 1946-1962 Agency of 444 and privati- by the the line I and mid-December URKEY GREECE YUGOSLAVIA MACEDONIA ROMANIA CROATIA ALBANIA thepoliticalimplementationapprove. structural and Macroeconomic social reform. as instability does This problems isthe not thatprevailing to hinder meanaffect tisedallenterprisessation the enterprises deals. prevailed The was number 132.with of The312 wholly paymentsor 70% priva- of Privatisations of parts of 64 Ell EXPORT I-1 IMPORT resultthat pressure in a structural sales changeor rash thatdeals may could lay whichnegotiated 23.338.723.000 were 37.853.821.00)) BGL were paid. BGL The of I= MO 3 7 NM MI MI MI cash and 7.724.01 mem'. . nitiions 111=lalion.the \ .1!),))01 maketors their claims so that the seller knows liteit he p Over 3 million people aye lot 1111n, MOW beginninglovernmeni of January 19971. The result 1'.089.631 Securities. 161..1'16(exchange rate This inmakes the EuropeWolin..gramme1e inAt aredeclared least on the another by 2c lookiitil .1.!ycountries oftor 11). torein in. paysbuyerthe actual for. may assets rest assured and liabilities. he gets Thus what the he I sham eralleva.mass options Thoseprivatisation. for who their feel Thesevole-hers most people competent of 25000have sev- will sig., liardtall.Stilly:1y ycryUSDthe much1.11)111pliral sale of Belgium shortof 60'4 of whichkati,ins otIts Sodiexpected is a Devnyagiant I inMil- soda to the thanimportshowsEuropeaninvestment. Hungary generatedthat Commission A but comparatix thenearnings Iluingary ()flaw Bulgaria had a 1.1iii) .innisi!better 199 dell has a lot id' in 1995 aManagementworker-managerInterest long dispute is demonstrated buy-out whether buy-out. started former in management in managers1996 after holderstheorenterprisesplay else privatisation on dotheirconvert it on byown the a vouchersfund. proxy.atvoucher auctions In thisAnother lOr privatisation ease sharesfor sharesoption voucher ill listthe isof 3,11Partmade111C1994 ponluction priV:111..:1111111s. id sale in the instalments in ( ioquestion was \ \liment Nuinhci "1"111: istill assetsthat 199 11C:'311/C:14/C1:1 paOne inmons cashof the will of and he studyandmarketforeignist state showscountries whereasinvestment ownership that oneBulgaria just and ofstillthree which prevails.is in .1Is grave developed capital of the ex social- Bulgaria have 'lite saute ciisis thementstionaroseshould Government'stechnique whether overbe let a toten-year thatit own was allows acutethe an period plants.efficient to need payremembering A privatisa-inquestionof instal-fresh theparticipantsandprivatisation privatisationbecome in shareholders.fund the funds, that'voucher they register The haveprivatisation. institutional with chosen the as.Asidemass. emplo pritor \ theansai ees stall. Ion and ittelitilingis setpensioners aside metier to Iwo claims it ;m ol the assets is set Oftentesti- ork a positivesationarepayments very infigure fewBulgaria as percentageforeign though of the buyers in cash privati of the 1H it :FOS. )1'. There an ewer-interest is grow- 11:11:11/C ill andemployees'money.Betweento management carry An on stockJanuary argument the linebuy-outownership I andof management.in isSeptember favour that plan it (ESOP)enables of 6, the 1996 PrivatisationgivenrequirenuintsExchanges.Commission the list ACenterofor forfund shareholdershas Securities somethatand failsis fault considered by to andshall themeet StocknotMass the ashe 'ailerprises/ 1111. 1.1t1I/C111/1"33111,C /11 1,1 orker.,111111111 111:111:11%/111C111 111311114and ()moo s e. in siatemyiwil privaticeil htly- equipment.ing.prise In September engines. 1996 adapters in Lovech manulaouring and commit electric the3 total ESOP of 203 and transactions management were buy-out made usingtech- holditalfailing in a consequence toconstituent have subscribed meeting the nor required shall it getcap- a whichw.l.C.1 it .1 S.1:1.. not1 11 po\aiisation':11,111 11'.11 1,-)pim.alnatitin legal analysis 1).1sedAlio on mono ions thatto ices: in mass 1.11`,01',""1, oianised hy the a`,11 and ofIRA!unions 11.5bonds) )ING for min the Gmbh-lierlin.were 1Thl German paid (hall fillcompany in\\ 55'4 ascash. of sold A total lie assets.N1'.1( 11.111 iii SO'hthatemployeesnique. builds of Thisthe projectssharesof Glavbolgarstroi. for world-wide. 1,807324,080 a acquiredcompany 13GL. is how 611 workers and courtandlicense Stock Exchangesfrom the Commission nor shall it ofregister Securities in in order to he entered in the pm:m..311.n3/091;42 111116' prie.es C11.111,1. die c. %chichi iablation s, enables people fit I anon ,ac, time !hat a is based on people;Eltos Ltd. 82.15% provides of theemployment output is exported to 16 t5 cashThe buyerimmediately OBS andPrivat the is rest, to parin lung 30'4 -term in CommercialThe voucher Register. privatisation list was updated combiness Ise lakesI hole otocuitiu.)1Sal islolls still int \p air-4116m Iv:Op.:1114m eyalnalion olhet- I /.113115 .11,111Cht11,1111 that priealisa- Ille sale of an asset ateThe inLIS1).another 1995 the Thenext turnover125 buyer live jobs years. tookamounted the 25f., obligation Ili and invest 12 min I )1\1 of the assets 32 min to cre- and employees.TwoGovernmentwhichplants of the iswere largestnow TheseSecurities. transferred owned areand Vines bestby 235 toinknown workersSlavyantsi workers wine andand whichtotheseveral 94.9 assets can times.milliard offeredhe boughtThe liGl. fromGovernment 11992with 79.9 the milliardprice 75 increased levels) 31111/mmAgency Is .11!/11 1114 111:11 announce,\ Illt. 1til% /It, 1s11111. 1 1:1111/3iclil c1i1,11!/11 :11111 111:11 Ihe 11511 :1 deal is 0111C111(1c(11111/111 the 11C 111311111111:11C11 415a1 and sharesrestitutionpartwill he of offeredinthe keeping claims assets for and with masswill offer thehe privatisation law. privileged used to satisfy stall' employees.51operatives. of the 23 shares. 156.570.000farmer and Vinprom 2 liGL consumer were Poinorie paid co- for 01millioninvestment BGI..).the publicwho All leva had sectorenterprises fromsigned assets the up vouchers (2491. of(the 600 net 66'7, of worth the of 1 the 11111rOwn111. modecan C111111/31C 1/1 11:1y111C111 111, //11/1 Each potential Phil 1.1 1 311,111,1i ss ilh the win- buyer electric1.61..A foreign plants investor and generators bought in an enterprise for circuit AVAN(iAR1) Sevin...1).breakers. winerygrowerswhose acquiredpartners and workers 55'11are local of of the Black state-owned Sea Gold private wine- joinassets the of mass which privatisation are privatised with by vouchers 67'4 tit N311/1i1:11111111/11, SCC11111 C.111 10:10))\' 1111CIICIC 1/..C1rIt\ C 31111 111C prill1C 11W ;:11Cy Director.111111:1:11y. the three 1111/11 ofinABB, electricalthe oneassets of engineeringthe of ANAbIGAI:1).world's leading has acquired 67'.; The price of companies SeptemberAl'omorie, total of 2113 6. 1996. deals In were the C011C1Ildedsame period the by ersthe Thetheir assetsjoin assets assets.the of masswhich to Eighty-fivehe privatisationofferedare privatised l'or enterprises priValis:111011 with by vouch. 67'; 25'1 . titof inm.)11\1.11CPotentiallit 11:1111..,3 11131111C1 "thebuy %Shit els -Album 11 l '411111.11 Ihrlr litbids belore a reroulie :on non are conducted 1110 inienia- system. willtheAnyears dealinvest international isand 1.7031.9 save mln unIn all1.1SO consortium jobs. DM \youth in the next acquired 77'4 2.217.711.1and Atilt five Threedealsmunicipal and deals authoritiesgovernment with foreign concluded agencies. investors 1(1111 28.1 deals.were such privatisation.enterprises.26 enterprises increased. restitution were decreased In claimsthe event orand drasticol of cash 5,, iesultsdeadline 1, 1 he AI'.:led Inds ingethei and pins 'limn :I 1:111111):11.111VC Lible where price opens all the payableUSD.01 InstrumentKumplast The oil fianceethe in date Oabrovolierkovitsa Tititof iniiiali.sing of lice Austria tor (0 it I thel 39 Icon- )1x1 bought madeconcludedWorld by cash Bankin in 1996 andexperts created mass notice 34.231privatisation the jobs. progress in 1996. The deals that were expectedmassperformance.deterioration privatisation to generateofthese the of willenterprises1(1511 prevailingbe struck enterprises financial oft.private The is attractI.I x,eptions are law andone wade torsi class bil:(els ot the deter tinning that will bring onlyfactors to onetract.Daewoo of Owner the gems thatof the paid ofSheraton Bulgarian23 nilii 11S1) to I mist which is tourism is acquire privatisationpace.Bulgaria The in on Bank1996 the wholethinksbut make goes the at pointa slow that it is desirahle to to33q:ownership the Government World in Bank 911 stake criteriaentities in enterprisesthem. with maximumAccording niessolid1110 andmai 11..\ theket 11111X41110:11 positions 1111111-11:3111 to Bulgarian 1:1X compa- 1110:1111VeS 1.010 knows:111.1 that In 1996 1.11C11:11 111 in67'7, spend of the 5 minhotel USD and totook renovate Ills commitment it in the privatetransfer ownershiphalf of the publicby 1998: sector 207, assets by mass into vatisationvate.such Onownership the basis ratio of this are criterion considered mass pri- transfer 203 of the at,/'11411'1N"11/r pre vaticl1C11111) bed "Its'. 11\ 1.1' 66'; lit11./.311:111 link:1113 Co11111, VC1A 111investors the assets 11111C11 tin SeasidenextGoldenTenders five hotelyears.S:111t/N were privatisation soulorganised 1C11 :11 startedfor S111111\ seven in Reach. hotels at 1996 the vatismilinturalWorldprivatisation change Bank funds experts from and andthe expect operation !Yom a positive opening of post-pri- struc- the 104 by liquidation. iralisedBulgarianVoucher tender business privatisation of three into bids takesprivate of placethree hands. atmonths 3 CC11- will 66 capital a. 39 111:- 111\ c/.1111c111 C:11)11::1 pikes varying between 211 and MI win ItCd.. stock exchange for free transactions. each. l'he first hid took place from Ocloher 40 67 AfterMarch7 to November long 1997. and wearisome1, 1996, the preparations second hid - forin tractBulgarleasing,uidation of purchase Ltd. Sofia.by which Under the the buyer con- list bought by the creditor hidThethevatisation, pricesstatefirst Auction roundproperty of of the Commissionthe of assets offeredwere public purchased of shares saleenterprises sets of thefor massonly 12bottom on4.8 % pri- the %of yearsdebtDM,buyeracquires reschedule andand shall 70% suspendspread write of thethe off itthe assets overremaining a insolvency debt a of period ofPirinplast, sum9,779,500 proceed- ofof five thethe assignedsharessoder.voucher on then atuntil that bidprivatisationto alltheareprice shares second not first allocated to list.are highest the Theallocated. highest through sharesbidder, bid- Any andarethe MicroelectronicaPrivatisationminyearsings against Bulgarleasing Pirinplast. Agency Ltd. undertakes sold to invest 35 BGL in that inenterprise.In the next five the town of units from The winningship.ersWorkersthree based Alter bidsauctions uponthat and are a theiremployees list publishedare of percentagedistributed the bidders inofficially. privatised toof andsharehold-owner- the enter- Sofia,list.thepetrolBotevgrad. biggestThe refineryacquired buyer, Thecompanies in 75%Euroenergylargestthe town of Plama'sdealon of the Pleven, Holdingis liquidationthe assets Plama one from for of LA. DomesticA griculture's Product decreased contribution in the to past the Gross TheHuge Unprecedented Problems GraM Crisis Caused The1993 higher purchasing prices in the last quarter eligiblevisionsrelationscashprises andstaff enjoy of of massthe acquires employment some law. privatisation Inpreferential cashup tomeet privatisation 20% providing treatmentcertain of the pro-their the in restartprovidetermsamounting61,756,200 of operation, 40the minto levycontract' 30 USD and milliard save tooktheof workingall buyer BGL.over all willUnder capital the have debt the toto the jobs and variation.willfive In10.10%. stayyears. 1990-1994 at Inaround Till 1991 the grain10.20%it end was ofproduction 12.10% thebut centuryfor and some fell in this 1995.byminor figure28%, retainedincreasedvest.of 199210% The and morethe price insignificantly the use areas of pennission atfertilizers, theunder previous crops(upto chemicals export to for year's20%) theresulted and 1993levelswhich fuel in har- staffGovernment-ownedshare.paying acquires 50% for of nothing the assets purchasing 10% of anof theenterpriseprice assets of each In mass privatisation the eligible invest 12 milliard BGL. DEALS THAT COULD NOT MATERIALISE IN 1996 culturalBulgariaproductionpulses production machinery has by been 44%. destroyed. byhas The39% been irrigationand takenOver industrial 75%to system pieces of crops agri- inor wasunderandalthough the26213.6 crops average min the13G1Jt increased. tons:soil yield (70%productivity the was wheatincrease).so 2840did thepurchasingcontinued kg/ha. harvest As areastowhich price fall bothhook.whichfree cash Theare shares and privatisedpreferential mass arc acquired privatisation. by treatment vouchers. off the refers These voucher to AgencySupervisoryThough contractsand Boardby the were of cabinet the approved Privatisation by the Interpred. wehamperedunprecedentedOnis else cometop obsolete. of to theall, the provisionin crisis? 1996grain Bulgariacrisis.of the people. which endured Howliterally didan ofpreviousAreas fuel1994 under(60%). year. crops fertilizersThe significantincreased (twofold) byprice 2% and rise over chemi- again the CLOSURE. AS A PRIVATISATION TECHNIQUE tionsation,sold.Slanchev of Athena, thewas DenBulgarian not a resort andsold Hotel Telecommunicationseither.scheduled Sofia The forprivatisa-were privati- not make toIn 19905.31990 min grain tons; production the average in Bulgaria price amounted was 377 priceTheyieldcals output (threefold)was was what was3308 it 3.7made had BGLA min been 'lion tons. or inunaffordable. 26%theWheat previous over purchasing that Grainyear. of accessulednamesIn May for of 1996toclosure 64 hanks Bulgarian and will of he companiesanother cut off. 71 The sched-whose only the Government released the maceuticalremainedforSeventeenCompany privatisation unsold. of the 18Tobacco on companies a factories. on the phar- list did plants and touch fast-trackthe Balkancarprogress. basis edincludingThe 1991in price a significant the liberalisation basic agriculturalrise its the products price of result-inputs in February 1991 sonstakingsome1993. to grainthem restrict In quantitiesto1994 the grain producersmarket. export. for themselves It was were one inclined ofinstead the torea- ofkeep startedtoavoidway buy for bankruptcy threeit.a company months is on to later. thepersuade liquidation The Bulgarian- someone list to Sale of enterprises on the list Balkancarbelongprivatisation.branches are - could notThe even holdingshe thein an explanation initialto which phase they as of - Bulganahac. Pharmachim and kg/ha.graincalsConsequently(tenfold went yield So ofin downwhich 1991fertilizers, the by was theuse over 45504.5 of 30% minfertilizers kg/ha tonsand became theof and grain average chemi- 3740 pro- ninefold of fuel). byThe over3.21995 low1995 min 10%.grain tons.farmers Grainprice The productiondecreasedwas purchasing a disincentive thewas areasprice as lowand underof as 4466in crops ofGreek theWithinStamholiiskiManufacturing Vitamina three formonths Canneryacquired 10 mln the ISGL 60`7buyerin the paidof must townthe in assetssettlecash. of TKM Fruit and Juices theVidenov'sTimidcompanies.foreigners Ministry steps cabinet areof were Trade not approved willingmade to privatise tothough. the buy concept the holding tobac-Jean of establishedducedwheatBGIJt had (3.3 export onnominal timesthe wasprices. increase price restricted Nonetheless of overthe and wheat 1990). thecontrol 1264areas In 1991 was marketTheyear.BGUt bad in wheat 1995was and35'3 shortage the drastic on theprice international rise to I 80- increase over the previous inyearsUnderthe addition160.7 cannery's the loin newcontract to the debtowner 210. of to sale willthe Pirinplast inhavelender the tonext banks. Ltd.invest five (a liGl. and create another 7(1 jobs onPharmaciamaceuticalinetco holding.the agreed Inonof the Dupnitsa.the last privatisation days Both of 1996 plantsof the the phar-were cab- list of privatisation on fast-track plants Troyapharm and decreasedcalsbyunder over1991. and wheat 50% Theover twofold decreased forprice 70% fertilizers, and of forinputs theby fuel. 8% averagetwofold went in Use the up for yieldautumnof significantly chemi-inputs went of (fromrestriction,Onpossible.200 July USDA August 3. the madelevied Cabinet 25 wheat anonwards export lifted export the tax55 attractive grain ofUSD) 35 export USD and Delehevfactory for is polymers)another enterprise in the town from of theGotse liq- eagerbasis. to The buy RussianSOPHAR company M A. NITEK is previousThedown1992 1992nominal to 3100 year.wheat price kg/ha. Export production increased was permitted;was by 20%3.4 min over conse- tons. the deterioratedInlargerallowed quantities to andexport the were 500.000 wheat exported. qualitytons. Obviously. 1995became crop far production technologies further MI MN 68 4' NM perquently ton wasan export introduced. taxMI of 12 USD. MI later 24 USDOM offeredpoorer farmers correspondingly. to pay for their Potential produce exporters more MI 69 42 NM NM MB Mil MI I= Nal NineBeen Out Severely of Each real Poverty-Stricken in 1996nearly 2/3 wereTen of Bulgarians the opinion that Havethey of 1996rate hadof inflation dropped overconsiderably 410 per§Compared to theincome end of of1995, the populationthe at the cent).(with thisend living.fromEverywere theirliving fifthEvery depositBulgariantolerably. fourth accounts Bulgarian is forced to livestomake draw on a thedropAverage actual is by per approximatelyamount capita of in the a 26household so per called cent, "pro- but canloans. save Only a little4.3 permoney. cent declare that they drasticallytectedby approximately payments" reduced: of the 2/3,the average populationthe average pension was sphere- salary ThetheirThe average13.689. citizensdisposal salary ofon Bulgaria average in 1996 hadBGL was monthly1.000 BGL less at of peoplemonthlysocialby almost engagedpension family 60 perallowances in - theby cent, 57budget perthe for cent, one the minimum salary minimum child the ofcompared inflation.ofis chosenworking to If for1995.the people a average base, considering was in salary1996half of the theof it. 1990 incomerate observationscent.within- byestimated 53 Onthe per countrythe cent, onthat basis household there- by of over are budgets. 470than thousand51 itper is representative populationsocialAmong policy the inmain and 1996 socialpriorities were protection the in the reform field of the inof withComparingpoor thathouseholds from their a year presentin the ago. country. financial 9 out of status each rightsprotectionsociallation. welfareof the Attempts of employed andthe supportworking at improvementby forperfection and the socialpopu- ofand mostlyonpoverty-stricken 10extreme Bulgarians the unemployed, limitations. severely. claim that people They they fallwith have hack ele- been Affected are dancewholesomelegallegislation, order were labourfor made.provision conditions Created of safe inwas accor- newand with the Directives of the mentaryafraidMoresioners orthanthat over primary in half65 the years of educationpresent the of Bulgariansage. situation and pen- ofare a Europeanued.effortsProtection Improved to Union reduce of wereonWorking unemployment Safety the mechanisms andPeople. 1 kaki)contin- The for 43 along.pricesomehowexpect shock Only that they47 or they perother, will will cent not managewhile heof theable 2 yearstopeople to emerge get ago of peopleThemore reform effective with inlow social protection incomes. insurance and hen- from inflation 81 44 temefits inshould order haveto he democratizedestablished confidence the sys- betweenUnemployment state, employers settles the and relationship physical employmentdisabled people of young for suitable specialists jobs. Jobless and andwelltaged restricted as groups from financialinheritedout of the resources. disproportions population. Social as Insurancepeople.tutionsand new in Withattitudethe Fund, area the inpassed of Lawpeople social of in towardprotectionthe Social insti- of late 1995, inorientationmententities, of the and encouragerinentjobless, qualification, their professional theof employ- agency informing and employment of pensations.givenpeople outright starting theirtheir dueown dolebusiness and com-were differentiationthesharply population, and based with too. this on Approximatelytheimpoverishment income grew 1/4 of managingbuildinginsurancebegan allotment of institutionfroman independent the of forstate funds it - budgetthe fundfor National social and and a QualificationUnemploymentofBulgarian foreigners citizens Fund in Bulgaria. in has other set countriesTheup as existing an andele- and Professional andpeopleconditionsIn the the beginningengaged educational to increase in of the 1996 system. health the were caresalaries However, created system of throughoutcountry.thanof the 50 population per The the cent yeardrop nowof isthe has ofsignificant average real lower incomes incomes despitefcir the askindsan Insuranceaintegrated common of compulsory Institute. insuranceadministration insurance, The system establishment and as forfunc- well all of mentthePensions,In of received the social which pension insurance will tocommit the system. insuring the size con- preparationof is the new Law of thethelate negative economic macroeconomicApril processesled toand a suddenfinancial that situation developed worsening sphere afterin of in the welfareThesocialthe fact circle payments officesthat of the regular continues minimumwere clients raised to salary expand.of ihree the and times.social Thethe soryPreparationtionallaws insurance activities, that settlewas and is made variousforthcoming. the estahlishinentfor kinds passing of compul- the of Protectionexperienceincreasetribution ofof everyone: oftheof retirement. peopleaverage it in agewill realisation regulateand working the of salary,tectedfundscountry provided compensations, and to growthfor enlargement of pensions, inflation. of etc.)Thepro- incomes (minimum working Grossever,financialdifficult are National resourcesapproximately situation Product. of are the-system, theIn a socialparticularly how-welfare I per cent of the occupational(retirement.thematernity, unemployment, diseases).employment These accidents illness laws and will and corresponding insurance funds policyAdoptedoftheir the to working providewhole were activitysocial safebasic andpolicy isdirections also wholesome of an the elementof state.state householdsmeasurescircumstancesvanished fordue support itto was the necessaryofinflation. socially In insecureto theseadopt to cover their heating establishments,children).people,ed the most disabled Outdated disadvantaged where people, arc necessary accommodat- handicapped people equip- (aged andcharacterinsuredaccount the dissimilarities ofpeople. for different recognition 'Elie insuring in the of thescopeactivities specific of Bill on Voluntary peoplethehealthworking basisis designedand conditions. of ability modern to heprotection The implemented legal strategy orderof working of on andlife, hardestTheexpenseslems social spheres evolve in welfare the winter. offrom socialsystem the policy. increase is one Its of prob- ofthe the andformunicipalitiesment, development integration scanty maintenance programmesand of deficitadditional of allocatedare resources servicesthe most by lemswasAdditionalstate'sinsurance. drafted, of ilistlfalice public Pension too. The which insuranceaimoutside Social is solves to complementcompulsory Insurance and the pmb-to offer the improvementinitiationandprinciplesorganisation the practice of of economic theof of work,of European working developed mechanismsaccording conditions, Union. countries: to ILO thefor number of people in need and disadvan- burdensome heritage from the system. enlargementemployedtheopportunities future. of insurance payments in to lay for aside money foremployers and tryAnmedicinecreation isimportant reduction of to engineering aid strategic employers. of unemployment task teams of thefor labourcoun- and Thesizetheregulate Law rights, of socialon in Healththea newinsurance order forInsurance ofthe insuringpayments country should andfashion in thethe tion.mentmeasuresincrease Development stimulation of and engagement programmes continued. and betterment of Thethefor employ-popula-number of porarilyeventtheance ofprerogatives reduced will temporary he workeddisability. ofdisability the out Health existing by orextending insur-tem- short- of unemployedProgrammeFromgrammes Social for forCare .temporaryincluded Additional to Employment in Qualificationoccupation. two pro- and 111111F1111111111111111111111111=1111111111111"111111111.1=111111111111111111111111182 ("Illnessonspecialisedterm insurance and Maternity"), system, etc. forming The Law of the Insurance social 45 in insurancethe Event fund of organisationsbyand Labour improvedRe-qualification, Offices. were were the paid Companiesgrew. services suhsidies Developed offered and for 83 4 MI NM 111111 111111 INS The periods of severe political 0 CultureIn Times Produces of National Plenty of Crise4 Bulgarian Fruit art.nalBulgariannearly That values, is whypeople such it mayasto lastingknowledge look and and and social trials have taught reverential attitude para-eter- in a larger,ofconvincingly. publishedregardsBulgarian33 but % circulation,unfortunately totitles Actually, 67 is % by translationsin the favour ones. Naturally, at least 50 % number of the win as alThe fruit.creative humanisticBulgarianal,doxical that spirit atin culturefirst,pathostimes acquires but ofproduces in thenational fact it plentyis of a clearnation- natur-crises forAtNationales the thegivethe 1500 traditionalfirst theirLibrary. registeredtime publications Spring publishing Book was presented the not all of to the hous- Fair identity.sisedturegoriesry.'contour enrichmentFuture makes through in the and an very ofwhichattempt past its end areBulgarian ofat time thea synthe- centu- cul- own national cate- theNationalcountry.presencelishingnewly mediaeval Book established Theinhouse the Centre prize Bulgarianspiritual with givenprize life for by of the islong-standing named after writer.a pub- as InternationalCommitteetheThisthe callestablishment finds for its a inwell-deservedactualArts the Olympiad, manifestation frameworkof Bulgarian as well meet- ofin portAlongsideHouse.Ohridski"nerTchemorizets to becamethe withBulgarian the Hrabar. hook Its first University the "Sv. financial sup- Publishing Klement win- faithillusions,fromtinguisheding that1996 of the the thebut bereavedTV 21st inexhaustible Bulgarianscreen. century Bulgaria madeintellectuals it strengthened the of many abilities by dis- ofThe BulgarianBookturnedliterature search Centre into for literaryand wayssubsidises the magazines. of nine tradition, the National written wordmaintenance leadingalready----- considerationInconstant 1996possessed the ground Bulgarians byto booksthefor pride.creative again. spirit gave enough are a ofsuchcompetitionscy Haskovo,wasin as:this the Southern particular main Days heldAdded task Spring of field.in of thetheto the state's traditional poli- Yavorov in the in the town country.literary thenewtheirprobably titles.scanty According madeincome them to the data St.St. CyrilTHE and LOVE Methodius OF READING money to buyspare out of of etc.Svishtov,Svishtoviannewlythetown town established of ofHearth Pomone Stara Vine in Zagora, theinand the city Geo competitions: oftownwereMilev Sofia. the ofin 47 BulgarianThe5067National ratio titles. betweenhooks Library is in translatedapproximately 1996 there were and RadoydifferentfollowingFor theirRalin, genres literary writers:Valeri were Petrov,achievements Genchuhonoured Nikolay Stoev. the in 93 etc.Kanchev,hilityDespiteDvoryanova, of the. literary relatively Georgi composition greater.possi- (ospodinov, in Kosta Radev, Emilia Leadingsectionawardworldmusicians music winnersonly took with shows could partnames. andin fill prestigious. thethe wholelist of Bulgarian singers and StoyanriesThirdHaralampieva,Daniel,Bogdanov, by Yulia Kamharev. Romeo Ognyanova, Fear Cock-and-Bull and andMeglena Juliet Misery Mother Kara-by in by BinaSto- the Reich directed by Leon andershipthehasFestival town beenwhich of ofofheld Professor has SozopolArts already created Apollonia, under forDimo tradition12 the yearsDimov which lead. in ued.theinvestmenttimeseatthe series Books hersofstreet crisis of quitethan arcilland -success astillthe insecond-hand restsomesold wasof mainly placesthe contin- arts,dealing on this it requires far less ofIt is Insingerpianistviolinistthe worth the piper VassilMusician mentioningYovcho Teodosi Petrov. of Krushev theSpassov, the Year brilliance and '96 the thetop Mincho Minchev, the ofguishedWomen Bulgarianlambova's withby Arthur Actors.performancean award Miller by was inthe Three distin-Union Tall areturalthe anattempts closeness. original at form intercategorial of the Bulgarian cul- CULTURAL CLUBS . :hided!hilliestlook. Still tax,taxes a by burdenin 22 the ck world onis onepublishing. - the of value the VivaceRadiolist of were the Bulgarian National of the Programme Allegro distinguished: Ivan THE NATIONAL FINE ARTS AND THE CULTURAL MONUMENTS, enlightenmentculturallished system as independent and which culture have through-places estab- Of characterhooksFlorenceyearNationalGood omenand Assembly freeAgreement goods is of the duty in ofinterest theand educationalon endtax.import of of thethe of in the ratification of the Tchouchkov,instituteswhichInNikolaySpassov, spite many Minchev.of Plamenhavethe Emil Bulgarianfinancial lapsed Tabakov Kartalov, collapseentirely and Viktor orin musical inNationalupkeepdue distress.lacked to the Gallery of serious Therefunds of foroccurredFineeconomic restoration Arts lapsedrisk crisis ofand of the buildings. The musicactivitiesservedofout thefor the thenineteenthhalls. as whole - first centresas libraries,time country. century, of in various about theatres Appearing they the cultural have middleand The most drastic reductionTHE ART of sub- THAT CANNOT DO NVITHOUT INVESTMENT IS CINEMA tivalspartially,SofiaMusicamongUndoubtedly, MusicpracticallyFestival them Weeks,are: theMarch all the most planned InternationalInternationalMusic important fes-Days, and activities were held. Privatetion.abroadcastedrepositories.spoiling certain picture the stabilisation onexponents galleries television ofcontinued kept thehelped situa-in itsforto The dramatic clip oneparticipationseeinges,ingEven overwhere can today theatrical 4,000)learn besides cultural in languages arechoirs borrowingandthose clubs and film open or (number-art shows,learn books, clubs,hous- to try.periodsidy.leaturei4realally From perhaps, wassonic pains 30--10 films applied 10 in Bulgaria a yearstheleature year. to post the ago. Thanksproduceslilms filmtotalitarian now indus-annu- to with 5-6the continuedArts Festival1996. to The Varnapay drastic high Summer. social shortage price forin cul- BULGARIAN THEATRE lack of TheSezoni,Alexander,fessionalism.nitionbe galleries active, Draka, with some high Shipka Makta, Worth standardsof which andetc.mentioning Sredetswon and recog- pro-are: Krida Art, Ata-Rai, tionalClubswhichagednomicoperate sources Act inlendshandicaps thewith as of thenew ofcomputers. financing. Octoberopportunity People'sarc partially The1996. Cultural of envis- addi-eco- Tramandeffortsdocumentarieswereinving the the of completedprinciple theoutside, opportunityNational and 01 in6 co-production1t thefeature Filmcartoons. pastfor Centre films,funding year II turelongstoodremunerationriedfunds in thingsthetime inbelow thebudget before to municipal the thein andthethesocial length fieldactualthe budgets minimum of bursttheatre car- of a that the fromtionswere abroad. withhosts prestigious to a number participation of exhibi- FORMS OF CULTURAL NON-TRADITIONAL thewasit should field a hard of he yearculture mentioned for itBulgaria, by nothat means but1996 in IN CONCLUSION, llpiheeiousSomeIlristov,Pavlov, fromdistinguished international Bulgarian Zero, Duni The Spiro directedGods filinswere: awards. Spero won BeyondEverything by Amongpresn-by Ivan Hristo and elementsThewithfinancialcrisis.ing tendencythe Practically,decisions fundssupport of entertainment towardassigned for ofalmost the the increasing theatrefor music the and salaries. whole stag-ends showthe characteristicminateitarianwhich followedregimein the past inemphasis the 1989,year crash as did well. wasof not total- One ter-the PRESENCE, countryworksBulgariansupportspitecan he of and qualifiedasthe on artists well wonpartial the as asrecognitioncreatedpart abroad.loss unsuccessful. of of thesignificant economic state,in the In etc.theArimndvals.into cartoon held tradition Amongby were VeriiiniaShoa thefilm the by already forumsmore Zlatin prominent Radcv, andturned festi- Kostadinova, interesttheatricalever,intype 1996. remained there Despiterevealed performances is growing and all byprognoses,even attendancethe with developed younger special how- to Tlieagantexpeditionatactors ventures high concert. and altitude of at musiciansa a group synthesis they gaveof to Bulgarian Tibetof an arts, extrav- where at sourcestralisationresults,tionThe couldreform but of and not theinfinancing cultural search achievestrategy ofadministra- forsufficientadditional decen- is already shouldMadness.InternationalNationalFestival he mentioned: Golden Film Rose Festival International Filin Festival,Love Is of Children's Cinema, doxtotainaudience. spectacles,theatrical satietythat year theperformanceThe bydropped ticket asreasonthe well electronic pricebelow asmay byin for he the thethe access ina para-price the-cer-end of Antheyagant_animation archetype find searches realisation of genres of theseare in throughdeepening allquests spheres. extrav- is andthe year,Thewhichbecoming qualitative gives proved reason a stable personnel its for merits public optimism potential, inmodule. the past 94 continuedfame of to our proliferate school abroad of singing. the BULGARIAN VOICES THE RENOWNED Mother-in-LawEventsberDespitea film-show of the hardships,ticket. directed a largeby Boyko num- productionsof was created. the season became: 95 IN MN - 49 NU MI MI Genealogy of peoples in the Balkans

Greeks - known from 1700(?) BCuntil nowadays Linguistic group Indo-Earop:an Language Greek HahitatMainland Greece. Aegean and Nlediten-anean Islands. colonies on the coasts of Asia Minor. Black Sea. Aegean Sea What happened to them- evolved into pres,mt day Greeks with many Slav and Albanian enclaves Thracians - known from 1200 BC to Forth century AD Linguistic group Indo-European Language Thracian HabitatCentral, Eastern. and Southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula What happened to themassimilated in the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Medieval State

Illyrians- known from 1200 BC to the Fourth century AD Linguistic group Indo-European LanguageIllyrian Habitat -Western and North-Western Balkans What happened to them- pan assimilated by Serbian Medieval State. part formed the Albanian nation

Slays - known from the first century AD to nowadays Linguistic group Indo-European LanguageDifferent Slav tongues HabitatEastern, Southeastern and partially Central Europe and the Balkans What happened: Eastern Slays (Russian, Belorussians, Ukrainians)established N Statesin the eight and 9th century AD Western Slays (Poles, Checks, Slovaks) - established Medieval States in the 8-9th centuries AD I Southern: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, established Medieval states in 8-10th centuries together with some Turkic people t names of which they took as ethnic designation: Macedonians no state and no identity until the 19th c.: i. Bulgarian identity in 19th c.. developped their own identity during the 20th c.; Macedo: republic after 19-14. . I Turkic people known from c. 1st c. AD to nowadays Linguistic group Turkic Languagedifferent tongues .11 Turkic HabitatCentral Asia. Asia Minor. the Balkans What happened:

51 Avars. Bul;zars. Serbs. Croats. and others came to he Balkans in 6th. century AD. established Medieval states with the local Slays Turks established several medieval states in central AsiaSeljuk (10-12th c. AD): Ottoman (12-19th c. Ad): nowadaysseveral states:Turkey. Katahstan, Turkmenistan. Azerbayjan: adopted Islam Arabs - known from 1-2d c. AD to nowadays LinguisticioupSemito-Hamitic Lanclua2eArab HabitatArab Peninsula, Near and Middle East, Northern Africa What happenedestablished powerful Arab Caliphate in the 7th c. AD, conquered the Near and Middle East and North Africa: adopted Islam; nowadaysseveral Arab states

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52 Timetable

Period Greece.and Island the Balkans Asia Minor

1400 BC Myceneans. NIinoans

1200 BC Trojan War end of Mycenean civ. Thracians in the destruction the. War of Troy 1200- 80OBC Dark Ages Thracian and Dark A l!cs Illyrian fortresses

800- 600 BC Archaic Period Greek Colonization Greek coloniz. Homer Greek religion

600 Classical Period Thracian Kingdoms Persian 400 BC Heydays of Athens Wars with Greek kin gtiom Wars with Persians cities War with Athens

400- acedonian rule Macedonian rule Empire of 100BC Local dynasties Alexander and Grecization his followers

100BC - Roman rule Romanization Roman zinc 30O AD Retain Greek

300AD Slav Invasion Slav and Turkic Byzantine rule 7(X)AD invasions

700- Chaos Byzantine empire Arabs challenge 900 AD .1-..4Bulgarian state ii-') Byzantium Croat state 900- Byzantine rule Byzantine rule Byzantine rule 1200AD

1200 - Latin Kingdoms r-\B ulgarianstate Ottoman Turks 1350 Byzantine Empire Serbian state Ottoman state

1400 Ottoman rule Ottoman rule Ottoman rule. 1800 AD

1800- Greece Serbia Ottoman Empire 1900AD Bulgaria Rumania Ottoman Empire after Greece same plus Albania Turkeyrepublic 1921

53 Linguistic groups

Inclocuro

Indo- Balto- Greek German halicCelts Iranian Slavic

Turkic

Proto- Turkish Azcri BUIQarian

Semito-hamitic

Hebrew Arab Aramaic Ethiopic

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54 THE STRUCTUREOF EDUCATION IN BULGARIA

HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

19 13

18 SECONDARY 12 HIGH SCHOOL VOCATIONAL 17 / GYMNASIUM I SCHOOLS 11 VOCATIONAL 16 / TECHNICUM / TECHNICAL 10 includes prep. SCHOOLS 15 in place of grade 8

14 8

13 GRADES 4-7 GRADES 4-8 12 6 1 MIDDLE SCHOOL 11 / PROGYMNASIUM / 5

10 4

9 3 GRADES 1-3 8 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2 / OSNOVNO OBRAZOVANIE 7 1

6

5 KINDERGARTEN 4

3

Gracie'

55 Doris Hri:-ittiv f .

THE PLANE IS LATE

We're waiting atthe airport where the sun pours down like file.numhim.1 and bathing us in sweat. we should have left here hours agoand be somewhere far away, but the plane has not arrived, the plane islate.

I wish its polished wings would show up there in that fiery realm as proof of its existing state: in vain the raven. in his tailcoat. splits the air. making a hole for the plane to penetrate.

We kuzzle coffee and poke around at the news: the chocolate melts: the tearful kids are brown. We sent Daedalus and his son to investigate but they've found nothing. and do not yet return.

The pilot once reported from a place unknown that our lives would be different and then his voice went

dead. We dream that over paradise we fly and then bail out with pure white parachutes opening overhead.

We are cut off by wires that surround the landing field: the air resounds with each departing flight. We tear up our tickets for we have lost .all hope, then settle down like animals for the night:: ":

When the plane appears. like an angelit will descend from heaven: and old men will race to make it secure,

1 but I. for one. will be no more: my skull will be a house for crickets, with pebbles forfurniture

(translated by William Jay Smith)

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1 56 Konstanlin Pavlov (b.1933)

THEATRE APPEAL

We shall now take our leave.the old actors. Both these and those. From our multiple self repetition:

"Remember how I killed you?" "Remember how you killed me /" Murder becomes theatre: the dead are given the floor. But! - no harsh words for the murderer! We don't need such a play.

So I appeal: Let the negative characters show mercy to their positive brethren. There's no other way out. such as Revenge. And,in general. this theatre is no longer ours. Let's take up our own bodies: both these and those. Without tears and without theatricality. Farewell all.

57 Ivan Tcofiiov b-ock Yes

Let's use our wisest tools. to deconstruci the foundations of pain before its edifice has reached its finalform. Amidst the flickering outlines of spiritual ruins let's gather the remains of Nobility so that its Triumphal arch may riseagain.

Let's pull down the selfish wall dividing my home from yours. so that neither Our suppers nor ourthoughts be secret.

Let's lift the fallen bread and 'in the custom of our ancestors let's kiss it with a sense of gilt.

If we can do nothing better. let's at least recall what has been done already by man for man...

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1

I Jo United States of America

CANAD

Boston

San Fr New York Pacific Philadelphia Ocean ASHINGTON, D.C.

HAWAII Atlantic 0 Ocean HonoluluD, MEXICO New Orleans Boundary representations no: necessarly authoritative. Gulf of Mexico

BACKGROUND established on the east coast of North America. The Ameri- Land and Climate can Revolution of 1776 led to independence from Britain and The United States covers the central portion of North a loose confederation of states. The Constitution of 1787 es- America and includes Alaska and Hawaii. Covering 3,618,765 tablished the basic form of government as it exists today. Ex- square miles (9,372,610 square kilometers), it is the fourth plorers and pioneers headed west and settled large areas of largest country in the world. Because of its size and location, land. The United States acquired territory from France, the United States experiences many different climates and Mexico, Russia, and Spain throughout the 19th century, ex- has a variety of geographical features. Large mountains, vast panding its borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. deserts, wide canyons, extensive coasts, subtropical forests, In 1861, civil war broke out between Union states in the wetlands, rolling hills, prairies, frozen tundra, and more fea- north and Confederate states in the south over issues of sla- tures can be found. Beyond the beaches and mountains of very, secession, and economic differences. Union forces, un- California, the Rocky Mountains in the west give way to a der President Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Confederates in vast central plain, which merges with the rolling hills and 1865 and reunited the country. low mountains of the east. Hawaii's rugged, volcanic topog- American troops were only involved in the last year of raphy is lush and green year round. Alaska has towering moun- World War I, but the United States was a major combatant in tains, broad valleys, glaciers, and a varied landscape. Climates World War 11 and emerged as the strongest economic and mili- throughout the country are as varied as the terrain. Natural tary power in the world. It became a major donor of financial resources include coal, copper, lead, uranium, bauxitd, gold, aid and technological assistance to developing countries and phosphate, iron, mercury, nickel, silver, petroleum,atural spread American values and ideals.throughout the world gas, timber, and much more. Natural disasters, such asloods, (which were not always welcome). In the 1970s, after the hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and severe winter storms, U.S. defeat in Vietnam, American prominence declined. This impact various regions. trend seemed to reverse toward the beginning of the 1990s. History Americans consider their country a guardian of democracy North America's history before Europeans arriveis in- and freedom, as well as a promoter of peace. Although U.S. complete, but the original inhabitants had advanced civiliza- leadership has not always been in the best interest of all par- tions. From the 17th century on, Native Americans were dis- ties involved, it was pivotal in the 1991 Gulf War. It is cur- placed by European settlers who had come for riches, territory, rently vital to the ongoing Middle East peace process, peace and a "new world." British colonies (the thirteen colonieg) were efforts among former Yugoslav republics, democratization in

Copyright 0 1996. Brigham Young University. Primed in the USA. All rights reserved. It is against the law to copy, reprint, store in a retrievalsystem, or transmit any partofthis publication in any form by any means for any purpok Without written permission from the Publications Division of theDavid M. Kennedy Center for International Studies, Brigham Young University, PO Box 24538, Pru 0, UT 84602-4538. Cuirurgrwils are availablefurmore than 150 areas of the world. Tuplace an order, or to receive a free catalog containing information on other t avel-related publications, call toll free (800) 528-6279. 59 Haiti and other lands, and in international free-trade negotia- the Constitution and Bill of Rights are based, in part, on Chri tions. The United States is an active member of the the United tian values and principles. However, the Constitution dic i Nations and a key donor of international aid. It has always that church and state remain separate. There are scor had free elections to determine its leadership. different Christian churches throughout the country. Abo

24 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. Bap I THE PEOPLE Methodists, and Lutherans are the largest Protestant gr Population more than half of all Americans belong to these or other Prc The population of the United States (about 264 million) is estant organizations. Other Christian denominations acc the third largest in the world, following China and India. for another 3 to 5 percent of the total. Between 4U and 50 Eighty-two percent of America's population is white, which cent of Christians attend religious services weekly. includes people of European, Middle Eastern, and Hispanic (2 percent), Muslims, Buddhists, and other non-Christians al origins. Other racial groups include African Americans have substantial memberships in the United States. Abo (12 percent), Asians (3 percent), and Native Americans (1 per- to 15 percent of Americans have no religious affiliatio cent). Hispanics, who can be of any race, comprise 9 percent may still have spiritual faith or convictions. Religion is ge of the total population. Hispanic is an artificial term not al- erally a personal matter for Americans, but those with a ways accepted by members of that diverse group. Most His- tive interest in it often discuss their beliefs with others. panics (or Latinos) prefer to be called by their country of General Attitudes origin (e.g., Mexican American). The term Hispanic is only Americans are frank and outspoken. They openly' used here to identify a group that consists of many peoples their opinions and share their views on a variety of sub otherwise too diverse to list. Indeed, all designated minority In general, they appreciate people who are candid. The groups are represented by many smaller groups with origins few subjects that an American will not discuss. Of emir: in nearly every country around the world. Primarily due to there are exceptions, and religious values may keep some immigration, Asians are the fastest-growing minority. discussing certain issues. Those who are not close fr. Although members of any ethnic group can be found any- avoid extremely personal questions. Americans value inn where in the country, the mixture is not the same in every vation, industry, and integrity. They enjoy a good sen region. For example, California's population is only 57 per- humor, including sarcasm. Americans have the ability to cent white, while New Hampshire's is 98 percent. Hispanics at themselves as well as at others. They are proud of their cot: reside mostly in the west and southwest, while African Ameri- try. Even though they may criticize the government, most cans live mostly in the east and southeast. More than 60 per- patriotic and believe the United States is one of the gr cent of the people in Hawaii are Asians. Whites commonly countries in the world. Americans strongly value their live in rural and suburban areas, while minorities tend to live dom and independence, both as a nation and as individua in large urban areas. Nearly 80 percent of all Americans live Individualism, as opposed to conformity, is often cited in metropolitan areas. American is the term most often used American characteristic. Even when working as a team, Al to describe a citizen or product of the United States, even cans usually think in terms of several distinct individui outside of the country. blending their efforts rather than a group working as one . The United States's Human Development Index (0.937) Personal Appearance ranks it second out of 174 countries. Most Americans enjoy Although fashion trends affect general clothing patt access to education, adequate health care, and economic pros- Americans usually 'feel free to wear whatever they plea: perity that is needed to make choices in their lives. Adjusted Some use clothing to make a social or personal state11 for women, the index (0.901) ranks the United States fifth Americans emphasize cleanliness but may purposely out of 130 countries. tattered clothing or casual attire in public. Dressing "dow Language (casually) is a trend in the workplace; still, suits for me English is the predominant language of the United States pantsuits, dresses, or skirts for women are standard atti and is spoken by most citizens. The English spoken in the many offices. Formal clothing is worn for certain socia c United States is referred to in other English-speaking nations casions. Appearance, in general, is important to the indiv. as American English. It is characterized by spelling and pro- American. nunciation variations from British English, as well as unique idioms. Spoken English is very flexible, while written com- CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES munication is more formal and standardized. Many first-, sec- Greetings. ond-, or even third-generation immigrants also speak their Both men and women usually smile and shake hands native tongue. In fact, one in seven Americans speaks a lan- greeting. The American handshake is often firm. Good frien guage other than English in the home. Spanish is spoken in and family members may embrace when they meet, many Hispanic communities. Native Americans speak a va- cially after a long absence. In casual situations, people riety of Amerindian languages. wave instead of shaking hands. Friends also often wave Religion each other at a distance. Americans may greet strange Although the United States has never had an official state the street by saying Hello or Good morning, although they church, about 95 percent of the population professes some pass without any greeting. Among the youth, verbal give . religious beliefs. Most Americans (80-85 percent) are Chris- or various hand-slapping gestures (such as the "high live") tians. Early European settlers were primarily Christian, and icommon. Except in firmal situations, people who are acquz

rc60 address one another by givenname. Combining a title (Mrs., of a mother, father, and Dr., Miss, for example) with a family two or more children. The nuclear name shows respect. When family often maintainedimportant ties to members of the greeting someone for the first time,Americans commonly say extended family. Today, thetraditional American family con- Nice to meet you or How doyou do? A simple Hello or Hi is sists of a mother, father, also common. There are regional variations, and one or two children, but this such as Aloha in only accounts for about one-fourth Hawaii or Howdy in parts of the of all households. Non- west. Friends often greet each traditional familystructures are more common, includ- other with How are you? and respondFine, thanks. Ameri- ing families with a singleparent (30 percent) and unmarried cans do not really expect any furtheranswer to the question. couples with or without children.One of every four children Gestures is born out of wedlock. Children When conversing, Americans may live with or be cared generally stand about two for by grandparents, especially feet away from each other. However, if the parent is young andnot they may spontaneously married. More than half of all touch one another on the households have no children. arm or shoulder during conversa- A "household" can be comprised of tion. Members of the opposite a single person. sex may hold hands or show Nearly half of all working Americans affection in public. To point, are women. In homes a person extends the index finger. where both the husband and wife One beckons by waving all fingers work, men are expectedto (or the index finger) with share household duties. Men also play the palm facing up. Directeye contact is not necessary for the an important role in raising children. With bothparents working, the use of and duration of a conversation, butmoments of eye contact are need for day-care facilities is increasing.This is especially essential to ensure one's sincerity.When sitting, Americans true for single-parent families. Elderlyindividuals who can- are casual. They may prop their feet on chairs, placethe ankle not care for themselves live in retirementcommunities or other of one leg on the knee of the other,cross legs at the knee, or sit with legs spread apart. Poor institutions; many live with their adultchildren. Otherwise, posture is not appropriate but is the elderly live in their not uncommon. People often hand items own homes and comprise a rapidly to one another with expanding segment of the population. one hand and may even toss somethingto a friend. More than half of all young, unmarried adults (ages 18-24) live with Visiting their parents. The American family is mobile. Manypeople move from one Although Americans are informal, theyare generally con- scious of time. Appointments region of the country to another foreducation, employment, are expected to begin promptly. or a change in living conditions. Guests invited to a home for dinnershould arrive on time because the meal is often served first. Dating and Marriage Hospitality takes many Dating is a social pastime in the United forms: a formal dinner served States. Youth may on fine dishes, an outdoor bar- begin dating in couples becue with paper plates, or as early as age 13, although group a leisurely visit with no refresh- activities are more common ments. Most events are casual. Guests at that age. More serious dating are expected to feel begins around age 15. Going comfortable, sit where they like, and enjoy to movies, dancing, having pic- themselves. Guests nics, participating in sports,or eating out are all popular ac- are not expected to bring gifts, but a small tokensuch as wine, tivities. Casual sexual relationships flowers, or a handicraft might be are common. Many appreciated. Among close couples choose to live together before friends, dinner guests may be asked or instead of marrying. to bring a food item to Still, marriage is the most preferred serve with the meal. Americans enjoy socializing; living arrangement. Wed- they gather dings can be either lavish in small and large or simple, depending on the region groups for nearly any occasion, and they and one's religious affiliation. The enjoy talking, watching television age for marriage averages or a movie, eating, and re- 26 for men and 24 for laxing together. women. Diet Eating It is difficult to namea national dish. The abundance of Eating styles and habitsvary between people of different fast-food restaurants in the UnitedStates seems to indicate backgrounds, but Americans generallyeat with a fork in the that the national foods hand with which they write. They are hamburgers, french fries, pizza, use a knife for cutting and and chicken. While these foods spreading. Otherwise they lay it are popular among most seg- on the plate. When a knife is ments of the population, they reflect used for cutting, the fork is switched a busy lifestyle as much to the other hand. Bread as preference. Americans eat beef, pork, is often used to push foodonto the fork. People eat some chicken, and other fowl in fairly large quantities,although eating habits have foods, such ats french fries, friedchicken, hamburgers, pizza, changed with health concerns. Freshvegetables and fruits are and tacos, with the hands. Theygenerally place napkins in the lap. Resting elbows available year-round. Americansconsume large amounts of on the table is usually considered candy, ice cream, and other impolite. De sert, coffee,or other after-dinner refreshments sweets. Mcist Americans will readily try any food, and theculture easily adapts tonew tastes. are frequentlx served away from the diningtable. Guests are expected to say for a while after Recreation the meal to visit with the Baseball, basketball, and American hosts. In res4urants, the bill usually football are the most does not include a ser- popular spectator and participation vice charge; leavinga tip of at least 15 percent is customary. sports. Public schools pro- vide team sports for the youth.Professional sportsare an LIFESTYLE important part of the culture. Americansalso enjoy soccer, cycling, racquetball, handball, tennis, Family swimming, golf, bowl- ing, jogging, and aerobic exercising. Leisure The American family is the basic activities include unit of society, but it has watching television, going to movies, been changing. A generation picnicking, attending ago, the average family consisted music concerts, and traveling.

61_ Holidays as a major world currency, a demand-driven consumer soc.- Each state has its own public holidays and each city may ety, and exports. The services sector employs more peup have celebrations. National public holidays include New than manufacturing, but industry is still the most vital part Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday (third Monday the economy. The United States exports capital goods, cars, in January), Presidents' Day (third Monday in February), consumer goods, food, and machinery. It also exports po Memorial Day (last Monday in May), Independence Day culture (movies, music, television programming, fashio (4 July), Labor Day (first Monday in September), Columbus trends, and more), which can fuel demand for American goods. Day (second Monday in October), Veterans' Day (11 Novem- The United States is a key world financial center, and its ec ber), Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November), and nomic fortunes affect global markets and international ec Christmas. Although they are not holidays, other observances nomic growth. The currency is the U.S. dollar ($). include Groundhog Day (2 February), Valentine's Day Transportation and Communication (14 February), St. Patrick's Day (17 March), Easter, Mother's The United States has an extensive network of paved hig Day (second Sunday in May), Father's Day (third Sunday in ways, and the private car is the chief form of transportatiol . June), Flag Day (14 June), and Halloween (31 October). In large cities, urban mass-transit systems are common. In Commerce many areas, however, public transportation systems are n Business office hours usually extend from 8:00 or 9:00A.M. well developed. Many people travel by air, and the Unite to 5:00 or 6:00P.M.However, retail and grocery stores often States has the largest number of private airline companies in remain open until 9:00P.M.and many are open twenty-four the world. Train travel is limited to short commuter distanc hours a day, seven days a week. Suburban Americans shop and relatively few cross-country routes. However, goods fr for groceries and other goods in supermarkets, large enclosed quently are transported by train. The communications net- malls with department and specialty stores, smaller open-air work is extensive and modern. Most people have a telephon strip malls that feature specialty shops, and chain discount There are literally thousands of radio and television statio stores. Urban residents shop in many of the same stores but in operation throughout the country; most are privately owne might also buy goods at small, neighborhood shops that are Freedom of the press is guaranteed. Although newspapers are part of large office or apartment buildings. available everywhere, only about half of all Americans re. one every day. Others watch television for news. SOCIETY Education Government Each state is responsible for its educational system. Ed The United States is a democratic federal republic. Indi- cation is free and compulsory for ages five through sixtee vidual states hold sovereignty over their territory and have Most students complete their high school education with grade rights that are not reserved by the federal government. Each 12 (at age 17 or 18). Many enter the labor force at that age state has its own legislature for enacting local laws. The fed- seek vocational and technical training. Others enter a unive eral government has a president elected by an electoral col- sity or junior college to pursue higher education degrees. ThL lege of delegates chosen to represent the vote of the people in literacy rate is 99 percent, although functional illiteracy is a

each state. Presidential elections will be held in November problem for many adults. . 1996. The bicameral legislature (Congress) has two houses: Health I the 435-seat House of Representatives, whose members serve The health problems facing Americans are different than two-year terms, and the 100-seat Senate, whose members those in some other countries in that a sedentary lifestyle serve six-year terms. There is a separate judicial branch. The risky physical behavior are the two greatest causes of ad voting age is 18. Due to the two-party political system, Con- health problems. Most people must have private insurance to gress is dominated by the Republican and Democratic Par- receive medical care without paying very high prices. T ties. Smaller parties are active throughout the country and a health network is extensive and modern, except in some ru few have seats in the legislature, but most act as pressure areas. The United States is the only industrialized country groups rather than viable political parties. the world without a national (public) health-care system. Each Economy state has its own regulations regarding health care, and th The United States has the largest, most diverse, and tech- are some national standards as well. Public and private nically advanced economy in the wort .Economic growth is form_ movements are changing how health care is provided strong. Real gross domestic producter capita is $23,760, and paid for. The United States is aworld leader in medi the highest in the world. This indicatesat the average Ameri- research and training. The infant mortality rate is 8 per 1,0 can has greater buying power than peo le in other countries. Life expectancy ranges from 73 to 80 years. However, while American society as a whole is prosperous, there is a widening gap between the wealthy and the poor, FOR THE TRAVELER and even between those who earn a comfortable income and While many Americans enjoy traveling to other countrit.... those who struggle to meet basic needs. most vacation in the United States. Tourism is important to The country's economic strength is based on diversified many local economies. For information on places to explo I industrial and services sectors, invesu4nts abroad, the dollar contact local travel agencies or state travel bureaus.

A Cullurgrain is a product of native commentary at d original, expert analysis. Statistics are estimates and information is presented as a matter of opinion.Whil I editors strive for accuracy and detail, this documen should not be considered strictly factual. It is a general introduction to culture, an initial step inbuilding hr of understanding between peoples. It may not apply to all peoples of the nation. You should therefore consult other sources for more information. tool Printedon recycled paper Jul)

C) IN NM IMI 104 Economics - Leading Indicators; Gross Domestic Product; Bankruptcies =I EN LEGISLATIVE BRANCH /--- --I EXECUTIVE BRANCH I-- UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL .1 Index of .LeadingSources Donau Economic of Eonionic Analysis. Indicators U.S. Dem. of Commerce Architect of Me Capitol Senate House CONGRESS Vice President PRESIDENT Cabinet Suprrne Court of the United States Coasts of AppealsDistrict Courts BRANCH F- does.The index is made up of ItThe measurements index of leading of economic economic activity indicators that tend is used to change to project direction the U.S. long economy's before the performance overall mammy six months or a year ahad GovernmentGeneral PrintingAccounting Offico OfficeU.S. LibraryBotanic ol Garden Congress ExecutiveOffice ofOffice Management of the PresidentComa and Budget of Economic Advisors While House Office Court of Appeals foe the Federal Circuit Cam of InternationalCourt of TradeMilitary Appeals Territorial Courts Claims Court NewAverageComponents orders weeldywork for week consumerdams of forproduction state goods unemployment workersand matelots. In merufeauring insurance adjusted for In-Change In sensitive materials prices ChangeeiCrw=pemits in manufacturers issued Willed orders. durable goods Orrice of Technology AssessmentCongressionalCopyright Budget Royalty Office Tobunal U.S. Tax Court Office of the U.S. Trade RepresentativeCouncil on EnvirovointelOffice of Duality PolicyNational DeveloCrneraNational Economic Socunty Cana Council Adrninistrathre Office of the Courts Court of Veterans FederalAppeals Judicial Canter VendorContracts performance and orders (companiestionhemflation ice fowlers) plant rece/vhgand equipment. slower adjusteddel...ferias for Infla-Index of consumer expeetatiors MoneyIndia of supply: stock prices M-2. adjusted for Inflation Office of ScienceOffice and of NationalTechmiogy NationalDrug Policy Control Critical Poky Materials Council NationalOffice of SpaceAdmiNstraticri Council Gross Domeitic Product, Gross National Product, Net National Product, National Income,Sower Barmy and of Personal Ea mon:a Analysis. Income US. Dept. of Commerce 1980 (billions of donors/ 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 Tema of office of the president and vice president: Jan. 20. I The Clinton Administration As of mid -1991 993. to Jan. 20. 1997. No person may be elected president of the LesteEqual=La=GroseGross Capitol Indrectbuelness domestic nation.Net nationalconsul-peon product product product tex andalloarces nontex labity 8615.3 4813.9 45.346.4 - 51,015.5 928.8 94.088.8 - 52,732.0 2,428.1 213.3303.8 - 55,524655,513.8 4,929.8 439.25948 55,677.5 5,068.85,694.9 475.2828.1 55,950.7 5,30856,961.8 504.2653.4 PresidentUnited States - Bill for Clintonmore$200,000 than of twoArkansas a4-year year taxable: terms.receives in additionsalary ofan expense allowance Communication'Legislative Affairs - Mark- Howard Gearan. Paster. Plus: Subeides less current surplusStatisticalBusiness of transfer discrepancy payments -2.8 2.0 .4 -1.1 2.94.1 12.1 5.74.9 27.7 4.88.1 21.928.1 0.5 34.129.7 2.9 of 550.000320,000inghis official5100.000. to for duties.assist official nontaxable. inAlso defrayingentertainment there a may year expenses be foravailable expended travel resulting expenses for not allocation fromexceed- and CabinetManagementEconomic Secy. & Domestic & - ChristineAdmin. Affairs - DavidA. Varney. - RobertWatkins. Rubin. Less:Equal= Corporate fiationd profits income with valuationgovernmentInventoryNet interest and enterprises capital consumption adjustment 424.9 49.511.3 832.6 41.2743 . 2,203.6 200.9177.2 4,459.6 490.1319.0 4,544.2 449.5346.3 4,743.1 415393 28553 5 Vice President - Albertsalarywithin Gore. theof Jr.,$171,500 Executive of Tennessee a Office year andof receives the 510.000 President. for expenses, all of MediaNationalStiff Secretary Affairs ServiceSecurity -- JeffJohn - -Eli W. Eller. Segal.Podesta. Anthony Lake. Plus: Govenmst transfer paymentPersonalWa0aConti:taws to accrualspersons. interest for lesssocial Income disbursement insurance 24.927.521.912.9 .0 22.269.381.862.2 .0 271.9312.6216.5 52.9 .0 124.8721.3661.7501.7-0.1 528.8137.0700.6748.3-0.1 139670:841 26-15 which is taxable. (Salary: 5148.400 per annum) The Cabinet AIDSCouncil Policy of Economic Coordinatorchmn. Advisers - Kristine - Laura M. Gebbie. D'Andren Tyson, Executive Agencies Equate: Personal income BusinessPersonal drvidendtransfer paymentsincome 409.4 2.0 831.8 4.1 2,258.5 12.1 4,679.8 23.2 4,828.3 22.8 5,058.1 24 AttorneySecretary General of DefenseTreasuryState - -Janet Warren - -Les Lloyd Reno. Aspin. M. Bentsen. Christopher. OfficeCentralNational of Intelligence ManagementEconomicNational Drug AgencyCouncil and Control Budget -- R.Robert PolicyJames - Leon Rubin, -Woolsey, Lee E. Panetta.dir.P. Brown. dir. dir. Seem= Bureau of Eminonlie Analysis. U.S. MN. of Commerce Gross Domestic Product (billions of dollars/ SecretarySecretary of Interior of LaborCommerceAgriculture - Bruce- Robert - Babbitt.RonaldMike B. Reich. Espy. H. Brown. CouncilUS. Trade on RepresentativeEnvironmental Quality - Michael - vacant. Kantor. cde Gross domestic product . 5,677.5 1991 5,950.7 1992 (let Quarter) 6,145.8 1993 Nonfarm -10.3 1991 1992 2.2 (let Gunner 199:32.1 Secretary of of Housing Health °seems%gala.andand Urban Human Development Services - - DonnaHenry G. E SecretaryDeputy of Secretary State - Warren - Clifton M. ILChristopher. Wharton, Jr. Department 2201of State C St. NW 20520 ".r2t5tOw. Personal consumptionexpendituresServicesNortaxDurable woth goods 2,190.13,887.71251.5 446.1 4,095.82,324.71,290.7 480.4 2,415.11.320.84,234.7 498.8 Net exports of goodsservices andExports Farm -21.8598.2 0 -30.4636.3 2.2 -49.649. 2.: Serrsmey of Transportation - Federico F. Pena. Under See. for Political Affairs - Peter' Tarnoff. Gross private domestic imports 620.0 868.7 698' SecretaiySecretary ofel EnergyEducationVeteran - HazelAffairs - Richard R. - lisseO'Leary. W. Brown. Riley. Under Secretary Sec. for forInternational ManagementDavis. Security - Richard .Affelre Moose. - Lynn 0) InvestmentFixed investment Nonresidential Structures 180.1541.1731.3721.1 770.4168.4548.2768.0 168.0573.8809.0844.0 Government purchasesFederal National defense . . . 1,090.5 323.8447.3 1,114.9 315.8449.1 304.:441. Onel al Staff - Thomas F. McLarty 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20500The White House Staff AssistantLegUnder e! AdvisorSec. Secretaries for - GlobalSherman for:Adadalstration Affairs M. Funk. - Timothy - Patrick Wirth. F. Kennedy. Change it businessinventoriesResidential Producers' durableequipment -10.2190.3390.9 217.7379.9 4.4 235.2405.8 34.9 State end local Nondefense 643.2123.8 665.8133.4 675.13e.' 1. &Mar ea Pelky andAmeslemssOnmelertea. Strategy s the N - President le Georgethe dee Preddent President Stephanopouloc. & Deputy - David Chief Gergen. of Staff - Roy Ned. EastDipiosestitComberAfrican ABM Affairs Affairs & &may PEISe - George- Mary - ToryAffairs A. E. Quainton. Ryan. Mane.- Winston Lord. OsumiCsmalP9IdelatItti N to arit Ifs President PresidentPerscemelRAM. - =_Bruce_LindsaY.Bernardon Domestic W. Nussbaum. Policy - Carol HomeEuropeanEcoacante Rights a & Camellia Heirless & HareardtarlanShattuck. Affairs Afters - -Stephen Daniel Affairs Tarullo. Oxman. - John H. F. Year19821970 CompanyManvillePenn Central Notable Bankruptcy Filings Since 1970 10891989Year LomasSouthmarkCompanyAmerican Financial Continental 1991Year1991 OrionAmericaCompany Pictures. West Airlines 64 3 6 -Peed& rests & Initiatives - MarciaPrueWeave Hale. Secretary & Technology - Dec Dee - Dr. Myers. John II. Gibbons. Internationallater-AmerkesIntelligence & Narcotics Research Affairs - MattersAlexander - Tobi Gati.- vacant. Watson. 1985t983t1986 D87 non FInow.:elTexacoLTVWheeling-PittsburghBaldwin-United Corp. r.nrn nf America Steel 19901990 COnamentalAmosAlliedDrexel /FederalDepartment Burnham Atifinoti Lambert Stores 194219921991 R.H,CanerMaxwell Macy Hawley Communications Hale 102 Economics - Consumer Price Indexes Economics - Consumer Price Indexes 103 age change in prices over timeThe of baste Consumer consumer Price goods Irides and (CPI) is a measure of the aver- Consumer Price Index short-termsional, managerial, workers, and the technicalunemployed workers. retirees, the andself-employed, others not All items 18811Consumer Price Indexes' Annual 1982 Seen= Burma of Labor Statittlea, U.S. Dept. of 1983 1984 1988 1986 Percent Change 1987 Labor 1988 1989 forpa publishingallservices. tub= consumers From CPI's fan. for (CPI-W.1978. two populationthe which Bureau covers ofgroups: Labor about (1)Statistics 80% a CPI of be. services,fuels,In the drugs,transportationlabor force. and prices hues,The of CPIchargesthe otheris based for goods doctors' on prices and and services of dentists' food. clothing. shelter, and RentShelterFood residential . . . 11.710.38.77.8 7.67.14.182 5.82.32.13.2 4.9 3.84.3 5.62.33.6 5.53.21.9 4.14.74.13.6 4.84.1 4.55.84.8 1990 5.45.8 1991 4.52.942 1992 3.3123.0 wagethe earners andthetotal totaldericai population. and population: clericalworkers The workers. (CPI-W).and CPI-U (2) agroups includes,CPIwhich for such coven urban in as addition aboutwagepram- earners32% to of equalschangesbought 100.0. forfrom day-to-day a designated living. reference The period.index measures 1982-84, whichprice PrivateApparelFuel & othertransportation and pinniesupkeepNew . cars . 11.414.88.04.8 * 3.99.52.89.8 . 2.62.32.55.6 2.94.31.94.652 3.22.52.81.862 -4.7-2.3 0.95.8 -3.0-1.1 4.4 -1.4 3.34.33.8. 4.92.83.33.9 5.24.63.55.6 2.83.73.36.1 2.5222.5 Soars BurmaConsumer of Labor Statistics. Price US. Dept. Indexes, of Labor 1993 Use of this reference period began in January 1988. CommoditiesEntertainmentMedicalPublic transportation care Gasoline 24.110.71128.47.8 -5.311.810:9 4.16.5 -3.3. -1.62.94.38.84.8 3.43.78.26.2 2.13.96.34.5 .8 -21,9 '3.4 7.65.942 -4.0 3.36.63.53.6 4.38.51.80.92.0 5.27.75.09.52.0 10.114.1 4.79.01.8 -1.8 4.58.74.43.8 -0.2 2.87.41.72.522 Unadjusted Indexes- percent0,1-U changeJuly to 1993 from Unedjuited Seesonagyadjustedchangepercent Unadjustedfrom- percentCP1AV change to Unadjusted 1993 from- Seasonallyadjustedchangepercent ers. The Consumer(2) ChangePrice Wes iron (C.PRI) 1980. measures the average change In prices of -0.9 goods and services pyre:fussed by all 3.2 3.5 4.7 5.2 urban consult- 4.2 2.0 HoushgFood. beverages (1982-84=100) 141.1 1993July 1992Juty 2.82.2 June1993 0 Juno to Indexes140.8 1893July 1992JulyJuly2.2 June1993 0 June to from Consumer Price Index SOWETO" Bureau of Labor Suds:les. U.S. CPR/ by Region and Selected Cities Percent Dept. of Labor InCdPel x- We8 EntertainmentMedicalTransportationApparel, careupkeep 202.2145.3130.3129.4141.9 2.06.02.40.2 -1.9 0.50.3 0 Jul 0.402 . 0 0 201.7129.4128.4139.1 8.02.10.22.5 -0.1-1.8 0.502 0.40,2 0 NortheastU.S. city average urban Area (1982-84 = 100) 150.8144.2 fly' Indexes 144.4June1999 144.41999July July 1992-July 1993change: 2.8 141.911.1989Y3 142.0June1993 142.11993July Jut rya:1181923- chPercent CommoditiesAll itemsServicesOther less goods. foodless services food Special Indexes 145.2158.4193.7 2.93.96.3 0.t0.40.3-1 0.402 0 142.4158.0193.8143.7 2.73.76.11.9 -0.1 0.3 0 0.10.10.3 North Central urban505°°,000,°1831°5001.2°.OrMore than 1,200,000 139.8149.2150.31512 140.0149.5150.3151.7151.2 149.7150.4151.9151.4 2.82.02.72.6 151.0114488..30148.7 151.2148.4148.5149.0 151.2148.4148.6149.1 2.72.02.62.52.7 AllEnergyNondurable, items Ind energy 149.7105.8134.2125.5 -02 3,01.31.0 -0.7-0.8 0.1 -0.8 0.1 0 147,3105.2134.1125.5 -0.4 2.91.312 -0.8-0.5 0.1 -0.1-0.5 0.1 0 South urban Less50,000360,000More than than 50.000 to to 360.000 1,200,000 1200.000 134.4137.8141.9141.0 134.9141.4138.8141.1 134.9141.1138.2141.3140.0 2.52.43.02.82.7 139.9134.7137.5137.2 133.8139.3135.5137.6137.3 133.9138.9135.0137.8137.2 2.1222.82.82.6 Consumer Price Indexes for Selected Items and Sourer Bureau of Labor (alt tub= ennounters - CPR() SiltiSLICI. U.& Dept. of Labor Groups West urban Less450,00050,000More than to than50,000 to1,200,000 450.000 1200,000 138.7140.0142.1141.1140.7 - 138.8140.2142.8141.0140.8 139.0140.1142.7141.0140.9 , . 3.73.0322.53.0 138.8140.1139.4139.3 140.2139.4139.8 140.2139.5139.8 2.93.22.42.9 it Food and beveragesFood All Items (1982-84 at 100. Annual sauna of monthly figures) 197039.240.138.8 197659.860.253.8 198086.860.782.4 105.8107.51985 125.1124.0124.11less 132.4132.1130.71990 136.2138.3138.81991 137.9138.7140.31992 Chicago. et -Gary-1.2ke County,50,000More than to 330,000 1.250.000 -Selected areas 143.6148.1148.0 144.0147.6148.0 144.9147.7146.0 4.22.62.9 141.8143.9 142.1143.7143.4 142.81144'1.64139.2 3.82.52.83.5 Food at home Fruits.Meats,DairyCorsets. vegetablespoultry, prods. bakery fish. prods.eggs 37.844.744.837.139.9 58.962887.082.961.8 82.190.992.083.988.4 106.41032100.1107.9104.3 138.0115.8121.3132.41242 128.5130.0140.0132.3 155.8125.1132.6145.8135.8 155.4128.5130.9151.5136.8 NewLk-Anaheim, York, N.Y.-Northam Riverside,LavIII., Ind., Island, CalWks NJ N.Y , 153.8150.1145.7 154.2149.7145.6 154:3149.8145.5 2.92.12.9 150.4145.1141.4 144.81412 144.8141.1 1.83.0 OtherNonalcoholicFats.Sugar, cgs prepared sweets beverages foods 39.627.139.230.5 41.373.565.3 91.489.390.5 104.3105.8106.9 111.31212119.4 113.8124.7126.3149.0 137.1114.1131.7129.3 140.1114.31292133.1 SanPhton, FranciSco-Oakland,Jose. Cal San Pa., Del.. iNJgMo. Tn . . . . 149.4 146.1150.5 150.7 2.3 149.3 150.4150.7 150.6150.7 2.22.8 Housing Alcoholic beverages Food away from home 36.452.137.5 50.785.954.558.9 81.188.483.483.6 107.7106.4108.3108.4 123.0123.5127.4125.5 128.5129.3133.41312 142.8133.6137.9 137.5147.3140.7 Boston.Bellmore. Lawrence, Md. Mass., Salem, N.H 151.8142.8148.9 143.7 2.22.7 115421..21144.8 144.0 144.1 2.02.6 Fuel,Shelter other utilities Maintenance.Rent repairs 35.848.535.5 54.158.048.8 82.480.981.0 106.5111.8109.8 118.0132.8 ' 146.7140.0 . 126.3165.61462 128.6160.91512 St. Louis,Miami,Cleveland, E. Ft. St. Akron,Lauderdale, Louis, Mo.,Lorain, III.Fia.. Oh . 139.0139.6 . 139.0140.9152.4 3.92.82.4 113372..27 - 1319113571..25 2.62.2 Energy services 31.829.1 50.045.4 75.875.4 106.9106.5 114.7107.8 117.4111.81222 112.6115.3 114.8117.8 Washington, O.C. - Mel -Va 1492136.8 ....--- 3.02.3 114376...04 138.3 2.13.9 Household furnishings 8House operation furnishings 55.548.8 69.883.4 88.586.3 101.7103.8 105.5111.2 106.7113.3 107.5118.0 109.0118.0 DeDa008Ilas-F. Amon WArboltri., ksiTsch.x __- - tlt.2 135.1136.5 -- 147.0 2.6 Apparel & upkeep 59.2 72.5 90.9 Houston. Galveston. Brazorla, 11132.3838.291 - Apparel commodities 83.3 76.7 92.9 105.0 118.8 122.0'124.1 128.7 131,9 .Tex. - Footwear Woman'sMen's 8 girls' boys' 56.871.862.2 69.685.575.5 91.896.089.4 104.9105.0104.0 118.4117.0116.7 122.8120.4 127.61242126.4 130.4126.5129.4 Pcnsburgh.Pittsburgh. Beaver Valley. Pa 139.5 -- - 133.7 - - 37.5 50.1 53.1 102.3 114.4 1174 120.9 125.0 - - - Transportation Private New cars 53.037.5 62.950.6 88.484.2 106.1108.2106.4 112.9114.1 121.4118.8120.5 126.0121.9123.8 128.4124.8128.5 Percent Change in Consumer - 1976- Sow= huernadottal Monetary Fund 1980. - Prices in Selected Countries 1987 - 1988- 1989- - - GasolineUsed cars 27.931.2 45.143.8 97.562.3 113.798.6 120.4119288.5 101.0117.8 118.1 992 123299.0 CountryCanada 1988,' 1985,avg. 1988, 1989, avg. 1990, - 1991,1990- - 1992,1991- OtherEntertainmentMedical goods 8, servicesTobaccoPubic PrOdocal care 43.140.947.534.0352 54.753.962047.543.5 72.078263274.969.0 118.7114.5107.9113.5110.5 164.4147.7128.5149.3129.5 161.5159.0132.4162.8142.8 202.7171.6136,4177.0148.9 183.3142.3190.1151.4 SpainJapanItalyGermanyFrance ala18.3103 OS4.1 13.7 2.73.9TA9.8 '3 0.75.11.32.7 ' 2.3 6.32.83.55.0 avg. 3.18.52,73.44.8 avg. 6.43.53.15.6 5.84.02.4I 65 Personal.Personal educatknal care expensesPersonalToilet goods care senAces 35.544242.743.5 48.757.758.057.9 '83.770A79.881.9 *19.1108.9107.8106.3 158.1126.81232125.0 170.2132.81282130.4 183.7137.0132.8134.9 197.4140.0138513132192 UritedUnitedSwezerlandSweden MPtim 14.410.518.6 8.92.3 12.2 5.57.24.39.0 4.04.95.81.942 4.87.83.28.48.8 10.5 5.49.58.7 5.99.35.85.93.3 3.74.02.35.81.7 MI IMIN r r 42 3.0 OM 116OM I= UM Economics - National Income by Industry, Type, Distribution 111111 OM NM MI IIIIIIIEconomics - U.S. Investment Abroad; 1111111 1111111 Gold Reserves; Industrial Production .111 OM MO 117 Sower Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Deo. of CommerceNational Income by Industry (billions of dollsn) U.S. Direct Investment' Abroad , Scene Bureau of Eamon* Analyse. U.S. Dept. of (millions d dollars) in Selected Countries Compose . DomesticNational Industries income withouttion adjustment capital consump- 5428.6 425.1 1960 5835.1 827.61970 81, 316.0 1,297.4 1975 $ 2,283.9 2,215.3 1980 $4,497.5 4,468.7 1990 $4,587.6 1991 64,789.0 1992 Attica EAll countries $424,096 $460,965 11,499,670 1,4651990 1 2391991 1992 PortugaiNeth erlands 22.858 1990 598 19,772 1,028 1991 19,114 1992 Private Industries MrningAgriculture. forestry. fisheries 371.6 17.8 5.8 695.4 25.9 8.4 1,088.3 48.5 1,894.5 61.4 3,828.9 97.1 3,870.84,570.1 90.9 4,029.34,757.7 95.8 S. Attica 956161 . 857611 ' 871274922 United8pain, Kingdom 68224 7,704 78,072 7,992 77.842 8,1651,160 ManufacturingConstruction Durable goods 125.3 73.422.5 215.8127.7 47.4 185.0317.5 89.9212 313.7532.1126.6 43.8 484.3284346..94 38.1 484.2284191.01 38.7 480.5873.8219.8 3e.1 Asia and Pacific (metIndonesiaIIndsHongClaw )n Kong 8,187 513 8,518 410431 8,644 479489 Other Europe NonayFinlandAustria ,... 3.81555 889 1 4,3491,258 359 4,0471,385 322 Transportation, public utilitiesTransportationNondurable 9000 mmunic 16.535.852.0 8.2 17.631.584.487.9 101,1132.548.0 218.4177.385.8 19839.44328.7362.6 314330.28376.7 144.83372393.5 SingaporePhilippinesMalaysia 1.0291.3843,226 3,7831,3771,711 1,7141.5654278 - s,AtzedandSweden 2,99 5,8100 494 25,604 2242 529 28,862 2,033 708 ServicesFinance,RetailWholesale trade insurance, trade and realCoationsElectric, estate gas, and sanitary services . . 51.341.325.0 9.1 96.479.947.586.8 143.9123.1 83.090226.8 279.5189.4143.3 43.448.1 879.8392.1263.6 92.9 885.0403.3266.0 99.095.3 418.3272.9 93.998.8 BermudaAustralia ThailandTaiwanSaab Korea 14,846 2.0142,1783.3851.585 15,795 2,0382,6282,862 16,697 2,45922.7798,831 .870 South-Alpert America. ChMArgentinaBrazil vital 14.91820,997 1,3682,958 24,93814,8821,9162,787 2621316,1143.353 Government 53.546.9 . 109.8 1324 209.1182.1 321.8341.0 657.9948.3 1,002.4 699.4 1,072.5 728.47032 EuropeanCanada. CemmuritesDenmarkBelsern 67,03321,7371,5979,060 10,60768,85323,0591,813 10,77168,43225,799 1,707 cZtreienezukneitics PeruEcuadorCoiombia 1,4901.728 410387 1,4241,627 522296 1,7252,0772,446 486310 Source:National BUMPY ofIncome EC-011001k MICISSIS.by Type U.S. Dept. of 04.Income COPITCfCC (bIllioan of dollars) Italy[falafelGreeceGermanyFrance 13.11727,25910,8746,880 288 14,77534.02720,798 6,634 363 13,60$35,393232577,229 429 , Middie East Israelrano=Mexico 7,4099,398 756 10,427.122571,014 11,45713,330 1,543 CompensationNational Income' of employeesWages and salaries 5424.9 272.8296.71960 $832.8 551.5618.31970 $1,289.1 814.7948.7 1975 $2,203.5 1,372.01,838.2 1980 54,459.8 2,738.93,290.3 1990 54,544.2 3,390.8 1991 54,743.43,525.2 1992 is(I) aThe foreign book business valueLuxembourg of enterprise U.S. direct in investors'which a single U.S. 1,390 equity In, and1,782 Investor owns at least 10%1,883 of the voting securities act outstanding loans to. their foreign affiliates UritedSeudlA ArabiaArab Emirates . . . 1,981 519 or the equivalent. 2,183foreign affiliate488 2,503 480 Supplements to wages, salaryOtherEmployerGovernment labor contrib. income for social ins. 223.7 23.849.211.212.6 434.3117.1 32.534.368.8 838.6134.0176.1 88.0 1,111.6 127.9266.3260.1 2224.9 277.3551.4514.0 2288.72.8122 290.4578.7543.5 2,354.12,916.6 608.6302.9562.5 Gold Reserves of Central Banks Soeron IMP, 4tenwrlwl Thrombi Sfodukw millloo line and Governments Proprietors' Income NonfarmFarm 11.652.1 14.780.2 125.4 25.485.9 180.7138.420.5 373.2274.0 42.5 368.0288.3 35.8 404.5305.7 39.5 1975Year end countries. AS . ' 274.71 StatesUnited Canada Japan Belgium France uoy ow= Nether- Switzer Untied Rental income of persons 15.340.5 65.418.2 100.0 13_5 160.1 6.6 330.7 332.2 364.9 19771978 1014131,018.71 274.66 21.8221.96 21.11 . 42.17 101.02100.93 Gerrywart 117.61 Bay 54.33lands 83.20 Ki 21.03ngdom Corp. profits with Inventory adjustmentCorp.with capital profits coneump.before tax adjust.Corp. profits tax liability 22.749.949.8 34.476.069.5 134.8123.950.9 237.1194,0 84.8 -12.9135.3332.3319.0 -10.4124.0334.7345.3 371.6393.8 4.7 teal198019791978 1.034621,029.19 953.72952.9994444 .284.32204.11264,80275.41277.56 20.4920.9822.1822.1322.01 24.23.242323.9721.62 ' 34.18342142.394245 101.99101.8761858122 118.64118.30117.6195.189625 86.87e47183.12829162.48 43.9443.9754,7854.6354.33 83.28932663.2883.28 18.84182522.8322.2321.03 Inventory valuation adjustmentCorp. profits after tax UndistributedDividends profits 12.927.214.3 22.519.241.7 54.329.683.8 152.397.654.7 133.7197.0 83.3 ' 146.5210.7 64.2 3.1 149.3231.4140.282.1 19881985198419831982 949.39940.79947.84949.18 26265202.79263.39264.03 20.1120.1420.25 24.3324.23 34.1534.1834.10 . 01.85 81.88.81.85 95.1895.16 66.6756.8768.6765.87 43.9443.9443.84 83.288328 19.0319.0119.03 the(1)Net Nationalsum interest of employee income is compensation, the aggregate proprietors' of labor and income, property rental 11.3-.2 earrings'-6.641.2 that arises in the current productionincome, corporate of goods profits, and services. and net interest.It is It measures the total factor -11.0 83.8 -43.1200.9 -14.2490.1 449.5 415.2-7.4 1990198919881987 938.9594492944.49949.11 201.9326187262.38262.04 15.1017.1418.5219,72 24.2324.232423 302333.5733.8334.18 01.8581.8581.8681.83 95.1095.1695.139516 66.6768.6766.57 43.9443.94 63.2883.2883.29 19.0019.0119.0119.03 costs of the goods and services produced by the economy. Income is Distribution of Total Personal Income' measured bettors deduction of taxes on income. monthly(I) Covers19921991 publication IMF members of the with International reported Monetary Fund. 930.30939.58940.29 281912819126191 12.0814.759.94 gold holdings. For countries not listed above.24.232423 ' 25.0430.23 81.85819561.85 05,189511305.18 88.6766.5768.6786.67see Iniernarional Financial Siatislics, 43.94 83.268328e323 18.6118.8918.9418.09 a Personal Source: flume of Economic Analysis; U.S. Dept. of Commerce (billionsDisposable of dollars) Personal Savings As pct. of Industrial Production Indexes,'Somas Berea* of Economic Awards, U.S. Dept. of by IndustryCOMM= Whorls Groups of dollars 19751965Year19701960 $ 402.3Income 811.1540.7 Personal S 50.4taxes115.8 64.9 $PersonalIncome 695.3475.8352.0 Personal$ 332.3outlays 639.5442.1 Amount$ 19.7 55.833.7 disposable IrkOrne 8.07.15.6% Mining CoalMetal mining Industry Groups 168.7190.41991 181.81992 97.8 163.8199,7 96.9 MacNneryFabricated and metal computer products ciesdpment industry Groups 1991 95.0 1992 98.8 100.11993May 1983198219811980 2,838.62584.62.429.52.165.31,265.0 410.5404.1387.7336.5188.9 2,180.52.041.71,828.91,096.1 2,044.51,904.31,718.71,001.8 137.4136.0110.294.3 6.26.76.08.6 StoneOil and and gas earth extraction NaturalCrudeminerals of1 gas 107.0109.394289.198.0 106.7105.5 931385.792.6 108.082691.4 InstrumentsTrartsportatbnmachigmlernentSectrtalMotor vehicles and parts 105.4102.0112.8113.894.6 104.3105.0102.7120.0124.9 119.0105.7129.414.3.4 19881986198719851984 3,776.63,526.23.325.33,108.7 571.7512.9486.6440.2 3,205.93,013.32,838.72.668.62.428.1 3,104.12,888.52,713.32,504.52,297.4 101.8124.9125.4164.1130.8 3.24.44.16.15.4 ManufacturingUfilltles DurableGasElectric 103.9103.7109.01127.111.9 111.6 1062106.9112.91119 114.8111.4.11621127.113.4 9Z6 NondurableTextileTobaccoFoods products products 105.3103.5 96.998.7 104.7106.0105.499.6 105.8100.9106.4107.31022 199119901989 4.679.84,384.34,070.8 621.0658.8591.6 4,058.83,725.53,479.2 3,853.13,553.73,333.6 205.8171.8145.6 5.14.64.2 P Clarimary,FurritureLumber glassy and and products lectures , and atone products 92.694.090.5 95.998.9e6.4 106.9 99.598.1 ' . ChemicalsPrintingPaperApparel and and productsand publishingproducts ;inducts 108.2 98.891.8 108.2 95.092.6 112995.091.9 (11992 ) 16r5Synay not add because of rounding. 5,058.14,828.4 627.3618.7 prctr envy 4,430.64,209.6 Rt'afr Ra71 4,218.14,009.9 r 212.8199.8 4.84.7 (4 1987 NonferrousIron taxi steel metals100. 100.7 95.59813 104.81012962 112.0106.698.9 ' Lerdhar andRubberPetroleum oral products plastics prockrcts products . . 104.5101.8111.387.9 109.7102.0115.0 92.5 688112.8105.9119.0 362 Population - Race & Hispanic Otigirr, Census Population - Age, Sex, Household; Projections; Asians/Pacific Islanders 363 Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States: 1990 and 1980 Sow= amen of the Coma 1900 Census 1060 Census U.S. Population by Age, Sex and Household, 1990 Saner Bureau of the Census; 1990 Ceram Race 248,70%673 Number Percent100.0 Number Percent 100.0 1980-1990changePercent 91 AgeFemaleMaleSex Total population 248,709,873127.470.455121,239,418 FamilyHouseholds househoiets by Type (families)Married-couple families Percent of total households -Total households. 50,708,32284,517,94791.947,410 55.1 i ArrencenBlack.Mate Intim Eskimo,American orAll Aleut persons Waken 199,608.07029,986,060. 1.878.2851,959234 12.180.3 0.8 188,371,622228145,80628,495,025 1.304,0331,420.400 . 11.7831 0.80.6 37.737.913.2 6.0 252118Under to 442420 6 yearsto 17 years 45,249,38915,010.89811.72616818.354,443 eionfentily householdsOther family.farce/, malefemale householder householderPercent of total households ' 27.429,48310.666,0433,143.582 29.8 Asian or Pacific islanderEsidrronAleut Chinese 7273.6821,645,472 23,79757,152 .0.8 0.72.90.0 3600,439, 806.040 14,20$42.162 0.40.01.5 104.1107.8 81.667.535.6 6560to5545 to 64745459 yewsyearsyear. 25.223,08880,754.83510,818,16710.531.758 PersonsPersons per Householder lying aloneHouseholder 66 years and over fivingolnust:houszholds 242,012,12922,580,4208,824,845 2.63 =weanKoreanRapine 1,406,770 796,849615447847,532 0.30.6 354,593381,531774,852700,974 0.30.2 1341251125.6 8 20.9 UnderMedan3575 toyears 84 18 age years andyears over 10,055.10818.1066583480,165 32.9 HawaianVietnamese 211,014614,547 . - . 0.10.2 168,694281,729 0.00.1 50.1261 65 years end OVOfPermed of total population 31,241,83163,604,432 25.6 Perscoinst=Group Quartets group quarters ed persons 6,697,744 Hispanic Origin Other race OtherGuamanianSamoan Asian or Pacific Islander 9404.847 821.682 49,34582,964 . ' ' 2.90.30.0 8,758.399 32.15849.948 (NA) (NA) 0.0 (NA)45.153.4 Percent of total population 12.6 Other persons in group quarters 3,363.7283,334.018 Hispanic once PuertoMexican FUcan 22.35445913,495,9382,727,754 . 1.15.49.0 14,606.8732,013,9458,740.439 0.93.96.4 3554.453.0 4 Total Population (1,000) Projections of Total Population by Race: 1994 to 2050 Source Bums of Oa Comex based open 1990 Census I By R. (middle series) Percent distribution (NA)Not of Not Hispanic Available origh fromOtherCuban 1980 1-6spenic 100-percent tabulations. (1) The 1980 numbers for Asters or Pacific Istanders shown in Ors table are 226.355114 5,006.4351.043,932 10.491.0 2.0 211,937,132 3,061,063 803.226 93.6 1.30.4 667300 6.8 1994Tear , I Lowestswiss seriesMiddle Highestaerial migration Zero White BlattNumber (1,000) American PacIfisInd an' Islander White Black American PacificIndent IslanderAslant/ iratelyIslanderhcfudesnot entirely In p only othe p compared*u race thel a t Nnei Itema t of specific 3.726,440withon the 1990 Asian1980 from counts. censusors a Pactlic m Thep l fornte tabulations1980Islander (2) count Perform grape Is cof o 3,500,439 m listedof HispeniC separately Asters origin orIn mayPacificthe 1980 be blendersder/ race race. item. based The on 1980 100-percent total Asian tabulation or Pack p a r a b l e t o t he 1990 oast these 11(901141 include groups not [Steil HP 2010.20052000.1995 . . . 278,078273,805268,280.715258.932 108 288.324 296.773 298,109274,815282,754280.202 317.895291.305284.685281,399 277,497271,807285.984259.078267,484 237,412230,993217,511224,594215.948 40.42937.90735.52533,14732.662 2.77225832.40922472216 17,4961228714,8409,6499,377 79.880.781.782.882.9 13.813.212.912.812.6 0.9 5.95.24.53.73.6 Race The concept of race as used by the Census Bureau reflects self-identification. It does not denote any dear-cut scientific d Definitions of Race and Hispanic Origin Sow= Burma at Ow Cams Groups 2050.2040203020202095 .. . . . 275,847282,286288.710236200282,045 323.602344,951364,349310,310 380,123453.687338.560 382,674 506,740 405.130 301.010299,608298,313288,752283,320 274,761289.778261,318250,587244473 82,18158,44551.03145.74343,074 4,6414.0993,6103,1752,971 41,09135,02728,99323.09820,252 713.671.873.875.877.7 18.215.514.814.213.9 1.21.11.0 10.7 9.88.47.28.5 Eskimo.closelynation of identify. Aleut, biological Chinese, stock.Persons Filipino, The data identified Japanese, for race their representAsian race Indian. by self-classification classifying Korean, the:waresVietmunese, by people in oneHawaiian, according of the Samoan.atiegories to the race Guamanian, listed, with i.e., which White.Other they API Black.m American Indi en; and'Americantie*oration given 1,370.000 Inyear. Madan the caningforFor refers the the decades.highest toaisles American Shown, sales. Yearly Indian, lnvnigradon different net Eslckno. immigration assurnpdons is and not Aleut.awas factor wereassuned In made the tozero regardingbe migration350,000 fertility for series. the rates lowest All Rearm figures series: births shown 880,000 per are woman). for Julythe lifemiddle ist expectancy. 01 se- and irn- kan.searsvided."Otheror Other Tongan. tablesThus, API" race. ("API"-data Cambodian,Tahitian, In casesfor means the Northern whereAsian Hmong.Asian orpersons MarianaPacificor Laotian. Pacific did Islander Islander. notThai.Islander) identify Bangladeshi.groups Palausn. or with "Othernot anyfisted and Burmesti.ladoneshm, race" of Fijian-were tmthe theand Shia Census write race tabulated in categoriesquestionnaire the Malayan, name from theyofwrite-in Okinawan. buttheir were contained raceresponses. directed Pakistani. in the in Censustospace identify Sri US. Asian and Pacific Islander Population, Social and Economic Characteristics: 1991 Soren: Bureau a( the Came Spanhh/HIspanicRican)"Other arerace" included category origin here.The and "Otherproviding race" write-in category entries includes such personsas a Spanish/Hispanic not Included in originthe mos group casegodes-desaibed 6.e., Mexican, Cuban. above. P Persons reporting in t Charecterbtial (In thousands)t (Figures areTotal estimates from March I, 1991, Sample Survey) . DIsbibutiont Percent (in thousands)1 Total Distribution' Percent fromthatgoner theyother listed were Spanish-speaking on ofthe other censusPersons Spanish/Hispanic questionnaire-for countriesof Spanish/Hispanic of the origin. example.Caribbean. Pen=origin Mexican.reportingor Central descent Puerto:Ricse.or"Other arc Sole those StianiehliffSPenieArnerlea..or who or classify Cuban-as from themsdves Spain. are well those asor inpersonsthose whoseone ofwho the identify,origins indict specific Hispanic origin a 4515StoUnder to 14 6444 5yearn years old old Total parsons 7,6231,2403,4941,170 808 100.0 17.849.816.7 8.6 MarriedCharectedetIce couple AND INCOMETotal IN families1990 FAMILY TYPE 1,2301,538 100. 80.1 0 themsdva generally asSpanish Spanish. origin Spanish-American. and race are distinct; Hispania thus, Hispanic. persons Latino,of Spanish/Hispanic etc. origin may be of any race. 65 years old and overSCHOOL COMPLETED YEMIS OF 514 7.3 LassMeteFerns* thanhouseholder. householder, $5,000no spouse present 112194 60 12.7 3.97.3 take the 21st decennialOn census April 1, of 1990, the United the Bureau of the Census The Census to Nativeg.analyze identifyprograms areas for needing American energy Indians assistance: and Al Characterletkas oldParsons and over 25 years . 4,158 100.0 35,000$15,00010$10,000 to 39.999 to 324,999$14,999 193 8870 12.5 5.74.8 datedsusitThe counted everyCensus by the3.910 Bureau yearsmillionU.S. Constitution, over tookpeople. the andfirstpast censushasArticle 200 conducted yeast, inI, Section1790,whea its aman- cen- 2. veloorestablisheasvelop needing programs expanding tair.lenermg programs to reduce low-tncome practices; to stimulateunemployment; assess housing economic the need Identify pros grow for ConteBermartaryfiGrl Sohoot 0 to 4 a1 years year.yearsto 3 years or mote . I lo a yaws . . . 1,6231,188 591243515 39.028.514.212.4 5.8 Medan360.000335,000$25100 Ircorne totoand 334.909349,999 over (5) 42,2453 626303197 (NA)40.71%712.8 thevideThe U.S. primarypopulation House purpose counts of Representatives, of theneeded census to apportionwas, and and to is,seats subse- to pro- in resultsForand stateIdentify help and develop areas local requiring governmentsocial services child programs, assistance programs, the progincludt cen. CnaramanstlesLABoR FORCE STATUS CharectertsticePersonsFerniaes belowbelow poverty level POVERTY . 858169 12.211.0 quentlyeludingtoIn addition.many determine federal other the federal,findingsstateprograms legislative state.of thatthe and1990determine district local census boundaries. programs, compliances are critical in- establishterns;.transportationprograms Identify =upsilonslfor -the. Systemsareas elderly forand and low-cost vocational and improve handicapped; housing commuung education Pr. union_ lebor.force fr12117Yed oldChains and 15over years 3.0543,2616,121 100.0 59.083. Chsractaristics TotalHOUSING occupied TENURE units . . 1,958 100.0 1111 6 Q IMPuelfundswith the from Voting federal Rights Act and amendments; allocate n: a rail; identisreasaineed- need em structionboraikams;grams; plan school district boundaries and bei and assess lIlk e,the n eed for s a 111E1 school raes t Not Unemployedh Urarnpsoymant111111icemas lame rAlmwernik. gait uneimi ae . . 2076.3 (NA) 44 Renter-occupiedOwner-occupied 947995 f dvamit. 48.450.8 . le MI U.S. Population - OutlyingIAreas; Area & Population, 1790-1990 NM MB MI Po u.1 cc.-t- on MO MI 423 MO MI NM MN MI MI MN MN Code Zip Area Pop. so mL Lendarea 95918code Inaraien21p U.S. External Territories Area 2.489 Pop. eq. mi. Landarea 19 code Zip Aram Pop. eq. mlfeeland farms in 1991 was 4.632,000,The total about estimated the same number as in 1990. of persons As living on U.S. Sown, Baron of the Comm. U.S. Dept. of CommacaThe U.S. Farm PopulationAGRICULTURE 32 percent of farm managers were not farm residents and 86 96799 American SamoaAmerican Samoa 48,773 77 98910 Marko Monernang-TololAangltao Meier 10.483I 742 10 SaraSide CodaJohn Virtu Islands . . . 50,139 3.604 2083 Thelate as farm 1950, population there were peaked 23 million at farmabout residents 32 million in the in U.S.the homepercent to of a farm larger workers proportion lived elsewhere.of the nation's The farmMidwest popula- was Guam 1 139 , 98915 Santa Rita Pit 11,8571,8275,606 17 172 00001 CharlotteSaid Thomas Arn a r re. . 12.33148,108 31 were1910-1920 published period. in 1945. When 20 percent the first of reports Americans of farm were population farm 1991.tion-49.3 Whites percent-than comprised any most other of the region U.S. of farm the population country in 9691596010 Agana .. ManAgana " 243 070980848 10 6 I 9091896911 Umelac 7anuing 75=rto 18,873 2,3102 868 897 17 06 0084000820 CadalarteasclFreclorksvedTotal 101,309 2 5651 064 114 ablefarmresidents. indicationresidents. In 1991, ofIn whether1991, only farmabout someone residence 2 percent was was ofinvolved Americans no longer in awere reli- centfarms(97 percent). of had men sane who Approximately collegedid not liveeducation, on 29 farms. percent compared of men with living 43 per- on 'Figures9691296913 may not Dededo&Moeda add due to independent rounding. Cnalan-Pago-Ordot. 4.451 31,728 8.848 30 89 969149692iTotal Yens Vigo 133.152 2101142135 338 2035 96940 Petra (tecitau). Trust Territory . . . 15,122 192 Sourer, Economic Rematch Service. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bureau of the Census. US. Persons in Farm Occupations, 1820-1991 (its thousands) Dept. of Commerce U.S. Area and Population: 1790 to 1990 Soave: Bureau of 11w Comes 18501820 Year workers, 7,8972,881Total Number Fenn4,9022,069 occupations of total 83.771.8% 19601950 Year ' workers, 59230 Total NumberFarm occupations6.858 of total 11.6% 19801990 Apr. 1) Census date I 3,787.425 Area (square miles) 3,536,342 Lend 251,0831Water 248,709,873 Number Populationsq. milsof land 70.3Per preceding22,184,088 census IncreaseNumberNu over % 9.8 1930192019001870 48,6884220629.03012.925 10,32111,39010,8886.850 21227.037.553.0 1990198519801970 (March) 117.491106,214104,058 79.80267,990 2,8842,9492.8182.8814,132 2.42.82.73.68.1 19401960193019501970 (Apr.Apr. (Apr.Apr. 1) 1) 3,618,7703,618.7703,618,7703.618,770 3,5392893,554.6083,5522083.540.9113,536,655 79,48184,16286,56477,85981,915 132,164,569151,325,798179,323,175203,302,031226,542203 64.037242.650.6573 19,161,22927,997,37723.978,85623,240.1728,961,945 14.518.513.411.4 7.3 experienced194014 years civilianand over;(1) labor Totaland force total workers 18 workers years for 1985andfor 1820 over to 1991 tototal 1890 areworkers areemployed gainfully for 1900 workers employed to 1980 15 areyearswakers members and 10 over of totalthe workers for 1970 and 1980 51,742 8,995 17.4 1991 (March) years and over. 118,000 experienced civilian labor force 2,848 are members of the 2.5 16801890190019101920 JuneJan.Apr. 1)15)1 3912.2993,618,7703,618,7703.618.7703,818.770 3.540,7053,547.3143,547.0453.546,9313.551,608 71,59471,45671,72571,83967,162 108921,537123202,62462.979,78876212.18892228,496 17.821.528.029.934.7 12,71035713,232.40216,015,32913,793,04117.181,087 21.025.621.015.016.2 Farms Farms-Number and Acreage by State, 1980 & 1992 SommeAcreage Natl. Agricultural StatIstks Service. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Acreage 185018601870 JuneAres 1 11 2,991,6553,0212953.612.2993.612299 2,940,0422.969.6403,540,7053.540,705 71,69451,81351,65571,594 31.443.32138,558,37150,189,209 . '10.610.9142 11,830,8388,2514457,115.050 36.635.922.8.302 Slate . 2,4371980 (1,000) 2,0941992 1,0391900 Ora) 1992 980 1980 426par Fenn 1992 486 Nebraska . State . 1980 65(1,000)Finns 1992 58 1980 Acreage48 (m11) 1992 47 1980 per 734AcreageFarm 1992 841 182018301840 June 1 1.792552 1.749,4621,749,462 43,090 23.19137612,866.o2017,00.453 . 7.49.8.7.9: 3227,6874203A336,122,423 33.5.32.7 Alabama (r)59 7 46 8 1 173812 2 3610 1 3,378 207 1.778 213 New HamP- 3 3 9 9 3,100 3,560 18001810 Aug. 4 1,722,6851.792,552 1.681.8281249,462 884 746 40,86743,090 7,239,8819,638,453 6.14.35,5 . 2,308,572 1,931,396 86.433.1 CaireneM411183 . . 7958 8046 34 3016 5.060 4,500417280 373337 New MexicoJersey. . 1310 14 47 1 44(z) 109160 104182 1790 Aug. 2 NOTE(1) mere11 changes' are computed on basis of change In populationinland. sing coastal, preatelno Great census Lakes, and territorial water. Data for prior yews cover Wand water ally. 891.364891,364 884.748 26,61826918 30292145,308.463 4.5 and period egged therefore 1,379220 36.1 DelawareCr:wea:0Colorado . . . 3626 4 3926 34 13(z)36 1 11(z)33 1 1,358 1288344186117 269207103 NorthNew York Caro- . 419248 6038 12 9 10 8 3.467 128200 3274 216158 1870,'is not alwaystear example. exactly ".sa-ePopulationAlaska 10 years. .n wee on notrangydate covered h Nixesquestion. by given the including census. for various In some years cases represent considerable the wee areas within not the organized Can:twig or offettled ea United and not States covered which by Wks was conga.under toIn data, 2459 4 2148 5 1515 2 1412 2 823468254 843380263 Oklahoma.OhioNorth Dakota . 7296 717833 354218 341540 1,043 481171 1224 479197 callof the between revised 1870 figure, andRevised the 1880, population figure of increased 39,818,449 by 8.375,128,tor the 1870 or population26. 8 percent kicludes between ail atrrtsrhts1660 and for 1870, undernierargon and by 10,370.760, in the Southern or 28.1 states. On the basal per- bwa 121108 88 102 6581 341729 331828 284193269 327248351 RhodaPenrayhariaOregon Island . 6134 1 5238 1 (z)18 9 (z)18 a 517145 87 154487 00 LalsienaWang . . 103 3775 8 309187 101548 4814 19 273644143 290155713 South DakotaCato 3935 3525 45 6 44 5 1,169 188 1,263 212 Resident Population by Sex, Race, Residence, and Median Age: 1790 to 1990 Sex Sur= Bureau of tit Canaille dionneh, warp as Ideated) Race lassa- 17 18 7 3 12 2 1 105157 200141 UtahTemessee 192 9613 183 8813 138 1214 130 1113 919715142 856710143 Conterminous U.S., Date . I Male Female -I- White- Nrirmber -Perce-int Black Other I Urban Residence Rua( I rags Medan Ape (yoga) 'White Slags I Mmeaota. . dvsetts en . . 104 68 8854 7 3011 3011 291175116 339200 99 WastlingtenVermont.. 3759 7 3744 7 1810 2 16 92 429226189 432198219 182018101790 (Aug. 7).6).2). . . . 4,897 NA 4,742 NA 7,88753623,172 1.7721.378 757 18.419.019.3 NANA 693202525 8,9458.7148.728 16.7 NA 16.016.5 17.2 NA Mauna.Mesissippl . . 121 2456 107 2538 823115 803013 2,601 281265 2,439 283337 WyomingWest Virginia . 9420 9 7920 9 3519 4 3517 4 200191 219185 107018601840 June 1 . . 19,49416,065 8,689 19.06515,358 8,381 3358928,92314,198. 4,880p2,874 .442 12.714.118.8 NA 9979 6,2179,9021,84.5 282522715224 ,686 19.417.8 20.419.717.9 17717.3 (x) Lass then 500 farrne or 500,000 acres 3,846 3.783 190018901880 (June 1) rune 1i . 3831632,23725,519 37.17830.71124.837 68.00955,10143,403 8,8347,4898.561 11.611.913.1 351358172 30,16022,10614,130 45.83540.84138,026 22.922.020.9202 23.422.521.4 19.417.8189183 Year &wee Nail. urns Aeriniteral StatisticsLivestock Senior. U.S. on Dept. Farms of Apiculture In the (in ihanands)U.S. AM 194019301820 (Apr.(Jan.(Apr, 1) . . . 68.06262.13753,900 65,60880.63851,810 118215110,28794,621 12,86611,89110,463 9.89.79.9 589597427 74,4246895654,168 57,24653,82081,853 *29.0 26.425.3 425.6 29.626.9. 26.323.5223 300lag (On Jan. 1) 59.73960,014cattle Al 16.54416.000cows 44,618Sheep Nog'48,130 1955 (On Jan. 1) Year 98.592cattle 23,462cowsillet 31,582Sheep Hogs'50,474 19601950United (Apr. States 1) . . . 8833175.187 90.99278,139 158.832135.150 18.87216.045 11.110.5 9.9 1,6201,131 125209 96.847 54.05454,479 29.530.2 30.330.7 235262 1125IVO1910 6337370.40068.90 22,51521.45519450 40,7435023948,105 60,15948.07251,055 107019851960 112,369100,000 96238 12.09116.981119,527 20.42325,12733.170 57.04656,10659.028 ri 19931980e970 (Apr.(July (Apr. 1)31) IF...... 113,119110,053 98,926 120.365118.493104.309 178,098199.849194.713 28.06626.68322581 12.011.8 8.3795,1602567 167,051149,325 NA 59,49553,887 NA 30.830.028.0 31.730.928.9 25.924.922.4 114011311MX) 68.64681.003 26,08223.032 51,90651,56536,543 39,00655,70555,770 199019801985 109,582111242 98,162 10.15310,77710,758 10.71612.699 87.31L,54,07 reps199019851984 rharows (July(Apr. 1 1,1)As. , In(NA) Not available. ) est) arrrvq(1) II.,n4 Exequies121239116,180115.022 seas Alaska tots. and Hawai. (2) Theme 127A70122.576121455 199,688202,769201.290 29,96628.87028.457 revised 1970 resident population....4 T...... count ...... 4 el -.....- 203302.031, ...a...-12.112.0 -.A.--- which ,--. h0orpo-- -n - -...... - -sr -1-1 9,5057,0976.730 187,063 NANA 61,856 NA 32.931.431.1 34.432.332.0 n," - 26.328.126.6 awn 11601145& lanes 571183411) (570 Taal 701. eadmaied ts.ws II valuen: 85.87388,30977,963 on farms as of 23,85327,77024940 ..e.Jan. I. 1993, was (avg. value per head in29,82846,52052.107 parentheses):III It 5893759,37361.185 1993119921991 100,892 9955996,896 rank & calves 565.481.884 (5649.00) 10168. 9,8449,913 10,1741,0.75011,20011,383 63,82159.01657,88454,477 ( 2 Sow= National Cower for Education Statistics. U.S. Dept of Education EDUCATION U.S. Labor Force, Employment and UnemploymentSource: Ourou of Labor autistic.. U.S. Dept. of tabor. seasonally adjusted EMPLOYMENT PercentPPupils o pTotal u l anda agedt U.S.i o teachers n 5-17 5-17population years years (thousands) ol N o e . Historical Summary of Public Elementary and Secondary . . . 1909-10 1919-202409 1929-3027,556 1939-4031,417 104940 30,15026.5 1950.601 30,188 1960-701 28A 25.8. 130,890 148,665 23.0 20.3 179,323431381 203212 224,567 24.5 52.490 25.8 127940Schools48.041 248.8191989-0044.549 249,415199041 45.311 CharacteristicCategory 1990 Selected Unemployment Indicators 6.7 II 1991 6.8 III 8.9 IV II 7.5 II 1992 7.5 Ill 7.3 IV I . 1993I -711 Enrollment (thousands)PercentElementary npop. high and 5-17 schools smonettuy ended . . . . 17.814 21$78 25,678742 25.4345.1 10278.3 17.181.7 28.084.4 25.111 22783.2 38.007 23.5822 45,619 26.586.9 41,845 32.988.7211 40182 28.1902 41.218127 27.591.0 Total (all civilian workers).BothWomen.Men. sexes.20 years20 years16 and to 19andover years over. . . . . 14.9 4.84.64.75.3 15.9 4.84.95.05.6 16.6 5.16.05.15.5 18.0 5.85.48.16.5 18.7 8.05.78.4 19.0 6.15.86.5 19.0 8.0828.5 19.6 6.46.06.972 21.0 6.58.272 20.3 6.6547.2 19.4 8.48.37.0 19.6 8.188.5 0 12.120.1 8.1is5.9 Teachers.TotalAverage InStructicoal librarians: ached term Men staff On(thousands)Ho days). school . graduates . . 157.5 110111 161.9 678231 93 172.7 140880592 175.01.143 195912 177.91.063 962 1.627 1A64178.0 2,253178.92,589 2.4412.748178.5 2220 2,2371798 MarriedHispanicBlackWhite and men. origin other spouse pres- 10.5 3.29.47.7 11.710.5 3.58.1 12.110.9 3.78.7 12.110.9 9.8 12.711.2 4.49.8 10.112211.0 4.4 10.112.611.4 4.5 11.613.912.4 4.0 11214.513.0 5.0 1421Z8 5.3 14.111812.7 4.9 13.611.412.3 49 10.1132 4.5 TotalRevenue revenue 8 exptndltures (matrons) Percent men Women . . 3433 21.1 413 - U70 32.08814.1565 32280 35.437 314.746 340267 $98.881 18.6703 22.2 681 21.3719195 29.0 985402 1,440 33.4691 121834.0 782 5207.753 5222.823 -_ _ Married women, spouseent 3,6 4.1 42 4.8 5.1 5.1 45 4.7 Total expenditures Current Mem and secondary 358428 1.038 881 2.3161,843 2,3441,941 4,8876,837 12.23915,813 34,21840.683 63.98495,982 187.558212.100 - 201.550228,933 - Full-timeWomen who workers mainTain lami-Nes 4.97.7 7.65.38.5 7.45.78.7 .A.3.__. 4,5_8.0629.1 4.5_ 8.56.59.3 9.08.36.5 921.78.56.8 9.07.09.5 10.1 927.2 9.99.272. 10.0 ss9.47.0 9.99.18.7 9.089.8 8 seeds. and pupil costOtherMerestcapital outlayon sdrool debt . 69_ 153 18 3 370 92 9 130257 13 (Data In meditated dollars) 1,014 100 35 2.881 132489 1,1714,659 836 8,5081,874 598 17.7882.aes3.770 19.7713.2984.314 UnemployedPart-erne 15workers weeks andover' . . 7.31.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.5 8.32.6 8.42.8 8.22.8 7.02.5 7.82.3 Emendtturekraragli a`nualleather per Ware. . . 8485 4.71 53.3268719.91 91.420 91,441 813.7019.03 17.91 33,010 39 $5.174 87 $8.840 *16,715 200 427 332.723 859 $34.385 918 Labor force time los12 . Nangercailary workers tural pnvateindustry wage 8.05.4 5.76.3 6.28.8 8.87.4 7.69.17.1 7.07.7 7.27.9 9.57.682 7.8 170.1 9.47.6 8.87.2 9.072 soysoranent eipendlture per(I) Because of el are not entirely comparable with data for prior year&capean 165 Includes lotelocastaff. supervisor& (3) "ADA" meansprincipals. average teachers day ettenclance In elementary and Mof the scope. "current eapendtures tor elementary and secondary schools"2795 Oats for 88.09 209 secondary day schools. 375 616 2.272 end other nenetpem- 4.982 195940 end 5245 Goods-producing industries.ConstftsaiOnMilin9Manufacturing 10.6 5.35.44.26.5 11.2 5.95.84.38.9 13.5 6.66.45.27.9 14.8 7.67.18.58.7 15.1 7.97.57.7 15.8 7.27.18.79.0 162 7292 17.3 7.7.3 17.1 7.8 9.28.1 15.4 8.37.86.4 14.4 8.87.57.172 t5.1 8.8727.2 The proportion of the most recent high school graduates who had enrolled in colleges or universities 1992 High School Graduates, 1991-1992 High School Seems Bones of the C. U.S. Dew of Comm.= sambas la Wag daiewod, Drop-Outs was at an all-time Service-producingWholesaleTransportation Inckrstries and andretail publicNondurableDurable tradeutilities weds goods - 6.23.55.05.5 8.33.95.25.6 5.56.06.84.3 5.96.47.45.0 8.26.97.55.3 6.26.97.85.1 7.75.98.472 8.8725.5 ::26.97.9 8.75.67.07.7 8.05.98.972 7.94.86.6 8.15.06.572 .. dist high schoolhts6Foret,flew of graduates63 also respectively.percept continued entered in the The tofall college. be ofmajority wide1992. the gaps Inof enrollment 1980theYoung in 1992the about womencollege ratescollege half for continuedtheearthmen freshmenblack most and recent torates (63Hispanic be highpercent) moreby race school youths likely andwere thanwere ethnic enrolled young much in lower-49mm 4-year to enter institutions.and colleges47 and tmiversides-65 graduates group. Whereas 64 percent of the had enrolled in college by the versus 60 percent. GovernmentAoictakral workers wage andworkers salary Finance and service indus-tries 2.54.49.6 2.64.69.7 10.2 2.84.8 12.0 3.25.1 11.2 3.15.4 11.5 3.25.4 11.9 3.55.7 10.7 3.96.0 12.4 3.56.2 13.2 3.46.0 12.8 3.56.3 12.3 3.68.0 11.1 3.3SA nap!liceasses.&els al -[Wentz. -7819.4 the percent- proportionpercent. about -amongtwo-fifths was in well the the werebelowlabor high combining force theschool joblen was graduates school ratemuch for with higher-1991 who some graduates.had two labornot - thirds.enrolled force at 25.3 The activity. in percent college.labor Among force the The group's theparticipation unemployment youths highest enrolled in 8rate in for this rate was still years. As Among 2-year socnorric19 unemployment reasons asas aa percentpercent of of potentially the available civilian labor force. (2) Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed labor force hours. arid persons on pert time for lib(e1,6 ictioci school about graduates. 60 penmot were in dropouts, of the 400.000 youths who bad dropped out of high school between October 199/ and October Civilian the labor force. Their unemployment rate of 39.1 percent was double the Chien Labor ForceEnl 11 rate for the year's 1992. Employed Persons by Occupation, Sex, Soren Bureau of Labor Statistic.. U.S. Dept. of Labor ' and Age het 11982 Mph school Oferecterlstic PeculationNorvirteti.tutional Number Partici-paeanRate Number Population74 rde of 4 n t Number Unemployed Labor Force Percent of ForceLaborNot In fin thousands) 18 years and over 16 Leers and over 16 year* Total Men 1992 10611 Women and over 1992 Metaleaner Cksts3 1.95412211,2402.48 1 1,2201,475 NO785 82.463290.0 1,225 sea056 46.652.940.8 121129251 17.816.517.0 I 631465965 i Tenet i 1 I . Pn7lidel=tleecne.1 and managerial 110.877 tiefli1991 2 . 117,698 tue61731992 83.583 saws 1:25853.2134 53,793 InergedmimicMI6 In ortglncollege 1.542 210359 781133172 49.383.6478sta 1,060 649104 in 42.148.128.954.3 112150 3788 21.439.813.1 734188 76 COWI - IiinigEralrear OfIcedsOlhw and executive, edelrestratOra. admristrative, Pubic administrate:A and managerial 10,412 3,951 591 10,157 3.9e7 819 1,856 12438,611 338 1,36411 8,3841,896 2,0063,801 255 lire 2,0653.802 968 ErroesdFL8-1IneEmile In 2-year = college college . 1.429 971571 865377384 38267.2 315333 39.732.558.3 6151 16.313.214.7 7133504188781 -J":( I`' Prole:sans! spedattyMeregernenkelated occupabons C- 16,058 923 16.388 1,751 935 1.6047.767 583 7,7751,603 622 8292 339114152 8,611 125313148 WarrenNetParktne stuients 793749113 394367 95 49.784.149.044.1 331317 82 41.842.471.9 03499814 15.913514.514.8 382 111 rt:C.5..... , Natural=cal and 'dentists computer scientists 849438 914459 898324 747334 153 167 MickWM 1258 175 648 58 32.851.4 573 38 20.146A 2273 11.3 . 812699 )-_C1-- I I HealthTeachers,Totters, clanosts) collage except collegeand triversity and tativersky essessment=mstattng occupations 4.0292,376 772773 42162.517 788737 1,036 026457328 1.082 3321320435 2.03125022,048 146316 . 3.1542.1842.050 187302 Mel errelledlearranIhnlege* ln college origin . 426491919120 4298714 1869 89285.277.8514 237330578 48 66.500.082.740.2 138 598021 i19.1 Ill 132118 7351 C...) Other 4.061 4.066 2.020 2.018 23,352 .... Wes 696 574 82.5 487 70.0 88 15.1192 122 (I)P"-V harem& sees, end TechiciansLawyerspro= end reeled support ad= axon MAN18534182343.794 . 36.80618236 11253 12,734 3,6711221 13,289 7.2522,1603248 14.883 6,8161,873 21536:,!,141882,084...8857' . GUMINA 406184 00 242114 64 50.882.071.8 147 4600 36.354.137.2 951648 30.140.0 (1) 1154 2570 COUJ lentsNerals=nsecort map:fore Inciteng clerical 15,98613,762 .16.006 13,128 12.0308429 12.0008,494 1.1329,657 1.148 Ilm 216189 112130 61.4136.1 86 45.2 45 34.7 58 . lemern 'reduction, craft,ConencamMechanics and repair and Metes repairer' craft, and repair 4.8C64.427 4,7904,441 1322442 4,7214264 12,720 4,7024293 4,556 881183 42137eaq 1302147 89 she To& 319 as , 190 SS . : 52.660.7 . 126 82 40.326.8 "178360 32A44.3 . 120108 . . 40m: 1110 '73 _f_ocsatitislorprr 11111"1111°47.11.11 TeriVertaticn end materel movIrlg occupations iseisiontaberoduclion. . and laborers ill. . 0111111 11:172 342974278 459Alerntroduilikg 0600.617ciatifilii 1216724 4.5884,678 all?3,791 1,4513.736 3 437806 . 2.980 427 r etasLar ent ahem where bees h lees then 15,000.himIre (2) est nay One raweeneel not refer equal b and priorslate&1032. likeenlos lithoWit Dad&copedere Included for theout aboveof61 School race between and 111. 11111111111.111/1. 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AA, Z.1:z III OM =I Poe s b\/ MI MO LDGJ-\- =I \r\4-IYGL(1 MN ThoseI hearHear America of America medmilics, singing, Singing each the varied carols I hear, blithe and strong, one singing his as it should be 0 Captain!The0 Captain! portship ishas My mynear, weather'd Captain! the bells every our I hear, fearful rack, the the trippeople prize is done, allwe exulting, sought is won, The carpenterboatmanmason singing singingsinging his whathis as as hebelongs he makes measures to ready him his in for plankhis work, boat, the deck- off work, or beam, or leaves While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But 0 heart! heart! heart!0 the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my CaptainFallen lies, cold and dead. The shoemakerwood-cutter's singing song, as the he sitsploughboy's inghandmorning, as singing he stands, or on at thenoon steamboat intermission deck, or at sundown; on his bench, the hatter sing- on his way in the ForRise0 Captain! you upfor bouquets my you Captain! the andflag rise ribbon'dis flungfor up and wreathsfor hear you the the bells; bugle you thetrills, acrowding, shores TheEach deliciousday singing what what singing belongs belongs of to the tothe himmother, dayat or her night and theto party of fellows,work, or robust,of the girl friendly, sewing or washing, or of the young wife at none else, young For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father!The arm beneath your head!It is some dream that on theYou've deck, fallen cold and dead. Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs. TheMy fatherCaptain ship isdoes doesanchor'd not not feel answer, safe my arm,and his hesound, lips has are no its pale pulse voyage and nor will,closed done, still, and From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult 0 shores, and ring 0But bells! I with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead. '7 8 FULBRIGHT -HAYS SUMMER FULBRIGHT SEMINAR ROMANIA AND BULGARIA 1997 GlenSecondaryBernice Burnie Kos Education la Senior High Teacher School 79 Glen Burnie, Maryland 21060 80 MN MI NM t-lcii(r-bwr CONSTITUTIONOCcum-plial I= IN Art. 1. (1) Bulgaria shall be a republic with a FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter One parliamentary Theformganization,bodies people of government. established shall state exercise institution by this this Constitution. or power individual(2)(3) Thedirectly No entire shallpart and ofpowerusurp the people,theof the expres- state no political shall derive party nor any other or- from the people. through the tionswithsion oflocalshall the exist.self-government.popular sovereignty. No autonomous(2)Art. The 2. (I) territorial The territorial Republic integrity forma- of Bulgariaof the Republic shall be of an Bulgaria integral state shall country.state.be inviolable. It shall be governed by the (2)Art.Constitution The 3.4. Bulgarian(1) Republic The Republic shall of Bulgaria be theof Bulgariaofficial shall guaranteelanguage shall be of thea thelaw-governed life, Republic. dignity and the laws of the othertoand the rights lawfree shall ofdevelopment the contravene individual of it.theand individual shallArt.(2) create5. The (1) provisionsconditionsThe Constitution ofconducive the Constitutionshall be the supreme shall apply law, directly. and no and the civil society. intothe constitutionallytime force it with was respectcommitted established to the did Republic notprocedure, constitute(4)(3) ofAnyNo Bulgaria, promulgatedone international a shallcrime. shall be convictedand be instruments consi-come for whichaction haveor inaction been ratified which byat 81 supersededered part anyof the domestic domestic legislation legislation stipulating of the country. otherwise. They shall 5 82 (5) All legislative acts shall be promulgated and shall come into (3) Eastern Orthodox Christianity shall be considered the rights.wiseforce envisagedthree days by after the the acts date themselves. of their(2)Art. All 6.promulgation citizens(1) All personsshall unless be areequal other- born before free the and law. equal There in dignity shall be and no theliefstraditional protection shall not religion beof usedthe in state theto political Republic and society. ends. Art.(4)of Bulgaria. Religious 14. The family,institutions motherhood and communities, and childhood and religious shall enjoy be- bypoliticality,privileges illegitimate ethnic affiliation, orself-identity, restriction rulings personal or ofsex, acts rights origin,or on social ontheArt. thereligion, part status grounds7. of The its oreducation, stateagencies propertyof race, shall national-and opinion,status. be offi-held liable for any damages caused try'sNatureand reproductionnatural in all and its variety,other of the resources. environment,and the sensibleArt. the 15.16. utilization conservation TheLabour Republic shall of theof be of livingcoun- guaranteedBulgaria shall and ensure protected the protectionby law. uritylative,cials. and an independenceexecutive and ofa judicial the county branch.Art. and 8.9. Theshall powerarmed defend offorces its the territo- state shall shall guarantee be divided the sovereignty, between a legis- sec- guaranteed and protected by law.(4)(3)(2)Art. PrivatePropertyThe 17. regime(1) property Theshall applying rightbe shall private to beproperty to inviolable.and the public.different and inheritance units of state shall and be ballot.berial held integrity. on the basis of universal, equalArt. and 10.11. direct All (1) elections, suffragePolitics byandin secret the national Republic and local of Bulgaria referendums shall shall be thatmunicipalsation these has needsproperty been shallcannot ensured shall be be effectedbe in otherwise established advance. only(5) met,by Forcible by virtue anda law. after ofexpropriation a law,fair compen-provided of property in the name of state or thefirmedfounded citizens' as on a party thepolitical principle or ideology will. of The political of procedure the(3)(2)No state. plurality. All politicalapplyingparties shall partyto the facilitate or forma- ideology the formation shall be proclaimedand expression or af- of lishedimportance,thoroughfares,over the by nethersa law. and as wellofthe the natural as earth; over andwaters, the archaeological coastalArt. forests 18. beaches; (1) and The parks reserves state of nationalshall estab- enjoy exclusive ownership rights the national power.ousingtion to lines,and their dissolution nor activity parties shallof which political be established seek parties the(4) violent andThere by thea law.shall usurpation conditions be no political ofpertain- state parties on ethnic, racial or religi- mineralandveloping, the exclusiveand utilizing, energy off-shore protectingresources economic therein.and managing(3)(2) TheThe zone, statestate the and shall continentalshall the exercisebiological, exercise shelf sovereign sovereign rights rights in prospecting,with respect de- to pursueicalsafeguard activity any political their which interests. objectives, is in the domain nor Art.shall(2) of 12. thetheyCitizens' (1) political engage The associations, associations parties.in anypolit- includingof citizens the shall trade serve unions, to meet shall and not works,waybyradio international transport, frequencies the use of the instruments nuclearand national the energy,geostationary postal to the the and(4)Republic manufacturing A telecommunicationsorbital state of monopolypositions Bulgaria. of radioactive assignedshall net- be establishable by a law over rail- (2)Art. The 13. religious(1) The practicing institutions of shallany religionbe separate shall from be free. the state. 6 concessionsproducts, armaments, over units explosive of property and (5)and powerful The licenses conditions toxic for thesubstances. and activities procedure by which the state shall grant 7 NM OM 83 .111 MO MO 84 v.. IM MMI enumerated in the preceding two paragraphs shallMO be establishedMN ION I= MO I= MO MI basedtheby abenefit law. on free of economiccitizens and initiative. society.Art.(6) 19. The (1) state The shalleconomy utilize of andthe Republicmanage all of theBulgaria state's shall assets be to nationaldomsofas theits uppermostofcountry, theorder. Bulgarian the objective well-being citizens, the andnational and the(2) the fundamental securityThe promotion foreign and rights ofindependencepolicy a just and of inter- free- the Republic of Bulgaria shall have foreignandventingfor economic by persons protecting any abuse activityand thecorporateof atoconsumer. monopoly all citizens entities status (3)2)and shall The All corporate and stateenjoyinvestments unfair shall the entities competition,establishprotection and by economic and guarantee activity equal by legal Bulgarian conditions and pre- AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Chapter TwO corporateupof theof cooperativeslaw. entities in and the otherpursuit forms of economic Art.of(4) association 20. The Theand law socialstate shallof citizens shallprosperity. establish establish and conditions conditions conducive conducive to the to setting the oryone ofparent the Republic holding aof Bulgarian Bulgaria, citizenship, shouldArt. 25. he (1)not or Abornbe Bulgarian entitled on the toterrit-citizen any shall be anyone born of at least creditshallbalancedlar assistprotection and development investment the territorial on the policies. ofpart thebodies of different the and state activitiesArt. regions and 21. society. (1) of through theLand, country, asits a fiscal, chief and national asset, shall enjoy particu- citizenshipfurtherother citizenship be acquirable through by a virtue facilitatedthrough of origin.naturalization. procedure.(3)(2) Bulgarian NoA person one shall citizenship of Bulgarianbe deprived shall origin of a Bulgarian shall acquire citizenship Bulgarian ac- bycumstances,Any a procedurechange inwhen purposesestablished necessity shall by has bea law. allowedbeenArt.(2) proven,Arable 22. only (1) landinandNo exceptional foreign onshall terms be physical used and cir- for person agricultural or foreign purposes legal entityonly. tionorquired extradited of bythe birth.Republic to another of Bulgaria. state. (5)(4) AnyNo citizen Bulgarian of the citizen Republic abroad of Bulgariashall be accordedshall be expatriated, the protec- termsfreetance.shall to acquire established Ownershipacquire ownership user bythus rights, a law.acquired over building land, shall (2)rights except be A duly foreignand through othertransferred. physical real legal rights inheri-person or foreign legal entity shall be on proceedingRepubliction or loss of of fromBulgaria Bulgarian this shall Constitution. citizenship be vested shall Art.(6)with The be26. all established conditions(1)rights Irrespective and by obligationsand a law.procedure of where forthey the are, acquiring, all citizens preserva- of the monumentsthatfree development.development of history of It science,shall and organize culture. education theArt. conservationand 24.23. the (1)The arts, The state and ofRepublic shallall shall national establish assist of Bulgaria conditions shall conduct conducive its foreign to the citizenshiption,ted with except all isrights those required and rights obligations by and this obligationsConstitution proceedingArt.(2) Foreigners 27. for (1)or from which byForeigners residinganother this a Bulgarian Constitu- law.inresiding the Republic legally ofin Bulgariathe country shall shall be ves-not tionalpolicy law. in accordance with the principles and norms of interna- 85 byinbe accordanceexpelleda law. or withextradited the provisions to another and state the against procedures their will,established except 9 86 persecuted for their opinions or activity(2) in The the Republic defence ofof internaBulgaria shall grant asylum to foreigners - -° - 0- execution of a sentencee, for crimes against(7) There peace shall and be humanity. no limitation to the prosecution and the uponshalltionally bea human establishedrecognized life shall rightsby a be law. and punished freedoms.Art.(3) as Thea 28. most conditionsEveryone severe crime. andshall procedure have the forright the to granting life. Any of attemptasylum onferenceEveryone his honour, in shallhis private dignitybe entitled or family to protection affairs(2)Art. and No against32. againstone (1) shall any The encroachments beillegal privacy followed, inter- of photographed, citizens shall filmed, be inviolable. recorded and reputation. experimentationinhuman or degrading without treatment, his voluntary orArt. toArt.(2) forciblewritten29. No 30. (1) one (1) Noconsent.assimilation. Everyoneshall one be shall subjected shall be besubjected entitled to medical, to torturepersonal scientific or freedom to cruel,or other and orpermitted despitesubjectedstay inside byhis toa express alaw. anyhome other without its occupant'sArt. 33. (1) consent, The home except shall be inviolable. No one shall enter disapproval, except when such actionssimilar are activity without his knowledge in theorinviolability. conditions any other andinfringement in a manner of hisestablished personal(3)(2) NoThe by inviolabilityone state a law.shall authorities be detainedexcept shall on or be subjected free to detainto inspection, a citizen search only pendingthelowedcupant cases crime onlyexpresslyor without foror a the crime stipulated the purposes judicialin progress, by of authorities'a preventinglaw. for(2) the Entry capturepermission an or immediatelystay of ainside criminal, a homeim- without the consent of its oc- shall be al- nextcialimmediatelyin the authorities 24 urgent hours. circumstancesadvise shall the rule judicial on expressly the authoritieslegality stipulated(4) of Everyone accordingly.a detention by a shalllaw, within Theand be entitledjudi-shall the to legal counsel from the mo- permissionor dencein extreme and of all necessity.the other judicial communications authorities(2)Art. for Exceptionsshall 34.the (1)bepurpose inviolable. The to freedomofthis discover- provision and confidentialityshall be allowed of only correspon- with the mentble.vate. of The detention confidentiality or from theof such moment communicationArt.(5) of Everyone 31.being (1) charged.Anyone shall be charged entitledinviola- with to meet a crime his legalshall counselbe brought in pri- be- territorydenceing or preventingand of shallthe country have a grave the and crime. right to leave toArt. freedom the 35. country. (1) of Everyone movement This right shall on shall be the free to choose a place of resi otherwiseconvictedfore a court bysolely within a final by the virtueverdict. time of established a confession.(3)(2) NoA by defendant one a law. shall be shall forced be consideredto plead guilty, innocent and no until one shallproven be country.urity,be restricted public health,only by and virtue the rights of a law Art.and(2) in freedoms36. Everythe (1) name TheBulgarian of ofstudyother national andcitizens.citizen use sec- shall of the have Bulgarian the right language to return shall to the bycisewhat virtue of is thosenecessary of their of their sentence.for fundamentalthe purposes rightsof(5)(4) a Prisoners Thefair which trial.rights areshall of not abe defendantrestricted kept in conditions shall not conducive be restricted to the beyond exer- pulsorythebe a right right study to and studyof anthe obligationand Bulgarian use their of language. everyown(3)(2) languageTheCitizensBulgarian situations whosealongside citizen. in mother which the com- tongueonly the is official not shall shall have be lished by a law. (6) Prison sentences shall be served only at the facilities estab- 10 andused the shallchoice be of established religion and by ofa law. religiousArt. 37. or (1) atheistic The freedom views ofshall conscience, the freedom of thought 11 Ell 87 NM 1 MO MO NMI MN 88 NI MO andbe inviolable. respect among The state the believersshall assist from the maintenancedifferent denominations, of NMtolerance MI MN MO OM armed assembly for meetingsMS and EMI manifestations.Art. 43. (1) Citizens shall have the right to peaceful and un- I= MO NM el healthticedand among to and the morals,believers detriment or and of of the non-believers.national rights security,andArt.(2) Thefreedoms 38. freedom Nopublic one of order, shallothers.of conscience be public persecuted and religion or restricted shall notin his be rights prac- meetingsand manifestations held indoors. shall be establishedArt.(3)(2) NoThe 44. by notice procedure(1) a law. Citizens to the for municipal shall the organizingbe free authorities to associate. and holdingshall be ofrequired meetings for or informationbecausetoin publicizeany other of his about itway. views,through his norown words, shall writtenbeArt. obligated 39. or oral,(1) or Everyone soundforced or shallimage, be entitled to express or another person's views. an opinionto provide tioncroachmentshallsovereignty shall it inciteestablish andon racial, the nationalclandestine rights national, integrity,and or ethnicfreedoms paramilitary or(2)No or the religious of unityorganization citizens; structures of enmity the no nation, ororganiza- shallor shall an act noren- to the detriment of the country's crime,ofand the reputation constitutionallyor the incitement of others, established ofor enmityfor the incitementorArt.(2) order, violence This 40. the(1)right of againstperpetrationThe shall press not and be of usedthe other to the mass detriment information of the rightsmedia a forcible change anyone. a to lationshipsseekregistration, to attain with theits the aimsprocedure state. through for violence. theirArt.(3) Thetermination, 45. law Citizens shall andestablish shall their have whichre- the organizations right to lodge shall complaints, be subject decencyofanothershall the be judicial information freeor incitement and authorities shall medium notof in be the shallsubjected case be(2) of allowed an Anto encroachmentcensorship. injunction only through on or a confiscation of printed a forcible change of the constitutionally matteron public or an act rimonyandproposals a woman. and and the Onlypetitions family. a civil with marriage the state(2)Art. shall authorities. Spouses 46. be (1)legal. Matrimony shall have equalshall berights a free and union obligations between in a mat-man seminateforceofestablished violence if not information. followedagainstorder, the anyone. by perpetrationThis right An injunction shall Art.of nota 41.crime, be suspension(1) exercised Everyone shall shall lose be entitled to seek, obtain and dis- a confiscation within 24 hours. or the incitement to the de- cometionsits conclusion between of legal theageand spouses shalltermination, be shalla right beandArt. andestablished(3) all 47. obligation Theprivate (1) form The byand ofofraisinga law.material atheir marriage, andparents rela- upbringing the conditions of children and procedure until they for whichbodiesoftriment national isand of not the agenciessecurity, a staterights or publicandon official any reputation order,matter secret public (2) ofofand legitimateothers,Citizens does health not shalland interestaffect morality. be theentitled rights to obtain information from state or to the detriment to them freeof assistance.andthe obstetric stateshall andbe care, assisted shall alleviated be by guaranteed the working state.(2) prenatal conditions Mothers and shall andpostnatal beother the leave,socialobject of special protection on the part insentence,tionof referendums.others. of those shall placed be free under to elect judicial state interdiction Art.and 42.local (1) authorities or Every serving citizen and voteabove the age of 18, with the a prison excep- andthose society. born in wedlock. (5)(4)(3) TheChildrenAbandoned conditions born children out and of procedure wedlockshall enjoy forshall the the enjoy protection restriction equal ofrightsor thesuspen- statewith and referendums shall be established(2) by The a law. organization and procedure for89 the holding of elections 12 sion of parental rights shall be establishedArt. 48. by (1) a law.Citizens shall have the right to work. The state 13 shall take care to provide conditions for the exercising of this right. sanitary measures except in circumstances established by a law. of work.the right to work by the physically(4)(3)(2) orTheNoEveryone mentally one state shall shall shall handicapped. be create be compelled free conditions to choose to do conducive forcedan occupation labour. to the and exercise place activeand over substances the production and medical and trade equipment. Art.in(2)(5) pharmaceuticals, 53. SchoolThe (1) state Everyone attendance shall biologically exercise shall up to have the control age the ofright over 16 shall toall education. medical be compulsory. facilities byleave,andnon-hazardous a remunerationlaw. in accordance working for with the conditions, actualconditions work(5) to and performed, Workersguaranteed procedures and and minimum employees established to rest andpay shall be entitled to healthy and charge.higherschools educational shall be free. establishments In circumstances-established shall(4)(3) HigherPrimary provide educational andeducation bysecondary a law, establishments free the ofeducation shall in state enjoy and academic municipal au- latedunioneconomic to organizations work interests. and social and alliancessecurity. inArt. defence(2) 49. Employers (1) of Workers their interestsshall and be employees freere- to associate shall be freein defence to form of trade their state.law.intonomy. accordance The education with theyconditions provide and shall(5) procedures fitCitizens the requirements and established organizations of by the a shall be free to found schools duresrightin defence shall established beof exercisedtheir by collective a law. in accordance economicArt. with 51.50.and conditions(1)Workers social Citizens interests. and and shall employees proce- Thishave the shall right have to social the right security to strike and schooling.training.andschools, by providing It by shall supporting exerciseopportunities capable control for school overoccupational(e) Theall and kindsstate university training shall and promotelevels students,and re-of education by opening and financing lishedunemployedwelfare by aid. a law. in accordance with conditions(2)(3) The The andstate aged procedures shall without provide estab- relatives social security and unable for theto supporttemporarily them- whichhisthe ownnational shall culture beand recognized in universal accordance andhuman withguaranteed cultural(2)Art. his Artistic, ethnic54. byvalues (1) theself-identification, scientificEveryone law. and to anddevelop shall technological have the right creativity to avail shall himself be rec- of careguaranteeingenjoyselves, in the accordanceas specialwell them as protectionthe withaffordable physically conditions of medicalthe and stateandArt. mentally procedures care,52.and (1) society. and handicappedCitizens to established free shall medical shall have by the right to medical insurance ablerelatedognized environment rights. and guaranteed corresponding by the law. to Art.(3)the The established55. stateCitizens shall standards shall protect have andall the inventors' right to rights,a healthy copyrights and favour- and ditionsa law.surancebudget, and schemes,by procedures employers, and established from through other private bysources(2) a Citizens' law. and in accordance collective medical health-in- withcare con-shall be financed from the state seldangered.whenevernorms. when They appearingHe his shall rights haveprotect before or the legitimate the anright agencyenvironment. to be Art.interests ofaccompanied the56. state. Everyoneare violated by legal shall or coun- en- have the right to legal defence mote the development of sports and(4)(3) Notourism. The one state shall shall be subjected protect the to healthforcible of medical citizens treatmentand shall pro-or 14 the detriment of the rights or the legitimate(2)Art. Rights 57. (1)interests shall The notfundamental of beothers. abused, civil nor rights shall shallthey be exercisedirrevocable. to 15 NM MN II= NMI 91 OM MN OM NM NM MN MN MN II= MO NM MI 92 NM =I MO MI Ili emergency the exercise of individual(3) civil Following rights may a proclamation be temporar- of war, martial law or a state of ofAssembly's the circumstances. term, its mandate shall be extended until the expiry OM MO OM MO matestitutionArt.ily curtailed 29, interests Art.and bythe31 of a paraslaws. others.law, 1,exceptThey 2 and shall for 3, theArt.respectArt. rights 32 58. thepara established (1)rights 1, Citizens and and Art. by the shallArt.37. legiti- 28, observe and implement the Con- isbetwo above any months Bulgarian the from age ofthe citizen 21, expiry is whonot of under thedoes mandate Art.(3)nota judicial Elections hold65. of (1) another theinterdiction, Eligible forpreceding a citizenship,new for National andelectionone. is toAssembly the National shall Assembly be held within shall ofvictions. shallhonour not of be every defaulted Bulgarian upon oncitizen. groundsArt.(2) High 59. Obligations of (1) treasonreligious To defend and establishedor betrayalother the country con- by theshall Constitution be a duty and and a matter the law thepostnot Constitutionalserving shall resign a prison upon Court sentence. the by registration a procedureArt.(2) ofA 66. hisestablishedcandidate The candidacy. legitimacy for by a aNational law. of an election Assembly may seatbe contested holding abefore state withandshallof the procedure alternativebe country punished shall forservice with exemption be all shalltreated the be severity therefromasestablished crimes(2) ofThe the orof carrying by law.utmostfor a law.replacing out gravity of military them and obligations, and the conditions of shallnotthe onlyConstitution be held their to constituencies a and mandatory the laws mandate. andbut inthe(2)Art. accordance entire Members 67. (1) nation. Members with of the Notheir NationalMember of con- the National Assembly Assembly shall act shall on representthe basis ofa law a natural proportionately or other disaster, to their on income conditionsArt.(2) andAny 60.61. and property. tax(1)Citizens inconcessionCitizens a manner shall shall orassist estab- surtax pay the taxes shall state andbe and established duties society established inby thea law. case by whichcupyscienceof the another Nationalthe and law convictions. definesstate Assembly. post, as incompatible nor shall Art.engage with 68. the (1)in statusany A Member other of activity of the National Assembly shall not oc- a Member lished by a law. Chapter Three tionalminister.shall Assembly cease During to servein athat manner as period, a Member established he Art.shall during(2) 69. byAbe Member Members asubstitutedhis law. term of of the inofficethe Nationalthe National Na- Assembly Assembly elected shall not as abe minister held as a Art. 62. The National Assembly shall be vested with the legis- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY offrombly.criminally a grave detention crime,liable or for whencriminal their a warrantopinions prosecution from orArt. votes exceptthe 70. Nationalin A the forMember Nationalthe Assembly perpetration of theAssem- National Assembly shall be immune or, emergencyoflative four authority years. occurring and shall during exercise or after parliamentary(2)Art. the In63.64. expirycase The(1) The Nationalof control.of war, Nationalthe National armedAssembly Assembly hostilities shall shall consist orbe anotherelectedof 240 members.for state a,term of of theMemberbly,inthe between National Nationalshall is beitsdetained Assembly Assembly,required.session, in from theor, Noshall incourse thewarrant betweenbe Chairman notified of shallcommitting its offorthwith.session, be the required National the Chairman when Assem- a grave crime; a 93 16 ments of its Members. Art. 71. The National Assembly shall establish the emolu- 17 94 expiry of his term of office upon anyArt. of the 72. following (1) A Member's occurrences: prerogatives shall expire before the sions by its Chairman: Art.1. 78.on hisThe own National initiative; Assembly shall be convened for its ses- or of an unsuspended prison sentence;2. 4.3.1.enforcement death.establishmentresignation of presented aof prison ineligibility beforesentence theor for incompatibility;National an intentional Assembly; crime, ad hoc committees from among its Art.4.3.2.Members. at 79.the (1)request The Nationalof theone-fifth CouncilPresident; Assembly of its members; of Ministers. shall elect permanent and actCourt.Assembly; in accordance instance with 3 shall the Constitution require aArt.(2) ruling Instances 73. byThe the National1 andConstitutional 2 shall Assembly require shall a resolution be organized of the and shall and its own internal rules. National andbehalf.tional investigations. Assembly and shall exercise(3)(2) TheAd hoc permanent committees committees shall be shall parliamentaryelected tocontrol conduct on inquiriesits aid the work of the Na- followingforbody. a first It shall session its election.be free by the to Should determinePresident the ofitsPresidentArt. the recesses. 75. 74.Republic AThe fail newly National to within do elected so, aAssembly itmonth Nationalshall shall Assembly be a permanently shall be convened acting commissionsiondocuments. and pass shall resolutions be obligated when to testifymoreArt.Art. 80. 81. Any (1) officialThe National or citizen Assembly summoned shall than half of its Members areand present any required be free to hold aby ses- a parliamentary oath:bebe opened convened"I swear by theinby theone-fifthsenior name present ofof thethe Members Member.Republic(2)Art. At 76. theof of (1) the Bulgariafirst TheNational session first to Assembly.sessionobserve the Members of the Nationalshall swear Assembly the following shall whenapresent. majority a qualified of more majority is required(3)(2) by VotingThe the National Constitution. shall be Assembly personal shalland open,pass except than one-half of the present Members, except laws and other acts by when the Con- tothe Chairmanbe Constitution guided andby the andVice intereststhe Chairmen. laws ofof thethe people.countryArt.(3) The 77. Iand amNational(1) in sworn."The all Chairmanmy Assembly actions of shall the Nationalelect at the Assembly same session shall: its stitutionsionsNationalballot. behind requires Assembly closed or the doors.may National by exception AssemblyArt. 82. resolve Sessions to holdof the some National ses- Assembly resolvesshall on bea secret public. The and maintain orderly proceedings;2. 4.3.1.pi open,attestrepresentopose bychair the his theagenda and signature National close for the eachthe Assembly; sessions contents session; of of the the National acts passed Assembly by the shallbeNational given be free Assemblypriority to order in andaddressing ministers the parliamentary to the attend Members.(2)Art. The their83. committees. National(1) sessions Ministers Assembly shall beand free the to parliamentary attend the sessions of the and respondcommitteesThey shall sedNational by the Assembly; National Assembly; (2)6.5. promulgateorganize The Vice the Chairmen all National resolutions, of Assembly's the declarations National international Assembly and addresses contacts.shall assist pas- to questions. 3.2.Art. 1.establishpass 84.pass, the The amend, statethe National taxes budget and and rescindAssembly bill their and thesize; the shall:laws; budget report; the Chairman and carry out any activities devolved by him. 18 4. schedule the elections for a President of the 19 Republic; 96 MI OM MI OM NM NM I= 95 11111111 1 MI UM SI 1111111 6.5. electresolve and on dismiss the holding the Prime of a Ministernational referendum;and, on his motion, the MN UM MI OM ION UM ME WM MB ME ME MEofamendment such anMO amendment. to the UM Constitution VI shall be preceded by the passage frommentmembers theon aPrimeof motion the CouncilMinister; from ofthe Ministers; Prime Minister;8.7. effect electcreate, changesand transform dismiss in the theand Governorclose down of ministriesthe Bulgarian on National a motion govern- zens.shalltions, be declarations binding on and all stateaddresses. bodies,(2)Art. all Theorganizations 86. laws (1) The and Nationalresolutions and all citi- Assembly passed by shall the Nationalpass laws, Assembly resolu- outsideBank andthe thecountry's heads ofborders, other institutions and9. the 11.10.approve deploymentapproveresolve established state-loan on any the deployment ofby declaration agreements;foreign and of waruse andof Bulgarian conclusion armed of forces a law;peace; theCouncil Council of Ministers of Ministers. shall have theArt. (2)Art.right 88. The 87. to(1) Stateintroduce(1) Bills Any Budget shall Member a bill. beBill read shall of and the be voted Nationaldrawn upon up Assemblyand twice, presented during or the. by country'sintroduceritory;troops on territory; martialthe territory law or of a the state country of12. or on their a motion crossing from of thethat President ter- or the Council of Ministers, emergency on all or part of the singlemaydifferent ballot. resolve sessions. to hold By both way ballots of exception, during(3)(2) EachAll a other thesinglepassed National acts session.act of shall theAssembly be National promulgated Assembly in Durzhaven shall require Vestnik a by a law all international instrumentsArt.15.14.13. which: 85. establishgrantinstitute (1) amnesty;The ordersthe National official and medals;Assemblyholidays. shall ratify or denounce shallMembersMinisters(The Staterequire ofshallGazette) athe majority require National within aof seconding Assembly.more15 days than Art.from by halfTo 89.one-fifthits beof passage.(1) passed,the Avotes or motion morethe of motionall of Na- theno confidence in the Council of garia;tional organizations; 2. 3.1.concern envisageare of thea political corrections Republic or militaryof to Bulgaria's the borders nature; participation of the Republic in interna- of Bul- shallPrimetional hand AssemblyMinister in his or Members.gc the iernment's Council resignation.of(3) Ministers,(2) Should Should the the the National Prime National Minister Assembly Assembly reject vote ano vote confidence of no confi- in the or legal proceedings; 6. 7.5.4.concern affectenvisagecontain thefundamental obligations theaction state's of the humanparticipationfor law the or rights;treasury; require in international arbitration new legislation in order rightexpirynodence confidence to inof address thesix Councilmonths. on questions the ofsame Ministers, andgrounds interpellations Art.the shall next90. not (1) motion be Membersto made the for Council befor. a ofvote the the of National Assembly shall have the cordanceamendedto be enforced; orwith denounced the universally only by acknowledged their(2) 8.built-in Treaties expressly procedure ratified require ratification.by the National Assembly norms of interna- or mayin'ac- be whichsemblyrespond.Ministers a shallresolution and be required to shallindividual be to passed.turn ministers, an interpellation(2) A whomotion shall byinto beone-fifth obligated of the to Members of the National As- a debate on tional law. (3) The conclusion of an international 97 20 treaty requiring an tancy Chamber to control the implementationArt. 91. (1) ofThe the National budget. Assembly shall establish an Accoun- 21 98 (2) The organization, authority and procedures by which the (2) The President and the Vice President shall not serve as Accountancy Chamber shall act shall be established Chapter Four by a law. foreleadershippublicMembers the or National of economicof the any National Assembly political activity, Assembly party. the noroathArt. or engage 96. The President and the Vice shallestablished they participate by Art. 76 in para the 2. President shall swear be- in any other state, Art. 92. (1) The President shall be the head of state. He PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC shall lowingexpire before occurrences: the expiry of his term2.Art. 1.lasting 97.resignation (1) incapacitation The President'ssubmitted caused beforeor Vice by the a grave of office upon any of the fol-President'sConstitutional authority Court; shall illness; ident.internationalembody the unity relations. of the nation and Art.(2)shall The 93. represent President(1) The thePresident shall state be in assistedshall its be inelected his actions directly by bya Vice the voters Pres- Court'sVice President establishing shall the beexistence suspended 4.of (2)3.death;the in uponIn pursuant instances to 1 Art. and 103. 2, the prerogatives respective circumstances; theof Constitutional the President or precedingtionalcitizenfor a period Assembly, over the 40of election. fiveyears who years of has age byresided anda procedure qualified in(2) the Eligible country established to be for electedfor Presidentthe by fiveto a thelaw. years shallNa- be any natural-born Bulgarian byPresident'sthe thePresident Chairman duties, until of the the President'sexpiry National of the Assemblyprerogatives(4)(3) term InShould instance the 1,Vice the PresidentVice President be incapable shall assume the dutiesof of office. until the election of shallof be assuming assumed the votersof runoffthe validhave vote castballots, shall their be provided ballots held within in that the sevenmore(4)(3) ToShoulddaysthan be half betweenelected, none of allof athe thecandidateeligible two candidates top shall forrequire President more thanbe elected, one-half a election. Vicea newbodies President President of local shall self-government then be held within andArt.1. shall 98.schedule two Theset the President the date elections for of the for Republic a National shall: Assembly and Vice President. Elections for President and months. and for the national itycandidates.termmonths of the of vote.officeand The not winner of laterthe incumbentshall than be two the months President.candidate(5) A before presidential who winsthe expiry the election major- of theshall be held not earlier than three lishedreferendums by the pursuantlaw; to a resolution4.3.2. promulgateaddressconcludeof the National the international nationthe laws;Assembly; and thetreaties National in the Assembly; circumstances estab- andthe election. legalityon the same of a presidential ticket as the election President,Art.(6) within The 94. on Constitutional Thethe a month's sameVice Presidentconditions time Court after shall shall be rule elected upon atany the challenge same time to nentmissborders missionsthe ofheads the atadministrativeof internationalthe Republic territorialoforganizations, Bulgaria's6.5. on units a motion motiondiplomatic and their fromfrom and centres;the the perma- Council Council of of Ministers, Ministers, appoint determine and receive the cre- and dis- the andible by for the only same one procedure. re-election to theArt. same 95. office.(1) The President and the Vice President shall be elig- 22 tativesdentials to and this the country; letters of recall of the foreign diplomatic represen- 23 1C0 MI OM NE OM MI OM OM MN EN 99 NM On UM MIN NE 11M1 MO lished by a law; 7. appoint and dismiss from office other state officials, estab- NM MI OM OM ernment within the established period, the President shallOM appoint MB ship; 9.8. 11.10.grant,award grantexercise restore,orders asylum; the and relieve right medals; tofrom pardon; and withdraw Bulgarian citizen- ranksmandina caretaker Chief onof ofthea motiongovernment.the Armed Armed from Forces Forces the Counciland of shallthe(2)Art. Republicof bestow The Ministers.100. President (1) allof The Bulgaria.higher President shall military appoint shall andbe the dismiss Supreme the higherCommander com- his prerogatives. Art.14. 13.12.99. inform name cancel(1) Following thelandmarks uncollectible National consultations and Assembly debtscommunities to the onwith basic of the national problems within state; importance; law.onSecurity a motion Council, from thethe statusCouncil of whichof Ministers(4)(3) shall The be inPresident established accordance shallshall by proclaim presidea over general the or partial Consultative National mobilization with the law. mentNationalnominatedgroups, within the Assembly by President seven the days, to shall form the appoint aPresident (2)the ShouldshallPrime entrust Minister-designatethe Prime this Minister-designatetask fail to form party holding the highest number of seats in the government. parliamentary a govern- to a Nationalrequiredanlaim armed martial byAssembly attack virtue law against of isor an not any internationalBulgaria in other session state or(5) andwhenever commitment, ofThe cannot emergency President urgent be convened. or whenever shallactionsshall proclaimproc- Theare the a state of war in the case of paragraph,aliamentaryPrime government Minister-designate thegroup. President within the shall nominatedperiod entrust established(3) the byShould task the tosecond the bya Prime newthe precedingPrime Minister- Minister-designate also fail to form largest par- tothe theNationalthe decision. PresidentNational Assembly shallAssembly be shall free for thento furtherreturn be Art.convened a debate,bill 101. together (1)whichforthwith Within with shall his tothe not endorsemotives term be established by Art. 88 para 3, nate.shalldesignate ask the nominated National byAssembly one of the (5)(4)minor AbsentShould parliamentary anthe agreement consultations on the formation of a to elect the Primeprove Minister-desig- successful, the President groups. bly,moredenied. the thanPresident half ofshall all promulgateMembers of it(3)(2) the within FollowingThe National newseven passage aAssembly. days new followingpassage of such of a thebill bill shall by require the National a majority Assem- of newtionestablishedNationalthe President ofgeneral the Assembly National by elections. shall Art. appoint64 andAssembly schedule a caretaker shall also establish the date para 3. The President's act on the dissolu- new elections within the period government, dissolve the government, of the Ministeridentits receipt. shall or issue the minister decrees, concerned.addresses and(2)Art. Themessages. 102. President's (1) Within decrees the prerogatives shall be countersigned vested in him, by the PrimePres- shallagedthe preceding bynot Art. dissolve 111 paragraphs para the 1.National shall further(7)(6) InThe the procedure instances forenvisaged forming by a Assembly during the last three paras 5applygovernment and 6,in thethe Presidentinstances established envis- by to: 3.2.(3) 1.dissolutionthe No the appointment countersigning appointment of the of National of ashall Primea caretaker be Assembly;Minister-designate;required government; for decrees pertaining months of his term of office. Should Parliament fail 101 24 to form a gov- 4. return of a bill to the National Assembly for further debate; 25 102 5. the organization and manner of action of the offices of the mate or improper act Art. 107. The Council of Ministers issued by a minister. shall rescind any illegiti- liablePresidency for actions and the committed appointment in the ofArt.6. theirperformance 7.the 103.the staff;scheduling promulgation (1) The of Presidentof an of election a andlaw. Vice or President violation of the Constitution. referendum; shall not be held their duties, andsibilityMinister, dismiss for Deputy the the overall deputy Prime policy ministers. Ministers of the government.(2)Art. The 108. Prime (1) The Minister Council shall of head, Ministers shall consist of a andPrime ministers. coordinate and bear respon- He shall appoint one-fourthexceptstand for if supportedhigh of all treason, Members by ormore a of than the Nationaltwo-thirds(3)(2) An Assemblyimpeachmentimpeachment of the Members. shall against require the Presidenta motion from or Vice no fewer thanPresidentand shall follow- beforewise.ministry, Each the except Nationalminister insofar shall Assembly as account the theArt.(3) Each 109. Themember members of the of the CouncilNational of -Ministers Assembly shall resolves head other- aCouncilfor of his Ministers own activity. shall swearoath established by Art. 76 ofCourtshall dent'singa violation be theconvict triedprerogatives lodging by theof thethe Presidentof Constitutional Constitution,theshall impeachment. be or suspended. Vice Courtthe President President's Should within of the ahigh monthor Vice treason, or PresidentConstitutional under Presi- Assembly.bepara any 2. Bulgarian citizen qualifiedArt. Art.to 110. 111. Eligible (1) The for authority election to of the Councilthe ofCouncil Ministers of Ministers shall beshall elected to the National andPresidentdetention, 11. the nor prerogatives shall initiate established criminalArt.(4) proceedings by No 104. Art. one The98 shall subparas against President place thethem. 7, 9,shallPresident 10 be free or the to Vicedevolve to the Vice expireMinister;Prime upon Minister; any of the following occurrences:2. 1.the a voteresignation of no confidence of the Council ofin Ministers the Council or the of MinistersPrime or the Chapter Five shallfore thecontinue newly to elected act until National the election Assembly.(3)(2)3. ofdeath TheShould a new Councilof theany Prime of of the Ministers Minister. above occur,shall hand in its resignationthe Council be- of Ministers Council of Minis- plementation of the state's domestic and foreignArt. 105. policy. (1) The Council of Ministers shall COUNCIL OF MINISTERS head the im- ters.shallitsthe programmeNational require Assembly'sa majority declaration, of vote more or of on thanconfidenceArt. a half112. of (1) in The its Council of Ministers specific issue. A resolution shall be free to ask forthe votes of the Na- overall policy, plementationadministrationnational security of and theand thestate shall Armed budget; exercise Forces. organize overallArt.(2) The 106. guidancethe Council Themanagement Council ofover Ministers the ofstate Ministers shall ensure shall the manage public order and the im- of the ment'svotetional of Assembly resignation. confidence, Members the Prime present.Art.(2) Should 113. (1) the A Council member of ofMinisters the Council fail to of Minister shall hand in the govern- receive the requestedMinisters shall not whenstate's authorizedassets; conclude, to do soconfirm by law. or denounce international 26 treaties ofhold a Membera post or ofengage the National in any activity Assembly. incompatible 27 104 with the status .111 103 OM IIIIII NM all MI MI I= OM MI 1111101111111.11101111111.1=11111111111111111MINIpost or activity which a member of(2) the The Council National of AssemblyMinisters shall be free to determine any other shall trative act which affects them, except those(2) Citizenslisted expressly and legal entities shall be free to contest any by the laws. adminis- tionstions.Councilnot hold byThe decree.ofor Council Ministersengage of in. Ministersshall adopt shall decrees,Art. promulgate 114. ordinances Pursuant rules and to andresolu-regula- in implementation of the laws, the videdchallengeability otherwise byof thea law. parties to a(2)Art. judicial(3) Judicial 121. All courtstrial.(1) proceedings The shall courts conduct shall shall ensuretheir ensure hearings the establishment in public, the equality and mutual unless pro- of truth. betion'sand guided orders. will andsolely interests. by the Inlaw the and performance shallArt. be 116.115. politically of (1)A their minister State duty neutral. employees theyshall shallissue shall rules, be regulations,the executors instructions of the na- legalpracticed counsel shall at all be stages established of a trial. by a(2)Art.(4) law. AllThe 122. court procedure (1) Citizensrulings by shall andwhich belegal themotivated. entities right to shall legal have the counselright to shall be shallandas dismissal tobe exercisefree to of belong theirstate employees rightto political to strike. and parties(2) the A conditionsand law trade shall unions, onestablish which as welltheythe conditions for the appointment theremein certain law judicial by cases all oversightcourts. established as to by a law.Art. 124.123. TheCourt Supreme assessors Court shall of participate Cassation inshall the precise and equal application of the trial process exercise sup- JUDICIAL POWER Chapter Six lengesofsupreme the law to judicial the in administrativelegality oversight of acts as justice. ofto theArt. (2)Council 125. The (1) Supreme of The Ministers Supreme Administrative Administrative Court shall the precise and equal application Court shall exercise rule on all chal- and the manceentitiessafeguard of and theirthe the rights functions,state. and legitimate all judges,(2) interests court TheArt. assessors, judicial of 117. all citizens, branch(1) prosecutors The shalllegal judicial be independent. branch of Ingovernment the perfor- shall individualmethodologicalrespond ministers,to that ofguidance theand courts. of toother all otheracts(2)Art. establishedThe prosecutors.126. Chief (1) The Prosecutor by structurea shall of theoversee prosecutors' the legality office shall cor- and provide law. dentandthe investigating budget. people. magistrates shall be(3) subservientArt. The 118. judicial All only judicialbranch to the oflaw.power government shall be shallexercised have inan the indepen- name of ingobserved: the charges in common Art.2.1. by127. bringingoverseeing The Prosecutor's charges the enforcement against Office criminal shall of penalties ensure suspects that criminal trials; and other mea- and support- legality is appeals,Court of courtsCassation, of assizes, the Supreme courts-martial Administrative(3)(2)Art. SpecializedThere 119. and shall(1)district Court,Justice becourts courts.no courts extraordinary shallmay beof setadministered up courts. by virtue by of the a law. Supreme suresquired of compulsion; to do so by law. Art.4.3. by 128. takingacting The forpart investigating the in civilrescindment and bodies administrative of shallall illegitimate be suitswithin whenever acts;the system re- and actions of the administrative bodies.Art. 120. (1) The courts shall supervise the legality of the acts 105 28 gationof the judicialin criminal branch. cases. They shall perform the preliminary investi- 29 106 sedtrates by shall the Supremebe Judicial Art. 129. (1) Justices, prosecutors elected, promoted, demoted, reassigned Council. and investigatingCourt of Cassation, magis- the and dismis- themagistrate circumstances shall be established lifted by Art.(2) The 133. immunity The organization of a the Supremejustice, Judicial prosecutorby Council the orlaw. investigatingonly in and the activity of the Supreme atheProsecutorChairman period Republic of ofsevenshall onthe a beSupremeyears, motion appointed from Administrative and the (2)Supreme The Chairman of the Supreme and shall not be eligible for a second term dismissed by the President of appointment or dismissal Court and Judicialthe Chief Council for Judicialandmagistrates,tion,tigating dismissal theCouncil, status magistrates the of of conditions ofjustices, the the courts,and justices, court theand assessors; prosecutors materialization of their liabilitythethe shallprocedure prosecution for theand appointment the investiga- prosecutors and inves- and investigating comeonin tion,tive office.a repeated unsubstitutableoffice. upon The theTheyPresident enforcement shall upon shall be dismissed not of deny a prison (3)onlyan Justices, sentenceupon prosecutors and investigating motion. completing a third year in the respec- magistratesretirement, shall be- resigna- for a deliberate rightsous.be established It andshall legitimate assist by a law. interests.Art.(2) 134. The (1) organization The bar shall and be manner citizens and legal entities in the free, independent and autonom- of activity of the bar shall be defence of their members.overcrime,reme more or Court uponSitting than of lasting one Cassation,on ityear. exactual officio disability shallArt. be to130. the Chairman (1) The Supreme Judicial Council the Chairman of the Supreme Adminis- perform their functions shall consist of 25 of the Sup- established by a law. Chapter Seven trativeexperience.fessionalsides Courtits ex and officioand moral the members Chiefintegrity Prosecutor. shall with be at (2)practicing least Eligible 15 years for election to the Supreme Judicial Councillawyers ofbe- high pro- of professional AND LOCAL LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION serveelectedshall beterms by elected the of fivebodies by years. the of National the judicial Assembly,(4)(3) branch. TheEleven elected of the members members of the of theSupreme Supreme They shall not be eligible for immediate Judicial Council shalland eleven shall be Judicial Council shallandbe divided the be prerogativesestablished into municipalities by of a the law. capital and city(2) OtherArt. administrative 135. (1) The territory of territorial units and bodies of self- regions.the The Republic territorial of Bulgariadivision shall. and the other major cities chairedre-election.appoint, by the promote, Minister demote, of Justice, reassign who(5) shallArt. The or not 131.dismiss meetings be Any a resolution of the Supreme of the Supreme Judicial Council shall be Judicial Council toentitled to a vote. justice, a pro- territorialgovernmentpalityticed. Citizensboth unit shall through at theshall be level theirparticipate of elected which in Art.bodies the 136.government (1) A municipality shall establishable by a law. self-government shall be prac-be the basic administrativeof local self-government of the munici- tionaltratesArt.secutor 129 shallAssembly. or para an enjoy investigating2, shall the samebe passed by Art.a secret 132. (1) Justices, prosecutors and magistrate,immunity or aas resolution the Members pursuant of the to Na- ballot. investigating magis- apopulace.and referendum directly, throughof a referendum(3)(2) or TheA a municipality borders of a shall municipality be a legal shall the populace. entity. be establishedgeneral following meeting of the NO111118111111111111111181111111111111111111O01111111111111011111111111111111111111 107 30 31 108 MO ution of common matters. Art. 137. (1) Municipalities shall be free to associateMN inOM the sol- OM MO OM MO MI Chapter Eight MO NMI I11 a foripalityamong a term shallmunicipalities. of be four a municipal years by councila procedureArt.(2) elected The 138. established law directly The shall body by establish by theof a localpopulacelaw. conditions self-government conducive within to association a munic- Art. 147. (1) The Constitutional Court shall consist of 12 jus- CONSTITUTIONAL COURT offor withinthe a term municipal a ofmunicipality. four council years byHe and ashall procedurethe besense (2)Art.elected In ofestablished139. histhe by (1) activitypopulace. the The municipal by mayora amayor law. shallcouncil shall be be the guided body ofby executivethe law, the power acts Courtshallbly,tices, one-third be one-thirdof elected Cassation shall ofby whom aandbe joint appointed the shall meeting Supreme be electedby of(2) the Administrativethe The President, byjustices justices the National of andof the Court. the one-thirdSupreme Assem-Constitutional Court shall be elected or munity.property, which it shall use to the interest(2)Art. A 141.140. municipality's of (1) Athe municipality A territorial municipality permanent com- shall shall sourcesbe haveentitled ofits revenue ownto own budget. shall municipal be es- rotationCourtre-electionappointed shall order for or be re-appointment.aestablished renewed period of every nineby a Theyearsthreelaw.(3) make-up yearsTheand shalljustices from of notthe each of beConstitutional the eligiblequota, Constitutional in for a Court shall be lawyers tablishedentrustedthrough by budget witha law. the appropriations conduct of a andregional(3)Art. otherThe 142. statepolicy, means. A shall region the ensure implementa- shall the be normal an administrative work of the municipalities territorial unit ballotyearsof high ofa professionalChairmanprofessional of andexperience.the moralCourt forintegrity(5)(4) a Theperiod justicesandstatus of with threeof of aat thejustice years.least Constitutional fifteen of the Constitutional Court shall Courtelect byshall secret be ernormonytion of aidedof state national bygovernment a regional and local on administration. interests.a local level,Art.(2) 143. andA regional (1)the Eachensuring governor region of har-shall shall be be governed appointed by bya regional the Council gov- of post,immunitytheincompatible orpracticing membership as awithof Member a free,a inrepresentative a commercial, politicalof the National (6)party mandate, or A any orjustice Assembly. tradeother or ofany union,paid the state occupation.Constitutional or or with public Court shall enjoy the same andtheMinisters. state'spublic policy,order, and the shallsafeguarding exercise Art.(3)ofadministrative theThe 144. national regional The central control.interests, governor bodies law shall of stateensure and the their implementation local represen- of Court shall expire upon any of the following3.2.Art. 1.theresignation the148. enforcement expiry (1)occurrences: The submitted of themandateof aterm prison before of of sentenceoffice; a justicethe Constitutional for of a the deliberate Constitutional Court; crime; alaw.bodiestatives court ofshallany local act exercise whichgovernment controlencroaches only over onwhen theArt. its legality 145.rights.authorized A municipalof the to actsdo councilso of by the a shall be free to challenge before year;147 para 5. 6.5.4. death.incompatibilityactual incapacitation with an which office has or lastedactivity for pursuant more than to Art.one lishedof local by self-government a law. and local administrationArt. 146. The organizationshall be estab- and the procedures of the bodies 109 32 establish his actual incapacity to perform(2) The his Constitutionalduties by a secret Court bal- shall lift a justice's immunity or 33 110 lot requiring a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes of all ministrativeshall refer Courtthe matter shall to suspend the Constitutional the proceedings Court. on a case and justices.orterminated, elected within a new one justice from the same(3)Art. Should quota 149. the(1) mandateThe Constitutional of a Constitutional Court month. shall: shall be appointedCourt justice be areina majority Durzhaven issued. Aof ruling moreVestnik within 15 daysArt. from151.(2) (1)the Rulings Adate ruling on ofwhich of the the Constitutional Constitutional Court Court shall be shallthan come half intoof the force votes three of daysall justices. after its prom- promulgatedshall require they otherPresident; acts passed by the National Assembly3.2. 1.rule provide on competencechallenges binding interpretationsto suits the betweenconstitutionality of the the National Assembly, Constitution;and the acts of the of the laws and shallasulgation. of remainthe dateAny in onact force. whichfound to be unconstitutionalArt. 152.(3) TheAnyshall organization portioncease to of apply a lawand whichthe manner is not ofruled proceeding unconstitutional of the ruling shall come into force. theinternationalofbodies President government; of local and instruments self-government the Council concluded of and Ministers,4. the byrule centralthe on Republic the executive compatibility of between the Constitution and between the Bulgariaand thebranch the Constitutional Court shall be established by a law. lawspriorand withto associations;the their internationalthe ratification,universally instruments recognizedand on the to5. normscompatibilitywhich rule on ofBulgaria challenges is a toparty; the constitutionality of politicalinternational parties law of domestic AMENDMENTSADOPTION TO THE OF CONSTITUTION. A NEW CONSTITUTION Chapter Nine ofident the and National Vice President;Assembly; 6. 8.7.rule rule on on challenges challengesimpeachments to tothe the bylegality legality the National of of the an election election Assembly against the of a Memberof the Pres- provisionsamendmenttives of the of Grandthebill Constitutionshall National belong Assembly. toexcept one-fourthArt. those 153.154. of withinThe(1) the TheNational Members the initiative preroga- Assembly of the to introduce shall be freea constitutional to amend all fromorPresident suspended not fewer or the by than Vice a law. one-fifth President. of all Art.(2)Members No 150. authority (1) of Thethe National Constitutionalof the Constitutional Court shall Court act on an shall be vested initiative As- fromsemblyNational the not dateAssembly earlier on which than and one itto is themonth introduced. President.Art. and 155.not(2) later An(1) amendmentthanA constitutional three months bill shall amendment be debated shall by the require National a As- ipalsubparaChiefCourtsembly, council. Prosecutor.of 3 the Cassation,of thePresident, preceding A challengethe the Supreme Article Council to maycompetence Administrative of further Ministers, be pursuant filed theCourt by Supreme toa paraor 1 munic- the tionalreintroductionthanmajority Assembly two-thirds of three-fourths afterin of three the not votes ballotsfewer of theof than on all votes three twoMembers of monthsdifferent(2) all A Members shallbill and days. which benot eligible ofmore has the receivedthan Na-for less than three-fourths but more stitution,the Supreme Court of Cassation(2) Should or theit find Supreme a discrepancy between a 34 law and the Con- Ad- afive majority months. of To two-thirds be passed of at the this votes new ofreading, all Members. the bill shall require 35 IIIIIII 111 IIIIII OM - MO Mil MO OM IMO MI GM MO IS 112 11111111111111111=111=111/110611911011111111111111110111111111111111119111Art. 156. An amendment to the Constitution shall be signed (2) In an emergency, a Grand National Assembly shall further andMemberssage.Grand promulgated National elected in Assembly by Durzhaven the generally within sevenArt. 157. A Grand National Assembly Vestnik by the Chairmanestablished of the procedure. days following its pas- shall consist of 400 lishedThepireperform Presidentafter by the ait law.resolves functions shall then on of all schedulea Nationalmatters elections for(3) Assembly. whichThe prerogativesby it a has procedure been ofelected. estab-a Grand National Assembly shall ex- aBulgaria change. and ratify any internationalArt.2. 1.instrument158.resolve adopt A Grand ona new any National Constitution;changes Assemblyin the territory of the Republic of shall: envisaging such Chairmansigned and within promulgated seven days in Durzhaven followingArt. 163. VeAnikits passage. An byact the of Assembly'sthe Grand National Assembly shall be of 57government; paras 1 and 3 of this Constitution;4.3. 5.resolve resolve onon on anyany any changesamendment amendment in the to to Art. 5 paras formChapter of state Nine structure of the orConstitu- form 2 and 4 and Art. FLAG, ANTHEM,COAT CAPITAL OF ARMS, SEAL, Chapter Ten Memberspursuanttion. to of the the preceding National Assembly(2)Art. and The 159. to draft the (1) ofThe a newinitiative constitution to introduce or a an Article shall belong to one-thirdand any of billthe to introduce a change in proposed amendment President. amendment bill publicdepict aof gold Bulgaria. lion rampant on a darkArt. gules 165.164. Theshield.The statecoat sealof arms shall of depict the Republic the coat of of arms Bulgaria of the shall Re- bytheto later the theterritory existing Nationalthan fiveof Constitution,the Assemblymonths country from notpursuant the earlier date Art.to thanon Art. 160. which two158 (1) A resolution by the National shall requireAssembly a major- announc-it is introduced.monthsshall and be debatednot playtricolor: of the white, national green, flag and shall red be from establishedArt.Art. top, 167.166. 168. placed The Theby The rulesa horizontally. flag law.anthem for of thethe of placing theRepublic Republic of the of of stateBulgaria Bulgaria seal and shall shall the be dis- thea ingtionality electionstional of two-thirdsAssembly Assembly's for a Grand withinof the resolution. National votesthree monthsof Assemblyall (2)Members. from The thePresident(3) passage The mandate shall schedule of the theNational Assembly shall electionsexpire with for a Grand Na- of the Na- thesong City "Mila of Sofia.Rodino". Art. 169. The Republic of Bulgaria shall have for its capital thethreerequire holding ballots a majorityof theon threeelections of differenttwo-thirds for a days.Grand Art.ofArt. the 161. 162.votes To (1) pass A Granda bill, Nationalthe Grand Assembly National National Assembly. of all Members,shall resolvein only Assembly shall elected.on the constitutional amendment bills for which it has113 been 36 37 114 Clause 5. Justices, prosecutors and investigating magistrates TRANSITIONAL AND CONCLUDING necessarytionshallthe the becomeBulgarian Supreme unsubstitutable National Judicial Clause 6. Pending the passage of new professional merits. Television, the BulgarianCouncil National does not Radio rule that they lack theif within three months of its forma- legislation concerning self after the adoption of the Clause I. (1) The Grand National PROVISIONS Constitution. Assembly shall dissolve it- withpracticeandlocal the respect self-government Bulgarianthe prerogatives to these News national shall vestedAgency, be inClause 7. (1) Elections for a National institutions.held within three months from the the Grindthe National Assembly shall Assembly and bodies of as ment,newsembly.a National National and Within other this term, it shall(2) pass The Grand National AssemblyAssembly, until athe President, election bodiesofbills. a new The of Constitutional Court Assembly shall continue to function bills for the election of a local self-govern-and the Supreme National As- heldhiselectionsself-dissolution prerogatives within shall three be pursuantof monthsscheduled the Grand tofrom Art. by National the the98(2) The elections for a President elections subparafor a National 1President of theand Assem- Constitution. a inVice accordance President with shall beAssembly. The date of the JudicialViceofswear Council thePresident Nationalthe oathshall and Assemblybe the established members(3) The Members of the National established by this Constitution at following the coming into force of the Council of Ministers Assembly,within the the same President, term. the the first session of this shall dent).bytheirbly. the functions Chairman established (President) by andthis(3) Constitution Pending the election of a Presidentthe Vice and Chairman a Vice President, (Vice Presi- shall be performed tionConstitution.shallsuant and be toa SupremeexercisedArt. 130 Administrative paraby the 3 SupremeClause 2. Pending the election of a and Art. 147 para 1 of the CourtCourt, of thetheir Republic prerogatives of Bul- pur- Supreme Court of Cassa- Constitution ongovernment.tions which pursuant it is to this Constitution Clauseuntil 8.9. TheThis government Constitution shall shall continue come into to promulgated in Durzhaven Vestnik by the Chair-National Assembly, and shall supersede the the formation of a new perform itsforce func- on the day garia.theapplicableing National laws insofarwhich Assembly ashave they shall not do been not Clausecontravene(2) Within 3. (1) a Theyear provisionsfrom this of rescind those provisions Constitution'sof therescinded comingby virtue into of force,the direct the existing laws shall be the Constitution. exist- (Publ.Constitutionman98/1990).6/1990, of in the Durzhaven 29/1990, Grand of the Republic87/1990, Vestnik of94/1990, No. Bulgaria 39/1971; 98/1990, adopted on 18 amendedcorrected in DV Nos. in DV No. May, 197i forcepassed of the by Constitutionthe National Assemblypursuant toClause(3) The 4.laws The required organization of by the Constitution shall come expressly by this Constitution within thethree judicial years. branch of govern-its Art. 5 para 2. into force follow- shall be Durzhaven Vestnik (State Gazette)The No 56Constitution of 13 July 1991of the by Republic virtue of Bulgaria was promulgated in of an me me um we ma theingment termthe established passage established of the by new para 2 115 structural and procedural laws of Clause38 3. um so no aswithin se is me am as aim Todorov,ordinance dated of the 12 Chairman July 1991. of the Grand National Assembly, Nikolai 116 No ow am si OM sis 11.4+"" CONSTITUTION ) so EN el Art. 1. (1) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES shallChapter be a republic One with a parliamentary Theformganization,bodies people of government. established shall state exercise institution by this this Constitution. or power individual(2)(3) The directly No entire shallpart and ofpowerusurp the through people,theof the expres- the state no political shall derive party from nor theany people. other or- tionswithsion oflocalshall the exist.self-government.popular sovereignty. No autonomous(2)Art. The 2. (1) territorial The territorial Republic integrity forma- of of the Republic of ;hall be an integral state shall country.state.be inviolable. It shall be governed by the ConstitutionArt.(2) 3.4. The (1) RepublicandThe theRepublic laws of of of the . shall be the official language of the Republic. shall guarantee the life, dignity shall be a law-governed othertoand the rights lawfree shall ofdevelopment the contravene individual of it.theand individual shall(3)(2)Art. create TheNo 5. and (1)one provisionsconditions theThe shall civil Constitution be ofsociety.conducive convicted the Constitution shall for beaction the shall supremeor inactionapply law, directly. which and no at theinto constitutionallytime force it was with committed respect established to did the notprocedure,Republic constitute(4) Any of promulgated international a crime. and instruments come which have been ratified by , shall be consi- 117 deredsupersede part of any the domesticdomestic legislation legislation stipulating of the country. otherwise. They shall 5 118 wiseforce envisagedthree days by after the the acts date themselves. of theirArt.(5) promulgation All 6. legislative(1) All persons unless acts shall areother- bornbe promulgated free and equal and shall in dignity come intoand liefstraditional shall not religion be used in theto political Republic ends. (4)(3)of ReligiousEastern Orthodox institutions Christianity and communities, shall be and considered religious be-the politicality,privilegesrights. ethnic affiliation, orself-identity, restriction personal ofsex, rights origin,or social on(2) thereligion, statusAll grounds citizens oreducation, propertyof shallrace, be national- opinion,status. equal before the law. There shall be no Natureandthe protectionreproduction in all its of variety, the of thestate environment:and and the society. sensibleArt. the 15.14. utilization conservation The Republicfamily, of the ofmotherhood of coun-living and childhood shall enjoy shall ensure the protection lative,cials.by illegitimate an executive rulings and or a actsjudicial on the branch.Art. partArt. 8. of 7.The itsThe poweragencies state of shall theand state beoffi- held shall liable be divided for any between damages a legis- caused guaranteedtry's natural and and protected other resources. by law.(2)Art. Property 16.17. Labour(1) Theshall shall rightbe privatebe to guaranteed property and public. and and inheritanceprotected by shall law. be berialurity held integrity. and on independence the basis of universal, of the county equalArt. and 10.9. directshallThe Allarmed elections, defendsuffrage forces its by and territo- secret shall national guarantee and local the referendumssovereignty, shallsec- municipal needsproperty shall shall be effectedbe established only(4)(3)(5) by PrivateThe by Forciblevirtue a regime law. property of aexpropriation law,applying shall provided be to inviolable. ofthe property different in unitsthe name of state of state and or ballot. . shall be I sationthat these has needsbeen ensured cannot bein advance.otherwise met, and after fair compen- thefirmedfounded citizens' on thepolitical principle will. of The political procedure(3)(2)NoArt. plurality. All 11. politicalapplyingparties (1) Politics shall partyto the facilitate or informa- ideologythe Republicthe formation shall beof proclaimedand expression or af- of a party or ideology of the state. lishedimportance,thoroughfares,over the by nethersa law. and as wellofthe the natural as earth; over andwaters, the archaeological coastalArt. forests 18. beaches; (1) and The parks reserves statethe of national nationalshall estab- enjoy exclusive ownership rights ousingtionpower. to lines,and their dissolution nor .activity parties ofshall whichpolitical be establishedseek parties the(4) violentandThere by thea shalllaw. usurpationconditions be no political pertain-of state parties on ethnic, racial or religi- mineralandveloping, the exclusiveand utilizing, energy off-shore protectingresources economic therein.and managing(3)(2) TheThe zone, statestate theand shall continentalshall the exercisebiological, exercise shelf sovereign sovereign rights rights in prospecting,with respect de- to icalpursuesafeguard activity any their political which interests. is objectives, in the domain nor (2)Art. shallof theCitizens' 12. they political (1) engage The associations, parties.associations in anypolit- including of citizens the tradeshall serveunions, to shallmet andnot waybyradioworks, international transport, frequencies the use the instrumentsof and nationalnuclear the geostationary energy, postal to the theand(4)Republic Amanufacturing telecommunicationsorbital state of monopolypositions of radioactive assignedshall net- be establishable by a law over rail- (2)Art. The 13. religious(1) The practicing institutions of shallany religionbe separate shall from be free. the state. 6 concessionsproducts, armaments, over units explosive of property and (5)and powerful The licenses conditions toxic for substances.the and activities procedure by which the state shall grant 7 MO OM I= i 9 Ili IMO 120 IN NM NM MI IMO MI byenumerated a law. in the preceding two paragraphs(6)MI The stateMB shall shall be established utilize and manage all the state's assets to as its uppermost objective the national(2) securityThe foreign and independencepolicy of the Republic of . shall have forbasedthe economicbenefit en free of economicactivitycitizens toand initiative.all society. citizens2) Art.Theand 19.statecorporate (1) shall The entitiesestablish economy by and pre-of guarantee the Republic equal of legal con litions shall be nationaldomsof the ofcountry, theorder. the well-being and the fundamental rights and free- citizens, and the promotion of a just inter- andventing by protecting any abuse theof aconsumer. monopoly status(3) All and investments unfair competition, and economic activity by . and AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Chapter Two of foreignthe law. persons and corporate entities shall enjoy the protection . corporateup of cooperatives entities in and the otherpursuit forms of economic (4)of associationThe lawand shallsocial of establishcitizens prosperity. and conditions conducive to the setting oryone ofparent the Republic holding a of Art. 25. (1) A citizen shall be anyone born of at least citizenship,, should or born he on not the be territ- entitled to any shallbalanced assist thedevelopment territorial ofbodies the different and activitiesArt. regions 20. The through of state the country, itsshall fiscal, establish and conditions conducive to the furtherother citizenship be acquirable by virtue through of naturalization.origin. . origin shall acquire citizenship shall credit and investment policies. Art. 21. (1) Land, as a chief national asset, shall enjoy particu- citizenship through a facilitated procedure.(2) A person of . bycumstances,Anylar aprotection procedurechange inwhen on purposesestablished the necessity part shall of by the has bea law.state allowedbeen(2) and Arableproven, onlysociety. landin and exceptional shallon terms be used andcir- for agricultural purposes only. tionorquired extradited of bythe birth.Republic to another of state. (5)(4)(3) AnyNoNo citizenone shall of the be Republicdeprived of of a citizen abroad shall be accorded the protec- shall be expatriated, citizenship ac- tance.shall acquire Ownership ownership thus acquired over land, shall(2)Art. except be A 22. dulyforeign (1)through transferred. No physical foreign legal inheri-personphysical or person foreign or legal foreign entity legal shall entity be tion or loss of Art.(6) The 26. conditions(1) Irrespective and procedure of where forthey the are, acquiring, all citizens preserva- of the . citizenship shall be established by a law. free to acquire user rights, building rights and other real rights on proceedingRepublic of from this Constitution. shall be vested with all rights and obligations . . freeterms development established of by science, a law. educationArt. and 23. the The arts, state and shall shall establishassist conditions conducive to the tion,ted with except all rights those and rights obligations and obligations proceeding(2) Foreigners for fromwhich residing this Constitu- in the Republic of shalla be ves- . tionalpolicymonumentsthat development. law. in accordance of history It shall with and organize culture.the principles theArt. conservation 24. and (1) normsThe ofRepublic ofall interna-national of shall conduct its foreign byinbecitizenship accordanceexpelleda law. isor requiredwithextradited the provisionsby to this another Constitution and Art.state the 27. against procedures (1) Foreigners their establishedwill, residing legally in the country shall or by another law. except not 121 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 122 tionallypersecuted recognized for their rightsopinions and or freedoms. activity(3)(2) The in the Republicconditions defence of ofand interna- procedure for the granting of asylum . shall grant asylum to foreigners Everyoneexecution ofshall a sentence be entitled for tocrimes protection againstArt.(7) There 32.against peace (1) shall anyTheand be illegalhumanity. privacy no limitation inter- of citizens to the shallprosecution be inviolable. and the inhumanuponshall bea human established or degrading life shall by treatment,a belaw. punished orArt. toas forcible a29.28. most (1)Everyone severe Noassimilation. one crime. shall shall have be subjected the right to to torture life. Any or to attempt cruel, oronference despitesubjectedhis honour, in his to expressprivate dignityany other ordisapproval, and family similar reputation. affairs except(2) andNo oneagainst shall encroachments be followed, photographed, filmed, recorded activity without his knowledge when such actions are experimentationinviolability. without his voluntary(2)Art. written No 30. oneone (1) consent. shallEveryoneshall be be detained subjected shall be or entitled tosubjected medical, to personal to scientific inspection, freedom or search other and theorpermitted stay cases inside expressly by a alaw. home stipulated without by its a law.occupant's(2)Art. Entry 33. (1) or consent, Thestay homeinside except shall a home be inviolable.without the No consent one shall of its enter oc- in immediatelytheor inany conditions the other urgent infringementadvise andcircumstances in the a mannerjudicial of expresslyhis establishedauthorities personal(3) stipulated The inviolabilityaccordingly. by state a law.by authorities a law, exceptThe and judi- shallshallon be free to detain a citizen only orpendinglowedcupant in extreme onlyor crime without for necessity. or the a thecrime purposes judicial in progress, ofauthorities' preventing for the permission capturean immediately of shall a criminal, be im- al- mentnextcial authorities 24 of hours.detention shall or rulefrom on the the moment legality(5)(4) Everyone of of being a detention charged.shallshall be bewithin entitled entitled the to to meet legal his counsel legal counsel from the in mo-pri- ingpermissiondence or andpreventing all of otherthe ajudicial communicationsgrave crime.authoritiesArt.(2) shallfor Exceptions 35. 34.the be (1) purposeinviolable. EveryoneThe to freedomofthis discover- provision shall and be confidentialityfreeshall to be choose allowed a of placeonly correspon- with of res: the vate.foreble. The a court confidentiality within the oftime such established communicationArt. 31.by a(1) law. shallAnyone be inviola-charged with a crime shall be brought be- it urity,beterritorydente restricted publicand of shall the health,only country have by and virtue the andthe right rightsofto aleave to law and freedom thein freedoms the country. name of movement of ofThis other national right citizens. on shall sec- the otherwiseconvicted bysolely a final by virtueverdict. of a confession.(4)(3)(2) NoTheA defendant one rights shall of be shalla forceddefendant be consideredto plead shall guilty, not innocent be and restricted no until one shallbeyondproven be becountry. a right and an obligation of everyArt.(2) 36. EveryCitizens (1) The whose study mother and use tongue of the is not citizen shall have the right to return to the citizen. . language shall - shall have bycisewhat virtue of is thosenecessary of their of their sentence.for fundamentalthe purposes rightsof(6)(5) a PrisonersPrison fair which trial. sentences areshall not be restrictedshall kept bein conditionsserved only conducive at the facilities to the estab-exer- usedpulsorythe right shall study to be study established of theand use by their a law. ownArt.(3) language The 37. situations(1) alongside The freedom in whichthe com-of conscience,only the official the freedom language of shallthought be 1.anguage. m m =I mg lishedem. by a law. 123 10 and the choice of religion and of religious or atheistic views shall me um 11 124 EN im MI MN I= andbe inviolable. amongrespect believers among The state the and believersshall non-believers. assist from the differentmaintenance denominations, of tolerance MN armed assembly forEM meetings and manifestations.(2)Art. The 43. procedure(1) Citizens for shall the organizing have the right and holdingto peaceful of meetings and un- MI becausehealthticed to and theof morals,his detriment views, or norof of the nationalshall rights be obligatedsecurity,andArt.(2) Thefreedoms 38. freedom Nopublicor forcedone of order, shallothers.of conscience be public persecuted and religion or restricted shall notin his be rightsprac- to provide meetingsand manifestations held indoors. shall be established(2)NoArt.(3) No by44. organizationnoticea (1)law. Citizens to the municipalshall shall act be tofree authorities the to detriment associate. shall of be the required country's for or informationtoin publicizeany other about itway. through his own words, or anotherwritten(2)Art. This 39. person'sor (1)oral,right Everyone sound shallviews. notor shall image,be used be entitled to the detriment to express of the rights an opinion seektioncroachmentshallsovereignty shall toit inciteattain establish andon racial,its the aimsnational clandestinerights national, through integrity,and ethnicfreedomsviolence. or paramilitary or or the religious of unity citizens; structuresof enmity the no nation, organiza- or or an shall noren- shallcrime,ofand the be reputationconstitutionallyor free the andincitement shallof others, not establishedof be enmityor subjected for the orArt. order, incitementviolence to40. censorship. the(1) againstperpetrationThe of press and of the other mass information media a forcible change anyone. a proposalslationshipsto registration, and with petitions the the procedure state. with the forstateArt. their(3) authorities. 46.45. The termination, (1)Citizens law Matrimony shall shall establishand theirhaveshall which re-thebe a right freeorganizations unionto lodge between shallcomplaints, be a subjectman decencyofanother ofestablishedthe violence judicial information or incitement authoritiesagainstorder, mediumthe anyone.of perpetrationina forcible the shall Ancase injunctionbe (2)change of allowedof An a crime,injunctionof suspensiontheonly constitutionallyor through the on incitement shallor a confiscationlose of printed matter or an encroachment on public an act itsrimonyand conclusion a woman. and the Onlyand family. termination, a civil marriage and(3)(2) allshall TheSpousesprivate be form legal. and shall of materiala marriage,have equal rela- the rights conditions and obligations and procedure in mat- for oftrimentseminateforce national if notof information. the security,followed rights publicandby This a reputation confiscation rightorder, shall publicArt. of notothers,within 41. health be (1) exercised 24or Everyone and tohours. the morality. detrimentto shall the de- be entitled to seek, obtain and dis- andcometions shall betweenof legal be assisted agethe spousesshall by bethe shalla state. right be(2) and establishedArt. Mothers obligation 47. (1) shall byThe of abe law.raisingtheir the objectparents and ofupbringing special protection of children on untilthe part they ofwhichbodies others. isand not agencies a state or on official any matter secret Art.(2)of and legitimateCitizens 42. does (1) not Every shall interestaffect becitizen theentitled to rightsthem above to obtainthe age information of 18, with thefrom excep- state thoseassistance.freeof the born obstetric state in wedlock.and care, shall alleviated be guaranteed working(3) prenatalChildren conditions and born andpostnatal out other of wedlock leave,social shall enjoy equal rights with andinsentence,tion referendumsreferendums. of those shall placed shallbe free underbe to established elect judicial state(2) interdiction byand The a locallaw. organization authorities or serving and anda procedure prison vote for the holding of elections sionand of society. parental rights shall be establishedArt.(5)(4) TheAbandoned 48. by conditions (1) a law.Citizens children and shall procedure shall have enjoy thefor the rightthe protection restriction to work. of The the or suspen- state 125 12 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 13 126 shall take care to provide conditions for the exercising of this right. sanitary measures except in circumstances established by a law. of work.the right to work by the physically(4)(3)(2) orTheNoEveryone mentally one state shall shall shall handicapped. be create be compelled free conditions to choose to do conducive forcedan occupation labour. to the and exercise place activeand over substances the production and medical and trade equipment. in(2)Art.(5) pharmaceuticals, SchoolThe 53. state(1) attendance Everyone shall biologicallyexercise up shall to the havecontrol age the of over right16 shall all to medical education.be compulsory. facilities byleave,andnon-hazardous a remunerationlaw. in accordance working for with the conditions, actualconditions work(5) to and performed, Workersguaranteed procedures and and minimum employeesestablished to rest andpay shall be entitled to healthy and charge.higherschools educational shall be free. establishments In circumstances'established shall(4)(3) HigherPrimary provide educational andeducation bysecondary a law,establishments free the ofeducation shall in state enjoy and academic municipal au- economiclatedunion to organizations work interests. and social and alliancessecurity. in(2)Art. defence Employers 49. (1) of Workers their shall interests and be freeemployees re- to associate shall be in free defence to form of tradetheir state.law.intonomy. accordance The education with theyconditions provide and shall(5) procedures Citizensfit the requirements andestablished organizations of by the a shall be free to found schools duresrightin defence shall established beof exercisedtheir by collective a law. in accordance economicP rt.Art. with 50.and 51. conditions Workerssocial (1) Citizens interests. and and employees shallproce- This have shallthe right have to the social right security to strike and schooling.training.andschools, by providing It by shall supporting exerciseopportunities capable control for school(E.) occupationalover The all and state kinds university shall training and promote levels andstudents, reeducation of by opening and financing lishedunemployedwelfare by aid. a law. in accordance with conditions(3)(2) The andstateaged procedures shallwithout provide relatives estab- social and security unable for to the support temporarily them- whichhisthe ownnational shall culture beand recognized inuniversal accordance andhuman guaranteedwith cultural(2)Art. his Artistic, ethnic54. byvalues (1) the self-identification,scientificEveryone law. and to anddevelop shall technological have the right creativity to avail shall himself be rec- of enjoyselves,careguaranteeing the inas accordance specialwell as them protectionthe withphysicallyaffordable conditions of the andmedical stateArt. mentallyand 52.and procedurescare, (1) society. handicapped Citizensand to free shall medical shall have the right to medical insurance established by ableognizedrelated environment and rights. guaranteed corresponding by the law. toArt. the(3) established55. The Citizens state shall standards shall protect have and theall inventors'right to a healthyrights, copyrights and favour- and ditionssurancebudget,a law. and schemes,by employers,procedures and from throughestablished other private sources (2)by aCitizens' andlaw. collective medical health-in- care shall be financed from the state in accordance with con- seldangered.whenevernorms. when They appearingHe his shall rights haveprotect before or thelegitimate the anright agencyenvironment. to beArt.interests ofaccompanied the56. state. Everyoneare violated by legal shall have the right to legal defence or en-coun- mote the development of sports and(4)(3) tourism. NoThe one state shall shall be protect subjected the tohealth forcible of citizens medical and treatment shall pro- or 14 the detriment of the rights or the legitimate(2)Art. Rights 57. (1) interests shall The notfundamental of be others. abused, civil nor rights shall shallthey be exercisedirrevocable. 15 to IN I= 121 NM I= I= 128 OM NE MN =I eme.-gency the exercise of individual(3) civil Following rights mayI= a proclamation be temporar- of war, martial law or a state of =I NM MO I= ofAssembly's the circumstances. term, its mandate shall be extended until the expiry I= I= MI IN matestitutionArt.ily curtailed 29, interests Art.and by31the of a paras laws.others.law, 1,exceptThey 2 and shall for 3, the Art.respect rights 3258. para the(1) established rights Citizens1, and and Art. by shall the Art.37. legiti- observe 28, and implement the Con- isbetwo above any months the from age ofthe 21, expiry is not of under theArt. mandate(3) a 65.judicial Elections (1) of Eligible the interdiction, forpreceding a fornew election National andone. is to Assemblythe National shall Assembly be held shallwithin citizen who does not hold another citizenship, of victions.shallhonour not of be every defaulted upon on groundsArt.(2) 59. Obligations of (1) religious To defend establishedor other the country con- by theshall Constitution be a duty and and a matter the law citizen. High treason and betrayal thepostnot Constitutionalserving shall resign a prison upon Court sentence. the by registration a procedureArt.(2) ofA 66. hisestablishedcandidate The candidacy. legitimacy for by a a National law. of an election Assembly may seatbe contested holding abefore state andshallof withthe procedure be countryalternative punished shallfor withservice exemption be all treated shallthe severity betherefromas establishedcrimes(2) ofThe the of orcarrying law.utmost forby areplacing law. out gravity of military them and obligations, and the conditions ofshallnot the only be Constitution held their to constituencies a mandatory and the laws mandate. but and the(2)Art. in entire accordanceMembers 67. (1) nation. Members of with theNo theirNationalMember of the National Assembly Assembly shall act shall on representthe basis ofa law a natural proportionately or other disaster, to their on income conditionsArt.(2) andAny 60.61. property.and tax(1)Citizens concessioninCitizens a manner shall shall orassist estab- surtax pay the taxes shall state andbe and established duties society established byin thea law. case by of whichcupysciencethe National another the and law convictions. Assembly. definesstate post, as incompatible nor shall Art.engage with 68. the(1)in any statusA Member other of activity of the National Assembly shall not oc- a Member con- lished by a law. Chapter Three tionalminister.shall Assembly cease During to servein a that manner as period, a Member established heArt.(2) shall during A 69. byMemberbe Members ahissubstituted law. term of theof officetheNationalin the National Na- Assembly Assembly elected shall as not a minister be held as a Art. 62. The National Assembly shall be vested with the legis- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY offrombly.criminally a grave detention liablecrime, or for whencriminal their a opinionswarrant prosecution fromorArt. votes the 70. inNational A the Member National Assembly of theAssem- National Assembly shall be immune except for the perpetration or, emergencyoflative four authority years. occurring and shall during exercise or after parliamentary(2)Art. the In63.64. expirycase The(1) The Nationalof control.of war,National the NationalarmedAssembly Assembly hostilities shall shall consist orbe anotherelectedof 240 members.for state a,term of of theMemberbly,inthe between National Nationalshall is beitsdetained Assembly Assembly, required.session, in from the or, Noshall in thewarrant betweenbe Chairman Art.notified shall71. its Theforthwith.ofsession, be the Nationalrequired National the Chairman Assemblywhen Assem- shall establish the emolu- course of committing a grave crime; a 129 16 ments of its Members. 17 130 Art. 72. (1) A Member's prerogatives shall expire before the Art. 78. The National Assembly shall be convened for its ses- orexpi of ry an of unsuspended his term of office prison upon sentence; any of3.2. the Eestablishmentenforcement resignation following occurrences: ofpresented of a ineligibility prison before sentence or the incompatibility; forNational an intentional Assembly; cri,ne, sions by its Chairman: 4.3.2. 1.at onthe his request own initiative;of theone-fifth CouncilPresident; of itsof Ministers.members; Court.Assembly; instance 3 shall requireArt. (2)4.a rulingdeath.73. Instances The by National the 1 andConstitutional 2 Assembly shall require shall a resolutionbe organized of the and National shall behalf.tionalad hoc Assembly committees and from shall among exercise its (2)Art.Members. parliamentary The 79. permanent(1) The controlNational committees on Assembly its shall shall aid theelect work permanent of the Na-and foractbody. ina first accordance It session shall be withby free the the to President determineConstitution ofArt. itstheArt. and recesses.74. Republic 75. itsThe Aown newlyNational withininternal elected Assemblya rules.month National shall Assembly be a permanently shall be convened acting documents.commissionand investigations. shall be obligated to testifyArt.(3) Ad 80. and hoc Any present committees official any orrequired citizenshall be summoned elected to byconduct a parliamentary inquiries hefollowinghe opened convened itsby election. theby one-fifthsenior Should present of the the MembersMember. President(2)Art. At of76. the thefail (1) firstNational to The do session firstso, Assembly. it session theshall Members of the Nationalshall swear Assembly the following shall apresent.sion majority and pass of moreresolutions than one-half when more of(2)Art. the than The present81. half (1)National ofThe Members, its National Members Assembly except Assembly are shall pass shall laws be freeand toother hold acts a ses- by oath:Chairmantothe be "IConstitution guidedswear and in by Vicethe theand name interestsChairmen.the lawsof the ofof Republic thethe(3) people.country The of National Iand am in sworn." all Assembly my actions shall elect at the same session its . to observe Nationalballot.stitutionwhen a requiresAssembly qualified or majority maythe National by exception is required AssemblyArt.(3) Voting resolve82. by Sessionsthe resolves shall toConstitution. hold beof on thesomepersonal a National secret ses- and Assembly open, except shall when be public. the Con- The and maintain orderly proceedings;3.2.Art. 1.open,propose 77.represent (1)chair the The andtheagenda Chairman closeNational for the each ofsessionsAssembly; the session; National of the NationalAssembly Assembly shall: beNationalsions given behind Assemblypriority closed in andaddressingdoors. the parliamentary the Members.(2)Art. The 83. committees. National(1) Ministers Assembly They shall shall be and free the to parliamentary attend the sessions committees of the sedNational by the NationalAssembly; Assembly; 6.4. 5.attestorganize promulgate by histhe signatureNational all resolutions, theAssembly's contents declarations internationalof the acts and passed addresses contacts. by the pas- toshall questions. be free to order ministers to attend2.Art. 1.pass their84.pass, the The sessions amend, state National budget and respondrescindAssembly bill and the the shall:laws; budget report; the Chairman and carry out any activities(2) The devolved Vice Chairmen by him. of the National Assembly shall assist 18 4.3. establishschedule the taxeselections and fortheir a Presidentsize; of the Republic; 19 NM =I 131 MO NM NM132 MI NIB OM MI MO OM MO IN mentmembers on aof motion the Council from ofthe Ministers; Prime Minister;7.6.5. effect electresolvecreate, changesand transformon dismiss the in holding the the and Prime closeof a Ministernational down ministries referendum;and, on his motion, the on a motion govern- tions,ofamendment such declarations an amendment. to the andConstitution addresses.MI shallMO(2)Art. be The 86. preceded =I laws(1) The andMI by Nationalresolutions the Assembly passed by shall the Nationalpass laws, Assembly resolu- passage Bankfrom theand Prime the heads Minister; of other institutions8. elect establishedand dismiss by the Governor of the . aNational law; zens.shall be binding on all state bodies,Art. all 87. organizations (1) Any Member and all ofciti- the National Assembly or the ritory;troopsoutside on the the country's territory ofborders, the country and theor9. 11.10.approvetheir deployment resolveapprove crossing state-loan on any theof deployment thatforeigndeclaration agreements; ter- and of war use andof conclusion of .1 armed forces peace; differenttheCouncil Council of sessions. Ministers of Ministers. By shall way haveof exception, theArt.(2) right The 88. tothe State (1)introduce National Bills Budget shall Assembly Bill be shallread beand drawn voted up upon and twice, presented during by a bill. country'sintroduce territory; martial law or a state of14.13.12. institutegrant on a amnesty; motion orders from and themedals; President emergency on all or part of the or the Council of Ministers, (Thesinglemay State ballot. resolve Gazette) to hold within both 15ballots days duringArt.(3)(2)from EachAll 89. its a other singlepassed(1) A acts session.motionact of shall the ofbe National nopromulgated confidence Assembly in Durzhavenin theshall Council require Vestnik of passage. a by a law all international instrumentsIArt.15. which: establish 85. (1) The the officialNational areholidays. Assembly of a political shall or ratify military nature; or denounce tionalshallMembersMinisters Assembly require shallof athe Members.majority require National aof seconding Assembly.more than by half To one-fifth beof thepassed, the motion votes ofor all more Na- of the tional organizations; 4.3.2. envisageconcerncontain obligationsthe corrections Republic for to of the borderstreasury; of the Republic of :. participation in interna- denceshallPrime hand inMinister the in Councilhis or gc the iernment's of Council Ministers, resignation.of Ministers, (3)(2)the Should the the Prime National Minister AssemblyAssembly votereject next motion for a vote of no confidence ina votethe of no confi- toor belegal enforced; proceedings; 6. 7.5.concern affectenvisage thefundamental theaction state's of the participationhuman law or rights; require in international arbitration new legislation in order Ministersrightexpiryno confidenceto of address sixand months. to questionsonindividual the same and ministers, grounds interpellationsArt. shallwho 90. (1)notshall Membersbe be made obligated befoneof the Nationalthe Assembly shall to the Council of have the to tionalcordanceamended law. orwith denounced the universally only by acknowledged their(2)8. built-inexpressly Treaties procedure require ratified ratification. by the National Assembly norms of interna- or mayin ac- be whichsemblyrespond. a resolution shall be required shall be topassed.Art.(2) 91. A motion(1) The byNational one-fifth Assembly of the Members shall establish of the National turn an interpellation into a debate on As- (3) The conclusion of an international 133 20 treaty requiring an tancy Chamber to control the implementation of the budget. 21 134 an Accoun- Accountancy Chamber shall act shall(2) be The established organization, by a authoritylaw. and procedures by which the publicleadershipMembers or economic of of the any National political activity, Assembly party. nor shall(2) or Thetheyengage President participate in any otherand in the thestate, Vice President shall not serve as PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC Chapter Four lowingexpirefore the before occurrences:National the Assemblyexpiry of thehis oathterm Art. establishedof office 97.96. (1)The upon byThe President Art. any President's 76 of paratheand fol-2. theor ViceVice President'sPresident shall authority swear shall be- internationalembody the unity relations. of the nation and(2) shall The representArt. President 92. (1) the shall The state bePresident inassisted its shall in his be actions the head by aof Vice state. Pres- He shall (2)4.3.2. 1.lastingdeath;in In resignationpursuant instances incapacitation to 1submittedArt. and 103. 2, caused the before prerogatives by athe grave Constitutional ofillness; the President Court; or forident. a period of five years by a procedure(2)Art. Eligible established93. (1) The for byPresident a law. shallshall be be elected any natural-born directly by the voters ._:_t VicetheCourt's President establishing until shall the the be expiry existence suspended of theof (3) thetermupon In respective instanceof the office. Constitutional circumstances;1, the Vice President shall assume the duties of ofprecedingtionalcitizen the Assembly, validover the 40ballots, election. years who providedof has age resided and that qualified in more the(3) country To thanto bebe half elected,elected for of the all toafive candidate eligiblethe years Na- shall require more than one-half ViceabyPresident's new the President PresidentChairman duties, shall and of the thethenVice President's National be President. held(4) withinAssemblyprerogatives Should Elections two theuntilmonths. forshall Vice thePresident be Presidentelection assumed of be incapable of assuming the and candidates.runoffvotersity of have the The vote.cast winner their ballots shall be in thethe candidate (4)election. Should who none wins of the major-candidates for President be elected, a shall be held within seven days between the two top referendumsbodies of local pursuant self-government to a resolution and2.Art. 1.address shall 98.scheduleof the Theset the Nationalthe President thenation date elections for Assembly;and of national the for NationalRepublic a National Assembly;shall: Assembly and for the thetermmonths legality of officeand of not ofa presidential laterthe incumbent than two election monthsPresident.(6)(5) within TheA before presidential Constitutional a month's the expiry election time Court of theshall shall be ruleheld upon not earlier any than challenge to threeafter borderslished by of the the law; administrative territorial4. 5.3.promulgate concludeon units a motion and theinternational their fromlaws; centres; the Council treaties ofin Ministers,the circumstances determine estab- the andtheand election. on by the the same same ticket procedure. as the President,Art. on95.94. the (1)The same The Vice President conditions President and shall the Vicebe elected President at the shall same be time elig- tativesdentialsnentmiss missionsthe to andheads this the country;atof letters internationalthe Republic of recall oforganizations, of6. the on foreign a motion diplomaticand from receive the represen- Councilthe cre- of Ministers, appoint and dis- - diplomatic and perma- MI ible for only one re-election to the same office. MI OM 135 22 IOW MI MO I= 23 136 MO =I MB IN MO lished by a law; 7. appoint and dismiss from office other state officials, IMOestab- OM MO aernment caretaker within government. the established period, the President shall appointI= MO MI =I I= III ship; 9. 11.10.8.grant, award grantexercise restore, ordersasylum; the relieve andright medals; tofrom pardon; and withdraw citizen- ranksmandin Chief onof ofthea motionthe Armed Armed from Forces Forces the Counciland of shallthe(2)Art. Republicof bestow The Ministers.100. President (1) allof The higher President shall military appoint shall andbe the dismiss Supreme the Commanderhigher com- his prerogatives. Art.14.13.12. 99. namecancelinform (1) landmarks Followinguncollectible the National and consultations debts communitiesAssembly to the onwithstate; of basic national the problemsparliamentary importance; within onSecuritylaw. a motion Council, from thethe statusCouncil of whichof Ministers(4).The(3) shall The be inPresident established accordance shallshall by with proclaimpresidea law. the over general the Consultativeor partial mobilization National mentnominatedgroups,National within the by AssemblyPresident seven the party days, shallto holding formthe appoint President a the government. highest(2)the ShouldshallPrime number entrust Minister-designatethe Prime of this seats Minister-designatetask in tothe a fail to form a govern- anNationallaimrequired armed martial byAssembly attack virtue law against or of is any annot internationalother in session state(5) andof The commitment, emergency cannot President be convened.whenever shallor shall proclaim proc- Thethe a state of war in the case of . or whenever urgent actions are paragraph,aliamentary governmentPrime Minister-designate thegroup. Presidentwithin the shall period nominated entrust established(3) the Should bytask the to the by seconda Primenewthe preceding Primelargest Minister- Minister-designate par- also fail to form totheNational the Presidentdecision. National Assembly shall Assembly be shall free tothen for return furtherbe convened aArt. bill debate, 101.together forthwith (1) which withWithin shallhis to themotivesendorse not term be established by Art. 88 para 3, nate.shalldesignate ask the nominated National byAssembly one of theto elect (5)(4)minor AbsentShould the parliamentary Prime anthe Minister-desig-agreement consultations groups. on theprove formation successful, of a thegovernment, President bly,moredenied. the than President half of shallall Members promulgate of the it(3)(2) within National FollowingThe newseven Assembly. passage a days new followingpassage of such of a thebill bill shall by require the National a majority Assem- of nevtioncstaltheNational President generalof dished the NationalAssembly elections.by shall Art. appoint 64Assembly and para schedule a3. caretaker Theshall President'snew also government, elections establish act withinonthe dissolvethe date dissolu-the of period thethe identitsMinister receipt. shall issueor the decrees, minister addresses concerned. and(2)Art. Themessages. 102. President's (1) Within decrees the prerogatives shall be countersigned vested in him, by the PrimePres- theshallaged preceding bynot Art. dissolve paragraphs 111 para the 1.shallNational further Assembly(6) apply(7) The In inprocedurethe theduring instances instances the for envisaged lastforming envis- three a by government paras 5 and established 6, the President by to: 3.2.(3) 1.dissolutionthe No the appointment countersigning appointment of the of National of ashall Primea caretaker be Assembly; Minister-designate;required government; for decrees pertaining months of his term of office. Should Parliament fail to form a gov- 137 24 4. return of a bill to the National Assembly for further debate; 25 .138 5. the organization and manner of action of the offices of the Art. 107. The Council of Ministers shall rescind any illegiti- liablePresidency for actions and the committed appointment in the ofArt.7.6. theirperformance the 103. staff;promulgationscheduling (1) The of Presidenttheirof ofan duties, aelection law. and Vice or referendum; President shall not be held matesibilityMinister, or improper for Deputy the overall act Prime issued policy Ministers by ofa the(2)Art. and government. The 108. ministers. Prime (1) The Minister He Council shall shall appoint of head,Ministers coordinate shall consist and bear of arespon- Prime minister. standone-fourthexcept if for supported high of all treason, Members by more or a than ofviolation the two-thirds National(3)(2) An impeachmentimpeachment ofAssembly the Members. andshall against shall require the Presidenta motion from or Vice no fewer of the Constitution. President than beforewise.ministry,and dismiss Each the except Nationalminister the deputyinsofar shall Assembly ministers.as account the National the forArt.(3) oath his Each Assembly109. ownestablished Themember activity. members resolves ofby theArt. of Councilthe 76 Council of-Ministers of Ministers shall shall swear headother- a shallofCourting abe theviolation triedconvict lodging by ofthe of the PresidentConstitutional the Constitution, impeachment. or Vice Court the President ShouldPresident's within theaof month high Constitutionalor Vice treason, follow- Presi- or parabe 2.any Art. 110. Eligible for election to the Council _of Ministers shall .t citizen qualified to be elected to the National dent'sdetention,President prerogatives nor the shall prerogatives shall initiate be suspended. criminal established(4) proceedingsArt. No by one104. Art. shall The98 against subparas place President thethem. 7, President 9,shall 10 be or free the toVice devolve President to the Vice under PrimeexpireAssembly. Minister;upon any of the following Art.occurrences:1. 111.a vote (1) of The no confidence authority of in the the Council Council of of Ministers Ministers shall or the and 11. Chapter Five foreMinister; the newly elected National Assembly.(3)(2)3.2. deaththe TheShould resignation Councilof theany Prime of of the ofMinisters Minister. theabove Council occur,shall ofhand the Ministers Councilin its resignation orof theMinisters Prime be- plementation of the state's domestic and foreignArt. 105.policy. (1) The Council of Ministers shall COUNCIL OF MINISTERS head the im- itstheters.shall programmeNational continue Assembly's to declaration, act until votethe or election of on confidenceArt. a specific 112.of a new(1) in issue. The Councilits overallCouncil A resolution of policy,Minis- of Ministers shall be free to ask for plementationadministrationnational security of and the and thestate shall Armed budget; exercise Forces. (2)organize overallArt. The 106. Council theguidance Themanagement of Council overMinisters of shallMinisters ensure shall the manage public order and the statethe im- of the ment'svotetionalshall ofrequire Assembly resignation. confidence, a majority Members the Primeof present.more Minister than(2) Should half shall of the thehand Council votes in the of of govern-the Ministers Na- fail to receive the requested whenstate's authorizedassets; conclude, to do soconfirm by law. or denounce 26 international treaties ofhold a Membera post or of engage the National in any activityAssembly.Art. incompatible 113. (1) A withmember the status of the Council of Ministers shall not 27 Ell MN 139 MI MI MB GEST COPY AVAILABLE MI 140 MO MI IMO MIN MEI INE MO MI notpost hold or activity or engage which in. a member of theArt.(2) TheCouncil 114. National Pursuant of Ministers Assembly to and shall in shall implementation be freeMO to determine of theI= laws,any I= other the Ell challengeabilitytrative act which affects of the them, parties except to a those judicialArt.(2) Citizenslisted 121.MI trial. expressly (1) and The legal bycourts theentities laws. shall shall ensure be free the to equality contest any and adminis- mutual andtionstions.Council orders. byThe decree.of Council Ministers of Ministersshall adopt shall decrees, promulgateArt. ordinances115. A rules minister and resolu-regula-shall issue rules, regulations, instructions vided otherwise by a law. Art.(4)(3)(2) AllJudicial 122. courtscourt (1) proceedings rulingsCitizensshall conduct shall and shall belegal their motivated.ensure entitieshearings the establishmentshall in public, have theunless ofright truth. pro- to andhetion's guided dismissal will andsolely ofinterests. stateby the employees Inlaw the and performance shalland(2)Art. the be A 116. conditionspolitically law of (1) theirshall State duty onestablishneutral. employeeswhich they shall theythe conditionsshall be the for executors the appointment of the na- practicedlegalin certain counsel shall cases at be all established stages of a bytrial. a law.Art.(2) The 123. procedure Court assessors by which shall the participateright to legal in thecounsel trial shallprocess he asNhall to exercise be free to their belong right to topolitical strike. parties and trade unions, as well supremethereme law judicial by judicial all oversightcourts. oversight as toas the to thepreciseArt. precise 125.124. and and (1)equalThe equalThe Supreme Supreme Court Administrative of Cassation Court shall shallexercise exercise sup- application of application leguard the rights andArt. legitimate interests of all citizens, legal 117. (1) The judicial branch of governmentJUDICIAL shall POWER Chapter Six lengesof individualthe law to the in ministers,administrativelegality of and acts ofjustice. of other the Art.(2) Councilacts The 126. established Supreme of(1) Ministers The bystructureAdministrative a law.and theof the prosecutors'Court shall ruleoffice on shall all chal- cor- entitiesandmance investigating and of thetheir state. functions, magistrates all shalljudges,(2) be(3) Thesubservientcourt The judicial assessors,judicial only branch branch prosecutorsto the shall of law. government be independent. shall have In the an perfor- indepen- observed:methodologicalrespond to that ofguidance the courts. to all other(2)Art. The prosecutors. 127. Chief The Prosecutor Prosecutor's shall Office oversee shall the legalityensure that and legalityprovide is Courtthedent people. budget. of Cassation, the Supreme AdministrativeArt. 118.119. All(I) judicialJustice Court, courtsshallpower be ofshall administered be exercised by in the the Supreme name of suresing the of charges compulsion; in common criminal3.2. 1.by trials; by actingoverseeing bringing for the chargesthe rescindment enforcement against ofcriminal of all penalties illegitimate suspects and acts;otherand support- mea- appeals,and actions courts of of the assizes, administrative courts-martial bodies.Art.(3)(2) SpecializedThere and120. district (1)shall The becourtscourts. courts no extraordinarymay shall be superviseset up courts. by thevirtue legality of a law. of the acts gationofquired the judicial into criminaldo so branch. by cases. law. They shall Art.4.perform by 128. taking the The partpreliminary investigating in civil andinvesti- bodiesadministrative shall be suitswithin whenever the system re- 141 28 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 29 142 sedtrates by shall the Supremebe elected, Judicial Council.Art. 129. (1) Justices, prosecutors promoted, demoted, reassigned and dismis- and investigating magis- themagistrate circumstances shall be established lifted by the by Supreme the(2) The immunity of a justice, prosecutor or law. Judicial Council only in investigating atheChairman periodProsecutor Republic of ofseven ontheshall a Supremeyears, motion be appointed from Administrative the and (2)Supreme The Chairman of the Supreme and shall not be eligible for a second term dismissed by the President of Court of Cassation, the Court and Judicialthe Chief Council for tion,Judicialandmagistrates, the dismissal Council, status the ofof of conditions justices,the the justices,courts, court and the prosecutorstheassessors, Art.prosecution procedure 133. prosecutors The organization and the activity of the Supreme for the appointmentandand investigating the investiga- and inves- ontivecomein a office.repeated office. unsubstitutable The They motion. President shall beupon shall dismissed not deny (3)only an Justices, upon prosecutors and investigating completing a third year in the respec- appointment or dismissal magistratesretirement, shall be- resigna- ous.betigatingrights established It shall magistratesand assist legitimate by acitizens law. and interests. the materializationArt. 134. (1) The bar shall be free, independent and legal entities in the defence of their of their liability shall and autonom- overcrime,tion,members. moreupon or upon thanthe Sitting enforcementlasting one on year. itactual ex officio of disability a prison shallArt. to besentence 130. the Chairman (1) The Supreme Judicial Council shall consist of 25perform their functions for a deliberate of the Sup- established by a law. (2) The organization and manner of activity of the bar shall be ttrativereme essionalsides Court Courtits andex of officio andmoral Cassation, the membersintegrity Chief Prosecutor. withshall atbe(2) practicing Eligible forlawyers election to the Supreme the Chairman of the Supreme Adminis- least 15 years of professional Judicial Council be- of high pro- AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONLOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Chapter Seven experience.electedshall be by elected the bodies by the of National the judicial Assembly,(3) branch.(4) Eleven The elected of the members members of of the the Supreme They shall not be eligible for immediate Supreme Judicial Council Judicial Council shalland eleven shall be shallandbe divided the be prerogativesestablished into municipalities by of a the law. capital and regions. city(2) OtherandArt. The the administrative 135. territorialother (1) major The territory territorial of unitsthe Republic and of bodies of self- division citiesshall. appoint,chairedre-serve election. terms by promote, the of Minister five years.demote, of Justice, reassign who(5) shall Art.or The not131. meetings Any resolution of the Supreme of the Supreme Judicial CouncildisMiss shall a bejustice, a pro- be entitledJudicial to aCouncil vote. to palityticed.territorialgovernment Citizensboth unit through shall at shall the be their levelparticipateestablishable electedof which in bodies the self-governmentArt. government 136.of local (1) Aself-government ofmunicipality shall the bemunici- prac- shall be the basic by a law. administrative tionaltratesArt.secutor 129 shallAssembly. or para an enjoy investigating2, shall the besame passed by aArt. secret 132. (1) Justices, prosecutors magistrate,immunity or aas resolution the Members pursuant of the to Na- and investigating magis- ballot. apopulace.and referendum directly, throughof the populace. a referendum(3)(2) or TheA a municipalitygeneral borders meeting of a shall municipality ofbe a legal shall entity. be established following the EN 143 30 ow am um m mom me al 31 144 MO ution of common matters. Art. 137. (1) Municipalities shall be free to associate in the sol- MO =I MI OM MI MN MN Chapter Eight I= IN foramongipality a term municipalities. shall of four be a yearsmunicipal by a councilprocedureArt.(2) elected The established138. law directly The shall body byby establish a theof law. localpopulace conditions self governmen: conducive within to association a munic- Art. 147. (1) The Constitutional Cotirt shall consist of 12 jus- CONSTITUTIONAL COURT offor withinthe a term municipal a ofmunicipality. four council years Heby and ashall procedurethe besense (2)electedArt. Inof established histhe139. by activitypopulace. the (1) municipal The by a mayora law. council shall be guidedthe body by of the executive law, the poweracts Courtshallbly,tices, one-third beone-third of elected Cassation shall ofby whom aandbe joint appointed the shall meeting Supreme be electedby of(2) the Administrativethe The President, byjustices justices the National of andof the Court.the one-thirdSupreme Assem- Constitutional Court shall be elected or munity.property, which it shall use to the interestArt.(2)Art. 140. A 141. ofmunicipality's Athe (1) municipality territorial A municipality permanent com- shall shall be sources entitled have ofits to revenueown own budget. municipal shall be es- rotationCourtre-electionappointed shall order foror be re-appointment.aestablished renewed period of every nineby a Thelaw.yearsthree make-up yearsand shall from of notthe each Constitutionalbe eligiblequota, in for a tablishedentrustedthrough by budget witha law. the appropriations conduct of a andregionalArt.(3) other The 142. policy, means. state A region shallthe implementa- ensure shall thebe annormal administrative work of the territorial municipalities unit ballotyearsof high ofa professionalChairmanprofessional of and experience.the moralCourt integrityfor (4)(3)a period TheThe and justicesjustices of with three atof of least years.the the Constitutional fifteenConstitutional Court Court shall shall elect be bylawyers secret ernormonytion of aidedof state national bygovernment a regional and local on administration. interests.a local level,(2)Art. A 143. andregional (1) the Each ensuring governor region of shall shallhar- bebe appointedgoverned byby athe regional Council gov- of immunitythepost,incompatible practicing or membership as withaof Member a free,a representative in commercial, aof political the National mandate, (6)(5)partyor anyAThe Assembly. justiceor other status ortrade any paidof of union, statethe aoccupation. justice Constitutional or or public with of the Constitutional Court shall enjoy Court the shall same be andtheMinisters. state'spublic policy,order, and the shallsafeguarding exerciseArt.(3) ofadministrative Thethe 144. national regional The central control. interests,governor bodies lawshall of stateensure and the their implementation local represen- of Court shall expire upon any of the3.2.Art. 1.followingtheresignation the148. enforcement expiry (1) occurrences: The submitted of themandateof a term prison before of of sentenceoffice; a justicethe Constitutional for of a the deliberate Constitutional Court; crime; alaw.bodiestatives court ofshallany local act exercise whichgovernment encroachescontrol only over onwhen Art.the its legality 145.rights.authorized A municipal of the to actsdo councilso of by the a shall be free to challenge before year;147 para 5. 6.4. 5.death.actual incompatibility incapacitation with which an office has lastedor activity for more pursuant than toone Art. lishedof local by self-government a law. and local administrationArt. 146. The organizationshall be estab- and the procedures of the bodies 32 3EST COPY AVAILABLE establish his actual incapacity to perform(2) The his Constitutionalduties by a secret Court bal- shall lift a justice's immunity or 33 lot requiring a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes of all shallministrative refer the Court matter shall to thesuspend Constitutional theArt. proceedings 151. Court. (1) A ruling on a case of the and Constitutional Court shall require orterminated, iustices.elected a new justice from Art.(3) Should 149. (1) the The Constitutional within one month. mandate of a Constitutional Court justice the same quota shall be appointed Court shall: of the Constitution; be ulgation.areina majority Durzhaven issued. Any Aof ruling moreVestnikact found shall within tocome be 15 days from(2) theRulings date onof the Constitutional than half of the votes of all justices. unconstitutionalinto force shallthree ceasedays afterto apply its prom- Court shall be promulgated which they otherPresident; acts passed by the National Assembly2. 3.Erule providerule on on challenges competencebinding interpretations to thesuits constitutionality between the Nationalof Ministers, Assembly, and between the and the acts of the of the laws and as theshallof theConstitutional remain date on in force. Court shall be Art.established 152.(3) TheAny by organization portiona law. of a lawand which the manner of proceeding which the ruling shall come into force. is not ruled unconstitutional of theinternationalofbodies President government; of local and instruments self-government the Council concluded and4. byrule on the compatibility and on the compatibility of between the Constitution and the the central executive branch the Republic of domestic Chapter Nine andlawsprior the withto internationaltheir the ratification,universally instruments recognized to5. norms rule on challenges to the constitutionality which . of international law of political parties :A is a party; AMENDMENTSADOPTION TO THE OF CONSTITUTION. A NEW CONSTITUTION andofident associations; the and National Vice President;Assembly; 6. 7.rule rule on on challenges challenges to tothe the legality legality the National Assembly against of anthe election election of of a the Member Pres- the amendmenttivesprovisions of the of Grandbill the shall Constitution National belong Assembly. to exceptone-fourthArt.Art. 153. those 154. ofThe within the(1) National MembersThe initiative Assembly of the to shallintroduce be free a toconstitutional amend all the preroga- orPresident suspended orrum the by not Vice a fewer President. than (2)K.Art. rule No 150. onauthority impeachments (1) The of Constitutional by law. one-fifth of all Members of thethe Constitutional Court shall Court shall act on an initiative National As- be vested fromsemblyNational the not dateAssembly earlier on which than and one itto is themonth introduced. President. andArt. not 155.(2) An(1) amendmentA constitutional bill shall amendment be debated shall by the require National a As- later than three months sembly,ipalsubparaChiefCourt council. Prosecutor.ofthe 3 Cassation, ofPresident, the preceding A challengethe Supreme to competence pursuant the Council of Ministers,Article maythe Supremefurther be filed by a Administrative Court or the to Para 1 munic- majorityreintroductionthantional two-thirds Assemblyof three-fourths after of in the threenot votes offewer ballots the of votesthan all on twoMembers ofthree allmonths(2) differentMembers A shallbill and which bedays.not eligible more has received than for less than three-fourths but more of the Na- stitution,the Supreme Court (2) Should it find a discrepancy of Cassation or34 the Supreme between a law and the Con- Ad- afive majority months. of To two-thirds be passed of at the this votes new reading,of all Members. the bill shall require 35 MI MI MO147 IIIMI II1111 OM ME MN am woo 148 MI MI IMO Art. 156. An amendment to the NM Constitution shall be signed NM OM (2) In an emergency, a Grand National Assembly shall further I11 IN andMemberssage.Grand promulgated National elected in Assembly byDurzhaven the generally within Vestnik sevenArt. 157. A Grand National Assembly established procedure. by the daysChairman following of the its pas- shall consist of 400 lishedThepireperform Presidentafter by the ait law.resolves functions shall then on of all schedulea Nationalmatters elections for(3) Assembly. whichThe prerogativesby it a has procedure been ofelected. estab-a Grand National Assembly shall ex- a change. 2.Art. resolve 1.158. adopt A on Grand aany new changes National Constitution; in Assembly and ratify any international instrument the territory of the Republic of shall: envisaging such signedChairman and promulgated within seven in days Durzhaven followingArt. Vestnik 163. its passage. An by actthe ofAssembly's the Grand National Assembly shall be 57of government;paras I and 3 of this Constitution;4.3. 5.resolve resolve onon on anyany any changes amendment amendment in the to to Art. formChapter of state Nine structure of the orConstitu- form 5 paras 2 and 4 and Art. COAT OF ARMS, SEAL, Chapter Ten tion.Memberspursuant to of the the preceding National AssemblyArt. 159. (1) The initiative to introduce an Article shall belong to one-third and to the President. proposed amendment amendment bill of the depict a gold lion rampant on a darkArt. gules 165.164. shield. TheThe state coat sealof arms shall ofdepict the Republicthe coat of of arms of the Re FLAG, ANTHEM, CAPITAL A 11.111 bytheto laterthe theterritory existing Nationalthan fiveof the Assemblymonths country from notpursuant the earlier(2) date The to on draft of a new constitution or a Constitution, and any bill to introduce a National Assembly announc-than two monthsArt.which 158 and shallit isnot introduced. be debated change in playtricolor:public of of the national flag shall be establishedArt. 167.166. by The The a law.rules flag for of the the placing Republic of the of state seal and the di from top, placed horizontally. shall be a ing elections for a Grand NationalArt. 160. (1) A resolution by the of the votes of all Members. Assembly shall require a major- song "Mila Rodino". Art. 168. The anthem of the Republic of . shall he the Lona)tionalthe holding AssemblyAssembly'sy of of withinthe two-thirds resolution. elections three months for(2) a The President(3) The shall mandate schedule of the National Assembly shall expire with Grand National Assembly.the elections for a Grandfrom theNa- passage of the Na- the City of Art. 169. The Republic of shall have for its capital requireonthree the ballotsa constitutionalmajority on three of two-thirds differentArt.Art. 161. 162. To (1) pass A Granda bill, theNational amendment bills for which it has days. Grand ofNational the votes Assembly of all Members, shall inAssembly shall resolve only been elected. 149 36 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 37 150 necessarytionshall the become Supreme professional unsubstitutable Judicial Council if withinClauseClause 5. 6.Justices, Pending prosecutors the passage and of new merits. does not rule that they lack the three months ofinvestigating its forma- magistrates legislation concerning Clause 1. (I)TRANSITIONAL The Grand AND PROVISIONS National Assembly shall CONCLUDING dissolve it- thepracticeandwith the respect ..the prerogatives to these national vested in institutions. theClause 7. (1) Elections for a National Assembly National Television, the News Agency, the National Assembly Grand National Assembly National Kadio and bodies of shall selfsembly.as after a National the Within adoption this ofterm, it (2) The Grand National Assembly until the election the Constitution. Assembly shallshall continuepass bills to for the election of a new National As- of local self- govern- function of a hiselectionsself-dissolutionlocal prerogatives self-government shall be ofpursuant scheduledthe Grandshall to Art.be byNational held 98the subpara Presidentwithin Assembly. 1 of in threeVice months President from shall the be the Constitution.accordance withThe date of the Judicialment,newVice National and President Council other shalland thebe members (3) The Members of the Assembly, a President,bills. bodies The Constitutional established within the Nationalsame term. Assembly, the of the Council of Ministers Court and the Supreme President, the shall heldtheirbly. within functions three establishedmonths from by the this elections(3)(2) Constitution ThePending elections the election for a President of a President and a forand a National a Vice President,Assent shall be performed ofswear the the'National oath ;onstitution.Assembly Clause 2. Pending the election established by this Constitution at following the coming into of a Supreme Court of prerogatives pur-the first session force of this Cassa- dent).donsby the pursuant Chairman to (President) this Constitution andClause the until Vice 8. The government shall continue to the formationChairman of a(Vice new Presi- perform its func liongaria.shallsuant and be ato Supremeexercised Art. 130 para by the SupremeClause 3. (1) The provisions Administrative Court, their 3 and Art. 147 para 1 Court of the Republicexisting laws of the Constitution shall beof Bul- Constitutionmanongovernment. which of the it Grandis of the Republic ofClause 9. This Constitution shall come into force on proMulgated in Durzhaven Vestnik by the Chair-National Assembly, and shall supersede the adopted on 18 May, 1971 the day applicableingthe lawsNational insofarwhich Assembly haveas they not do not contravene(2) Within a year from this Constitution'sshall rescind those provisionsbeen rescinded by virtue its Art. 5 para 2. the Constitution.coming into force, of the directof the exist- 6/1990,(Publ.98/1990). in 29/1990, Durzhaven 87/1990, Vestnik 94/1990, No. 39/1971; 98/1990, amended corrected in DV No. in DV Nos. forcepassedment of the establishedby Constitutionthe National pursuant toClause(3) The 4.laws The required organization by the Constitution Assembly within threeexpressly years. by this Constitution of the judicial branch shall come into force follow- laws withinof govern- shall be Durzhaven Vestnik (State Gazette)The No Constitution 56 of 13 July of 1991 the Republicby virtue ofof an t was promulgated in theing theterm passage established of the new by para 2 of Clause 3. structural and procedural 38 BEST COPY ordinance of the Chairman of the Grand National Assembly, 1 AVAILABLEFated 12 July 1991. 152 Nom us swi 151 MN NM MN NM I= NMI MI General principles TITLE I unitary and indivisible National (1)(2) The form of government of State is a sovereign,ARTICLE independent, I State. the dignity,governedStatedevelopment is athe Republic. by citizens' the of rule human rights of law, personality,(3) ;s a democratic and social State and freedoms, the free in which human justice and shallpoliticalSovereignty be guaranteed. pluralism represent supreme ARTICLE 2 values and rf its sovereigntyrepresentative in one'sbodies own and name. by (1)(2). National No group sovereignty or person may .. people, who shall exercise it through residesreferendum. with the exercise Territory ARTICLE 3 _ is inalienable. by an organic law, under (2)(1) The frontiersterritory ofof the Country are 153 observance of the sanctioned 7 intoregulationsprinciples communes, ofand townsinternational other and generally counties. law.(3) The territory is organized administratively recognizedSome towns identity.of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic (2)and The religious protecting measures taken by the State for the preservation, State.orprovisionsare colonized declared of themunicipalities,on law.the territory accordingof the(4) No foreign populations may be displaced to the citizens.discriminationconformpersonsdevelopment belonging to the and in principles relation expression to national to of the equalityof minoritiesother identity and of shallnon- the equalityUnity of amongthe people citizens and ARTICLE 4 The State shall support the strengthening of living abroad ARTICLE 7 discriminationhomelandthe 7 of onall accountits citizens, of (2)(1) The State foundation is laid neopie, is the common and indivisible race, nationality, on thewithout unity of any observancecultural,developmentactlinks with linguistic the of the and legislation expressionand religious of the of identity, Statetheir ofethnic, whichunder accordingly for living abroadthe and shall preservation, Citizenshippoliticalethnic origin, adherence, language, property religion, ARTICLE 5 or social origin. sex, opinion, politicalPluralismthey are citizens.parties and ARTICLE 8 retained or lost as provided by the organic(2)(1) . .citizenship can be acquired,citizenship cannot law. be democracy.condition and guarantee of Constitutional(I) Pluralism in the society is a Rightwithdrawn to identity if acquired by birth. (I) The State recognizes and ARTICLE 6 whileexpressionlaw.shall pursue Theyobserving oftheircontribute the nationalactivities political to sovereignty, in thewill accordance definitionof(2) the Political territorialcitizens, with and the parties shall he constituted and 8toright the of preservation, persons belonging development to national and minorities,expression guarantees the democracy.integrity, the legal order and the principles of 9 IMO MO MO 154 MO NM I= OM NM ..---M11-1.11-1111MIll OM MI OM Trade unions (3) The national anthem of is =, contributeownpursue statutes, their to astheactivities provided defence in accordance of Trade with unions shall be ARTICLE 9 constituted andby shall law. They shall their Officialseal"Awake, shall language be established by organic(4) laws.The Country's coat of arms and the State's socialpromotion interests of theof the professional, employees. the rightseconomic and and In . the official language is ARTICLE 13 principlesgoodrelationsInternational neighbourly with and all relations otherthe relations, generally based fosters and develops ARTICLE 10 states, and, in this context, peaceful on the Capital The Capital of ARTICLE 14 is the Municipality of nationalInternationalprovisions law lawof international and law. ARTICLE 11 recognized Fundamental rights, freedoms TITLE II fromsucii andthe treatiesin good it faith is its obligations(1) The . a party to. State pledges to fulfil as as deriving CHAPTERand duties I Nationalto the law,symbols are (2) Treaties ratified by Parliament, part of national law. ARTICLE 12 according Universality Common provisions ARTICLE 15 ordercolours from are the arrangedflag-pole: blue, (1) The flag of vertically in the following , yellow,is red. tricolour; the laws,granted and have to them the duties by the laid Constitution down(2)(I) thereby. AllThe andcitizens law other acts enjoy only the for rightsthe future, and freedoms with the 10December. (2) The National Day of is the 1st of exception of the more favourable155 criminal law. 11 publicEquality authorities, of rights without (1) Citizens are equal before ARTICLE 16 any privilege or the law and expelledExtradition from and expulsion (1) No ARTICLE 19 citizen shall be extradited or citizenshipordiscrimination. military, is onlyis granted and exclusively to (3)(2) NoAccess one isto abovea public the office law. persons whoseor dignity, civil theinternationalextradited Court. conventiononly in compliance(3) Expulsion(2) Aliens or extraditionand stateless shall or in terms of reciprocity. persons may be be ruled by with an whileand abroadwhose domicile is in citizens ARTICLE 17 rightsInternational treaties human ARTICLE 20 the protection of the I citizens while abroad shall enjoy . citizens' rights and liberties (1) Constitutional provisions shall be interpreted concerning the country.thosebound incompatible to fulfil their duties,with their with the exception of absenceState from and theshall be theandDeclarationand covenantsother enforced treaties andof inHuman treaties conformity Rights, with(2) Where any inconsistencies on fundamentalis human a party to. with the Universal exist thebetween covenants personsAliens and stateless (I) Aliens and stateless ARTICLE 18 persons living in Freeprecedence.therights access international to justice regulations is a party to, and internal shall take laws, withdrawnConstitutionpersons and under and assets, other the provisionslaws, as guaranteed(2) The right of asylum shall enjoy general shall he granted and protection of by the rights,before liberties the courts and forinterests. the defence(1) Every person is entitled ARTICLE 21 of his legitimateto bring cases conventionscompliance with the international . is a party to. of the law, in treaties and restricted by any law. (2) The exercise of this right shall not be 12 1 13 I 111111 MI MI 156 MI MI MI OM I MI IIMII-1111111-11111-1111111.1114111 andRight mental to life, integrity to physical Fundamental rights and CHAPTER II freedoms hisshallsoon own beas practicable;madechoosing only or in the appointed the notification presence ex officio.of(6)of the The charges release of the person detained a lawyer of al1111111111111111I 3111 or guaranteed.physical and mental (1) The right to life, ARTICLE 22 integrity of person as well as the right are to 14, underhavedetentionarrested the judicial orright shall arrest control to be applyhave obligatory, or ceasedforon bail.provisional ifto the exist.(7) grounds A release, person for underhis preventive custody shall treatment.any kind of inhuman (3)(2) The No death one shallpenalty be or degrading punishmentsubjected to istorture prohibited. or to or onlytill in found accordance guilty by with a finaland ondecision the grounds(9)(8) of PenaltiesAny the personof the shall shall be beestablished presumed innocent or applied court. areIndividual inviolable. freedom (1) Individual freedom and ARTICLE 23 security of person Rightlaw. to defence ARTICLE 24 shall be permitted only (2) Search, detainment, in the cases and under or arrest of a person . the (2)(1) All throughout the trial, the partiesThe right shall to defence is guaranteed. issuedhours.procedure by a provided magistrate, by (4)(3) DetentionArrest shall shall be law.for a maximumnotmade exceed period under twenty-four a warrant Freedomownhave choosing the of rightmovement toor beappointed assisted ex by officio. a lawyer of their pronouncementwarrant,complaintthirty days. andto the Thethe courtby judge a motivated is person arrested may lodge about the legality of the bound to make of a national territory and abroad is guaranteed.(1) The right of free movement within the ARTICLE 25 The promptlydecisionperiod of ofinformed, arrest the shall (5) Any person detained court. be extended onlyin by or arrested shalla language be he decision. The a establishof lawthis shallright. his lay domicile down the or residenceconditions(2) anywhereforEvery citizen is guaranteed the the exercise right to in 14arrest,understands, and notified of theof the charges grounds for his detention against him, as or 157country.the country, to emigrate, and to return to his 15 Personal and protect familythe intimate, privacy (1) The public ARTICLEauthorities 26 shall respect and correspondenceSecrecy of Secrecy of the letters, ARTICLE 28 telegrams and other others,infringementdispose on publicof himself (2) Any natural upon the rights and order or morals. personunless has by thefamily this right he and private freedoms of causes anlife. to freely Freedomcommunicationconversations,postal of conscience andis inviolable. of communications, any other legal means of of telephone domicileInviolability of ARTICLE 27 whatsoever.religious beliefs No shall one shall (1) Freedom of thought, ARTICLE 29 not be restricted in any form be compelled to opinion, and inviolable. No (1) The domicile one shall enter and the residence or remain in the are ad ownembrace convictions. an opinion (2) Freedom of conscience or religion contrary to his is guaranteed; it followingparagraphconsent.domicile circumstances: (1)or residence is (2) Derogation permissible by from provisionsof a person without law, in the under his termsinmutualmust accordance laid be respect.down manifested bywith law. their in (3) All religions shall be a spirit ofown tolerance statutes, and under the free and organized physicalarrest integrity or a court c) b)to a)defendto forremove carrying national sentence; or assets ofany a danger intoagainst execution person; a warrant for the life, therelationshipsreligious State and amongenmity shall the shall cults. be(5)(4) Religious Any forms, cults shall means, acts or actions of be autonomousprohibited from in the observancemagistrate of andthe legal (3)d) Searches to prevent shall the carried out exclusively spread of an epidemic.procedure. besecurity ordered or only public underorder;by a ensure,orphanages.theincluding army, the in facilitation hospitals, of (6) Parents or legal in enjoy supporttutors from have it, the right toprisons,religious homes assistance and in 16except in cases of flagrante (4) Searches at night time shall be prohibited, delicto. whoseconvictions, responsibility the education devolves of accordance with theon minor them. children their own 17 I am so as No ow ow Ns as am ow um am NE 158 Freedom of expression ARTICLE 30 Right to information ARTICLE 31 creation,opinions,sounds by or or words,other beliefs, means in writing, and of freedomcommunication in pictures,(1) Freedomof an b of expression of thoughts*. informationrestricted. of public (1)(2) The public A person's right authorities, according tobound to provide for interest shall of access to any not becorrect their publicsetting are up inviolable. of publications. (4)(3)(2) FreedomNoAny publication censorship of the pressshall shall be alsobe suppressed. prohibited. involves the fre informationcompetence,mattersprejudicial of ofpersonalshall,be the to citizensthe protection(3) The right to interest. information shall not in public affairs of the young or to and be source.the obligation to make public their(5)(6) Thefinancin Freedom law may impose of expression upon the massshall medi not b nationalprovide security. correct information (4)(5) Public Public and radio private and They must guarantee televisionmedia shall services be to the public boundopinion. to for any shall person,prejudicialnational,nation, and any totoracial, instigation thethe right dignity, class to to orone's a honour,religious war own of aggression,image. (7)privacy hatred, Any defamationo an of the country and th be ofimportantautonomous. thesethetheir right services activitysocial to be andand onshall be the Parliamentary regulatedthepolitical air. The group by an theorganic organization of control over exercise law. obsceneprohibitedseparatism,incitement conduct by orlaw.to publiccontrary discrimination, violence, to morality as well shall as be any territorial Right to education (1) The right to education ARTICLE 32 is provided for by radioperformance,producer,creation or televisionmade the theauthor, public owner station, thefalls of producer theupon under copying the the(8) of publisher theterms Civilfacilities, artistic laidliability or for any information or theandeducation,in compulsory high post-graduate schools as well and as general education, byrefresher courses.vocational schools, by other forms of instructioneducation higher be in shalldown be by established law. Indictable by law. offences of the press (2) Education . Education may also of all grades shall be conducted in a 19 BEST18 COPY AVAILAbLE 159 termsforeign laid language down by of law. international use, under the Right to vote ARTICLE 34 heguaranteed;rightminorities regulated to be to the byeducatedlearn wayslaw. their to exercise motherin this tongue,these language(3) rights andThe right of persons belonging to national shalltheir are interdiction,righteighteen to vote. by or as on well the as election persons day disenfranchised shall(2)(1) haveMentallyEvery the citizen deficient having or alienated, attained thelaid ageunder of theirprivateto the activity law. institutions according shall to be the set provisions(5)(4) PublicEducational education establishments, shall be free, including up and conduct according of the Rightby a final to be decision elected of the court cannot vote. ARTICLE 35 guaranteed.law. (7)(6) The Stateautonomy shall ensureof the Universitiesthe freedom ofis forbiddenArticlethe right 16to to vote, paragraphjoin awho political meet (3), party,the unless requirements (1)in accordance Eligibility they are in is granted to all citizens having Rightandpublicspecificreligious guaranteed to schools, protectionrequirements education, byreligious law.of health inof educationeachaccordance religious is organizedwith the cult. In tothewith be election Articleelected day,37 to paragraphthe the Chamber age of (3). at of least Deputies (2)twenty-three, Candidates or local must have attained, by or on guaranteed. (2)(1) TheThe State right shall to the be protectionbound to take of health ARTICLE 33 measures is ofelected administration,Romania. to the Senate and or toat the least office thirty-five, of President to be overaccidents.socialto ensure the security exercisepublic maternity hygiene system of andmedical and in recovery, health. professions(31 the The control organization and of the medical case of sickness. care and tionsFreedom or any of assemblyother assembly shall bePublic free and meetings, may processions, demonstra- ARTICLE 36 20shalltoparamedical protect be established physical activities, accordingand as mental well to as healththe other law. of measures person armsbe organized of any kind and whatsoever. held only peacefully, without 21 MO 160 MIIII MI SIM I US, r Right of association (1) Citizens may freely associate into political ARTICLE 37 equaland wages. the binding force of(4) On(5) equal The workright withto collective men, collective agreements labour bargainingwomen shall get association.parties,which, tradeby their unions aims or and activity, other militate(2) forms Any against ofpolitical parties or organizations shallProhibition be guaranteed. of forced labour ARTICLE 39 governedpoliticalRomaniasovereignty,advocates pluralism, byshall the of beintegrity rule theunconstitutional. the people,of principles law, or independence magistrates,or against of(3) a StateJudges the active of of the Constitutional Court, the activities performed in lieu (1)a)(2) Forced anyForced service labour labour is of does a not prohibited. military characterthereof or by those who, include:exempted from othermembersan organiccategories of thelaw, ofArmed shall civil not servants,Forces, join policemen established(4) Secret and by associations are prohibited. political parties. compulsoryaccordingunderconditional normal militaryto the release; conditions, law,service are b) the work of a sentenced person, carried forduring religious detention reasons; or with a out Labourprotection and social of labour (I) The right to work cannot be restricted. ARTICLE 38 establishedwhichcalamity are or partby any law. ofother normal danger,c) any services required to deal civil obligations as as well as those workplace.Everyoneconcernprotection has safety of the labour. freeand hygienechoice The protecting of of profession(2) Allmeasures andemployees have the right to social work. working Rightthe to strikedefence of their (1) The employees ARTICLE 40 professional, economichave the right to strike in and conditionsconditions,paidup of annual a minimum for asholiday,women well wage as and work other per the carried economy, specificyoung, out thesituations.(3) under setting The normal duration of a working day weekends, hardis of sociallimitsservicesas interests. the governing guarantees for the the society. necessaryexercise (2) The law shall regulate the conditions to ensure theof this right, as well essential and 22maximum eight hours, on the average. 161 23 , Protection of private property ARTICLE 41 confiscatedfromprovisions a criminal of only the orlaw. in minor accordance(8) Any goods intended for, used or resulting offence may be with the byandincurring law. limitations on the of State these are rights guaranteed. shall be (1) Theestablished The content right of property, as well as the debts Inheritance right The right of inheritance is guaranteed. ARTICLE 42 propertystatelessby law, irrespective onpersons land. shall of not its acquireowner.(3)(2) theAliens PrivateNo right one and property shallof be shallexpropriated, be equally except protected on Living standard (1) The State shall ARTICLE 43 be bound to take measures and social protection, authoritiesadvance.thegrounds law, of against publicare entitled utility, just tocompensation established use the subsoil according(4) Forpaid of projectsany into of general interest, the public of maternityitseconomica nature citizens. to developmentleave, ensure medical a decent care living(2) Citizens have the right to in public healthpensions,benefits, paid and standard for damagesplantationstoreal its estate owner imputable with foror the buildings,the obligation to damages these authorities.as to causedwell pay compensation as to for the other soil, Familyotherestablishments, forms of social unemployment care, as provided ARTICLE 44 by law. paragraphssettlementthe owner. (3) cannotor and by the(4) be shalldecisionreached. be agreedof the(6)(5) courtupon The whenwith right a of property compels to the Compensations provided under consentedinstructionparentsequality, to marriage as ensureof welltheir aschildren.of the spouses,(1) The Family is the upbringing, education the right and duty offounded the on the freely their full and protectioninwellobservance accordance as of and other ofensurance with duties the incumbentrelating law of neighbourliness.or custom. to upon environmental(7) theLegally owner, as acquired assets shall not be celebratedestablisheddissolution only byand law.after nullity Religiouscivil of marriage. marriage, wedding(2)(3) The Children mayterms forborn entering out of wedlock are equal into marriage, shall be be 24presumed.confiscated. Legality of acquirement shall be 162 before the law with those born in wedlock. 25 11111111 - I= MO inN NNI Elll Ell andProtection the young of children ARTICLE 45 Right of petition have the rightARTICLE 47 to apply to the protectionrights. and assistance in the pursuit(2)(I) ChildrenThe of their State and shall the grant young state shall allowances enjoy special for publicthe name of the (1) Citizens(2) Legally authorities by petitions establishedsignatories. organizations exclusively on formulated only have the behalf in disabledchildrenestablishedprotection and children. forby benefits law.children Other for and the forms the care young of sicksocial shall or he rightof betheto tax-exempted. collective (3) The forward petitions, exercise of the right body they represent.authorities are boundof petition to answer shall theiremploymentnormal health, development orin morals,activities areor that endanger prohibited. might(3) betheir The life exploitation and of minors, harmful to their be to establishedpetitions by law. (4) The public within terms and under conditions as contributeemployed for to -.ecureany paid the labour. conditions(5)(4) towards MinorsThe public theunder theauthorities age of fifteen are maybound not to i; Rightby aof public a person authority aggrieved ARTICLE 48 aggrieved in his legitimate country.social,freeProtection participation economic, of the of cultural young andpeople sporting in the life political, of the rightauthority termbyright, an is to annulment (1) Any person entitled to the administrative actsolve or his application of the act and acknowledgement failure of a publicremedieswithin for the the legal of his disabledThe State persons shall ensure the promotionThe of adisabled national shall enjoy special protection. ARTICLE 46 damage.of law.this right (2) The conditions and shall he regulated limits on the by an organic exercise readjustment,policyrightsintegration and duties ofeducation, the of disabled, their instruction parents while or observing legaland tutors. of preventive care, treatment. social the judicialaccording errors to (3) The State bears the law,in criminal for cases. patrimonial damages caused byliability, 27 26 le 163 Defence of the country ofRestriction certain rights on the or exercise freedoms (1) The exercise of certain rights or freedoms ARTICLE 49 (1)(2) Citizens The military have ARTICLE 52 service theis compulsory right and duty to defend for all freedoms;healththeabsolutelymay defence be or restricted morals,asunavoidable, of required national of only forthe assecurity, conducting bycitizens'the law, case public mayand rights a criminal onlybe, order, andfor: if theservice, cases provided citizens bymay law. be (3) To be trained male citizens aged twenty, conscriptedin the active up tomilitary the age except for extentgraveconsequencesinvestigation; disaster.of the situation of a for natural thatthe calamitydeterminedprevention or(2) itextremely andThe of maytherestriction shall be proportional to the of Financialthirty-five. contributions ARTICLE 53 rightnot infringe or freedom. upon the existence of the respective Fundamental duties CHAPTER III duties.contribute to public expenditure,( 1 ) (2)Citizens The legal are taxation system must ensure under the obligation by taxes and to a theFaithfulness country towards (1) Faithfulness towards the country is sacred. ARTICLE 50 circumstances.thosefair distribution determined of the by tax law, (3) Any other dues shall be prohibited, saveburden. under exceptional ofas law.forthe thismilitary,obligations purpose, are theyliable take are forthe bound theoath loyal (2)asto, requested Citizensandfulfilment shall, holding by public offices, as well Exerciseand freedoms of rights ARTICLE 54 stateless ConstitutionObservance ofand the laws ARTICLE 51 , personsand freedoms shall in good exercise their constitutionalcitizens, aliens and faith, without any rights 28supremacy and of the laws is binding.The observance of the Constitution, of its infringement of the rights and liberties of others. 29 I MN MN I= MN NM 164 MI 11111 OS NEI OM 211 1111 MI OW -MI MK' OM 111 Appointment and role Advocate of the CHAPTER IV People Public authorities TITLECHAPTER III I appointed by the Senate, for (1) The Advocate of the ARTICLE 55 a term of office ofPeople shall be ParliamentSection 1 and regulatedthefreedoms.four Advocate years, by anThe ofto organic thedefend law. organization and functioning of People institution shall bethe citizens' rights and Role and structure (1) Parliament is the supreme representative Organization ARTICLE 58 Functioning Exerciseperform of any other public (2) The Advocate of the powers ARTICLE 56 or private office. People shall not Deputieslegislativebody of andthe authority the Senate. of the Country.(2) Parliament consists of the Chamber of people and the sole limitsaggrievedhis powers established inex their officio rights and (2)(1) It isThe binding Advocate of the by law. upon the public authoritiesor toupon request by People shall exercise freedoms, within persons shallElection be elected of the Chambers by universal, equal,(1) direct, The secretChamber of Deputies and the Senate ARTICLE 59 Reportsupportgive beforethe in Advocate the Parliament exercise of ofthe his ARTICLE 57 People the necessarypowers. andnumbernationalelectoral free suffrage,of law. minorities, votes for in representation accordancewhich fail(2) into Organizations with Parliament,obtain the the of citizens belonging to recommendationsonfore request the two thereof. Parliament on The The Advocate of the Chambers,People shall annuallyreports report be- may contain or organizationminoritytermshave the of theright are only. electoral entitledto one Deputy law.to be Citizens represented seat each,(3) of Thea under national by number one the of Deputies and Senators shall 30rightsany andother freedoms. nature for the defence legislation or measures of of the citizens' tobe theestablished population by ofthe . electoral law, in proportion 31 4 fl Term of office whichare elected may be for prolonged a term of office of four(1) The Chamber of Deputies and the ARTICLE 60 by an organic law, in a years,Senate office.dismissedmemberselectedother members at beforeofthe the openingof theStanding Standingexpiration of each Bureaus Bureaus ofsession. the may shallterm The beof dissolution.thethecase expiration Senate of war shall orof athe becatastrophe. termheld withinof office(2) Elections to the Chamber of three months from or ParliamentDeputies and CommitteesStandinginto Parliamentary Orders and of may each Groups, institute Chamber. according inquiry(4)(3) DeputiesEach or to other Chamberthe and Senators shall mayset up be Standingorganized prolongedwithinupon convening twenty until the days new by after theParliament elections.President(4)(3) ofThe The Chambers' newly elected term Parliament of office shall legally meets. meet be jointCommittees specialcommittees. committees. shall be made The up Chambers so as(5) to Thereflect may Standing set the up Bureaus and Parliamentary beundergoDuring passed, this any amended period,revision, orthe nor Constitution shall(5) Bills shall or legislative proposals entered abrogated. any organic law noton Jointpolitical sessions spectrum of each Chamber. ARTICLE 62 OrganizationalParliament.carriedthe agenda over of structureinto the the session preceding Parliament shall be of the new accordanceshallproceedings meet inwith separate, inregulations a joint and session passedjoint sessions.(1)shall by Thea majoritybe Chamber held The in of Deputies and the Senate Orders.Chamber Financial shall he regulated (1) The organization and resources of theARTICLE Chambers 61 shall by its ownfunctioning Standing of each in order:vote of the Deputies and Senators.a)(2) to The receive Chambers the message shall meet of the in jointPresident session of electedDeputiesBureau.he provided for and theThe the for Chambers' President Presidentin the of ofthe the Senate(2) Each Chamber shall elect its budgets approved by them. term of office. The Chamber of Standing shall be socialRomania; security budget; d)c)b) to declareapprove generala thestate State of or war; partialBudget mobilization; and the State me m Emma=32 um 166 e) to suspend or terminate armed hostilities; mmem 33 I NM MI MI IMO NM 1111,-., f) to examine reports of the Publicity of sessions Intelligenceof National DefenceService, and ofto theexercise Court controlg) to appoint, on proposal of the President of the director of the Supreme Council of Audit; over public. (2)(1) The sessionsChambers of mayboth decideChambers that shall certain be ARTICLE 65 Orders,accordancethe activity shall be of with exercisedthis the Service; Constitution in a h) to fulfil any other prerogatives, which joint session. or the Standing in sessions be secret. Status of Deputies and Senators Section 2 shallSessions meet in two ordinary sessions(1) The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate ARTICLE 63 Representativeand Senators mandate shall be in the service(1) ofIn the the people. exercise of their mandate Deputies ARTICLE 66 sessionThethelast first endby begins session theof December end in beginsSeptember of June at in theat andthe latest. latest.is due The February and is due to every year. to last by second Termand ofSenators Office of Deputies (2) Any imperative mandate shall be null. mayBureaurequest also meetof theeach in President extraordinaryChamber of or of sessions,(2) The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate at least one third , the Standing upon onChamberexercise condition theyof thattheir are their officea member election on the of is has validated.same(1) legally Deputies day met, the and Senators shall enter on the ARTICLE 67 Actspresident.of the of number Parliament of Deputies (3) Each Chamber shall be convened or Senators. by its resicznation.Chamberscease on the have disenfranchisement. same legally day met, the newlyor(2) in Theincompa-a electedcase capacity of as a Deputy or Senator shall and legal The Chamber of Deputies and the quorum ARTICLE 64 Senate shall tibility.Incompatibilities or death. ARTICLE 68 thepass presence laws,34 and of carrythe majority resolutions of their and motions, in members. 167 one and the same time. (1, No one may be a Deputy and a Senator at 35 incompatible with the exercise of(2) The capacity as a Deputy or Senator is any public OtherEmoluments Rights and establishedGovernmentoffice in by membership.authority, an organic withlaw. the exception(3) Other incompatibilities shall beof otheremoluments. rights shall The be amount established of the by Deputiesemoluments law. and and Senators shall receive monthly ARTICLE 71 arrested,Parliamentary searched immunity or prosecuted for(1) No Deputy or Senator shall be detained, ARTICLE 69 a criminal or Classes of Laws LegislationSection 3 thehearing.Chamberminor Supreme The offencehe Courtiscase a member shallwithoutof Justice. be of, in authorization afterthe(2) being In the case of a Deputy or Senator being competence of given aof the and ordinary laws. (1)(2) Parliament Constitutional passes laws constitutional, shall be pertaining organic, to ARTICLE 72 aboutinformsearched.caught thethe in The detentionPresidentthe Minister act, he of and ofthemay Justice search. respective be detainedshall In caseChamberpromptly the and thepolitical revision parties; of the Constitution. b)a)(3) the theOrganic electoral organization laws system; shall regulate:and functioning of Freedomdetainmentdetention.Chamber of be opinionsthus repealed. notified finds it shall immediately order that his no grounds for his referendum;Supreme Council of National Defence;c) e)d)the the organization statesorganization of siege of and andthe emergency:Government holding and of a the judicialpolitical proceedings opinions expressed for the No Deputy or Senator shall be liable ARTICLE 70 in the exercise of his votes cast, or to executionSuperior thereof; Council of the Magistracy,g) h)f)granting criminalthe courts,organization of amnesty offences, orand collective penalties functioning pardon; and of thethe IIIMINIIIIMIIMINOININIO11111=111,101136mandate. 163 the Public Ministry and the Court of Audit; 37 I I= NM 1111111 11M1 i) the status of civil servants; (2) A legislative initiative of the citizens may competenceinheritance; of administrative courts;j) contentiousk) the general business legal status falling of property within the and internationalnotlegislative touch on affairs,initiative matters amnesty by introducing or pardon.(3) bills The Government shall concerning taxation, exercise its in one of trade unions and social security; n)m)I) general generalthe general statutoryrules organization covering rules of labour ofreligious education; relations, cults: thepresentexercising Chambers. proposals the right only of legislativein the form(4) initiative Deputies, Senators and citizens required for a may autonomy;the territory, as well as general ruleso) the on organization local of local administration, of bill.submittedwhich they for beingwere read.passed to the Chamber(5) Legislative proposals shall be first before economicprovides zone; the enactment of organic laws.r)p) otherways andfields, means for whichto establish the Constitution the exclusive resolutionsPassing of bills and ARTICLE 74 initiativeLegislative ARTICLE 73 passedthe Standing by the Orders majority of votethe Chambers of the(1) members Organic laws and resolutions concerning shall be of fewerGovernment, than 250,000 Deputies, citizens Senators, having(1) as the Thewell right aslegislative noto initiative lies with the eachpassed presentChamber. by in theeach majority Chamber. vote of the(2) membersOrdinary laws and resolutions shall be quarterlegislativethese%we. of counties The theinitiative country's citizens or mustthe countiesMunicipality exercising belong whileto atof the inleast each right one of to at procedure,legislativeown initiative. establishedproposals Parliament underin accordance may an(3) pass emergencyOn request by the Government or on with thebills or its 38supportleast 10.000 of this signatures initiative. should be registered in the Standing Orders169 of each Chamber. 39 Sending of bills and legislative be given within twenty days after receipt of the 1 toproposals the other from one Chamber Bills or legislative proposals passed by one ARTICLE 75 reconsideration,law. and he may do so (3)(2)only InBefore once. case the promulgation, President has therequested President that the may return the law to Parliament forof secondnewrejectedChamber.Chamber debate, rejection in shallIfthe to the thelatter, is bebill Chamberfinal. sent itor shall legislative to that otherbe hadsent Parliament passed proposalback, forit. A isa lawreceivingpromulgationfor be as reconsidered to itsthe conformity lawshall passed orbe a made review afterwith within itsthehas econsideration, Constitution,beenten days asked from Mediation (1) If one of the Chambers has passed a bill or ARTICLE 76 Comingconfirmingor the decision into its force constitutionality. of of thelaws Constitutional Court ARTICLE 78 mediationPresidentsthatlegislative approved procedure,proposal, of both by inChambersthe by a adifferentother parity Chamber,Committee.shall wording (2)initiate In from thecase a no agreement has been reached in dayGazette of publication of or the date providedLaws in shall be published in the Official and come into force on the its text. Chamberconflictthethe Committee, Mediation shall of Deputies beor Committeeonesubmitted andChamber the Senate,for report, has debate not assembled the approved to texts the in ' Legislative Council (1) The Legislative Council shall be an ARTICLE 79 ain majority a joint session, vote, asthat provided shall adopt under the finalArticle text 74, by I advisorydraft normativeexpert body actsof Parliament, for the purpose that initials of a Promulgationparagraphs ( of laws ) or (2). ARTICLE 77 recordwholesystematic ofbody the unification legislationof laws. It andof shall coordination keep(2) the The official of settingthe up, organization and 40to the President of (1) A law shall be submitted for promulgation . Promulgation shall regulatedfunctioning by ofan theorganic Legislative law. Council shall be 41 I NM =I =I =I IMO170 I= UM I111 IMO CHAPTER II Role of the President The President of ARTICLE 80 andValidation oath-taking of mandate ARTICLE 82 integritynationalthe of theindependence, (1) The President of I State and is the unity and territorial safeguardI shall of represent the ;Court. (2)(1) TheThe electioncandidate returns whose for election the Presidency has been shall be validated by the Constitutional of Powerseffect,functioningobservance hein theshall ofof State, the theact public (2) The President of country. Constitutionas and a mediator the between the authorities. To this shall guard the proper followingDeputiesvalidated oath:and shall the take Senate, before in a thejoint IChamber solemnlysession, the of swear that I will dedicate all Electionand society. of the President ARTICLE 81 as well as between the State Country,abideandstrength material by and to the defend thewelfare Constitution best democracy, ofof mythe ability and the for fundamentallaws the spiritual of the people, to obtainedsuffrage.by universal, a majority equal, of (2)(I) TheThe President candidate of who, direct, secret and votesfree of the electors in the first ballot, shall he elected Termterritorialrights of and office integrity. freedoms So help of my me fellow-citizens,God!" sovereignty, independence, unity and betweensuchelected.entered majority. the on first the a twoelectoral (3) In the case that second ballot shall be candidatesno candidate highest has obtainedin the lists shall be declared heft mandate from the day he took the(1) oath: The term of office of the President of is four years, and he shall exercise his ARTICLE 83 numberfirstorder ballot. of votesthe numbersThe shall he of (4) No one -I but two terms at the may hold the office of President ofcandidate having the votes castdeclared for them elected. in the most, that can also greatest oath.his office until the new President-elect(3)(2) TheThe takes Presidentterm the of office of of the President of shall exercise 42he consecutive. 171 in the event of war or catastrophe. may be prolonged, by an organic law, 43 Incompatibilities Consultation with the and immunities (1) During his term of office, the President of may not be a member of any political ARTICLE 84 theGovernment Government about urgent,The extremely President of ARTICLE 86 may consult with immunity.privateparty, nor office. Provisionsmay he perform under Article any other (2)70 shall Thepublic applyPresident or of - shall enjoy ofParticipationimportant the Government matters. in meetings ARTICLE 87 highthemay,accordingly. impeachment treason, in a joint by session, the of thevote Presidentcarry of at leasta resolution of(3) two The thirds Chamber upon of of Deputies and the Senate for policy,mattersin the meetings theof national defence of the interest of Government the country,with regard (1)debating ensurance The to President upon of .. may participate foreign of shallthe number be within of Deputies the competence and Senators. of the SupremeThe case Ministerpublic order, , and on request by the Prime in other instances as well. . Courtremainsofficethe law.of Justice,de final. The jure President accordingon the date shall to the the be Court provisionsremoved sentence from of overMessages the Government meetings he (2) The President of _ ARTICLE 88 participates in.shall preside AppointmentGovernment of the ARTICLE 85 Parliamentissues of the by Nation.messages on the mainThe Presidentpolitical of . shall address ofappointa candidate confidence the Governmentto of the Parliament. office onof thePrime basis (2)(1)Minister ofTheIn the the President vote andevent of of government reshuffle or . shall designate DissolutionParliamentaryboth Chambers of Parliament groups. and the the President leaders( I of) After of theconsultation with the presidents of ARTICLE 89 44someappoint,vacancy members ofon office, the ofproposal the Government.President of the shallPrime dismiss Minister,. and dayshasmay been dissolveafter obtained the Parliament, first to request form ifa nogovernmentwas vote made, of confidence andwithin only 60 45 IIIMM I= MN II11 172 =I UM =I =I MN I= NM MO MO investiture.after rejection of at least two requests(2) During for the same year, Parliament can be :preside;Defence.1 over the Supreme (2) He may declare, with prior approvalCouncil of of National of the duringPresidentlastdissolved six a statemonths only of of once. siege of the or emergency. term of (3)office Parliament of the cannot be dissolved during the nor can it be dissolved idecisioniParliament,,submitteddaysArmed of partial forthe from approvalForces. President oradoption general Only to Parliament, inbe mobilization exceptional subsequently cases thereof. within five shall the Referendum The President of ARTICLE 90 may. after Parliament,heshallagainst shall take thepromptly measures bycountry, a message. bring to repelthem If thetoParliament (3)aggression. In the event of an the President of armed aggression the cognizance of does not and Powersmattersconsultation inof mattersnational with Parliament. interest. ask the people of to express, by referendum, its will on !Emergency;withinsit 24 aggression.in measureshours a session, from it theshall be convened outbreak of the de jure. of foreign policy ARTICLE 91 (1) The President of ARTICLE 93 " -hall according themnegotiateddays. to Parliament by the Government, for ratification, and(1) then Thewithin submit President 60 shall, in the name of , ,:onclude international treaties measuresandemergencyto adoptionthe shall law, request thusthereof. in institute the adopted, whole Parliament the or within partstate approval of fivethe country,days from of siege or of the Government. accredit and recall(2) diplomatic The President shall, on proposal by the . shall be convened de jure within(2) 48 If hours Parliament does not sit in a session, it from missions.closingenvoys ofdown or change in rank of (3)diplomatic Diplomatic envoys of other states shall be and approve the setting up, andtheOther institutionshall powers function of the throughout state of siege this state.or emergency, ARTICLE 94 ofPowersaccredited defence in mattersto the President of ARTICLE 92 following powers: Thea) Presidentto confer decorationsof and titles shall also have the of honour; Commander-in-Chief46 of the Armed(1) Forces The President and of . shall be marshal, general and admiral; b) to make promotions to the ranks 47 of 1;q under the terms provided by law;d)c) to grantmake individual appointments pardon. to public offices, Interim of office ARTICLE 97 Suspension from office (1) In case of having committed grave acts ARTICLE 95 theonpowers,officePresident, theChamber orPresident thebe or temporarilyinterim ofif theDeputies. of thePresident shall Senate incapable devolve, be or suspendedthe to(1) in Presidentexercise this In caseorder, from his of vacancy in the office of of DeputiesSenate,officePresidentinfringing by in and of theuponjoint Senators,Chamber session,Constitutional and byof Deputiesaafter majority provisions, consultation and vote thethe of ay be suspended from Liabtlityduringshall the not of interim Actingbe exercised office. by the Acting(2) Powers President provided under Articles 88-90 imputationsexplainwithmay the beConstitutional before initiated brought Parliament against by Court. at leasthim. The with one President(2) regardthird The mayof proposal to the of suspension from office ConstitutionalhasPresident committed provisions, grave acts Articles infringingIf the 95 person and upon 97 acting as President of ARTICLE 98 Presidenthasnumberwithin been shall 30ofapproved, days,beDeputies immediately in aorder referendum and to Senators.notified remove(3) shall thereof. theIf andthe bePresident proposalheld the of suspension from office Actsshall ofbe theapplied President accordingly. ARTICLE 99 Vacancyfrom office. of office (1) Vacancy of the office of President of ARTICLE 96 Absencepublishedofa decree. of in publicity the Official entails Gazette the_ non-existence(2)(1) of InThe the decrees exercise of issuedof his powers, by the thePresident President of. shall issue decrees, which shall be dischargetheremoval Presidency his from powers office, of and permanent duties, or impossibilitydeath.(2) Within three to months from the date when shall he due upon his resignation. fell vacant, the paragraphArticleprovidedb) and 92 underd) (1), paragraphs shall andArticle be Article countersigned 91 (2) paragraphs 94 and subparagraphs (3), (1)byArticle theand Prime(2). a),93 in the exercise of his powers, as MINIM 48President.Government shall organize elections for a new - 174 NM UM OMMinister. NM 49 '1 I 1111111 MI MI MS . a On otherCompensation rights and ARTICLE 100 - representedunless such in majority Parliament. exists (2) The candidate to the office of Prime with the parties President of The compensation and other rights of the shall be established by law. designation,Minister shall, seek the within vote tenof confidence days after of his The GovernmentCHAPTER III I ChamberGovernmentofParliament the Government. of upon Deputies shall the programme andbe debated Senate, and in upon(3) jointcomplete The session.by the programmelist and list of the Role and structure (1) The Government shall, in accordance with ARTICLE 101 by OathSenators.GovernmentParliament of allegiance byshall a majority grant voteconfidence of Deputies to andthe exercisedomesticadministration.Parliament,its government andthe foreigngeneral ensure programme policy themanagement implementation of the accepted of public of the country, and memberstake an ofoath the before Government the President shall(1) of.individually The Prime Minister, Ministers and other ARTICLE 103 as bodiesGovernment concerned. shall co-operate with(3)(2) theThe Insocial Government the exercise consists of its of the Prime powers, the as ofmembersprovided taking theundershall oath. exercise Article 82.the mandate(2) from The the Government date as a whole and each of its InvestitureestablishedMinister, by Ministers, an organic law.and other members ARTICLE 102 incompatibleIncompatibilities with the exercise of any(I) other Membership public of the Government shall be ARTICLE 104 obtainedresulta candidate of hisabsolute consultationto the majority office withof in Prime Parliament,the party Minister,(1) which The as Presidenthas of shall designate or a representationwithoroffice Senator. the in authority,exercise paidLikewise, by of excepta anytrading it shalloffice the organization. (2)office be of Otherincompatible professional of incompatibilities shall be a Deputy 50 175 established by an organic law. 51 membershipTermination of Government ARTICLE 105 , Government, on proposal by the Prime Minister, upon resignation, dismissal, disenfranchisement,Membership of the Government shall cease i Actsfor of a periodthe Government of 45 days, at the most. ARTICLE 107 providedincompatibility, by law. death, or in any other cases 3 and Statutory Orders. (1) The Government shall adopt Decisions Prime Minister ARTICLE 106 1iI execution of laws. (3)(2) Decisions shall be issued to organize theStatutory orders shall be issued under a submitdutiesitsGovernment members, incumbentto the actionsunderChamber onobservance and them. of co-ordinate Deputies Likewise, of the(1) or activitiespowers the The he Senate shall Primeand of Minister shall direct 1 specialMinister, theconformityenabling Government countersigned law, with within the shall pi by theivisions be the limitssigned Ministers thereof.(4) and by Decisions inthewho Prime and statutory orders adopted by are ofreports bethe debated situations and statements with provided priority. on underGovernment Article(2) 105,policy, If the or Primetoin Minister finds himself in one ofshallbound a decision be to published act toor carrystatutory in them the order. Officialinto execution,Decisions Gazette ofand of Non-publishing entails non-existence a Minister,memberthecase President of his of to impossibility the dischargeof Government theto exercise powers as interim hisof apowers, Prime shall designate another ofResponsibility institutionsmilitarythe Government character concerned. of members shall be conveyed only to the TheMinister interim until during formation the impossibility of the new toGovernment. exercise . ARTICLE 108 accordinglyMinisterthe powers resumes of to the histhe saidactivity other office inmembers theceases Government.(3) if Provisions theof thePrime under paragraph (2) shall apply andjointlyformember its Acts entire answerable of theofactivity theGovernment. withGovernment only the is politically(1) The Government is politically responsible before Parliament. Eachothers for the activity and 52 am m m 176 Senate and the President (2) It is only the Chamber of of Deputies, the that shall 53 IIINIIIMMIONIMIIIIIIIMINIMINII111111111111111111111111111111 suchactstaken havecriminal committed against the right into the prosecution hasmembers been of thedemand criminal exercise of their office. Government forprosecutionsrequested, be the If Relations between Parliament and the Government CHAPTER IV againstsuspendedPresident a member from of office. of the , may decreeInstitution that they of be proceedings . Information to Parliament ARTICLE 110 thesuspension from office. competence of the Supreme Court The case shallGovernment be entails his of Justice. within !1 (1) The Government and other agencies of Endby of toa Lawthemembers on Ministerial of the (3) Cases of term of office liability, and penaltiesGovernment shall be responsibility. applicableregulated !Senate,jrequested-Parliamentary'Publicbound or Administration Parliamentaryby to the present controlChamber any overinformation shall,of theirDeputies, activity; and the be within thedocuments office (1) The Government until validation ARTICLE 109 shall exercise its of the general term of ?the!initiative State Budget involves or amendmentthe State social of provisions!initiative security of respective presidents. In case a legislative Committees, through situationsor dateparliamentaryif the Parliament Prime under Minister elections. (2) The Government withdrawsArticle confidence 105 finds himselfshall in be dismissed one of the granted. on the ; are requestedto compulsory.budget,attend to be the the proceedings request for of information Parliament.(2) Members Ifshall of bethe Government present. participation shall be are entitled they provisions45impossibility days. of Article to exercise 102 his (3) In situations such as under paragraphpowers for more than or in case of his (2) Questionscompulsory. and interpellations ARTICLE I 1 I theshallceased administration continue in accordance (4) The Government to fulfil only the of public affairs,with paragraphs shall applywhose term of office acts required for accordingly.(1) and (2) until the interpellationsshall be bound raised to by Deputies(2) or(It TheSenators. The Chamber Government of and each of its members answer to questions orDeputies or the Senate 54members of the new Government take the oath. issuemay making carry athe motion expressing the stand point of interpellation, as to the 55 1 4'1"7 Motion of censure ARTICLE 112 policy statement, or the bill, has been passed in grantedmay, in to joint the Government,session, withdraw by carrying(1) confidence The a motion Chamber of Deputies and the Senate presentedinaccordance accordance shall with be withprovisions considered paragraph under as(3) If the Government has not passed,beenArticle and dismissed the 112. (2), the bill Senators.of andatcensure least Senators,. one by afourth majority andof the vote shall total of bethenumber(2) notifiedDeputies The of motionDeputies toand the of censure may be initiated by programmereconsiderationbecome binding or the onof general thethe lawGovernment. passed(4) In case the President of policy statement according to demands sessionuponGovernment three of the days upon Chambers. after the itsdate presentation of its tabling.(3) Thein the motion joint of censure shall be debated paragraphLegislativein the joint (3), session delegationthe debate of both thereon Chambers. shall be carried exceptnotthe submitDeputies for the another and case the thatone Senators theduring Government thewho same(4) signed If the assumessession, itmotion may of censure fails to he passed, enabling the Government to issue statutory(1) Parliament may pass a ARTICLE 114 special law orders Assumptionresponsibilityby the Government of in responsibility conformity with Article 113. statutoryestablishin fields outside orders the field canthe be scopeand issued. the of organic date(2) upThe to enabling law shall compulsorily laws. which andresponsihilit) the Senate. before in the joint Chamber session.(1) of Deputies upon a The Government ARTICLE 113 may assume ordersNoncomplianceuntilapproval, shall according be submitted with to the tolegislativeterm Parliament(3) entails If the discon-enabling law so requests, statutoryexpiration of the enabling term. procedure, for programme.themotion date of of censure, apresenting general tabled policy the programme, within statement, three(2) theTheordays ageneral bill.Government from shall be dismissed if a comeadopttinuation emergencyinto of forcethe effects only statutory afterof the their orders,statutory(4) which Inorder. exceptional cases, the Government may submission to shall NW NM EN 56 MI1 8 - i MB MI MI 57 NM I= OM NM NM MN OM OM Parliamentin a session, for approval.it shall obligatory If Parliament be convened. (5)does Statutory not sit orders shall be approved or The Armed Forces ARTICLE 117 rejectedaccordancestatutory by aorders withlaw whichparagraph that ceased must (3). also to be contain effective the in CHAPTER V subordinatedunityguarantee of the the toState, sovereignty, the willthe Country's of independence (1)the people,The Army to shall be exclusively territorial and Specialized Central Public Administration Public Administration Section 1 preparationsystem,integrity,territory theand for oforganizationConstitutional the the defence, population, as democracy.of well the economy(2) asArmy, theThe status structure and of the national defence the of Structuresubordination to the Government.(1) Ministries shall be organized only in ARTICLE 115 shalltheservices military apply accordingly shall of the be regulatedState, to the as policeby well an(3) organicand asProvisions to other under paragraphs (1) and (2) security law. organizedauthorities.Ministries, in subordination or as autonomous to the Government(2) administrative Other specializedor agencies may be componentsprohibited.military activities of the Armed outside Forces. a State(4)(5) Theauthority No organization foreign is troops of may military enter oror crosspara- the Establishmentfunction in accordance with the law.(2)(1) MinistriesThe Government shall be and set Ministriesup, organized, may. and on ARTICLE 116 territorySupremelaw. of Council of . but on terms established by onlyspecializedthethereof. authorization if the lawagencies acknowledges of inthe their Court subordination, theof Audit, competence(3) Autonomous set but up administrative authorities shallNational unitarily Defence organize and co-ordinateThe Supreme the Council of National Defence ARTICLE 118 may58 be established by an organic law. nationalactivities security. concerning the country's9 defence and 59 Local Public Administration Section 2 interest.view to carry out (2) The County the public servicesCouncil shall be elected andof county Basic principles Public Administration in ARTICLE 119 territorial- functionThe Prefect in accordance ARTICLE 122 with the law. Communalservices.localadministrative autonomy and unitstown and is authoritiesdecentralization based on the principle of public of eachdecentralizedGovernment county and at public local (1)(2) The The Government Prefect in the Municipality is the representativeserviceslevel and of shall the shall appoint a of Bucure0. directMinistriesPrefect any in of the implemented,which local autonomy shall be in the communes Local (1)Councils and The towns Public and is Administration authorities, by ARTICLE 120 administrativeandestablished other central byunits. law. (3)(4) The The powers Prefect may challenge, agencies in of the Prefect act of the County the territorial- shall be in the manageautonomousMayors publicelected, administrativeaffairs in accordance in communes with authorities(2) the The law. Local and Council and Mayors shall act as and towns, in caseCouncil,administrativechallenged he deemsof a shallLocal court, be an CHAPTER VIit unlawful.suspended deCouncil, jure. or of a Mayor, The act thus in accordancesubdivisionsbe constituted with of the municipalities.in law.the territorial-administrative(3) Authorities under paragraph (1) may also Judicial Authority Courts of Law Section 1 County Council (1) The County Council is the Public. ARTICLE 121 Administration of justice (1) Justice shall be ARTICLE 123 rendered in the name of the 60activityAdministration of Commune authority and Town co-ordinating Councils, with the a onlylaw. to the law. (2) Judges shall be independent and subject 61 1 180 11= 11111 MI OM IIIIII MN EN as Status of Judges (1) Judges appointed by the ARTICLE 124 President of the Right to have an interpreter (1) Procedure shall be ARTICLE 127 conducted in law.termSupreme The of sixPresident Court years, of and Justice and may other shall be Judgesbe shall be irremovable, according to reinvested in office. appointed for a againstof the ofspeakas allwell acts as and persons files of the case, to(2) Citizens belonging to national have the right to take cognizance who cannot understand or speak before the minorities, JudgesPromotion,theCouncil law. may of be transfer,the decided Magistracy, uponand onlysanctions in byaccordance the(2) The office of a Judge shall be incompatible Superior with CourtUseensuredinterpreter; andof appeal freeformulate inof criminalcharge. conclusions, trials, this right shall be through an thatwithCourts of any an ofotheracademic law public professorial or private activity. office, except waysconcerned of appeal, and the in accordancePublic MinistryAgainst may decisions of the Court, ARTICLE 128 with the law. the parties exercise establishedSupreme Court by law. of Justice and(1) Justice shall be administered ARTICLE 125 other courts by the thePolice Courts in ARTICLE 129 their prohibited.be regulated by law. (3)(2) CompetenceThe setting upand of procedure courts of of courts shallexception is disposal. Courts of law shall have police placed at The Public Ministry Section 2 Publicity of debates Proceedings shall be public, except ARTICLE 126 for the RoleMinistry of Public ARTICLE 130 cases provided62 by law. 181 Ministry shall represent general(1) interests Within of thejudicial activity, the Public 63 powerscitizens'society throughandrights defend and Public freedoms. legal Prosecutors, order, as(2) wellconstituted The as Public the Ministry shall discharge its tobythis vote. the case, Minister the proceedings of Justice, whoshall shall be presided have no overright Statuswithinto the ofpublic law. Public prosecutor's Prosecutors offices, in accordance ARTICLE 131 presidedJudges,perform intheover which role by theof case a President disciplinary proceedings of (2)the council The Supreme shall Superior forbe Council of Magistracy shall underlegality,activity the inimpartiality authority accordance of theand withMinister hierarchical the(2) (1)of principleThe Justice. Public control,office Prosecutors of a Public Prosecutor shall carry shall out betheir Court of Justice. Economy and public finance TITLE IV activity.office,incompatible except withthat of any an other academic public professorial or private Section 3 Economy (1) ARTICLE 134 Composition Superior Council of the Magistracy ARTICLE 132 economy. a)(2) The State must secure: a free trade, economy is a free market protection of loyal inyearsconsist a joint by of thesession. magistrates Chamber of elected Deputies for and aThe term the Superior Senate,of four Council of the Magistracy shall economic,factorframeworkcompetition, of production; financial in order and to currency stimulate activity; b)and protection value every of national interests in provision of a favourable shallPowers nominate Judges and Public Prosecutors(1) The Superior for Council of the Magistracy ARTICLE 133 conformity with national interests;e)d)c) promotionenvironmentalexploitation of national protectionof natural scientific and resources. recovery, research: inas 64thoseappointment on probation, by the in accordancePresident of with the law. In except increasewell as preservation the quality of of life. the ecologicalf) creationbalance; of all necessary conditions so as to 65 I= OM 182 MN ME 111111re(111111 jk-I111102NINIVINNISER 111111 Property ARTICLE 135 at subdivision, the Ban. (2) The national currency is the Leu, with its (2)(1) PropertyThe State is shall public protect or private. property. 1 ' National Public territorial-administrative units. (3)(4) Public Subsoil property riches belongs of any to nature,the State ways or its of I Budget (1) The National Public Budget ARTICLE 137 shall communication,waters,usedhydropower for natural the availabilitiespublic resources the interest, air space, and of beaches, thethose waterseconomic which territorial with can zone be securitycomprisecommunes, budgetthe towns (2) The Government State budget, and counties.and the local budgets shall annually the State social draft the of establishedandproperty. the continental by law, shelf, shall asbe wellexclusively as other(5) public assetsPublic-owned assets shall be inalienable. 1 approval.whichState budget it shall submit and State social separately to security budget, Parliament for self-managedThey may be taken public over companies for administration or public by 1 on the State (3) If the Law on social security budget the State budget and the Law fail to be of concession,institutions,with the law, in oraccordance inviolable. may be leasedwith the or law. granted(6) Private in property shall be, in accordance passedthecontinuebudget budgetaryby at and to be Stateyear, applied least three days social security budget the previousuntil year's adoption of before expiration the new Stateshall controlFinancial of system the financial resources of the(1) State, Formation, of administration, use and ARTICLE 136 budgets.and executed in accordance (4)(5) Local No budgets budget shall he drafted,expenditure with the law. shallapproved be 66institutionsterritorial-administrative shall be regulated unitsby law. and public established.approved183 unless its financing source has been 67 Taxes and duties State budget and (1) Taxes, duties State social securityARTICLE 138 and any other revenue of the Constitutional Court TITLE V underby bethe the established local terms of only (2) Local taxes or county councils, the law.and dutiesby shall law. within limits and be established budget shall Judges,Structure appointed (1) The Constitutional ARTICLE 140 Court consists of nine Court of Audit (1) The Court of ARTICLE 139 Audit shall exercise . r threeChamber years,by the of that PresidentDeputies, cannot be (3) Judges(2) Three of Judges for a term of officeprolongedofshall or berenewed. appointedthree by the Senate, of nineby the and powers,sector.financialon theas The provided formation, Court byshall resources of the State administration and law. also have jurisdictional and the public use of the control .1. elect, bybyterm one of thirdthree of (4) The Constitutional secret vote, the President years. its Judges the Constitutional Court shall beevery three years, in thereof, for a Court shall renewed year,BudgetParliament including administration on the (2) The Court of cases of mismanagement.accounts of the NationalAudit shall annually in the expired budgetary report to Public !accordanceforQualificationorganic appointment with law. the provisions of the Court's itsmanagement thefindings. Senate, of the public (3) At request of Court of Audit shall the Chamber of resources, and report Deputies orcheck the on experiencecompetencegraduated in law,and Judges of the juristical or academic Constitutionaland haveARTICLE high Court 141 at least eighteen professional must have years subjectirremovable,by Parliament, to the according (4) Members of the incompatibilities the law shall be independent Court ofto Audit, the law. They shall appointedprovides and be Incompatibilities ARTICLE 142 activities in 68for judges. is incompatible The office of with any othera Judge at Constitutional public or private Court 69 EMI OM MO 1111. MN NM 10 4 INS MN MI NM ON MI IN MO MI SIM =I MI =II - I activity.office,irremovabilityIndependence except that and of academic proffesorial tofor confirm the election the ballot of the returns; President e)d)of toto ascertainguard the the observance circumstances of the which procedure justify . and Judges of the Constitutional Court shall be ARTICLE 143 andthe interimthe Government; in the exercise of office of President of , and to report its findings to Parliament irremovablePowersindependent during in the the exerciseterm of office. of their office and suspendandfor the to the confirmorganization President its returns; ofand holding ofg)0 to ato referendum,give guard advisory the observance opinion on of the the proposal procedure to from office; following powers: Thea) Constitutionalto adjudicate on Court the constitutionality shall have the of ARTICLE 144 citizens;fortutionality the exercise of a ofpolitical the legislative party.i)h) initiative to checkdecide byon oncompliance objections with ofthe unconsti- conditions theGovernment,eitherlaws, Presidentnumber before Chamber ofof promulgation, theat leastSupreme of 50Parliament, Deputies Court upon notificationof Justice,or at least by by a25 by the president of by the ConstitutionalDecisions of the Court (1) In cases of unconstitutionality, in ARTICLE 145 reviseSenators,notification.Standing the Constitution;as well by as,the expresident officio, of on either initiativesb) to Chamber. adjudicate to on the constitutionality of the Orders of Parliament, upon leastagainreturnedandaccordance b),two in the forthirds same reconsideration.withlaw of theformulationorArticle standingmembers 144 If by subparagraphsof theorders aeach majoritylaw Chamber, isshall passed of be a)at courts50by Deputiesa parliamentary of law or as at to least the group unconstitutionality25 Senators;or a numberc) of to ofat decide leastlaws on exceptions brought to the removed,bebinding.the binding objection and and promulgation ofeffective unconstitutionality only thereoffor(2) the Decisions future. shall shall beThey heof the Constitutional Court shall and statutory70 orders; 185 shall be published in the Official Gazette of 71 Revision of the Constitution TITLE VI dateby a ofreferendum passing the held draft or proposal(3) of The revision. revision shall be final after approval within 30 days from the RevisionInitiative of ARTICLE 146 RevisionLimits of ARTICLE 148 of initiatedthe Government, by the President (1) Revision of the by at least one of Constitution . quarter of the ca proposal may be indivisibleregard to the character national, of independent,the (1) unitary The provisions of this Constitution with State, the and theleast Constitutionnumber 500,000 of Deputies citizens (2) The citizens who initiate must belong to at least half the or Senators, as well withas by the at right to the revision of vote. subjectpluralismintegrity,Republican to independencerevision. and form official of government, languageof the judiciary, shall territorial political not be of numberthe respective of the counties in- counties or in the the country, and in each Municipality ,iresults in the supression of the (2) Likewise, no revision shall be made if it - ' citizens' recordedof in support of this at least 20.000 signatures initiative. must he Isafeguards1fundamental thereof. rights and freedoms, or the RevisionProcedure of ARTICLE 147 lwartime.during a state of siege or emergency,(3) or The at Constitution shall not be revised Senate.adopted by by a the majority Chamber of of ( I) The draft or proposal of revision must be at least two thirds of the Deputies and the it Final and transitory provisions TITLE VII andmediation themembers Senate procedure. of shall each Chamber. the (2) If no agreement can be reached decide thereupon. in Chamber of Deputies jointby a dateComing of its into adoption force by referendum.This On theConstitution same shall come into force on the ARTICLE 149 72thesession, number byof the vote of Deputies and Senators. at least three quarters of Iday, theremains Constitution fully abrogated. of August 21, 1965 is and 73 WM MO MI UM UM MI OIM UM UM UM 1111. MN UM III ofTemporal laws conflict (2) Judges of the first Constitutional Court theremain provisions in force of in this so far Constitution. they (1) The laws and all other normative acts shall ARTICLE 150 are not contradicting designateChamberrespectively.shall be appointed one of JudgeDeputiesThe for President a term and each for every term. of 3, 6 andthe 9of yearsSenate shall the ofLawmonths legislation on fromits organization, the with date this of examine the(2) The Legislative Council shall, within 12 comingConstitution into force ofand the shall compliance or Currentto accordinglythe Government, Institutions advance as the proposals case to Parliament ARTICLE 151 may be. settingConstitutionexistence up atof the theshall datenew remain ofinstitutions. in (2)(1) TheThe new Institutions Supreme Court of the of Justice coming into force of this operation until the Republic in shall, comingRomania,session,Chamberin accordance into within offorceon Deputies proposalwith of 6 thismonths the andConstitution. law, by the from bethe Presidentthe Senate, inappointed a joint by the date of of Future Institutions (1) Within 6 months from the date of ARTICLE 152 coming 74Courtinto and force the of Court this Constitution. of Audit shall the beConstitutional set up. 187 75 CONTENTS Page General principles TITLE I 7 Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties TITLE II 11 Common provisions CHAPTER I 11 Fundamental rights and freedoms CHAPTER II 14 Fundamental duties CHAPTERCHAPTER IV III 28 Advocate of the Peop'e 7730 OM MO OM =I 188 111111 MI Page Page Public authorities TITLE III 31 al Public Administration SECTION 2 60 Parliament CHAPTER ISECTION 31 icial Authority CHAPTER VI SECTION I 61 StatusOrganization of Deputies and Functioning and Senators SECTION 2 3531 cun, 01 Law N1inistry SECTIONSection 2 3 6163 Legislation CHAPTER II SECTION 3 37 pc;;or Councilm,;il and public finance of theTITLE Magistracy IV 6564 TheThe President Government of Romania CHAPTER III 5042 1,,,nnsntulional of the CourtConstitution TITLETITLE VI V 7269 Relations between Parliament and the Government CHAPTER IV 55 al and transitory provisions TITLE VII 73 Public Administration CHAPTER V SECTION 1 58 78Specialized Central Public Administration 58 BEST COPY AWE 79 (1 1.! I mil mil Li(7m ) General principles TITLE I Romanianunitary and State indivisible ( I (2)) Romania The form is of a government sovereign, ARTICLE I National State. of the Romanian independent, dignity,governedStatedevelopment is athe Republic. by citizens' the of ruse human rights of law, personality,(3) Romania is a democratic and freedoms, the free in which humanand social State justice and shallpoliticalSovereignty be guaranteed. pluralism represent supreme ARTICLE 2 values and Romaniansmereigntyits representative people, in one's whobodies own shall andname. exercise by(1)(2) Nationalit throughNo group sovereignty or person may residesreferendum. with the exercise Territoryby an organic law, under (2)(1) The frontiersterritory of theRomania Country is are ARTICLE 3 observance of the inalienable. sanctioned 190 7 regulationsprinciples of and international other generally law.(3) The territory is organized administratively recognized identity.of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic(2) and The religious protecting measures taken by the provisionsareinto declaredcommunes, of the municipalities, law. towns and counties. according(4) No foreign populations may be displaced Some towns to the discriminationconformpersonsdevelopmentRomanian belonging to the and in principles relation expression to national to of the equalityof minoritiesother identity Romanian and of non- the State for the preservation, shall equalityUnityState.or colonized of amongthe people citizens on andthe territory of the Romanian Romanianscitizens. living abroad ARTICLE 7 the Romanian people. (2)(1) Romania The State is foundationthe common is laid and ARTICLE 4 on the unity of indivisible cultural,developmentactlinks with linguistic the Romanians and andexpression religious living abroadof identity, Thetheir Stateand ethnic, under shall shall supportaccordingly the strengthening of for the preservation, Citizenshippoliticalethnicdiscriminationhomeland origin, adherence, language, ofon all its religion,citizens, account of race,property nationality, or social origin. sexwithout any opinion, politicalPluralismtheyobservance are citizens.parties and of the legislation of the State of which retained or lost as provided by the(2)(1) RomanianRomanian citizenship citizenship ARTICLE 5 can he acquired, organic law. cannot be democracy.condition and guarantee of Constitutional(1) Pluralism in the Romanian society is a ARTICLE 8 Rightwithdrawn to identity if acquired by birth. (1) The State recognizes and ARTICLE 6 whileexpressionlaw.shall pursue Theyobserving oftheircontribute the nationalactivities political to sovereignty, in thewill accordance definitionof(2) the Political territorialcitizens. with and the parties shall he constituted and 8toright the of preservation, persons belonging development and to national minorities, guarantees the expression democracy.integrity, the legal order and the principles of 9 MO EMI MO MN =I OM 191 OM NM MI IN 1111MMIII .111111111 MI Trade unions Trade unions shall be ARTICLE 9 constituted and shall "Awake, Romanians". (4)(3) TheThe Country's national coat anthem of arms of and Romania the State's is socialpromotioncontributeownpursue interests statutes, their of 0to ofactivities asthe provided defence in accordance of with professional, economicemployees. and by law. They shall the rights and their Officialseal shall language be established by organic laws. ARTICLE 13 relationsInternational with all relations the Romania fosters and ARTICLE 10 develops peaceful Capital In Romania, the official language is Romanian. ARTICLE 14 Internationalprovisionsprinciplesgood neighbourly of and lawinternational andother relations, law. states, and, in this context, generally recognized based on the Bucuresti. The Capital of Romania is the Municipality of TITLE II sunational law (1)1 The and Romanianin good faith State its ARTICLE 11 obligations as deriving pledges to fulfil as Fundamental rights, freedoms CHAPTERand duties I Nationalto fromthe law, the symbols aretreaties part ofit is national (2) Treaties ratified by a party to. Parliament, according law. Universality Common provisions ARTICLE 15 ordercolours from are the arranged flag-pole: ( 1 ) The flag of Romania is ARTICLE 12 vertically in the following blue, yellow, red. tricolour: the grantedlaws. andto them have bythe theduties Constitution laid down(2)(1) AllThethereby.and citizens lawother acts enjoy only thefor rightsthe future, and freedoms with the 10December. (2) The National Day of Romania is the 1st of exception192 of the more favourable criminal law. Equality of rights (1) Citizens are equal before ARTICLE 16 the law and Extradition and expulsion (I) No Romanian citizen shall be extradited ARTICLE 19 or discrimination.public authorities, without (3)(2) NoAccess one isto above a public the office law. any privilege oror dignity, civil internationalextraditedexpelled from convention onlyRomania. in or compliance in terms of(2) Alienswith and stateless persons may be reciprocity. an Romanianandcitizenshipor military, whose citizens domicileis isonly granted and is in exclusively to Romania. persons whose Romanian. rightsInternationalthe treaties Court. human (3) Expulsion or extradition shall be ruled by thewhile protection abroad of the Romanian Romanian citizens while ARTICLE 17 abroad shall enjoyState and shall be andcitizens' enforced rights inand conformity liberties shallwith be(1) Constitutional provisions ARTICLE 20 concerningthe the Universal interpreted Alienscountry.thosebound incompatibleandto fulfil stateless their with duties, with the exception of their absence from the theandDeclaration covenants other treaties of and Human Romaniatreaties Rights, is with (2)the 'Where any inconsistencies exist on fundamental human a party to. covenants between Romaniapersons shall enjoy (1) Aliens and stateless ARTICLE 18 persons living in Freeprecedence.therights access international Romania to justice is a party to, andregulations internal laws, shall take withdrawnConstitutionpersons under and otherassets, the laws. as guaranteed(2) The by right of asylum shall provisions of the law, ingeneral protection of he granted and the rights,before liberties the courts and interests.for the defence(1) Every person is entitled ARTICLE 21 of his legitimateto bring cases 12conventionscompliance Romaniawith the isinternational a party to. treaties and restricted by (2) The exercise of this any law. right shall not be 13 immi low INN NM MI MI MN MI 193 OM r- EN =I we Fundamental rights and CHAPTER LI shallsoon asbe practicable;made only inthe the notification presence ofof athe lawyer charges of andRight mental to life,integrity to physical ARTICLE 22 freedoms detentionarrestedhis own shallchoosing or arrest be obligatory, or have appointed ceased if the to groundsexist.(6) The fOr release his of the person detained or ex officio. treatment.anyguaranteed.physical kind of and inhuman mental (2)(1) No The one right shall tohe life, or degrading punishmentintegritysubjected of toperson tortureas well as the right or to are orto tillunderhave found thejudicial guilty right by control to a applyfinal or decisic foron bail.provisional(8)(7) AAny person release,person under shall preventive be presumed custody innocent shall n of the court. Individual freedom (1)(3) Individual The death freedom penalty ARTICLE 23 is prohibited. Rightlaw.only to in defence accordance with and (9) Penalties shall be established on the grounds of the or applied procedureshallare inviolable. be providedpermitted by only (2) Search, detainment, law.in the cases and under and security ofor arrest of a person person the have the right to be assisted by (2)(1) All throughout the trial, the partiesThe right shall to defence is guaranteed. ARTICLE 24 a lawyer of their thirtyissuedhours. days.by a magistrate, The (4)(3) Arrest Detention shall shallbe for a maximumnotmade exceed period under twenty-four a warrant of Freedomown choosing of movement or appointed ex officio. ARTICLE 25 decisionperiodpronouncementwarrant,complaint of of arrest the and to court. the theshall by judge a motivated courtperson about thearrested legality may lodge be extended only is bound to make decision. The of the by a aa of lawnationalthis shallright. territorylay down and the abroadconditions is guaranteed.(1) The right of free movement within the for the exercise The arrest,understands,promptly and notified informed, of the of the (5) Any person detainedgrounds or forarrested,.shall his detention chargesin against him, a language he asorbe country.theestablish country, his domicile to emigrate, and(2) Every citizen is guaranteed or residence anywhere in to return to his the right to 14 BEST COPY AVAILABLE x.94 15 Personal and Secrecy of protect familythe intimate, privacy (1) The public ARTICLEauthorities 26 shallfamily and private life. respect and correspondence Secrecy of the letters, telegrams and other ARTICLE 28 infringementdispose of himself (2) Any natural personunless has by the this right he to causes an freely f: communicationconversations,postal is andinviolable. of communications, any other legal means of of telephone domicileInviolabilityothers, on ofpublic upon the rights and order or morals. freedoms of religiousFreedom beliefs of conscience shall not be restricted( 1) in Freedom of thought, ARTICLE 29 opinion, and domicileinviolable. or residence No (1) The domicile one shall enter ARTICLE 27 of aand the residence person without his or remain in the are mustownembracewhatsoever. he convictions. manifested an opinion No in aone shall (2)be Freedom of conscience is or religion contrary to his spirit of tolerance and compelledguaranteed; to it any form followingparagraphconsent. circumstances: (1) is a) (2)for carryingDerogation permissibleinto execution by law, in from provisions under the termsinmutual accordance laid respect.down by with law. their (3) All religions shall be free and own statutes. under the organized physicalarrest orintegrity a court or ci h)to defendto remove national sentence; any danger againstassets the of a security or public order: person; a warrant for life, therelationshipsreligious State enmityand among shall shall the cults. be (5)(4) Religious Any forms, cults shallmeans, be acts enjoy support from it, prohibited autonomousin the from or actions of observancemagistrate of theand carried (4) Searches(3)dl to Searches at shall prevent the spread of an legal procedure. outhe ordered exclusively under epidemic. only by a ensure,orphanages.theincluding army, in the facilitation of (6) Parents or legal tutors in accordancehospitals, with prisons. homes and religious assistance in have the right to their own 16except in cases of flagrante Imo me No No um as am sr am we somnight time shall be delicto. prohibited, whoseconvictions, responsibility195 the education devolves of the on them. minor children 17 Freedom of expression Right to information ARTICLE 31 (1) Freedom of expression of thoughts ARTICLE 30 I"? information of public (1) A person's right of access interest shall to anynot be creation,opinions,publicsounds are by oror inviolable. words,other beliefs, means in writing,and of freedom communication in pictures,(2) Any of an censorship b shall be prohibited. restricted.competence,information of the citizens (2) The public shall be bound to provide authorities, according in public affairs for correct to their and setting up of publications. (3)(5)(4) Freedom TheNo publication law of may the pressimpose shall also be upon suppressed.involves the mass the fremedi mattersprejudicialnational of personal security.to the protection (3) The right to interest. information shall of the young or not be to prejudicialsource.the obligation to the to make dignity, public honow. their(6) privacy Freedomfinancin o of expression F hall not h providebe correctautonomous. They (4) Public(5) Public and private radio information to the public and television must guaranteemedia shall be services shall boundopinion. to for any nation,person,incitementnational, anyand instigationracial,to the to right discrimination,class to to aorone's war religious ofown aggression,(7) image. Anyhatred. defamation tan of the country and th territorial importanttheseof theirthe services right activity to andbe shall on be regulated social and political group the Parliamentary the air. The organization by an organic controlthe exercise over law. of prohibitedobsceneseparatism, conduct by orlaw. public contrary violence, to morality as well(8) shall Civilas any be liability for any information or Right to education (1) The right to ARTICLE 32 education is provided education, by education for by radioperformance,producer,creation or televisionmade the theauthor. public owner station, thefalls of producer upon theunder copying the the of publisher theterms facilities, artistic laid or theandeducation,in compulsory high post-graduate schools as general welland refresher as vocational schools, by higherother forms of courses. shall be in instruction 18shalldown be by established law. Indictable by law. offences of the press Romanian. Education may (2) Education of all grades also be conducted in a 19 BEST COPY AVAILABLE_i_ 196 termsforeign laid language down by of law. international use, under the Right to vote ARTICLE 34 guaranteed;rightminorities to be to the learneducated ways their to exercisemother in this these(3) The right of persons belonging tongue, and their language are rightsto shall national righteighteen to vote. by or on the election day (2)(1)shall MentallyEvery have citizen the deficient having or alienated, attained thelaid ageunder of tohe the regulated law. by law. (5)(4) PublicEducational education establishments. shall he free, according including Rightbyinterdiction, a final to be decision elected as well of as the persons court cannot disenfranchised vote. guaranteed.law.theirprivate activity institutions according shall he (6) The autonomy of the Universities to the provisions of the set up and conduct is the right to vote, who meet the requirements(I) Eligibility in is granted to all citizens having ARTICLE 35 publicspecificreligious schools. requirements education. religious ofeducationin each (7) The State shall ensure the freedomaccordance of with the religious cult. In is organized withforbiddenArticle Article 16 to 37paragraph join paragraph a political (3),(3). party, unless in accordance they are Rightand guaranteed to protection by oflaw. health ARTICLE 33 administration,tothe be election elected day, to the theand Chamber age at ofleast at ofleast thirty-five. Deputies (2)twenty-three, Candidates or to local be must have attained, by or on toguaranteed. ensure public hygiene and health.(2)(1 The 1 TheState right shall to he the bound protection of to take measures health is Freedomof Romania.elected of to assembly the Senate or to the office of President overaccidents.social the exercisesecurity maternity ofsystem andmedical in professions(3) The organization of the medical recovery. the controlcase of sickness. care and and tions or any other assembly shall bePublic free and meetings, may processions, demonstra- ARTICLE 36 paramedical activities, as well be organized and held only peacefully, without 1 20shallto protect he established physical andaccording mental health to the law.as other measures of person arms of any kind whatsoever. 21 I INN 197 MN . Right of association (1) Citizens may freely associate into political ARTICLE 37 equaland wages. the binding force (5)(4) OnThe equal right work to collective labourwith bargaining men, womenof collective agreements shall get which,association.parties, by trade their aimsunions or activity, and other militate(2) forms Any against ofpolitical parties or organizations shallProhibition be guaranteed of forced labour ARTICLE 39 sovereignty,governedpoliticalRomania pluralism, byshall theintegrity he rule unconstitutional. the of orprinciples law, independence or against(3) of Judgesa State the of of the Constitutional Court, the activities performed in lieu (2)(1)a) Forced any servicelabour isdoes of a prohibited. military characternot include:thereof by those who, or othermembersadvocatesan organiccategories of of thelaw, the ofArmed shall people,civil not servants,Forces, joinmagistrates, political policemen established(4) parties. activeSecret and by associations are prohibited. accordingcompulsoryconditionalunder normal to military the release; conditions,law, are b) the work of a sentencedservice person, for religious reasons; during detention exempted from carried out or protectionLabour and of social labour ARTICLE 38 rt calamityestablishedwhich orare any partby otherlaw. of normal danger,c) any services required civil obligations as as towell deal as with a those Everyoneprotectionworkplace. has of the labour. free choice The protecting of profession(1)(2) The Allmeasures right employees to work havecannot the he right restricted. to social and Right to strike (1) The employees ARTICLE 40 have the right to strike economic and in conditionsconcernconditions,paidup of annual a safety minimum for asholiday,women andwell wage hygiene as andwork other per the carried economy,ofspecific young. work. out situations.the working setting underweekends, hard socialtheaslimits defence the interests. governingguarantees of their the necessaryprofessional, exercise (2) The law shall regulate to ensure theof this right, theas wellconditions and essential 22maximum eight hours, on the average.(3) The normal duration of a working day is of services for the 198society. 23 Protection of private property ARTICLE 41 confiscatedprovisionsfrom a criminal of only the law. in or accordance minor(8) Any goods intended for, offence may usedbe or resulting with the byand incurringlaw. limitations on theof these State rights are guaranteed. shall (2)be(1) establishedPrivate The The content rightproperty of property. shall he equallyas well asprotected the debts Inheritance right The right of inheritance is guaranteed. ARTICLE 42 groundspropertystatelessby law, ofon publicirrespective land.persons utility, shall ofestablished not its acquireowner. according(3) Aliensthe No right one toand shall of be expropriated, except on Livingof economic standard development and social(I) The State shall be bound to ARTICLE 43 take measures protection, authoritiesadvance.the law, areagainst entitled just to compensationuse the subsoil(4) For of projects of general interest, the public paid in any itsof maternityacitizens. nature to leave, ensure medical a decent care living(2) Citizens have the right to pensions. in public health benefits, and standard for paid damagesplantationstoreal its estate owner imputable with foror the buildings,the obligation todamages these authorities.as to caused well as to for the other soil. pay compensation Familyotherestablishments, forms of social unemployment care, as provided by ARTICLE 44 law. settlementtheparagraphs owner. cannot or(3) by and the be (4) decisionreached. shall be of agreed the court(5) upon when with Compensations provided under a parentsequality,consented to asensure marriage well the as upbringing.theof the right spouses,(1) The Family is founded on and duty of the education and the freelytheir full inwellprotectionobservance accordance as of other and of with dutiesensurance the incumbent relatinglaw ofor neighbourliness.custom. to environmental(6) The right as of property compels to the upon the owner, celebratedestablisheddissolutionin (ruction onlyof byand their law.after nullity children. Religiouscivil of marriage. marriage, wedding(2) The mayterms for entering into marriage. shall he he 24presumed.confiscated. Legality of acquirement(7) shallLegally be acquired assets shall not he before the law with those born in(3) wedlock. Children born out of wedlock are equal 25 MO I= 199 =I MINI =I I= I I11 MB 11111 andProtection the young of children ARTICLE 45 Right of petition (1) Citizens have the rightARTICLE 47 to apply to the in rights.protection and assistance in the(I pursuit)(2) Children The of State andtheir shallthe young grant shall state enjoy allowances special for publictheright nameauthorities to of the (2) Legally forward petitions, establishedsignatories. organizationsby petitions exclusively on formulated only have the behalf disabledchildrenestablishedprotection and children. for bybenefits law.children Other for and the formsthe care young of sicksocial shall or he of thehe collective tax-exempted. (3)(4) The The exercise public body they represent.authorities are of the right of bo.indpetition to answer shall normaltheiremployment health, development orin morals,activities are or thatprohibited. endanger might(3) he their(4) harmfulThe Minors life exploitationand tounder the age of of minors, fifteen may their not he establishedto petitionsRight of by a law.person within terms aggrieved and under conditions as contributeemployedsocial,free participation economic, fort any paid of cultural younglabour. andpeople sporting in(.5) the Thelife political, of public the authorities are hound to ecure the conditions towards the by a public (1) Any person authorityadministrative act or ARTICLE 48 aggrieved in failure of a public his legitimate Protectioncountry.disabled ofpersons the rightauthority byterm right,an is to annulment solve entitled to the ofhis the application act and acknowledgement remedieswithin for the legal of his the The State shall ensure the promotion ofThe a national disabled shall enjoy special protection. ARTICLE 46 care, treatment. damage.of law.this right (2) The conditions shall he regulated hears patrimonial and limits on by an organic the exercise liability. readjustment,policyrightsintegration and duties of education, the of disabled, their instructionparents while or observing legaland socialtutors. the of preventive judicialaccording errors to the (3) The State in criminal cases. law, for damages caused by 27 26 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 200 Restriction on the exercise Defence of the country ARTICLE 52 mayof certain he restricted rights or freedoms only by law,(1) and The only exercise if of certain rights or freedoms ARTICLE 49 Romania.Romanian male citizens (1)(2) The military service Citizens have the right aged twenty, except is compulsory for and duty to defend forall consequencesinvestigation;freedoms;healththeabsolutely defence or asmorals,unavoidable, of required of national afor natural of theforthe security,as conducting calamity preventioncitizens'the case public ormay rights aextremely criminal be,oforder, andthefor: theofservice, cases thirty-five. provided citizens bymay law. be (3) To be trained in conscripted up to the age the active military rightnotextentgrave infringe or disaster.of freedom. the uponsituation the existencethat determined of the(2) itrespective andThe mayrestriction shall he proportional to the Financial contributions ( I ) ARTICLE 53 obligation to Fundamental duties CHAPTER Iii duties.contributefair distribution to public of expenditure,the tax (2) The legal taxation system Citizens are under the burden. must ensureby taxes a and theFaithfulness country towards ( I ARTICLE 50 circumstances.those determined by law, (3) Any other dues shall be underprohibited, exceptional save forofas the this military,obligations purpose. are take theyliable the are for oath bound the as loyal (2)to,requested Citizensandfulfilment shall, by holding public1 Faithfulness offices, as towards well the country is sacred. andExercise freedoms of rights ARTICLE 54 ConstitutionObservance ofand the laws ARTICLE 51 andpersons freedoms shall exercise in good Romanian citizens, aliens their constitutional rights faith, without any and stateless 28supremacy and of the laws is binding.The observance of the Constitution, of its 2o1 infringement of the rights and liberties of others. 29 I - OM ill OM MINIM as um am am ow sum as Ea sr No me we am CHAPTER IV Appointment and role Advocate of the ARTICLE SS People Public authorities TITLECHAPTER III 1Parliament freedoms.fourappointed byThe the Senate, for ( 1 ) The Advocateyears, to defend the citizens' organization and functioning of of the People shall a term of office of rights and he Role and structure Organization and Functioning Section 1 performregulatedthe Advocate any byother an of organicpublic law. (2) The Advocate of the People institution or private office. the People shall shall be not legislativebody of the authority of the Country.(I) Parliament is Romanian people and the ARTICLE 58 the supreme representative sole hisExercise powers ofex officio (I) The Advocate of powers ARTICLE 56 the People shall exercise ElectionDeputies ofand the the Chambers Senate. (2) Parliament consists ARTICLE 59 of the Chamber of givelimitsaggrieved the established Advocate in their ofby rights the and (2) It is binding upon the publiclaw. authorities toor upon request by People the necessary freedoms, within persons andshall befree elected suffrage, by universal, in accordance equal,(1) direct, The with secretChamber the of Deputies and the Senate Reportsupport before in the Parliament exercise of his ARTICLE 57 powers. havenumbernationalelectoral the of law.rightminorities, votes to one Deputy which seat fail each, (2)to obtain Organizations under thethe of citizens belonging to for representation in Parliament, recommendationsonfore request the two thereof. on The The Advocate of Parliament Chambers. thelegislation People shall or measures of reports may contain annually or report be- organizationminorityterms of theare electoralonly.entitled tolaw. be Citizens represented(3) of The a national by number one of Deputies and Senators shall 30rightsany other and naturefreedoms. for the defence of the citizens' 20 2 tobe the established population by of the Romania. electoral law, in proportion 31 Term of office ARTICLE 60 electedother members at the openingof the Standing of each Bureaus session. The shall be casewhichare of elected war may or bea forcatastrophe. prolonged a term of office of(2) (I)four Elections The Chamber to the Chamberof Deputies of and the by an organic law, in a Senateyears, office.dismissedmembers beforeof the Standingthe expiration Bureaus of(3) the Deputies mayterm be and Senators may he organized of dissolution.the Senateexpiration shall of be the held term within of office(3) The newly elected Parliament three months from or ParliamentDeputies and shall meet CommitteesStandinginto Parliamentary Orders and of mayeach Groups, institute Chamber. according inquiry(4) Each or to other Chamberthe shall set up Standing prolongedwithinupon conveningtwenty until the days new by after the Parliament elections.President(4) of TheRomania. Chambers' term of office legally meets. shall he jointCommitteesspecial committees. committees. shall be madeThe Chambers up so as(5) to mayThe reflect setStanding the up Bureaus and Parliamentary heundergoDuring passed, this any amended period, revision, the nor Constitution shall(5) Bills shall or legislative or abrogated. proposals entered on any organic law not Jointpolitical sessions spectrum of each Chamber. ARTICLE 62 OrganizationalParliament.carriedthe agenda over of structureinto the the session preceding Parliament shall be of the new accordanceproceedingsshall meet in with inseparate, aregulations joint session and passedjoint shall sessions.(1) by heThe a majority Chamber The of Deputies and the Senate held in Orders.Chamber Financial shall he (1) The organization and regulatedARTICLE by its 61 own Standing functioning of each invote order: of the Deputies and Senators.al(2) to The receive Chambers the message shall meet of the in jointPresident session of DeputiesBureau.he provided andThe for the Presidentin President the of the Senate(2) Each Chamber shall elect resources of the Chambers shall budgets approved by them. the Chamber of its Standing socialRomania: security budget: c)b) to declareapprove general the State or Budgetpartial mobilization: and the State 32elected for the Chambers' term of office. The shall he 203 d) e)to declareto suspend a state or terminate of war; armed hostilities; 33 _-- MI MI OM MI MI MI 11111 OM MI MIMI SIM MO NM Mil of National Defence and of 0 to examine reports of the Supreme Council the Court of Audit; Publicity of sessions .ARTICLE 65 theIntelligenceRomania, activity ofService, the this directorService; and to exercise of theh) g)to tofulfil appoint, any other on proposal of the President control Romanianover of sessionspublic. he secret. (1)(2) The The sessions Chambers of both may Chambers decide that shall certain be SessionsOrders,accordance shall he with exercised the Constitution in prerogatives, which a joint session. or the Standing in Representative mandate Status of Deputies and Senators Section 2 Theshall first meet session in two begins in (1) The Chamber of ordinaryARTICLE sessions63 every Deputies and the SenateFebruary and is due to year. and Senators shall be in the service(2)(I) of IntheAny the people. imperative exercise ofmandate their mandate shall be Deputies null. ARTICLE 66 thesessionlast endby the ofbegins December end inof September June at the latest. and(2) The Chamber of at Deputiesthe latest. and The the secont' Senate is due to last andTerm Senators of Office of Deputies ARTICLE 67 ofBureaurequestmay the also number of meettheeach President of inChamber extraordinary of Romania. sessions, the(3) Each Chamber shall he Deputies or Senators. or of at least one third Standing upon onexercise condition of thattheir their office election on the is validated.same(2)(1) TheDeputies day capacity the and as Senators a Deputy shall or Senator enter on shall the they are a member of has legally met, andActspresident. legal of Parliament quorum convened h its Chamberstihilit'.resignation. or death.have disenfranchisement. legally met. or in a incompa-case of on the same day the newly elected thepass presence laws, of and the carry resolutions andThe motions, Chamber in of Deputies and ARTICLEmajority 64 of their members. the Senate shall oneIncompatibilities and the same time. (f) No one may be a Deputy and a Senator at ARTICLE 68 34 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 204 35 incompatible with the exercise of(2) The capacity as a Deputy or Senator is any public EmolumentsOther Rights and officeestablishedGovernment in authority, by anmembership. organic with law. the (3) Other incompatibilities exception of shall be otheremoluments. rights shall The be amount established of the by emoluments Deputieslaw. and and Senators shall receive monthly ARTICLE 71 Parliamentary immunity (1 i No Deputy or Senator shall ARTICLE 69 he detained. LegislationSection 3 thehearing.Chamberminorarrested, Supreme The offencehe searched Courtiscase a member shallwithoutof or Justice. he of, in afterthe prosecuted for a criminal or authorization of the competence beingof given a Classesand ordinary of Laws laws. (1) Parliament passes constitutional, organic. ARTICLE 72 informsearched.caught the in The Presidentthe Minister act, he of of the Justice (21 In the case of a Deputy or Senatormay he being detained and respective Chamber shall promptly the revision of the Constitution. b)a)(3)(2) the theOrganicConstitutional electoral organization laws system; shall laws regulate:and shall functioning be pertaining to of detainmentdetention.Chamberabout the he thus detention repealed. notified and finds it shall immediately search. In case theno grounds for his order that his referendum;politicalSupreme parties; Council of National Defence;c)d) the the organization organization of theand Government holding ofand a the judicialFreedom proceedings of opinions for the No Dem\ or Senator ARTICLE Iii shall he liable to votes cast, or execution thereof; h)g)f)e) thegrantingcriminalthe states organization of of offences, amnestysiege andand or emergency:penalties functioningcollective pardon:and of thethe 36mandate.political opinions expressed in the exercise of his theSuperior Public265 Council Ministry of and the the Magistracy, Court of Audit; the courts, 37 I MI MI OM NM MO MI MI MI MI I UM INN MR IIIIIII NM MI 111111111 61111LoAllt .-'11111111;m1.111A1111 competence of administrative courts;j)i) thecontentious status of civil business servants; falling within the notinternational touch on mattersaffairs, amnesty or (2)pardon. A legislative initiative of the concerning taxation, citizens may tradeinheritance; unions and social security;I) generalk) the general rules covering legal status labour of property relations, and legislativethe Chambers. initiative by introducing(3) bills(4) The Deputies, Government shall Senators and citizens exercise its in one of the territory, as well as general rules0)n)m) generalthethe on organizationgeneral local statutory organization ofrules local of administration,religiousof education; cults: of exercisingbill.present proposals the right ofonly legislative in the initiative(5) Legislative proposals shall form required for a he first may economicautonomy: zone: r)p) otherways andfields, means for whichto establish the Constitutionthe exclusive submittedPassingwhich they for of beingbillswere and read.passed to the Chamber before initiativeLegislativeprovides the enactment of organic laws. resolutionsthe Standing Orders of the Chambers(1) Organic laws and resolutions ARTICLE 74 concerning shall be I I The legislative initiative lies with the ARTICLE 73 eachpassed Chamber. by the majority vote of the members of shall be fewerGovernment,kale. than The 250.000 Deputies.citizens citizens Senators,exercising having the the right right to c initiative must belong to at least one as well as no to presentpassed in by each the Chamber. majority vote of(2) the(3) Ordinary On request laws by and the resolutions Government or on members its quartersupportleastthese 10.000of counties theof this country's signatures initiative.or the counties.Municipality should he while registered of inBucuresti each in of the at ownStandingprocedure,legislative initiative. Orders establishedproposals Parliament of each Chamber.underin may accordance passan emergency with bills or the 38 BEST COPY AVAR,A 206 39 Sending of bills and legislative be given within twenty days after receipt of the proposalsto the other from one Chamber Bills or legislative proposals passed by one ARTICLE 75 reconsideration,Romanialaw. may return and he the may law do to so Parliament (2)only(3) Before once. In case promulgation, the President has the requested President of that the for secondnewrejectedChamber.Chamber debate, rejection in theIfshall to the latter,the is bebill Chamberfinal. sent or legislative to that other had Parliament proposalpassed it. isA it shall be sent back, for a receivingpromulgationforlaw asbe to reconsidered itsthe conformity lawshall passed be or made a afterwithreview within itsthe haseconsideration, ten days Constitutional Court Constitution, been asked from Mediation (1) If one of the Chambers has passed a bill or ARTICLE 76 confirmingor Comingthe decision intoits constitutionality. force of theof laws ARTICLE 78 mediationPresidentsthatlegislative approved procedure,proposal, of both by Chambersinthe by a adifferentother parity Chamber,Committee.shall wording(2) initiate In case from the ano agreement has been reached in dayGazette of publication of Romania or andthe datecome provided intoLaws force in itsshall on text. be published in the Official the Chamberconflictthein Committee,Mediation a joint shallof session, Deputies beorCommittee onesubmitted that andChamber shall the report, adoptSenate,for has debate thenot the assembled finalapproved texts to text the in by Legislativeadvisory' Council expert body of Parliament,(1) The that Legislativeinitials Council shall be an ARTICLE 79 paragraphsa majority (vote, as provided under Article 74, I ) or (2). wholesystematicdraft normative body unification of laws. acts It and forshall coordinationthe keep purpose the official of of the a Promulgation of laws ARTICLE 77 record. of the legislation of Romania.(2) The setting up, organization and to 40the President of Romania. Promulgation(1) A law shall shall be submitted for promulgation regulatedfunctioning by an oforganic the Legislative law. Council shall be 41 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 207 r OM OM MO MO Role of the President The President of Romania CHAPTER II Validationand oath-taking -of mandate ARTICLE 82 the Romanian State (1) The President of Romania ARTICLE 80 and is the safeguard of shall represent the Court.Romania shall be validated by the(1) The election returns for the Presidency of Constitutional functioningobservanceintegritynational ofindependence, of the thethe Constitutionpublic (2) The President of Romania country. unity and territorialauthorities. To this and theshall guard the proper followingDeputiesvalidated oath:and shall the take Senate, before in a the joint(2) Chamber The candidate whose election session, the has been of ElectionandPowerseffect, society. of hein the theshall President State. act as a mediator between as well as between the State the strengthabideand material and by thethe welfare best Constitution of ofmy the ability Romanian andI solemnly laws people, of swear that I will dedicate for the spiritual the all to suffrage.by universal, equal, (2)( The candidate ) The President of Romania ARTICLE 81 direct, secret and free shall he elected territorialRomania'srightsCountry, and tointegrity. sovereignty.defendfreedoms Sodemocracy. help of independence, my me God!"the unity fellow-citizens, fundamental and elected.enteredobtained on a the majority electoral of (3) In the case that no candidatewho, has in obtained the first ballot,listsvotes shall of he the declared electors Term of office (I) The term of office of the President ARTICLE 83 of numberorderfirstbetsuch of ballot. ofthemajority. votes numbers The shall a ofhe een the first two candidates candidate havingsecond the ballot shall he votes cast for them in the highest in the greatest hele. hismandateRomania office fromuntilis four thethe years. daynew he President-electand took he the shall oath.(21 exercise The takes President thehis of Romania shall exercise 42heRomania consecutive. but two (-I) No one may hold the office of Presidentterms of at the most. that declared elected. can also Oath.inRomania the event may of warbe prolonged,or catastrophe. by (3)an organicThe term law. of office of the President of BEST COPY AVAILABLE 208 43 andIncompatibilities immunities ARTICLE 84 GovernmentConsultation with the ARTICLE 86 privateparty,Romania nor office. may may not he beperform a member any otherof(1) any During public political his or term of office, the President of theParticipationimportant Government matters. in meetings about urgent,The President of Romania may consult withextremely may,accordingly.immunity. in a joint Provisions session. under carry Articlea resolution (3)(2)70 TheshallThe upon Chamber Presidentapply of ofDeputies Romania and shall the Senate enjoy inof the meetingsGovernment of the Government (1) The President of Romania may ARTICLE 87 debating upon participate shallthehigh impeachmentnumber treason,be within of by Deputiesthe the of competence the vote Presidentand of atSenators. least of of the Romaniatwo SupremeThe thirds case for of mattersMinisterpublicpolicy. of the order.national, in defence other and interest instances of on the requestwith country, as well. by ensurance the regard to foreign presidePrime of remainsCourtofficethe oflaw. final.Justice, The President according shall to the be Provisions removed fromof de jure on the date the Court sentence overMessages the Government meetings (2) The President of Romania shall ARTICLE 88 he participates in. AppointmentGovernment of the ARTICLE 85 Parliamentissues of theby messagesNation. on the mainThe President of Romania shall address political ofappointa candidateconfidence the Government to of the Parliament. office on of thePrime basis(1) Minister ofThe the President voteand of Romania shall designate Dissolution of Parliament ( I ) After consultation with the presidents ARTICLE 89 of someappoint.vacancy members ofon office, the ofproposal thethe PresidentGovernment. of the shall Prime dismiss(2) Minister,' In the and event of government reshuffle or dayshasmayParliamentaryboth been dissolve afterChambers obtained the Parliament. groups.first to requestand form the the if aPresident nogovernmentwas vote made, of of Romania andwithin only 60 leaders of the confidence OM INN OM MO44 MI 209 MI 45 MI I OM MI OM IIIIII preside over the Supreme Council of National dissolvedinvestiture.afterlast rejection six only months once. of at of least the term two ofrequests(2) (3)office During Parliament of thefor the same cannot year, he Parliament dissolved can he durino the !Armed;Parliament,:Defence. decisionForces. partial Only of or thein general exceptional President be subsequently(2) He may declare, with prior approval of mobilization of the cases shall the within five ReferendumduringPresident a state of Romania,of siege or noremergency. can it he dissolved ARTICLE 90 t:submittedi againstshalldays for approvaltakefrom measuresadoption to Parliament, to repel the aggression,(3) In the event of an armed aggressionthe country, the President of thereof. Romania and consultationmattersRomania of tonationalwith express. Parliament. interest. by referendum, ask theThe people its President will of on of Romania may. after 'he shall promptlywithinsitParliament, in a session, 24bring hoursby th-m a message. tofrom the cognizancethe If Parliament outbreak it shall he convened de jure. does not of the of ofPowers foreign in matterspolicy (I) The President shall, in the name of ARTICLE 91 Emergencyaggression.to the law, measures institute the state(1) The President of Romania shall according ARTICLE 93 of siege or days.themnegotiatedRomania, to Parliament by conclude the Government. for international ratification, and then(2) within treaties The submit President60 shall, on proposal by the andemergencyadoptionmeasures shall request thereof. in thus the adopted, wholeParliament or panwithin approval(2) If Parliament does not sit in a session. fiveof the days country, from of the it closingenvoysGovernment.missions. ofdown Romania. oraccredit change and approveand in rank recall the of (31diplomatic settingdiplomatic Diplomatic up. envoys of other states shall be Otherandtheshall institutionshall he powers convened function of the throughout state of siege this state.or emergency, de jure within 48 hours from ofPowersaccredited defence in mattersto the President of Romania. ARTICLE 92 following powers: Thea) President to confer ofdecorations Romania shalland titlesalso haveof honour; the ARTICLE 94 46Commander-in-Chief of the Armed(I) Forces The President and of Romania shall be marshal, general and admiral: h) to make promotions to the ranks of 47 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 210 c) to make appointments to public offices, Interim of office ARTICLE 97 Suspensionunder the terms from provided office by law;d) to grant individual pardon. ARTICLE 95 powers,officePresident, or thebe or temporarilyinterim if the President shall incapable be suspended to(1) exercise In case of vacancy in the devolve, in this order, office of from his officePresidentinfringing by of theupon Romania Chamber Constitutional may of he Deputies suspended provisions,(1) In andcase from the of having committed grave acts duringtheonshall theChamber Presidentthe not interim be of exercisedDeputies. of office. the by the Acting(2) Powers provided under Articles 88-90 Senate or the President of President explainDeputiesSenate,imputationswith the in beforeand Constitutionaljoint Senators,brought session, Parliament against andCourt.by aafter him. majoritywith The consultation President regard vote oftomay PresidentLiabtlity of Acting If the person acting as President of Romania ARTICLE 98 Presidentnumbermay he initiated ofshall Deputies be immediately by at and least Senators. notifiedone(2) third(3) The thereof. Ifand oftheproposal the proposal of suspensionof suspension from from office office ActsshallConstitutionalhas committedofbe theapplied President accordingly.provisions, grave acts Articles infringing 95 and upon 97 withinhasVacancyfrom been 30 office. approved,days, of office in order a referendum to remove shallthe President he held publishedof Romania in shall the Official issue decrees, Gazette which(1 of )1n Romania. shallthe exercise he of his powers, the President ARTICLE 99 remit\Rim al from office, permanent impossibilityII) Vacancy to of the office of President of .hall he due upon hisARTICLE resignation. 96 providedaAbsence decree.Romania ofunder publicity in Article the exerciseentails 91 paragraphs the of non-existence his(2) (1) Thepowers, and decrees (2). of as issued by the President- of President.Governmentthedischaree Presidency his powersshall of organize Romania and duties, elections fell or death.vacant.(2) for Within a newthe three months from the date when Minister.paragraphb)Article and d) 92(1), shall paragraphs and be Article countersigned (2)94 subparagraphsand (3), by Articlethe Prime a), 93 IIMINO11111111111111111111111111111011MMIIIIIIMM 48 211 49 MI OM MN I otherCompensation rights and ARTICLE 100 :representedunless in suchParliament. majority exists (2) The candidate to the office of Prime with the parties President of Romania shall he establishedThe compensation and other CHAPTER III rights of the by law. lof1Parliament:designation,;Minister the Government. shall,upon seek the within programmethe vote ten ofdays and confidence complete after his listof Role and structure The Government ARTICLE 101 ;Government;Parliament!GovernmentiChamber of by shallDeputies shall a majority grant be and debated vote confidenceSenate, of Deputiesupon in joint byto session.(3) andthethe The programme and list of the domesticParliament.its government and foreign ensure policy the implementation of the(I ) The Governmentof shall. in accordance programme accepted by country, and with the OathSenators. of allegiance ARTICLE 103 Governmentadministration.exercise the shall general (2) In the exercise of its management of public powers, the providedtakemembers an under oath of beforeArticlethe Government the82. President shall(2)(1) of TheTheRomania, individually Government Prime as Minister, as a Nlinisterswhole and andeach other of its Minister.bodies concerned. Ministers, and other (3)members The Government consists of the Prime co-operate with the social as Incompatibilitiesofmembers taking the shall oath. exercise the mandate from the date Investitureestablished by an organic law. ARTICLE 102 officeincompatible in authority, with the exercise of (1)any Membership other public of the Government shall he ARTICLE 104except the office of a Deputy obtainedresulta candidate of absolute his consultationto the majority office in withof Parliament. Prime the (I)Minister, The President of Romania shall party which has designate or as a representationor Senator. Likewise,paid byith athe trading exercise organization.(2) of Other incompatibilities any office of professionalit shall he incompatible shall he 50 212 established by an organic law. 51 Termination of Government uponmembership resignation, dismissal, disenfranchisement,Membership of the Government shall cease ARTICLE 105 ActsforGovernment, of a theperiod Government of on 45 proposal days, at bythe the most. Prime Minister, Primeprovidedincompatibility, Minister by law. death. or in any other cases and Statutory Orders. (2)(1) DecisionsThe Government shall be shallissued adopt to organize Decisions the ARTICLE 107 itsGovernment members, actionsunder observance and co-ordinate of the (1)activities The ofPrime Minister shall ARTICLE 106 direct i conformity specialexecutionwith the enablingpi of laws. law, within the (3)limits and in Statutory orders shall he issued under a visions thereof. hereportssubmitduties debated incumbenttoand the with statements Chamber priority. on them. onof DeputiesGovernment Likewise, or the policy, he Senate shall to powers and 'hound to Minister.theact Governmentto carry countersigned them shall into bebyexecution. signedthe Ministers by(4) and theDecisions who Prime are and statutory orders adopted by thecaseof the President of situations his impossibility of providedRomania toundershall exercise designateArticle(2) his If 105, thepowers, another Prime Minister finds himself in or in one finstitutions;military!of(Romania.'shall becharacter concerned.published Non-publishing shall in he the conveyed entailsOfficial a non-existence onlydecision Gazette to the or of statutory order. Decisions of a TheMinisterMinister,member interim until of duringto formation the discharge Government the impossibility of the newpowers as Government.interim of a Prime to exercise tResponsibilityof the Government of members ARTICLE 108 accordinglyMinisterthe powers resumes of to the the hissaid other activity office members inceases the(3) Government. if Provisions theof thePrime under paragraph (2) shall apply andjointly-to>member Actsits answerableentire of ofthe activity the Government. withGovernment only is politically(I ) The Government is politically responsible the others for thebefore activity Parliament. Each and 52 Senate and the President (2) It is only the Chamber of of Romania that shall Deputies, the 53 NM =I 213 MI MI I MO Ell II1 MI have the right suchactstaken committedcriminal against prosecution in the to demandmembers criminal of the exercise of their has been requested, Government forprosecutions be office. If the Relations between Parliament CHAPTER IV suspensionagainstsuspendedPresident a member from of from Romania office. office. of the Government Institutionmay Thedecree of case proceedings that shall they be entails his be .information to Parliament and the Government ARTICLE 110 byto members thea Law competence on of Ministerial the (31 Cases of liability, of the Supreme Government shall responsibility.and penalties applicable Court of Justice. he regulated within ;boundiParliamentary(Public to present Administration control any information over theirshall, and activity,. documents within(1) The he theGovernment and other agencies of End of the term ( 1) The Government of office ARTICLE I0' ;their(requested respectiveinitiativeSenate, by or presidents.involves theParliamentary Chamber amendment In ofCommittees, Deputies, of provisions throughthe of case a legislative dateparliamentaryoffice Parliament elections. (2) The Government until validation shall shallhe dismissed exercise its of the general term ofon the compulsory.budget,the State the Budget request or thefor Stateinformation(2) socialMembers securityshall of bethe Government- are entitled 45 impossihilitsituationsordays. if the Prime under Minister to exercise his withdrawsArticle confidence 105 finds himself in powers for more than or in case of his one of the granted. compulsory.areto attend requested the proceedings to he present. of participation Parliament. shall If they he pi (4) The(3) InGovernment situationsisions ol Article such as102 under shall apply whose term of paragraph (2)accordingl. Questions and interpellationsII) The Government and each of ARTICLE I I I its members memberstheshallceased administration continue ofin theaccordance to fulfil onlynew the Government take of public affairs,with paragraphs acts required for ( I ) and (2) until the office intcrpellationsshall be bound raised by Deputies(2) The Chamber of Deputies to answer to questions or or Senators.or the Senate 54 the oath. 214issuemay carry making a motion the expressing the point of interpellation. stand as to the 55 Motion of censure ARTICLE 112 policy statement, or the bill, has been passed in 1 grantedmay, in to joint the Government.session, withdraw by carrying(I) confidence The a Chambermotion of Deputies and the Senate accordancepresentedin accordance with shall provisions be with considered as(3) If the Government has not paragraph (2), the bill under Article 112. passed,been and dismissed the of andatSenators.censure least Senators,. one by afourth majority andof the vote shall total of hethenumber notifiedDeputies(2) ofThe Deputies tomotionand the of censure may be initiated by reconsiderationbecomeprogramme binding or ontheof the law passed(4) In case the President general policy statementGovernment. of Romania demands according to Governmentsessionupon three of theupon days Chambers. the after date its ofpresentation its tabling.(3) Thein the motion joint of censure shall be debated Legislativeinparagraph the joint (3), sessiondelegation the debate of both thereon shallChambers. be carried theexceptnot Deputies submit for theandanother case the Senatorsonethat duringthe Government who the(4) signed same If the assumessession, itmotion may of censure fails to be passed. inenabling fields outside the Government the scope to of issue(1) statutory Parliament may pass a ARTICLE 114 organic laws. special law orders byAssumptionresponsibility the Government of in responsibility conformity with Article 113. establishstatutory theorders field can and be issued.the date(2) up Theto enabling law sh: II compulsorily statutory which ( I ) The Government ARTICLE 113 may assume approval,orders shall according be submitted to the legislative to(3) If the enabling law so requests, Parliament for procedure, programme.andresponil)ilit) the Senate. abefore general inthe policyjoint Chamber session.statement, of(2) Deputies uponTheor a bill.Government a shall be dismissed if a Noncomplianceuntiltinuation of the witheffects the of term the statutory entails(4) In exceptional cases, the Governmentexpiration may of the enabling term. order. discon- themotion56 date of of censure, presenting tabled the programme. within three the days general fiorn comeadopt emergencyinto force only statutory after orders,their submission to which shall 57 I= 215 11I IMO IM I NM MO OM OM OM IMO I= OM Parliamentin a session, for approval.it shall obligatory If Parliament be convened. (5)does Statutory not sit orders shall be approved or The Armed Forces ARTICLE 117 accordancestatutoryrejected by orders with a law paragraph that which ceased must (3). to also be effectivecontain the in CHAPTER V subordinatedunityguarantee of the the toState, sovereignty, the willthe Country'sof the(1) The Army shall independencebe and exclusively people, toterritorial Specialized Central Public Administration Public Administration Section 1 integrity,preparationsystem, and the Constitutional oforganization the population, democracy.(2) economy The structure of the national of the Army, the defence and Structure ( I) Ministries shall he organized only in ARTICLE 115 territoryshallthe military apply for the accordinglyshall defence, be regulated as to wellthe bypolice as(3) an Provisions under paragraphs (1) organictheand status law. security of and (2) other subordinationauthorities.Ministries,organized in to orsubordination the as Government.autonomous to the administrative Government(2) Other specializedor agencies may be prohibited.militarycomponentsservices activities of of the the State,Armed outside Forces.as a wellState(4) asauthority Theto organization of military or para- is Establishmentfunction in accordance with the law.(I) Ministries shall be set up, organized, and ARTICLE 116 Supremelaw.territory ofCouncil Romania of but on terms(5) established No foreign troops may enter or cross theby onlyspecializedthethereof. authorization if the lawagencies acknowledges of thein their Court subordination, theof (2)Audit, competence The setGovernment but up and Ministries may. on Nationalshall unitarilyDefence organize and co-ordinateThe Supreme the Council of National Defence ARTICLE 118 may58 be established by an organic law.(3) Autonomous administrative authorities nationalactivities216 security. concerning the country's defence and 59 Basic principles Local Public Administration Section 2 viewinterest.function to carry inout accordance (2) The County the public Council shall be with the law. services of county elected and administrativelocal autonomy units and is baseddecentralization on thePublic principle of Administration public of ARTICLE 119 in territorial- The Prefecteach county and in (1) The Government ARTICLE 122the Municipality shall appoint a of Bucuresti. Prefect in Communalservices. and town authorities ARTICLE 120 Governmentanddecentralized other atcentral public (2) The Prefect local level and agenciesis the in representativeservices of the shall directthe territorial- any Ministries of the Mayorsimplemented,which local elected, autonomy shall in accordance be in the communes Local with (I)Councils the and The law. towns Public and is Administration authorities, by establishedadministrativeadministrativeCouncil, by oflaw.units. a Local court, an (3)(4) The The powers Prefect may Council, or of athe Mayor, Prefect actchallenge, of the in The act thus shall beCounty the in accordancemanageautonomous public with administrativeaffairs the law. in communes authorities(2)(3) The Authorities Local and Council under and paragraph Mayors shall(1) may act asalso and towns, in challengedcase he deems shall Judicial Authoritybe suspendedCHAPTER de jure.VIit unlawful. Countysubdivisionsbe constituted Council of municipalities.in the territorial-administrative Administration of justice Courts of Law Section 1 activityAdministration of Commune authority and Town co-ordinating Councils,(1) The with County the a Council is the Public. ARTICLE 121 onlylaw. to the law. (1)(2) Judges shall Justice shall he rendered ARTICLE 123 be independent in the name of and subject the 60 61 , 41. 1. **I I =II =I I111 OM NM MN OM =II ON IIIIIII NIB MI MN OM lint . MO MI Status of Judges Right to have an interpreter Romania shall be irremovable, according( I ) Judges to appointed by the ARTICLE 124 President of of the the Romanian. (1)(2) Procedure Citizens belonging shall to ARTICLE 127 benational conducted minorities, in law.Promotion,termSupreme JudgesThe of sixPresident Courtmay years, transfer, he of anddecided Justice and may andother shall uponhe sanctionsreinvested beJudgesonly appointed by the against in office.Superior for a Courtofspeakas allwell acts Romanianand as and personsformtllate files have of thethe case,right to who cannot understandconclusions, or through an speaktake cognizance before the theCouncil law. of the Magistracy, in accordance incompatible with 1 ensuredinterpreter; free in of criminal charge. trials, this right shall he thatwithCourts of any an ofotheracademic law public professorial or private activity. office,(2) The except office of a Judge shall be concernedUseways of appeal of appeal,and the inPublic accordanceAgainst decisions of the Court, ARTICLE 128 Ministry may exercise with the law. the parties Supreme Court of Justice and (1)other Justice courts shall he administered ARTICLE 125 by the thePolice Courts in ARTICLE 129 establishedprohibited. by law. (2)(3) The Competence setting up and of courtsprocedure of of courts exception is shall disposal. Courts of law shall have police Section 2 placed at their he Publicityregulated of by debates law. ARTICLE 126 MinistryRole of Public The Public Ministry cases provided62 by law. Proceedings shall be public, except for 218the Ministry shall represent general(I) interests Within of judicialthe activity, the ARTICLE 130 Public 63 1---- citizens'intopowerssociety public rights throughand prosecutor'sand defend freedoms.Public legal Prosecutors, offices, order, inas(2) accordance wellconstituted The as Public the Ministry shall discharge its tobythis vote. the case, Minister the proceedings of Justice, who shall shall be(2) The Superior Council of Magistracy shall presidedhave over no right Statuswith ofthe Public law. Prosecutors ARTICLE 131 CourtpresidedJudges,perform of Justice. theinover which role by the ofcase aPresident disciplinary proceedings of the council Supreme shall for be underlegality,activity. the impartialityin authority accordance of andthe Minister withhierarchical the of(2)(1 principle Justice.) The Public control. office Prosecutorsof of a Public shallProsecutor carry out shall their be Economy and public finance TITLE IV activity..office,incompatible except withthat ofany an other academic public professorial Section 3 or private Economy ( 1 ) Romania's economy is a free market ARTICLE 134 Composition Superior Council of the Magistracy ARTICLE 132 competition,economy. a)(2) The State must secure: a free trade, protection of loyal favourable inyearsconsist a joint by of thesession. magistrates Chamber of elected Deputies for and a termThethe Senate, Superiorof four Council of the Magistracy shall economic,factorframework of production; financialin order toand stimulate currency h)and activity; protection value every of national interests in provision of a shallPowers nominate Judges and Public Prosecutors( I ) The Superiorfor Council of the Magistracy ARTICLE 133 conformity with national interests;e)cl)c) promotionenvironmental exploitation of national protectionof natural scientific and resources. recovery, research: asin 64thoseappointment on probation, by the Presidentin accordance of Romania. with the law. In except increasewell as preservation the quality of life.the ecologicalf) creation balance; of all necessary conditions so as to - 219 NM NM 65 MI I= Property ARTICLE 135 subdivision, the (2) The national currency is Ban. the Leu. with its (3)(2)(1) PropertyThePublic State property is shall public protect belongs or private. property. to the State or its NationalBudget Public 137 territorial-administrativehydropowercommunication, availabilities the units. air and space, those(4) waterswhich Subsoil can with he riches of any nature, ways of comprise the (I) The National PublicState budget, ARTICLE and the local the State social Budget shall budgets of establishedandwaters,used the for continentalnatural the bypuhlic law,resources shelf, interest,shall asbeof beaches,welltheexclusively economic as other territorial public assets zone communes,securityState budget budget towns (2) The Government and State social and counties. shall annually security budget, Parliament for draft the self-managedTheyproperty. may be taken public over companies for administration(5) orPublic-owned public by assets shall be inalienable. whichapproval.on it theshall State submit (3) If the Law on social security budget the Stateseparately budget to and the Law fail to be of concession,institutions,with the law, in or accordance inviolable. may he leasedwith the or(6) law. granted Private inproperty shall be, in accordance thepassedbudget budgetarycontinue by atand to Stateyear, be applied least three days social security budget the previous year'suntil adoption of before expiration the new Stateshall controlFinancial of system the financial resources of the(1 )State, Formation, of administration, use and ARTICLE 136 budgets.and executed in accordance(4) Local(5) Nobudgets budget shall he drafted,expenditure with the law. shallapproved he 66institutionsterritorial-administrative shall be regulated unitsby law. and public 220 established.approved unless its financing source has been 67 State Taxesbudget and and duties State (I) Taxes, duties ARTICLE 138 and any other revenue of the Constitutional Court TITLE V underby thehe thelocal established terms of the only (2) Local taxes and or county councils, by law. social securityduties shall budget be within limits and established shall Structure (1) The Constitutional ARTICLE 140 Court consists of nine Court of Audit (1) The Court of ARTICLE 139 law. threeChamberyears,Judges, by thethat of appointed PresidentDeputies, cannot be forof prolonged (2) Three Judges shall threea by term the Romania. ofSenate, office and of nine be appointed by the or renewed. powers.sector.financialon theas The provided formation, Courtresources by shall law. of administration and Audit shall exercisethe State andalso thehave jurisdictional use of the controlpublic bytermelect, one ofthird by three secret of years.its (4)(3) The Judges Constitutional of the Constitutional vote, the President thereof, for Judges every three Court shall be renewed Court shall years. in a year.BudgetParliament including administration on cases the of (2) The Court of Audit accounts of the National in the expiredmismanagement. shall annually budgetary report to Public forQualificationorganic appointmentaccordance law. with the provisions of the Court's it, managementthefindings. Senate, the of publicCourt (3) At request of the of resources.Audit shall and Chambercheck report of Deputies theon or experiencecompetencegraduated in juristical law,and and Judges of the ConstitutionalARTICLE Court 141 at have high professionalleast eighteen must have years subjectirremovable,by to Parliament, the incompatibilities according (4) Members of the shall he independent Court ofto Audit, the law. They shall be the law provides appointed and Incompatibilitieslaw. ARTICLE 142 or academic activities in MI OM OM MI MI 68for judges. 22-1 is incompatible OMThe MOoffice of MI ION ON MI- with any othera Judge public at Constitutional or private Court 69 OM OM OM MB II1 activity.office,Independence except that and of academic proffesorial tofor -confirm the election the ballot of the returns; President d)of toRomania guard the observance of the procedure and irremovability e) to ascertain the circumstances which justify independent in the exercise of theirJudges office of andthe Constitutional Court shall be ARTICLE 143 suspendandRomania,the interimthe Government; the and in President the to reportexercise of its Romania of findings office fromof 1)to President toParliament office;give advisory opinion on the proposal to of Powersirremovable during the term of office. ARTICLE 144 andfor to the confirm organization its returns; and holding ofh)g) ato referendum, checkguard onthe compliance observance with of thethe procedureconditions laws,following before powers: promulgation, upon notificationa)The to Constitutionaladjudicate by on the Court constitutionality shall have the of tutionalitycitizens;for the exerciseof a political of the party. legislativei) to initiative decide byon objections of unconsti- eitherthenumberGovernment, President Chamber of atof the leastRomania, Supremeof 50Parliament, Deputies by Court the presidentof or Justice, at least ofby 25 a by the ConstitutionalDecisions of the Court (1) In cases of unconstitutionality, in ARTICLE 145 Senators.notification.Standingre\ ise the as Constitution;well by as,the expresident officio, cif on either initiativesh) to Chamber, adjudicate to on the constitutionality of the Orders of Parliament, upon leastagainreturnedandaccordance h),two in the forthirds same reconsideration.withlaw of formulationorArticlethe standingmembers 144 If by subparagraphs oftheorders aeach majoritylaw Chamber,isshall passed of be a)at 50bycourts Deputiesa parliamentary of law or at as least to group the 25 unconstitutionality Senators;or a numberc) of to at decide ofleast laws on exceptions brought to the removed,thebebinding. objection binding and and ofpromulgation effectiveunconstitutionality only thereoffor(2) the Decisions future. shall beheThey of the Constitutional Court shall and statutory70 orders; 222 shallRomania. be published in the Official Gazette of 71 Revision of the Constitution TITLE VI dateby a ofreferendum passing the held draft or proposal(3) The revision shall be final after approval within 30 days from the of revision. RevisionInitiative of (1) Revision of the ARTICLE 146 RevisionLimits of ARTICLE 148 with leastnumberof initiatedthe 500,()00 Government. of Deputieshv thecitizens President orby Senators,at least one as wellwith the right to of RomaniaConstitution quarter of the on proposal vote. asmay by heat integrity,Republicanregardindivisible to independencethe formnational,character of government, independent, ofof thethe Romanianjudiciary, unitary(1) politicalThe State, provisir the ns of this Constitution territorial and of numberthe13ucuresii. Constitution of the counties (2) The citizens who respective counties or in the must belong to at least half in the initiate the revision ofcountry, and in each Municipality the resuitspluralismsubject in to and therevision. officialsupression language of the shall(2) citizens' Likewise, not no revision shall be made if it be RevisionProcedurerecorded of in support of this initiative.at least 20.(X)0 signatures must he ;during:fundamentalwartime.safeguards a state of thereof. siege rights or and emergency, freedoms,(3) or The orat theConstitution shall not be revised adopted by the Chamber ( I t The draft or ARTICLE 147 proposal of revision of Deputies and must he the Final and transitory provisions TITLE VII andmediation themember.Senate. Senate h% of shalla each Chamber. (2) If no procedure. the Chambermajority of agreement of at least twocan thirds he reached by a decide thereupon, in Deputies of the Coming into force This Constitution shall come into force on the ARTICLE 149 am se um sr ea um Ns am we am am sr Ns am le 72thesession, number by ofthe vote of Deputies and Senators. at least three quarters of joint remainsday,date ofthe its fullyConstitution adoption abrogated. by of referendum. August 21.223 On 1965 the is same and 73 110111111111111111111111111111111111111111S1111111111111101611111111111 ofTemporal laws conflict remain in foie in so far (1) The laws and all other normative ARTICLE 150 they are not contradicting acts shall designateChamberrespectively.shall be appointed one of JudgeDeputiesThe forPresident a term(2) Judges of the each for every term.first Constitutional Court and the Senate shall of 3, 6 and 9of years Romania, the of Lawmonthsthelegislation provisions on itsfrom organization. with the of date thisthis Constitution. of examine(2) The Legislative Council shall, within coming Constitutioninto force of theand shall the compliance 12 Currenttoaccordingly the InstitutionsGovernment. advance as proposals the to Parliament ARTICLE Isl case may he. or settingConstitutionexistence up atof thetheshall datenew remain ofinstitutions. in (1) The Institutions of the coming into force of this operation until the Republic in Romania,session,Chamberin accordance ofon within Deputies proposal with 6the months and law. the from(2I The new Supreme Court of by the President of he appointed by theSenate. in a joint Justice shall. Futurecoming Institutions into force of this Constitution. ARTICLE 152 the date of Courtinto force and ofthe this Court Constitution. of Audit (I) Within 6 months from the date shall he set the Constitutional of coming up. . BEST 74 COPY MIAILea 224 75 CONTENTS Page General principles TITLE I 7 Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties TITLE II 1 I Common provisions CHAPTERCHAPTER II I 11 I undamentalFundamental duties rights and freedoms CHAPTER III 14 Advocate of the Peop'e CHAPTER IV 3028 L MI OM MI I= MI 225 I11 77 r Page SECTION 2 Page Public authorities CHAPTERTITLE IIII 11 % al Public Administration CHAPTER V1 60 Parliament SECTION I 11 of Law Authority SECTION I 61 StatusOrganization of Deputies and Functioning and Senators sEc-rif )N -2 15 k. Nfinistry SECTIONSection 3 63 Legislation CHAPTER II SECTIO\ 3 17 onpco r\ Council and public of the finance Magistracy TITLE IV 6564 The GovernmentPresident of Romania CHAPTER III 4250 ,,,.!;no:!:Itional t the Constitution Court TITLETITLE VI V 7269 Relations between Parliament and the Government CHAPTER IV 55 1 And iransitory provisions TITLE VII 73 Public Administration CHAPTER V SECTION I 58 78Specialized Central Public Administration 58 226 79 11,,.) am au =I ow am CONSTITUTION OF THE , in Order we la forPosterity,thedefence,sureto form the Blessingsdomestic a promote moredo ordain Tranquility, perfectof theLiberty and general Union, establish provide to Welfare,establishourselves this for Constitutionthe Justice,and andcommon secure our in- Article. I. ofed Representatives.shall be vested in a Congress of theSection.Section. 1. All2. The legislative House ofPowers Representatives hereinwhich grant- shall shall consist of a Senate and House ofrequisiteElectorsYearbe thecomposed by State inthefor each ElectorsLegislature.People of State Members ofof shall thethe severalhavemost chosen thenumerous States, QualificationseveryNo andsecondBranch Person the shall be a Representative who shall habitantandnot have been ofattained seven that State toYears the in Agewhich a Citizen of hetwenty shall of the fivebe[Representatives chosen. Years, and direct Taxesand shall who be shall ap- not, when elected, be an In- be Years,includingbyrespectiveportionedincluded adding and within thoseamongtoexcludingNumbers, the boundthiswhole the IndiansUnion, whichseveral toNumber Service notaccordingshall States taxed, of be forfree determinedwhich three ato Persons,Term their fifthsmay of *Changedof all other by sectionPersons.r 2 of Thethe Fourteenth actual Enumeration Amendment. 1 227 shallwithinMeeting be madeevery of the subsequentwithin Congress three Term of Years the of . ten after Years, the firstin such ., and suchMeeting Vacancies.]* of the Legislature, which shallNo Person shall be a Senator who shall not then fill shallonethirtyofManner Representatives Representative; beThousand, made,as they the shallbut Stateshall each andby ofnot LawStateuntil exceed direct. suchshall onehaveenumeration The for atnumber Leastevery ...e shall Stateninehave Years attainedfor which a Citizen to thehe shallofAge the ofbe thirty chosen. Years,The and Vice been Presidentnot, ofwhen the _elected, be an Inhabitant of -s, and who shall that be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, _ and . . ; one, unless they be equally divided.President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, fromfive, andany State, the Executive AuthorityWhen thereof vacancies happen in the.i ten,Representation - five, eight, three. six, five, one, - , four, six, and also a President prothe tempore, Vice President, in theThe Absence or SenateSenate when shall heshall shall have chuse exercise the their sole the otherPowerof President Officers, to try all of the shallPowerSpeaker issue of Writsand Impeachment. other of Election Officers; to andfill suchshall Vacancies. haveThe the House sole of Representatives shall chuse their withoutshalldentImpeachments. ofbepreside: the theon ConcurrenceOath And When or noAffirmation. sifting Person of two for shall thirdsthat When bePurpose, of convicted the Presi-Mem- theypresent. is tried, the Chief Justice and[chosenshall each be composedby Senator the Legislature ofshall two have Senators thereof, one fromVote.]' for eachsixImmediatelySection. Years; State, 3. The after Senate they shallof the be assembled in PartyJudgment convicted in shallCases nevertheless of Impeachment Trustbe liablefurther orshall Profitand not than under to removalthe from Office, and to hold and enjoy any Office of ,: but TheConsequencethebedivided Seats vacated second ofas atthe equallyClassof the Senatorsthe Expiration atfirst as the may Election, ofExpiration thebeof theintofirst theysecond three Classof shallthe Classes.Year, shall fourth be of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives,Section. 4. The Times, Placesaccording andto Manner Indictment,to Law. of Trial, Judgment and Punish- Legislaturenation,secondsixthYear, Year,and Year;or of otherwise,ofso the [and anythat third State,ifone VacanciesClass thirdduring the at Executivemay the the happen Expirationbe Recess chosen thereof by Resig-of everyof may thethe theLawtureshall Places thereof; makebe prescribed ofor but chusingalter the such inCongress Senators.each Regulations, State may by atThe the exceptany CongressLegisla- time as byto shall assemble at least once in 2*Changedmake temporary by the Seventeenth Appointments Amendment. until the next every'Changed Year, byand the such Seventeenth Meeting shallAmendment. be [on the first 3 OM MI OM MS MB MO OM 228 SIM OM MI MI OM Ell OM OM MO OM INN III Members,theappointMonday Elections, aand in different ReturnsDecember, a Majority andDay. j Qualificationsof unless each theyshall shall constituteofSection. its by own Law 5. Each House shall be the Judge of OfficeduringanyEmoluments civil undersuch Office time;the underwhereof and the no shall Authority Person have ofholdingbeen the encreased any which shall have been created, or the shall be a Mem- Houseinizedmaya Quorum such toadjourn compel mayManner, to provide fromdo the Business;and Attendanceday under to day, butsuch ofand a Penaltiesabsentsmaller may Members,be Number asauthor- each SenateoriginateOffice.ber of eithermay in thepropose House House or during of concur Representatives; his with Continuance AmendmentsSection. but the 7.in All Bills for raising Revenue shall ings,expelhaviour,Proceedings, anda Member. and, from punish with time the itsto ConcurrenceMemberstime publish for disorderlyofthe twoEach same, thirds, HouseHouse Be-ex- shall may keep determine a Journal the of Rulesits Proceed- of its thebecomesof asRepresentatives on other a Law, Bills. be and presented the Senate, to the shall, President beforeEvery of Billit which shall have passed the House If he approve he shall sign it, Membersceptingteredatrequire the onDesiresuch ofSecrecy; the either Parts Journal.of one House andas fifth may the on of Yeas inany those their question and Present, Judgment NaysNeither shall, beof en-the House, during the Session of Con- Journal,Reconsiderationwhotobut that if shall andnot House proceed heenter shall in the whichtwo toreturn Objectionsreconsider thirds it it,shall withof it.thathaveat his Iflarge Houseafter originated,Objections on such shalltheir gress,sitting.Placejourn shall, forthan morewithout that inthan thewhich three Consent the days, two of norHousesthe toother,Section. any shall ad-other be6. The Senators and Representatives beButtwoshalltheagree determined Objections,inthirds likewise toall pass such of the thatbeCases by toBill,reconsidered, House,yeas the the it othershallandVotes it Nays, shall be House,of and sent, both become andif togetherapprovedHousesby the which Namesa Law.shall with by it beexcepturyshall privilegedascertained of receive theTreason, a from Compensationby Felony Law, Arrest andand during paid Breach for outtheirtheir ofof Services, Attendance thethe Peace,Treas- to :. They shall in all Cases, shalldenttively.beof withinthehaveentered PersonsIf beenany ten on Bill Dayspresented thevoting shall Journal (Sundays for not to and be ofhim, returnedagainsteachexcepted) the House Same theby aftertheBill shall Presi- shallit respec- TimebeSpeechgoingat thequestioned forSessionto or and which Debate returning ofin hetheirany in was either other fromrespective elected, House,Place.the same; beHouses, they appointed and shallNo forand Senator anynot into or Representative shall, during the Concurrenceitsunlessbe aReturn, Law, the Congressin in like which of Manner theby Case their Senate asit Adjournment shallif he and nothad Housebe signed Everya Law. it,of Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the prevent 4"Changed by section 2 of the Twentieth Amendment. 229 questionRepresentatives of Adjournment) may be necessary shall be (exceptpresented on to a 5 Samethe President shall take of Effect,the shall be approved , and before the To raise and support Armies, but no Appropri- prescribedatives,twoor being thirds according disapprovedin of the the Case to Senate the ofby Rules him,and House shall be of repassed a Bill. and Limitations Represent- by him, by lationTermation than of of the twoMoney land Years; and to that naval Use shall beTo makeprovide Rules and for maintain the Government Forces;a Navy; for a longer and Regu- formbutDefencetolay all pay throughoutand Duties, and thecollect general Debts Imposts Taxes, the Welfareand Duties,and provide of Section. & The Congress shall ExcisesImposts shall and be Excises, uni- the for the common have Power To ciplining,cuteand the repel Laws the Invasions; Militia,of the Union, and for ToTo provide provide for for organizing, calling forth the Militia suppress Insurrections arming, and dis- to exe- anand Tribes; among the several States, To regulateborrow Money Commerce on the with credit and with the Indi-foreign Nations, of the disciplineAuthorityly,Unitedof the them Appointment States, ofprescribedas trainingmay reserving be employedtheby of Congress;Militia to the States therespective- Officers, and the ingoverning the Service such of Part the according to the ofthroughoutand foreign uniform Coin, the Laws and fix the ToTo coin establish Money, an regulate uniform the Rule on the subject of Bankruptcies Standard of Weights Value thereof,of Naturalization, and theStates,Mileswhatsoever, Seat ofsquare) and the the overGovernment asAcceptance such District of To exercise exclusive may, by Cession of particular Legislation in all Cases of the Congrecs,(not exceeding become ten ingand theMeasures; Securities and current CoinToTo establish provide Post for Officesthe Punishment and post Roads;of counterfeit-of the needfulofStatechased Forts,and in to by whichMagazines,Buildings; exercise the theConsent likeSame And Authority ofshall Arsenals, dockA'ards and other the Legislature of the be,over for theall PlacesErection pur- tiveandful Arts, InventorsWritings by securing andthe exclusiveDiscoveries; for limited ToTo constitute promote Tribunals the Progress inferior of Right to their respec- TimesScience to Authors and use- orstitutionPowers, properin any andin forDepartment the all carrying Governmentother Powers into Execution of theTo make all Laws which shall vested by this Con-the be necessary and foregoing thecommittedCourt; Law of onNations; the high Seas, and To declaredefine andWar, punish grant Letters Piracies Offenses againstto the supremeand Felonies thethinksuch Congress Persons proper astoprior anyadmit, to of the the Section. 9. The Migration shallor Officernot be prohibited thereof.Year by oneStates thousand now existingeight shall or Importation of 6LandReprisal, and and Water; make Rules concerning Captures on of Marque and larsposedhundred for on each andsuch Person.eight, Importation, but a Tax or duty may be im- not exceeding ten dol- 7 MS MI MI 230 IIIIII MI MN OM MI MP MI The Privilege of the INSWrit 11111, IIIIII MI NM NMI 11111 11011 it.Rebellionshall not or beInvasion suspended, the public No Bill of Attainder unless when in Cases of of SafetyHabeas may Corpus require theshallTreasuryon ImportsCongress. be subject of orthe Exports, to the Revisionshall be for and the Use of the . , and all such Laws Controul of tionunlessbe passed. herein in Proportion before directed No TaxCapitation, or Duty or shall other be to the Census or Enumera-or ex post facto Law shalldirect, Tax toshall be betaken.* laid, eignmentShipsgress, Power, orof lay CompactWar anyor in Duty time with ofof Peace, anotherTonnage, State, keep Troops,No State shall, without the Consent enter into any Agree- or with a for- of Con- or boundStatetioned fromover to,of Commerceor anythose from, State. of No Preference shall be or Revenueone State, to the be Portsobliged of toanother: enter, nor shall Vessels laidgiven on Articles by any export- Regula- one admitinvaded, of delay.or in such imminent enage inArticle. War, unless II. actually Danger as will not ReceiptsLaw;butclear, in and orConsequence pay anda regular DutiesExpenditures in No Money shall be Statement and Accountof Appropriations of drawnanother. from the Treasury, of all public Money made by the enYears, Heedfor in shalltheand, a President same holdtogether Term,his ofOfficewith the be the elected, Section. 1. The executive Power during the Term of four Vice President, chos- as followsshall be vest- Emolument,Consentof shallProfit be orof publishedTrustthe Office, Congress, No Title of Nobility .. And no Person holding any Office under them, shall, withoutfrom time to time. shall be grantedaccept by the of any present, the entitledandElectors,the Representatives Legislaturein theequal Congress: to thethereof whole Each State shall appoint, to which the State may bemay direct, a Number of Number of Senatorsin such Manner as Credit;Treaty,Marquefrom Alliance, makeany and King, any Reprisal; Thing Prince, Section. 10. No State or Confederation; grant Letters or Title, of any kind whatever,coin Money; oremit foreign Bills State. shall enter into any ofof States,appointedTrustRepresentative, or and Profit anvote Elector. byunder Ballot or thePerson for holding[The Electors shall meet two Persons, of butwhom no Senatorin their orrespective an Office of shall be bility.Obligationtainder,a Tender ex ofin postContracts,Payment facto of Debts; No State shall, without Law, or Law impairingor butgrant gold any and Title silver of No- Coin pass any Bill of At- the tify,VotesofStateone andall forat withthe transmit leasteach; Persons themselves. shall which sealed notvoted be And an Inhabitant List they shall sign andfor, tocer- and the ofSeat the of Number the Govern- of they shall make a List of the same 'SeeProducesaryor Congress,Exports, Sixteenthfor executingof all except layAmendment.Duties any it's what andinspectionImposts mayImposts, be absolutely laid by anyneces- State or Duties on Importsthe Consent of theLaws: and the net VotesRepresentatives,inofment shall the of then Senate.Presence the be openThe of all the counted. The PresidentPerson having of the the Senatethe shall, Senate and House of directed to the President Certificates, and the 8 231 greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, 9 artmoreNumber equalif such than Number of oneNumber Electors who of Votes,have beappointed; such then a Majority of the whole Majority, and have and if there hethe House of suchingty,of OfficerRemoval,both what of Officer shallthe PresidentDeath, act shall then and Resignation or Inabili- Viceact President, as President, declar- and shallPresident.thea Majority, oneRepresentativesbe said taken of Housethem But thenby inStates,for shallfrom chusing shallPresident; thein immediately five and if thelike President, Manner chusethe Votes the highest on the List no chusePerson by have Ballot behis bility increasedServices, be removed, a Compensation, The President shall, nor diminished during the Period for or a President shall be elected. ]° accordingly, untilat statedthe Disa- Times, receive for which shall neither Case,Statestwoeachpose thirdsState aftershall shall having ofthe beconsist the Choice States, of aof andMember necessary to a Choice.one Vote; In A quorum for this Pur- the Representationthe President, from the Per- a Majority of all theor Members from every he fromreceivewhichshall takethe he within shallthe following havethat Periodbeen Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, -., or any of them. Oathelected, or Affirmation:=1and he anyshall other not Emolument President.).theshouldElectorsson Senate having remain shall shall the be two chusegreatest the Vice Number or more who have equal Votes,from them by Ballot the President. But if there of Votes of the Vice tectandexecutedo solemnly willand the todefend Officethe best theof President swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully of my Ability,Constitution of the of the preserve, pro- . throughoutshallchusing give the their theElectors, Votes; and The Congress may determinewhich the Day Time shall of be the the Day on which they same hecalled inmay Chief into require the of actualthe Army Section. 2. The President,,,nd of the Militia of the Opinion, in writing, of theService of the and Navy of the shall be severalCommander States, when prin- bethe AdoptionCit:zen eligibleOffice of to of President; thethat this Office Constitution, No Person except a natural born Citizen,neither shall any , at shallthe time be eligible of the to person or a UnitedReprievesrespectiveuponcipal States, Officerany Offices,Subjectand exceptin Pardonseach andrelating of he the exxutive Departments,for Offensesshall against have Power to to the Duties of their grant the Office,fourteentained or ofYears to his the Death,a ResidentAge of thirty 1ln Case of the Removal Resignation,within the or Inabilitywho shall not haveof fivethe President Years, and from been at- Advicecur;provided andand and he Consent shallConsenttwo thirds nominate, of of He shall have Power, the Senate, to make in Cases ofthe Impeachment. Senators presentby and with the Advice and by and with the Treaties, con- and'tfice,to 'hangedthe discharge theCongress Same by thethe shall Twelfth Powers and may by Law provide fordevolve the on the Vice Amendment. Duties of the said Of- President, Case *ChangedofJudges Ambassadors,the of bythe the other public supreme Court, and all otherTwenty-Fifth Amendment. whose Appointmentsof the Senate, shall Ministers and Consuls, Officersappointare not Itt BEST COPY AvAILABLI 11 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110111011111111111111111111111 232 MI NMI MI IIIIII 10111 MI 11111 NM MI Courtstheyvestestablished thethinkherein of Appointment Law, proper, otherwise by Law: in providedofbut the The President shall or in the Heads of Departments. the President alone, in such inferior Officers,for, and Congresswhich shall may be by Law the as Authority;TreatiesConstitution,all Cases, made, to in the orall Law which LawsCases and shallof the Section. 2. The judicial Power shall Equity, arising underaffecting this Ambassadors, be made, under their extend to ; and theexpiretheVacancies Congress Senate, at the that Informatinnby End granting of Section. 3. He shall from may happen during the Recess their next Session.Commissionshave which Power shall to fillof the State of the time to time give to up all of States;Party;troversiesofother admiralty public to Controversies to Ministers andwhich the and [between a State and Citizens maritime Jurisdiction; to Con- between twoConsuls;to or more all Cases of anothershall be a of venedient;MeasuresDisagreemention, both he and may, asHouses, recommend he shall or either on extraordinary Occasions,between them, with to judgetheir Consideration necessary and of them, and in Case Respect to expe-con-such Un- CitizensState,underbetweenState;j* or orGrantsthe CitizensbetweenSubjects.j* Citizens of differentof Citizensthereof, the of In all Cases affecting same StateAmbassadors, claiming Lands other pub-States, [and between a and foreign States,different States, ecuted,he receivetotheshall suchand Time take shall AmbassadorsTime of Care Adjournment, as that he shall and Commission all the Officers the Laws be faithfully otherthink public proper;he Ministers; may he adjourn shall them ex-of Exceptions,latementioned,originalStatelic Jurisdiction, Ministers shallJurisdiction. the andbe andParty,both under In the all supreme Court ',hallConsuls, have appel- and those in whichas to Law and Fact, with suchsupreme Court shall have the other Cases before a victionmovedall thecivil United fromof, Officers Treason, Office States. of Section. 4. The President, on theImpeachmentBribery, for, or andother Con- high Vice President and , shall be re- Crimes havebepeachment; Congressheld been in committed;the shallshall State bemake. by The Trial of all Crimes, where the said Crimes shallbut whenJury; notand committed suchsuch TrialRegulations shall as theexcept in Cases of Im- and Misdemeanors. Article. III. in adheringshalldirected.orwithin consistPlaces toany their onlyas State, the in Congressthe Section. 3. Treason against levying War against them,Trial shall be at such Place may by Law havethe or Officesof timeinthe such supreme toduring timeinferior ordaingoodand Courts and Section. 1. The judicial be vested in one inferior Courts, shall hold establish.as the Congress The Judges, may from both Powersupreme of the Court, and their PunishmentsameunlessComfort. overt on Act, Noofthe Treason, PersonorTestimony on shall The Congress shall Enemies, giving them Aid Confessionand inhave open Power Court.but no to Attainderdeclareof two thebe of Witnesses convicted Trea- ofto Treasonthe 12Continuancetion,ed Times, which receive in shall Office. notfor Behaviour,their Services,be and diminished shall, during a Compensa- at stat- their *Changedattainted.exceptson shall by workthe Eleventh Corruption during the Amendment.Life of Blood, or Forfeiture of the Person 233 13 Section. 1. Full Faith and Article. IV. Credit shall be given State.Claims of the Section. 4. The 3, or of any particular shall guarantee shallnerCongress dicialinbe in each proved,which Proceedings may State such byand to general Acts, the of public Acts, Records,theevery Effect other thereof. State; AndRecords the andLaws Proceedings prescribe the Man- and ju- cannotlature,againstGovernment,to beevery or Invasion;convened) of State the and Executive in and againstthisshall Union on Application of the Legis- protect(when each the of Legislature thema Republican Formdomestic of Violence. Felony,inentitled the or several toother all PrivilegesCrime, States. and A PersonSection. charged 2. The Citizensin who shall flee from any State with Treason,Immunities ofof Citizens each State shall be Justice, The Congress, whenever Article. V. two thirds of both havinghe ofandfled, the be Jurisdictionbe executive found delivered in anotherof [No Person held to Authority of the State from up, to be removed to the Statethe Crime.Service or LabourState, in shall on Demand which one validingseveralplicationAmendmentsHouses Amendments, to States, all shall Intentsof shallthe todeem thiscall Legislatures of two thirdswhich, of the in either Case, shallConstitution,it necessary, shallor, on thea Ap- Convention for propos- propose be of iceRegulationanother,State,the orParty Labour, under shall,to therein, whom thebut in shall be ConsequenceLaws thereof, of escaping anysuch Law Servicedischarged or Labour frombe delivered such Serv- up on Claim may into or Congress;othertionsthreeConstitution, Mode fourthsin Provided threeof Ratification of whenfourths the ratified and Purposes,several States, or by Conven-thereof, as the one may be proposed by theby the Legislatures of as Part of this or the otherbeCongress be formedState; duel" norintoor erected this Union; Section. 3. New States any State be formed by the within the Jurisdiction of maybut be no admitted new State by theshall Junc- any sent,firstfirsthundred Article;mayshall and be be fourthand made anddeprived eight prior to the Clauses in the Ninth Sectionthat no State, withoutshall in any Mannerthat affect no Amendmentof it's equalwhich Suffrage inYear One thousand eight its Con- of the the andStateswithouttion make of concerned two theall needfulConsentor The Congress shall more States, or Partsas well of as of the Congress. of the Legislatureshave Power of to dispose States, the of Senate. All Debts contracted Article. VI. the 'Changedstitutioningrespecting to the by shall the the Thirteenth beTerritory so construed as to Prejudice or otherand Property nothingRules belong- in and this Regulations Con- any Constitution,be into,as valid before against theas underAdoption This Constitution, the and the Laws ofthe the Confederation.and Engagementsof this Constitution, entered shall under this 14 Amendment. 234 and all Treaties which shall be made made, or which shall in Pursuance thereof; be made, 15 MI MO 1111111 everyundertheII1 Statesupreme the shall AuthorityOM Law be boundof oftheNM the Land;thereby, and Ellany the Thing Judges IR in in NM NM shall be latures,tioned,trarythe Constitution notwithstanding. andand theall executiveMembers or Laws andof of the anyjudicial several State Officers, Stateto theThe Legis- Con- both Senators and Representatives before men- 4 TrustquiredConstitution;beof thebound under as byathe Qualification Oathbut no or religious Affirmation, to Test shallto support this and of the several States, shall any Office or public ever be re- thethisStates, Same.Constitution shall be betweensufficient the for States the EstablishmentdoneThe Ratification in Convention of of theby theConventions Unanimous of Con- nine Article. VII. so ratifying TwelfthSeptembersent of In theWitness Statesin the whereof Yearpresent of We the Seventeenth Day of iCe of the our Lord -to (..-± t thein- FoTv scribed our Names, nave tereunto sub- S 16 235 TO THE CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS Amendment I.* OF THE d exerciseestablishmentCongress thereof; shall of religion,make or abridging no or prohibiting the right of the peoplelaw respecting an the freedom of the free .5 Governmentpeaceablyspeech, or ofto the forassemble, press,a redress or of grievances. Amendment II. and to petition the 3, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to e tothe keep security and of bear a free Arms, State, the right Amendment III. shall not be infringed. of the people quarteredtothe be Owner, prescribed in any nor house, in by time law. of war, No Soldier shall, withoutin time the of consentpeace beof but in a manner 236 21 IIIIII UM MI persons, houses, papers, and effects, The right of the Amendment IV. people to be secure in their In Suits at common law, where the value in Amendment VII. searched,andprobablelated,reasonable particularly and cause, and searchesno theWarrants supported and shall by Oath personsdescribing or things tothe be place seized. to be seizures, shall not be vio- issue, but upon or affirmation, against un- rulesCourtbyofcontroversy triala juryof of by thethe shalljury commonshall shall be exceedotherwise be law. preserved, twenty re-examined dollars,and no factthe in right triedany Amendment VIII. than according to the inpresentment tal,cases or arising otherwise or indictment in the infamous land of a Grand No person shall be held Amendment V. to answercrime, for unless a capi- on a Jury, except mentssive fines inflicted. imposed, nor cruel and unusualExcessive punish- bail shall not be required, nor exces- nalof lifefororthe case public theorMilitia, limb,to same bedanger; whena offence witness norin actual shall nor shall be compelled in to be twice put in jeopardy against himself, noranyservice be person inor timenaval be subjectof forces, War or in any crimi- othersrights retained shall not by be the construed people. to denyThe or disparage enumeration in the Constitution of certain Amendment IX. forprocessdeprived public of of law;use life, withoutnor liberty, shall orprivate Amendment VI. just compensation. property, without due property be taken by the Constitution, nor prohibited byThe it topowers the not delegated to the Amendment X. In all criminal 11 toStates, the people. are reserved to the States respectively, or toshallcrimeimpartialenjoy be have informedtheshall jury rightbeen have of to ofthe beena the speedyState and and district previously ascertained by law,prosecutions, and the accused shall committed;nature which and district cause of the public trial, by an wherein the not be construed to extend to The Judicial Amendment XI.* power of the shall obtaining22assistanceagainstaccusation; witnesses him; of to counselto be have inconfronted his for compulsory favor, his with and the defence. processto have for the witnesses equity, commencedThe eleventh or prosecuted Amendment against one of was ratifieL any suit in law or 237 23 bythe Citizens_ . or Subjects of any Foreign State. Amendment XII.* by Citizens of another State, or numberPresidentthePresidentday death of of or March- votes -J'othershall The as nextactconstitutional personVice-President, as following, President, having disability as thenthe shall in greatest thethe beof case Vice- thethe of President,states,shallinhabitant and name onevote of in ofthe bytheir whom, sameballot ballots state atfor least, the Presidentwith person shall themselves; notvotedandThe be Vice Electorsfor an they as shall meet in their respective consistVice-President;numberssonwholeVice-President, have number of onatwo-thirds majority, the of if list, Electorsasuch quorum ofthe thennumber the Senateappointed, wholefromfor be the shallthea number majoritypurpose and two choose if highestofno of shall Sen-per- the signallPresident, numberlistsforpersons and as of Vice-President,certify, all andofvoted personsvotes in andfordistinct for astransmit voted Vice-President,each, and ballots forthey sealedwhich as theshall President, persontolists make theand they seat of voteddistinct and theshall of of betionallybeators, necessary and ineligible a majority to a choice. to the of officethe But whole no of person President number constitu- shall to that of Vice-President of the andHouseSenatethe Presidentgovernmentthe of shall,votes Representatives, ofinshall theof thethen Senate;presence be open counted; The of all Presidentthe the SenateThe certificates person of and the directed to thevitude, party except shall haveas a punishmentbeen duly convicted, for crimeSection shall whereof exist 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- Amendment XIII.** threesonsifofshallhaving no the personbe havingon whole the the the greatestPresident, have list thenumber ofhighestsuch numberthose if ofmajority, such Electors numbersvoted of number votes thenfor appointed; not as forfrombe President, exceedingaPresident, majority the per-and forcetheirwithin jurisdiction. this the article by appropriate legislation.Section 2. Congress shall have power to en- or any place subject to ately,thequorumrepresentationPresident, House by ballot, of for Representatives the this the votesfrom purposePresident. eachshall shall state shallbe But taken consisthaving choosein choosing by immedi-one ofstates, a vote; mem-the the a Statethereof,the wherein are citizensthey reside. of thc. No State shallSection make 1. All persons born or naturalized in Amendment XIV.' and suhiect to the jurisdiction ; and of the or choicenotchoice.aber majority orchoose members shall[And of devolve a ifall President the fromthe House statesupon two-thirds whenever of them,shall Representatives bebeforeof necessarythe the states,the right fourth shall toand of a I enforce any**The law whichThirteenth*Superseded shallment. Amendment abridge by section the was privileges 3ratified of the Twentieth Amend- 24 The Twelfth Amendment was ratified ""The Fourteenth Amendment 238 was ratified 25 MI 1111 I= NM OM MN MO NM MI MI MN tectiontoorshall anyimmunitiesproperty, any person of State the without withinlaws.of deprive citizens dueits anyjurisdiction processof personthe of of thelaw; lite, equal nor liberty, deny pro- ; nor debts,thebellionor obligation loss obligations against or emancipation incurred the and inclaims ofaid any of shall insurrectionslave; be butheld all illegalor such re- 1-,or any State shall assume or pay any debt , or any claim for tionedfortaxed.ofrespective persons the among Butchoice numbers,wheninthe each ofseveral theelectors State, countingright States forexcludingto voteaccordingPresident the atwhole any IndiansSection andto electionnumber their Vice not 2. Representatives shall be appor- i ofenforce,and this void. article. by appropriate legislation, theSection provisions 5. The Congress shall have power to isState,Congress,President denied or the oftothe theanymembers Executive of the of male and the JudicialLegislatureinhabitants officers thereof,of such of a , Representatives in the Section 1. The right of citizens of the ---b. shall not be denied or abridgedAmendment by XV.* or by any State cia account of _ . citizenstheceptofState, inthe basis forthe being participation shallproportionof representation twenty-one bear to which inthe yearsrebellion, wholetherein the of number age, numbershall or otherand beof reducedofcitizenssuch crime, male male Jr in any way abridged, ex- enforcerace, color, this orarticle previous by appropriate condition oflegislation. servitude.Section 2. The Congress shall have power to citizenstary,andRepresentative Vice under twenty-one President, the in Congress, years or hold of anyage or electoroffice, in such civilofSection State. President or mili- 3. No person shall be a Senator or ., or under any State, States,rived,lect taxes without and on withoutincomes, apportionment regardfrom whatever amongto any the censussourceThe several Congress de-or shall have power to lay and col- Amendment XVI.** berwho,supportasStates, of anhaving Congress, executive or the aspreviously Constitution a member or judicialas antaken of ofofficer any officerthe an State oath, of of legislature,the asany aUnited mem-State, orto shall enumeration. The Senate of the Amendment XVII.*** shall be com- ofthereof.thehave each same, engaged House,But or Congressgiven in remove insurrection aid may or such comfort by ordisability.a voterebellion to ofthe two-thirds enemies against 1 shalltortheposed shallpeople have haveof the thereof,two onequalifications Senators vote. for sixThe from electors each State, in each elected State by years; and each Sena- shallservicesincurred not infor be suppressing paymentquestioned. of insurrectionpensions But neither and or bountiestheSection rebellion 4.for The validity of the public debt of the ., authorized by law, including debts "'The Seventeenth"'The Sixteenth Amendment TheAmendment Fifteenth was ratified was Amendment ratifiee was ratified requisite for electors 26 239 27 latures.of the most numerous branch of the StateWhen legis- vacancies happen in the representation The right of citizens of the Amendment XIX.* - s to vote mayvacancies:of suchany empower State State inshall the issue executiveSenate, writs the thereofof executive election to make to authority fill tem-such Provided, That the legislature of any State ' articleStatesshall not orby bybeappropriate anydenied State or legislation. on abridged account byof sex.theCongress United shall have power to enforce this ento affectvacanciesporarybefore the itappointments becc-electionby election or termas untilthe of legislature any the Senator peopleThis chos- fill amendment the shall not be so construed as valid as part of the Consti- may direct. Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice Amendment XX.** tution. Amendment XVIII.* successorsticleinativesJanuary, Presidentwhich had at noon andnotsuch shall the shallbeenon terms termsthethen ratified;end 3d would begin. ofdayat Senators noon of andhave January, theon ended and theterms ofRepresent- 20thif the ofthis theirday of years ar- tiontationof this thereof of article intoxicating into, the ormanufacture, the liquors exportation within, sale, thereof theor[Section from 1. After one year from the ratification transpor-importa- iat;once noon inby onevery lawthe year,3dappoint day and of a suchJanuary,different unless day. they shallSection 2. The Congress shall assemble at least meeting shall begin ty shallbyjurisdictionthe prohibited. have concurrent thereof for beverage purposesSection is here- 2. The Congress and the several States and all territory subject to thepower to enforce this article pleen!becomeselectning shallchosen President. of have thebefore died, term Ifthe tilt ofa Presidenttime Vicethe President, fixedPresident shall for theelect thenot Section President haveshall 3. If, at the time fixed for the begin- byStates,toless appropriate the it Constitution shall as provided have legislation. been by inthe ratifiedthe legislatures Constitution, as an of amendment theSection withinseveral 3. This article shall be inoperative un- :vaselied;pactladed!ping asand wherein President ofto the hisqualify, Congress term,neither until then or aifmay thePresident the Vice byPresident law President shallelect provide elect have elect shallfor the have nor a Vice begin-quail- shall ofseven to the years States from by the the date Congress.j of the submission here- "plIalllone;rresident then who act electis toas'-`1,e actPresident,shall shallNineteenth have be or qualified, the Amendment selected, and such per-was ratified manner in which declaring who 28 The Eighteenth Amendment was ratifies u as repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment, '6, Twentieth Amendment was ratifies' 29 MN NM I= NM 240 =I NM MN Presidentson shall act shall accordingly have qualified. until a President or Vice Section 1. No person shall be elected to the Amendment XXII* fordevolvedawhom the President case the of upon House wheneverthe deaththem, of Representatives oftheand any right for of the ofthe choicecase persons mayofSection the fromchoose death 4. The Congress may by law provide shall have -11 shall be electedwhichassonoffice President, who toof some the thehas office President heldotherfor more ofthe person the officemore than President wasthan twoof President, electedyearstwice, more of and President a or termno per- to acted choicechooseof theany 15th of shalla theVice day havepersons ofPresident Octoberdevolved from wheneverfollowingwhom upon the them. theSenate ratificationSectionright may of 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on 1 Article!office was of President,notpersonthan prevent once. holding or But any acting this theperson Articleofficeas President, who of shall mayPresident notduring be applyholding when to thisanythe proposed by the Congress, and shall lessof fourthstothis it the shallarticle. Constitution of have the severalbeen byratified Statesthe legislatures as within an amendment sevenSection of three- years 6. This article shall be inoperative un- II the!term. term ingativewithin as from Presidentwhich holding this duringArticle the office becomesthe remainderof President oper-Section of or such2. act- This article shall be inoperative un- from the date of its submission. Section 1. The eighteenth article of amend. Amendment XXI* ifourthsIto the Constitutionless of theit shall several have omby ongress.States the been datelegislatures withinratified of its seven submissionas of an three- yearsamendment to the States by the herebymenttion to intorepealed. the any Constitution State, Territory, of the or possessionSection of the 2. The transportation or importa for delivery or use therein of intox .s is government of the Section 1. The Distrirf constituting the seat of Amendment XXIII." shall appoint in lessherebyicatingto it the shall liquors,prohibited. Constitution have in beenviolation by ratified conventions of the as anlaws amendment inthereof, theSection severa is 3. This article shall be inoperative un ventrict'residentuch wouldmanner more equal bethan asd entitled Representatives tothe the the Congress least wholeif it werepopulous numberA may innumbera State,Congress direct: State;of butSenatorsof electors tointhey whichno of the President Dis- and Vice sevenStates,to the years as States provided from"The by the Twenty-First the indate Congress.the of Constitution, the Amendment submission withirwas here° ratifiee hall beThe in Twenty- addition Second to those Amendmente appointedTwenty-Third was ratified by Amendment the was ratified 30 241 31 shalldent,posesStates,as providedmeetto of butbe inelectorsthey the by shallDistrict the appointed be and performby a the election of President and twelfth article of amendment. considered, for the pur- State; and they such dutiesVice Presi- Vicesuchmitspowersten declaration topowersPresident themand duties anda written asthat duties Actingof he his declaration isshall office, President.unable be anddischarged to to untildischarge theSection contrary,he bytrans- thethe 4. Whenever the Vice President and enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Section 2. The Congress shall have power Amendment XXIV.* to ofgressecutive thedenta majority mayHouse departmentspro by tempore ofof law Representativeseither provide, or of the of the principalsuch Senatetransmit othertheir officers and written bodyto the as of decla-Presi-Speaker Con- the ex- Presidentdent or orVice Vice President, President, or for Senatorelectors orSection Represen- 1. The right of citizens vote in any primary or other of the election for for Presi- ofshallration powersthe immediately thatoffice andthe as Presidentduties Acting assume of President.his is unableoffice,the powers tothe discharge Vice Thereafter,and Presidentduties the when the President transmits to the failurebytativeenforce the in to Congress, pay this anyarticle shallpoll by taxnot appropriate orbe other tax. legislation.Section 2. The Congress shall have power _ or any State by reason denied or abridged ofto thesumetenSpeakerPresident Vicedeclaration the Presidentof powers prothe Housethattempore and no ofainabilityduties majority Representatives of the of exisis, hisofSenate either office he histheandshall unless prin-writ- there- Vicedent fromPresident office shall or of become his death President. or resignation,Section 1. In case of the removal Amendment XXV.** of the Presi- the of PresidentRepresentativesmitothercipalthe withinSenate officersbody is fouras and unableof Congress thedays theirthe executive toSpeakerto written discharge the President department declarationof the Housepro or tempore that of ofsuch the may by law provide, trans- uponnominateofficeHouses confirmation of the aof Vice ViceCongress. President President, by who the shallSection 2. Whenever there is a vacancy a majority vote of both President shall take office in the writtenwithinforcideduties that the of twenty-one purposedeclaration,issue, his office. assembling if not daysThereupon or, in if aftersession. withinCongress receipt Congress forty-eightIf tne is of notCongress, theshall in hourslatter ses- de- powers and Speakerto the President of the*Thc House pro "rw.?r,ty-Fourth tempore of Representatives of AmendmentSection was 3. ratified Whenever the President the Senate and the transmits his writ- chargePresidentofquiredsion, both the within to Housespowers assemble,shall twenty-one continueandthat dutiesdeterminesthe President daysto of discharge his after by office, is two-thirdsCongress unable the the same Vice to isvote dis- re-as 32**lbe wenty-Fifth Amendment was ratified . IActing President;sume otherwise, the powers the and President duties ofshall his re- office.242 33 got Amendment of citizens of XXVI* the Statesvoteenforce shall or bynot this any be article by Section Section1. The right 2. The Congress ,vho are eighteen years denied or abridgedState on byaccount appropriate legislation. shall have powerof toage or older, of age. the United to vicesshalltake of effect,have the Senators until an No law, varying Amendmentintervened. the compensationelectionand of Representatives Representatives, XXVII* * for the ser- shall

'CongressThement Twenty-Sixth to the States as part submitted the text of the Amendment was ratified of the proposed Bill Twenty-Seventh Ame- July of Right,not rata together witil the (i-s The. Amendment was Amendments, which bet 34 effectiveMichigan.Amendment on was ratitied The TwentySevr- BEST COPY AVAILABLE 243 rag 111111 IIIII ME OM an .1111 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITEDWe the People of the United States, in Order STATES Posterity,thedefence,sureto formfor Blessingsdomestic the a promote moredoUnited ordain Tranquility, perfectof StatestheLiberty and general Union, establishof provide toAmerica. Welfare,establishourselves this for Constitutionthe Justice,and andcommon secure our in- ed States,shall be which vested shall in consist a Congress of a Senate of the andSection. United House 1. All legislative Powers herein grant- Article. I. beof ElectorsYearRepresentatives.composed by inthe each of People Members State of shall the chosen severalhave the every States, QualificationsSection. second and the2. The House of Representatives shall ofrequisite States,andnotthe haveState been for and attainedLegislature. Electorsseven who shall Yearsto of the the not, Age amost whenCitizen of numerous twenty elected, of the fiveNo Branchbe UnitedPerson Years,an In- shall be a Representative who shall byrespectivebeportionedhabitant includedadding of amongtoNumbers,that within the State whole the this in whichseveral Union,whichNumber shall heStates according ofshall be free determinedwhich be Persons,[Representatives chosen.to theirmay and direct Taxes shall be ap- ofYears,including *Changedall other and thoseexcluding byPersons.]* section bound Indians 2 oftoThe the Service notactualFourteenth taxed, forEnumeration athree Term fifths of Amendment. 1 244 MannerwithinMeetingshall be every asmadeof theythe subsequent Congresswithin shall by three Term ofLaw the Years ofdirect. United ten afterYears, The States, the number in firstsuch and havesuchMeeting Vacancies.)*attained of the to Legislature, the Age of thirty which Years, shallNo andthen Person been fill shall be a Senator who shall not Rhode-Islandbeshallonethirtyof Representativesentitled Representative; beThousand, made, to chuse andthe but StateshallProvidence eachthree,and notof Stateuntil NewMassachusetts exceed suchshall PlantationsHampshire onehaveenumeration for at eight,every Leastshallone, unlessbeStateshallnine President Years not,for they which when a beofCitizen theequally elected,he Senate, shall of the divided. be butUnited anchosen. shall Inhabitant States, haveThe noand of Vice Vote, whothat President of the United States shall fromfive,VirginiaPennsylvaniaConnecticut andany ten, GeorgiaState, five, Northeight, the New three. CarolinaDelawareExecutive York six, five, one, Authority New South Maryland JerseyWhen Carolina thereof four, vacanciessix, happen in the Representation Officeofand the also Vice of a President President President, ofpro or the whentempore, United he shall inStates. the exerciseThe Absence SenateSenate the shall shall have chuse the their sole otherPower Officers, to try all shallPowerSpeaker issue of Writsand Impeachment. other of Election Officers; to andfill suchshall TheVacancies.have House the sole of Representatives shall chuse their berswithoutshalldentImpeachments. ofpresent.bepreside: the theon UnitedConcurrenceOath And When or States noAffirmation. sitting Person ofis twotried, for shall thirdsthat theWhen Purpose, beChief of convicted the Justice Presi-Mem- they and[chosenshall each be composedby Senator the Legislature ofshall two have Senators thereof, one ]*fromVote. for ImmediatelySection.each six Years; State, 3. The after Senate they shallof the be United assembled States in thehonor,disqualificationextend Party Trustfurther convicted or thanProfit to shallhold to under removal neverthelessand the enjoy Unitedfrom any beOffice, JudgmentStates: liableOffice and andbut of in Cases of Impeachment shall not thebeThedividedConsequence vacated second Seats as ofatequally Class the of ExpirationSenatorsthe at as thefirst may Expiration Election, ofbe of the intothe firstsecond three theyof Classthe Classes. shallYear, fourth shall beof holdingment,subject according Elections to Indictment, tofor Law. Senators Trial, and Judgment Representatives, andSection. Punish- 4. The Times, Places and Manner of Legislaturenation,secondsixthYear, Year,and Year;or of otherwise,ofso the [and anythat third State, ifone VacanciesClass thirdduring the atExecutive may the the happen Expirationbe Recess chosen thereof by Resig-of everyof may thethe theLawtureshall Places thereof; makebe prescribed ofor but chusingalter the such inCongress Senators.each Regulations, State may by at the exceptanyThe Legisla- time Congress as byto shall assemble at least once in 2*Changedmake temporary by the Seventeenth Appointments Amendment. until the next every*Changed Year, andby the such Seventeenth Meeting shall Amendment. be [on the first 3 111 OM I= OM IMO NM MO 245 MN OM im ow am aus as Ns ime ow me Ns me aMembers,the QuorumappointMonday Elections, aand toin different doReturnsDecember,]' a Business;Majority andDay. Qualifications ofunlessbut each a smaller theyshall shall constituteof NumberSection. its by own Law 5. Each House shall be the Judge of berOfficeduringEmolumentsStates,any ofcivil either undersuchwhich Office time;whereoftheHouse shallunder United and duringhave theshall noStates, Authority beenPersonhave his shallContinuance created,been ofholding be theencreased a UnitedorMem- anythe in Houseinizedmay such toadjourn compel mayManner, provide. from the and Attendanceday under to day, such andof Penaltiesabsent may Each beMembers, author-as Houseeach may determine the Rules of its asoriginate SenateOffice.on other inmay Bills.the propose House ofor Representatives;concur with AmendmentsSection. but the 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall ceptingings,expelhaviour,Proceedings, anda Member. and,such from punish with Partstime the itsto as ConcurrenceMemberstime may publish in fortheir disorderlyofthe JudgmenttwoEach same, thirds, House Be-ex- shall keep a Journal of its Proceed- butthebecomesof Representatives Unitedif not a he Law,States; shall be Ifreturnand presented he the it, Senate, with to the his shall, President Objections beforeEvery of Billit which shall have passed the House approve he shall sign it, gress,teredatMembersrequire the shall, onDesire Secrecy; the withoutof Journal.eitherof one andthe House fifth Consent the of Yeason those any of and the Present,question Naysother,Neither beofad-shall, en-the House, during the Session of Con- agreeReconsiderationJournal,whoto shall thatto passand House enter proceedthe Bill,the intwo which Objections toit thirds shallreconsider it beshallof sent, thatat it.havelarge togetherHouseIf after originated, on shalltheir suchwith shallsitting.Placejourn receive forthan more that a Compensation inthan which three the days, twofor theirnorHouses to Services, any Section.shall other beto 6. The Senators and Representatives be Buttwoshallthedetermined Objections,inthirds likewise all such of by thatbeCases toreconsidered, House, the the otherVotes it shall House,of and both become if approvedHousesby which a Law. shall by it yeas and Nays, and the Names atbeexceptury theprivilegedascertained of Session theTreason, United from ofby Felony theirLaw,States. Arrest respective andand Theyduring paid Breach shall outtheir Houses, ofofin Attendance thetheall Cases,Peace,andTreas- in beshalldenttively.of theentereda Law,withinhave PersonsIf any beeninon ten Billlike votingthe Dayspresented shall MannerJournal for (Sundaysnot and be toofas returnedagainst him,eachif heexcepted) the Househad the by Same Billthe respec-after Presi-shall it TimebeSpeechgoing questioned forto or and which Debate returning in he any in was either otherfrom elected, House,thePlace. same; be they appointed and shallNo for Senator anynot to or Representative shall, during the RepresentativesConcurrenceitsunless Return, the Congress in of whichmay the beby CaseSenate necessarytheir it Adjournment shall and (exceptnot House beEvery a on Law.of Order,a Resolution, or Vote to which the signed it, prevent 4*Changed by section 2 of the Twentieth Amendment. 246 question of Adjournment) shall be presented to 5 or Samethebeing President shalldisapproved take of Effect,the by United him, shall shall be be States; and before the approved by him, repassed by Termation ofthan Money two Years; to that To raise and support Armies, but no Appropri- Use shall be for a longer layprescribedatives, andtwo collect thirdsaccording in Taxes, ofthe the Case Duties,to Senate the of Rulesa andBill. HouseSection. 8. The Congress shall Imposts and Excises, and Limitationshave Power Toof Represent- cutelation the of the land and ToTo provide makeprovide forRules and for maintain the calling forth the Militia to exe- naval Forces; Government and Regu- a Navy; formbutDefenceto all paythroughout Duties, the and Debts general the and Welfare To borrow Money Imposts and Excises shall be uni- Unitedon the States; credit provideof the United for the common of the United States; ofciplining, andthem repel as the Invasions; Militia, and for To provide for of the Union, organizing, arming, and dis- suppress Insurrectionsgoverning such Part Ly,. anand States;Tribes; To regulateamong Commercethe several withStates, and with the Indi- foreign Nations, Authorityly,United the Appointment States,of training the of Militia the may be employed in the Service of thereserving to the States respective- Officers, and theaccording to the ill441. of throughoutandforeign uniform Coin, the Laws and United fix States; To Tocoin establish Money, an uniform regulateon the subject the Value of Bankruptcies thereof, and the Standard of Rule of Naturalization, theStates,Mileswhatsoever, Seatdiscipline square) and of thethe asoverGovernmentprescribed such District by To exercise exclusive Acceptance of Congress, becomemay, by Cession of particular Congress;Legislation in all Cases (not exceeding ten States;ingand the Measures; Securities and current CoinTo establishprovide for Post the Offices Punishment and post Roads; of counterfeit-of the United Weights needfulof Forts,Statechasedand in to bywhich exercise the theConsent like Same Magazines,Buildings;And Arsenals, dock -Yards and Authority over all Places of shallthe Legislature be, for the Erectionof the of the United States, other pur- Court;tiveandful Arts, InventorsWritings by andthe exclusive ToTo constitute promote Tribunals the securing for limited Times to Authors Discoveries; Progress of Science and use- inferior to theRight to their respec- supreme orstitution Powers,properin any in forDepartment the carrying Government into Execution theTo make all Laws which all other Powers vested or Officer thereof. shall beof the United States, necessary andby this Con- foregoing Reprisal,thecommitted Law and of make onNations; the Rules ToTo declare define War, and high Seas, and Offensespunish Piraciesgrant Letters and Feloniesof Marque and against hundredthethinksuch Congress Persons and as Section. 9. Theproper to admit, shall not be prioreight, to the but Year a Tax one or thousanddutyany of the States now existing shall Migration or Importation of prohibited by may be im- eight 6Land and Water; concerning Captures on larsposed for on each such Person. Importation,241 not exceeding ten dol- 7 JIMMIE ars immi UM 1111 MI Mil GM WS NM 1111 SIMI IION INN OM Rebellionshall not or be Invasion the The Privilege of the Writ suspended, unless when in Cases of of Habeas Corpus MB MIS INS OM Treasuryon Imports of the or United Exports, States; shall andbe for all the such Laws Use of the unlessbe it.passed. in Proportion NoNo Capitation, Bill of Attainder or other or ex postpublic facto Safety Law shallmay requiredirect, Tax shall be laid, Shipsgress,theshall ofCongress.lay beWar any subject in Duty time to of the Peace,Tonnage, Revision enter keep intoNo State shall, without the Consentand ofControul Con- of Troops, or Statetionedtion of fromover Commerceherein those before of directed No TaxPreference or Duty shallshall be laid any State. or Revenue to the Ports of to the Census or Enumera- givento by be any taken.* Regula- on Articles export- one admitinvaded,eignment Power, of or delay.or Compact in or such imminentwith another engage in War, unless actually DangerState, or aswith will a for-not any Agree- Law;butclear,bound and in or Consequence to,a payregular or from,Duties Statement inof another. No Money shall be drawn one State, be obliged toanother: nor shall VesselsAppropriations made by and Accountfrom theof the Treasury, enter, Years,Heed inshall and, a President holdtogether his ofwithOffice the the United Section. 1. The executive Power Article. II. during the Term of four States of America. shall be vest- ConsentofUnitedshall ReceiptsProfit be of States: publishedorthe Trustand And Expenditures under from of all No Title of Nobility shall be granted no Person holding them, shall, timewithout to time. the public Money any Office by the andElectors,theen Representatives for Legislature theequal same to thethereof Term, whole be Numberelected, Each State shall appoint,to which in such the Manner State asmay direct, a Number of Vice President, chos- as follows of Senators may be MarqueTreaty,fromEmolument, Alliance, anyand King, Reprisal; Office, or Prince, Confederation; or coin Title, of Section. 10. No State shall Congress, accept of or foreign State. any kind whatever, entergrant into Letters of any present, any appointedTrustRepresentative,entitled or an Profitin Elector. the under or Person the holding[The Electors shall meet in their Congress: but no Senator or United States, shall be an Office of respective bility.Obligationtainder,aCredit; Tender ex make post ofin Contracts,Payment facto Law, of or Debts; any Thing but gold and silver Coin grantor Law any impairing TitleMoney; of No-theemit Bills ofpass any Bill of At- Votesof StateoneStates,all the forat with leastandPersonseach; themselves.vote shall which votedby not Ballot List be And an for Inhabitant for, and of the Number ofthey shall sign andtheytwo cer- Persons,shall make of whoma List of the same Producesaryor Congress,Exports, for executingof all except layDuties any it's what andinspectionImposts or Laws: Duties andNo State shall, without the mayImposts, be absolutely laid by anyneces- State Consent of the on Imports the net Representatives,in ofmentthe tify,the Presence of Senate. and the transmitUnited openThe of theStates, allsealed the directed toCertificates, the Seat and President of the Senate shall, Senate and House of to the Presidentof the Govern- the 8*See Sixteenth Amendment. 248 greatestVotes Numbershall then of be Votes counted. shall be the The Person having the President, 9 an moreNumberifequal such than Number Number of one Electors who of be Votes,have appointed; such then Majority, a Majority of the whole and if there be and have ingty,of Removal,both what of Officer the PresidentDeath, shall then and Resignation or Inabili- Viceact President, as President, declar- and President.theaone Majority,Representatives saidof them But House then infor chusing President;shallfrom shall thein the immediately five and highest if like Manner chuse the President, the Votes no Personchuse haveby Ballotthe House of on the List be hisincreasedbilitysuch Services, Officerbe norremoved, a Compensation, shall act The President shall, diminished duringor a the President Period shall be elected. accordingly, until atthe stated Disa- Times, receive for which shall neither ] Statestwoposeeachshall thirdsStateshall shall be havingconsisttakenof be the by States,of States, a Member and necessary to a oneChoice. Vote; In A quorum for this Pur- the Representation from a Majority of all theor Members from every fromreceivewhich the he within Unitedshall havethat States, Periodbeen Befcirhe enter on the or anyelected, of them. Executionand he anyshall of other hisnot Office, Emolument for theshouldElectorsCase,son Senate after havingremain shall shall the be the two Choicechuse the greatest Vice of Number or more who have equal Votes,from them by Ballot the President.the President, But theif there Per- of Votes of the tectandexecutedo hesolemnly willand shall the todefend Like Officethe thebest the of following ofPresident swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully Constitution of themy United Ability, preserve, Oath or Affirmation:-.4 of the United States, pro- throughoutchusingshallPresident. give the theirtheElectors, J' United Votes; and States. The Congress may determinewhich the Time Day shall of be the the Day on which they same Vice calledStates,in States!'Chief intoand of ofthe the the actual Army Militia Section. 2. The President Service of the United States;ofand the Navy several of States, the United shall be Commander when be theAdoptionCitizeneligible Office ofto of of thethat thisPresident; United Office Constitution, No Person except a natural bornStates, Citizen, at theneither time of shall the any shall be eligible to person or a UnitedReprievesrespectiveuponcipalhe States, mayany Officer Offices,require Subjectand except inPardons eachthe andrelating heof for shall to the Opinion, in writing, of the the executive Departments, Offenses against thehave Power to grant Duties of their prin- Office,fourteentained or to ofYears the his Age Death,a Resident of thirty within [In Case of the Removal Resignation, or Inabilitywho shall not haveof thefive President Years, from and been the United States. at- Advicecur;providedand and Consentand he shallConsenttwo thirds ofnominate, the of of He shall have Power, Senate,in Cases tothe make of SenatorsImpeachment. Treaties, presentby and with the Advice and by and with the con- *Changedandfice,to the discharge theCongress by Same the theTwelfth shall Powers devolve and may by Law provide for the Case Amendment. on the ViceDuties President, of the said Of- *Changedof JudgestheAmbassadors, United byof the States, Twenty-Fifth other public supreme Court, and all other whose Appointments the Senate, shall appointMinisters andAmendment. Consuls, Officersare not 10 249 11 1 s M M i M M - MM - establishedherein otherwise by Law: but the 111111 provided for, and which shall be IINI OM OM Section. 2. The vow VacanciesCourtstheyvest ofthe thinkthat Law, Appointment of The President shall proper, in the President alone, inmay the happenor induring the Heads the Recess of of have suchPower inferior to fill Officers, Congress may by Law Departments. up all as ofotherAuthority;Treaties Constitution,alladmiralty publicCases, made, to Ministersandin orall Lawthe which Cases Laws and shall of the judicial Power shall extendand to Consuls;toEquity, arising all Cases underaffecting this Ambassadors, be made, under theirUnited States, and Measuresion,theexpirethe Congress and Senate, at as recommend the he EndInformationshallby of their Section. 3. He shall from granting Commissions which to their Consideration of thenext State Session. of the time to time give to suchshallUn- underbetweenState;-1States;(betweenParty;troversies Grants Citizens betweento Controversies to of which differentof Citizens athe State the andbetweenof Citizens maritime Jurisdiction; to same State claimingUnited Lands States shall be different States, two or more of another Con- a totheof venedient;suchDisagreement Tune bothTime heof Houses, as he shall or either may, on extraordinaryAdjournment, Occasions, he between them, with judge necessary and think of them, and in Casemay adjourn them proper; he shall Respect to expe-con- Statelic CitizensState,Ministers shall or be theor and Subjects.r Citizens In all Cases Party, the supreme Courtaffecting shall Ambassadors,Consuls, other and those in which thereof, and foreign States, States, (and between havepub- a a theecuted,he United. receiveshall and takeStates. shallAmbassadors Care Commission that and Section. 4. The President, Vice President and the Laws be other public Ministers; all the Officers of faithfully ex- CongressExceptions,latementioned,original Jurisdiction, shall andJurisdiction. themake. under both such In all The Trial of all supreme Court shall haveCrimes, appel- except in Casesas of to Im- Law and Fact, with such Regulationsother asCases the before andvictionmovedall civil Misdemeanors. from of,Officers Treason, Office of on theImpeachment UnitedBribery, States, orfor, other and high Crimes shall be re- Con- directed.orwithin havebepeachment;Places held been inas committed;thethe shall State be by any State, the Trial shall be at such Place Congress may by Lawwhere have the said Crimes shallbut whenJury; notand committed such Trial shall inStates, such shall inferior be vested Courts in Section. 1. The Article. III. judicial Power of the Unitedas the Congressone supreme Court, and may from sameunlessComfort.inshall adheringovert on consist No the Act, Person to or their art shall Section. 3. Treason only in levying WarTestimony of two Witnesses to the Enemies, giving them Aid and against the Unitedbe Stares, convicted of Treason against them, or Continuancetion,edOffices oftimeTimes, thewhich toduring timereceive in shall Office. ordain not beand supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold good Behaviour, and shall,for their Services, establish. Thediminished during their a Compensa-Judges, both at stat- their attainted.exceptsonPunishment shall work of Treason, The Congress shall during Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture the Confession inhave PowerbutLife no to Attainderdeclare of Trea- of the open Court. Person the 12 250 Changed by the Eleventh Amendment. dicialin each Proceedings State to the of Section. 1. Full Faith and Article. IV. public Acts, Records, and Credit shall be given ju- to everyState.Claims State of the in thisUnited Section. 4. The United Union a RepublicanStates, orForm of States shall any particular guarantee of entitledshallnerCongress tobe in all proved,which may such byand Acts, Section. 2. The Citizens general Laws prescribe the Man- theevery Effect other thereof. State; AndRecords the and of each State shall be Proceedings cannotlature,againstGovernment, be or Invasion;convened) of the Executive and onshall against domestic Violence. Application of theprotect Legis-(when each the of Legislature them ofandFelony, inthe be the executive foundor several other in Crime, States. who A Person Privilegescharged and inImmunities any State of with another State, shall shall flee from Justice, on Demand Treason,Citizens AmendmentsHouses shall todeem this The Congress, Article. V. whenever two itthirds necessary, of shall propose both State,havinghe fled, under Jurisdictionbe delivered the Laws of the [No Person held to Service Authority of the State from which up, to be removed to the State thereof, escapingCrime. into or Labour in one Constitution,validingseveralplication to Amendments, all States, Intentsof when the shall Legislatures ratified which, call in and Purposes, Constitution, or, on thea Convention for eitherof two Case, thirds shall of be the as Part of this propos- Ap- beof iceRegulationanother,the duel orParty Labour, shall,to therein, whom but in be shall be deliveredConsequence of such Servicedischarged or Labour from such Serv- up anyon Claim Law or may mayCongress;othertions bethree made Modein fourthsthree prior Providedof Ratificationfourths toof thethe that Year One several States, or by Conven-thereof, as the one or thenomay Amendment be proposed whichby theby the Legislatures of withouttionotherbeCongress offormed two State;the intoorConsentor nor this Union; of but Section. 3. New States erected within the Jurisdictionmoreany State States, be formed or Parts by of the Junc- may be admitted by the no new State shall States,of any Senate.sent,first hundredshall andArticle; be fourth deprived and and of eight shall inClauses in the Ninth Sectionthat no State, without it's equal Suffrage in any Manner affect the thousand eight its Con- of the the andStates make concerned all The Congress shall needful Rules andas well as of the have Power to the Legislatures of the Congress. Regulations dispose of All Debts contracted Article. VI. and Engagements $ *Changedstitutioningrespecting to the shall byUnited the the be Thirteenth TerritoryStates; and or other so construed as to Prejudice Amendment. nothing in this Con- Property belong- any StatesConstitution,be into,as which valid before shall theas under the This Constitution, against the United States Adoption of this Constitution, and the Laws of the Confederation. under this Unitedentered shall tp: 14 251and all Treaties made, or which shallbe be made in Pursuance thereof; made, 15 MI I= NM MS OM OM MO MI 11111 MI I INS INS NM INS under the Authority of the United States, shall be SIM MI SIN NM UN MN MI NB BEI trarytheeverythe Constitution notwithstanding. supreme State shall Law or Lawsbe of boundthe of Land; thereby, and theTheany SenatorsThing in and Representatives before any State to the Con- Judges in men- be Constitution;oflatures,tioned,bound the United andbyand Oath theall butStates executiveMembers or no Affirmation, andreligious of andof the the judicialTest several several to shall Officers, States, State ever be shall both re- support this Legis- Trustquired under as a Qualification the United States. to any OfficeThe or public Ratification of the Conventions of nine Article. VII. SeptembersentthisStates, Constitutionof the shall Statesin the be Yearbetweensufficientpresent of theour the for SeventeenthLord States the Establishmentone thousanddone in Conventionof by the Unanimous Con- so ratifying Day of Tv scribedTwelfthdependenceseventhe hundred ourIn Witness Names, of andthe whereofSame.h. UnitedEighty WeStatesseven have andof hereunto America of the sub- In- the .n t Fo andG? WashingtonPresid!deputy from Virginia S New Hampshire JohnNicholas Langdon Gilman Massachusetts Connecticut RogerWm.RufusNathaniel Sand. KingSherman Gorham Johnson 16 252 UNITED STATES OF AMERICATO THE CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS OF THE Congress shall make no Amendment I.* law respecting an Governmentpeaceablyspeech,exerciseestablishment or thereof; ofto the for assemble,of religion,press,a or redress abridging or or of prohibiting grievances. the Amendment II. the rightand of to the petition people the freedom of the free tothe keep security and of bear a free Arms, State, shall the rightnot of the Apeople well regulated Militia, being necessary Amendment III. be infringed. to tothequartered be Owner, prescribed in nor any in byhouse, time law. of without war, but in aNo manner Soldier shall, in time of peace be the consent of Theeffective first ten DecemberAmendments 15, (Bill1791. of Rights) were 253 ratified 21 NM IIIIIII MO_ IMO MO persons, houses, papers, and effects, The right of the people Amendment IV. to be secure in their MB MB MB SIM In Suits at common law, where the value in Amendment VII. SIM IS searched,andprobablelated,reasonable particularly andcause, and searchesno the supported Warrantsdescribing and byseizures, persons or things to be seized. shall issue, but upon Oath or affirmation,the place to be shall not be vio- against un- rulesCourtbyofcontroversy trialofa jury the of by the common shalljury shallUnited shall be exceed otherwiselaw. beStates, preserved, twenty than re-examined according dollars,and the into right the no fact tried any No person shall be held Amendment V. to answer for a capi- sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusualExcessive punish- bail shall not be required, Amendment VIII. nor torces- orthein presentmenttal,casespublic Militia, or arisingotherwisedanger; when or in norinindictment the infamousactual shall land of anyservice person inor timenaval be subjectof forces, Waracrime, Grand or in unless Jury, except on a ments inflicted. Amendment IX. ekt processdeprivednaloffor case life the of ortoof same law; limb, life,be a noroffence liberty,witness shall private nor shall be compelled in any crimi- to be twice put in jeopardyor property, withoutagainst due himself, nor be property be taken othersrights shallretained not beby construedthe people. to denyThe enumeration in the Constitution of or disparage certain for public use without Amendment VI. just compensation. to States,bythe thepeople. Constitution,are reserved to nor the prohibited States respectively,The powers not delegated to the United Amendment X. by it to the States or toshallcrime impartialenjoybe have informedshall the been havejuryright previously of beento thethe a speedycommitted;State and In all criminal prosecutions, ascertainedand by publiclaw, and trial, by district wherein the the accused shall which district an The Judicial power of the United Amendment XI.* States shall assistanceobtainingagainstaccusation; witnesses ofhim; counsel to to be have inconfronted for his compulsoryhis favor, defence. with nature and cause of the and to have the the witnesses process for equity,not be construedcommencedThe Eleventh to orextend prosecuted Amendment to was ratified February Z 1795. any suit in law or against one of 22 254 23 bythe CitizensUnited States or Subjects by Citizens of any of Foreign another State. State, or Presidentday of March shall nextact as following, President, asthen in thethe caseVice- of states, and vote by ballot for PresidentThe and Electors Vice shall meet in their respective Amendment XII.* sonwholeVice-President,numberPresident--rthe deathhave number of ora votesmajority, other Theof if Electorssuchas constitutional person Vice-President, thennumber appointed, fromhaving be disabilitythea majority theand shalltwo greatestif highest nobe ofof the per- forPresident,shallinhabitant as name Vice-President, ofand onein the their inof samedistinct whom, ballots and state ballots at theythe withleast, person shall thethemselves; shall makeperson voted not distinct forvotedbe they anas beators,consistVice-President;numbers necessary and of on two-thirdsa majority theto a list, achoice. quorum ofthe of the theSenateBut wholefor whole no the shall number purposenumber choose of shallSen- the person constitu- thesignnumberalllists persons Presidentgovernment andof all ofcertify, personsvotedvotes of theof andfor votedthe Senate; astransmiteach, UnitedVice-President, for which The assealed States, President, President lists to directed theytheand seatand of ofshall thethe toof be States.tionallyeligible ineligibleto that of Vice-Presidentto the office of of President the United shall Amendment XIII.** andHouseSenate the of shall,votes Representatives, inshall the then presence be open counted; of all the the SenateThe certificates person and 1 thevitude, party except shall haveas a punishmentbeen duly convicted, for crimeSection shall whereof exist 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- ofshallhaving the be whole the the greatestPresident, number number ifof such Electors of number votes appointed; for be aPresident, majority and A theirwithin jurisdiction. the United States, or Section 2. Congress shall have any place subject to power to en- threesonsif no person havingon the have listthe ofhighestsuch those majority, numbers voted thenfor not as from exceedingPresident, the per- I force this article by appropriate legislation. thequorumrepresentationPresident,ately, House by of forballot, Representatives the this fromvotes the purpose President.each shall shallstate shallbe taken But havingconsistchoose in by choosing one immedi- ofstates, a vote; mem- the a Statethereof,the United wherein are Statescitizens they and reside. of thesubject UnitedNo State to Statesthe shall jurisdictionSection and make of the 1. All persons born or naturalized in Amendment XIV.' or choicenotchoice.aber majority orchoose members shall[And of devolve a ifall President the from the House statesupon two-thirds whenever of them,shall Representatives beofbefore thenecessary the states, the right fourth shall andto of a enforce any law*Superseded whichThe shallment. Thirteenth byabridge section Amendment the 3 of the Twentiethwas ratified Amend- December 6, privileges 24 The Twelfth Amendment was ratified June 15, 1804. ***The Fourteenth Amendment2551865. was ratified July 9, 1868. 25 MO MO OMB MI MN MN NM MI 1111111 MI or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt Ell tectiontoorshall anyproperty, any person of State the without withinlaws. deprive dueits anyjurisdiction process person of of thelaw; life, equal norSection liberty, deny pro- 2. Representatives shall be appor- anddebts,thebellionor obligation lossvoid. obligations againstor emancipation incurred the andUnited inclaims ofaid States, any of shall insurrectionslave; or be any heldbut claim all illegal or such forre- fortaxed.ofrespectivetioned persons the amongButchoice numbers,whenin the eachof theelectorsseveral State, countingright States forexcludingto votePresident the according atwhole any Indians and electionnumber to Vicetheir not gk ofenforce, this article. by appropriate legislation, the provisionsSection 5. The Congress shall have power to Congress,PresidentState,is denied beingor ofthe the theto Executive twenty-oneanymembers United of the States, andof maleyears the Judicial Representatives Legislature inhabitantsof age, officers and thereof,citizensof of suchin a race,theStates United color, to Statesvoteor previous shall or by not conditionany be Statedenied ofon or servitude. account Sectionabridged of1. by The right of citizens of the United Amendment XV.* citizensintheceptof the basis for proportionUnited participation twenty-oneshallof representation States,bear which to years or inthe inrebellion,the wholetherein anyof number age way number shall inor abridged, ofsuchother be such reducedofState. crime, malemale ex- enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Section 2. The Congress shall have power to Amendment XVI.** tary,andRepresentative Vice under President, the inUnited Congress, or hold States, any or orelectoroffice, under civilofSection any President or State, mili- 3. No person shall be a Senator or 4 rived,lect taxes without on incomes, apportionment from whatever amongThe the source Congress several de- shall have power to lay and col- supportasStates,berwho, an of havingexecutive Congress,or the as Constitution apreviously member or orjudicial as of ofantaken any theofficerofficer StateanUnited oath, of oflegislature, any States,the as State, aUnited mem- shall orto s. enumeration.States, and without regard to any census or Amendment XVII.' haveofthereof.the eachengaged same, House,But or inCongress given insurrection remove aid may or such comfort byor disability.rebelliona vote to of the two-thirdsagainst enemiesSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the shalltortheposed shallpeople have haveof the thereof,two onequalifications Senators vote. for sixThe from years; electorsrequisite each and State, in foreach eachThe electorselected Sena- SenateState by of the United States shall be com- shallservicesincurredUnited not States, infor be suppressing paymentquestioned. authorized of insurrectionpensions Butby law, neither and including or bountiesthe rebellion, United debts for f;. ***The Seventeenth**The Sixteenth AmendmentThe Amendment Fifteenth Amendment was ratified February 3, 1870. was ratified February 3, 1913.was ratified April 8, 1913. cn 26 256 27 oflatures. suchanythe mostState State numerousinshall the issue Senate, writsbranch the of executive ofelection the State to authorityWhen fill legis- such vacancies happen in the representation Statesshall not or bybe anydenied State or on abridged account by of theThe United right of citizens of the United States Amendment XIX.* sex. to vote vacanciesporarymayvacancies: empower byappointments Provided,election the executiveas That the until thelegislature legislaturethereof the people mayto ofmake direct.any fill tem-State the 1 article by appropriate legislation. Congress shall have power to enforce this tution.ento affectbefore the it becomeselection or valid term as of part any ofSenator theThis Consti- chos- amendment shall not be so construed as 4 January,President and shall the endterms at of noon Senators on the and 20th Represent-Section day 1.of The terms of the President and Vice Amendment XX** of this article the manufacture, sale, or transpor-(Section 1. After one year from the ratification Amendment XVIII.* oncesuccessorsticle toativesin hadwhichevery atnot noon shall year,such been on thentermsand ratified; the suchbegin. 3d would day meetingand of have the January, shallendedSection ofbegin ifthe 2. this The Congress shall assemble terms of their at least years ar- byjurisdictionthetiontation prohibited. United thereof of intoxicating States thereofinto, or and for the liquors beverageall exportation territory within, purposes subject thereofthe importa- is tohere-from the electat noonyshall law haveon appoint ingthe died, of3d thedaya the different term ofVice January, ofPresident day.the unlessPresident,Section elect they the3. If, President at the time fixed for the begin- shall by shallappropriate have concurrent legislation. power to enforce Sectionthis article 2.3. TheThis Congress article shall and be the inoperative several States un- i. en chosenailedct asbeforeingto Presidentqualify, of his the term, come thentime until orthe fixedPresident. aif VicePresident the for PresidentPresident If shall a President elect have shall shall have not have the begin-elect shall shall ofsevenStates,toless theto it the Constitutionyearsshall as States provided fromhave by thebeen by the in datethe ratifiedCongress.)the legislatures of Constitution, the as submission an ofamendment the withinseveral here- "resident electnehallase who whereinthenshalled; is andact have to as neitheractthe President,qualified, shallCongress a bePresident selected, elect and such may by law provide for the or the manner in which declaring who nor a Vice quali- per- December1919.The Eighteenth It was 5, repealed1933. Amendment by the Twenty-First was ratified Amendment, January 16, 'The Nineteenth1933.1920. Amendmente Twentieth Amendment was ratified January 23, was ratified August 18, 28 9 57 29 MI Mil 61111 11111 EMI le 1011 OM Presidentson shall act shall accordingly have qualified. until a PresidentSection or 4. The Congress may by law provide MIVice Section 1. No person shall be elected to the Amendment XXII* I= whomforofdevolveda the President any thecase of House oftheupon wheneverthe persons ofthem,death Representatives oftheandfrom any right for whom of the ofthe choicecase thepersonsmay Senateof choose the from death may shall have j son who hasthanshall heldwhichasoffice once.bePresident, the elected of someoffice Butthe President thisto otherforof the President, moreArticle personoffice more than shall of wasorthantwo the acted not elected Presidentyearstwice, apply of and President ato more termno any per- to choicechooseofthe this 15th shalla article.Vice day have ofPresident Octoberdevolved wheneverfollowing upon them. the ratificationSectionright of 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on theofficenotpersonArticle termprevent of holding withinPresident, was any proposed which theperson officeor thisacting who by ofArticle the mayPresidentas Congress,President, bebecomes holding when andduring oper- thisthe shall lessfourthsto it the shall Constitution of have the severalbeen byratified States the legislatures as within an amendment sevenSection of three-years 6. This article shall be inoperative un- .t 1 term.ingative as from President holding during the office the remainderof President of or such act- from the date of its submission. Section 1. The eighteenth article of amend- Amendment XXI.* 'toiless the it Constitutionshall haveourths been by of ratifiedthe the legislatures several asm an the Statesamendment date of three- withinof Sectionits submission seven 2. This toarticle the States shall bybe inoperativethe un- years mentUnitedtionhereby to into the Statesrepealed. any Constitution State, for delivery Territory, of theor or useUnited possession therein States ofSection of intox is the 2. The transportation or importa- overnmentongress. of the UnitedSection States 1.shall The appoint District in constituting the seat of Amendment XXIII." tolessherebyicating the it Constitutionshall liquors,prohibited. have in beenviolation by conventionsratified of the as anlaws in amendment thethereof,Section seven: is 3. This article shall be inoperative un uch manner'ct would asentesident dthe moreRepresentativesbe Congress entitledequal than to theAif the itnumber least werewholein Congress populousa ofState,number electors tobut whichofState; in Senatorsof no Presidentthe they Dis- and Vice may direct: tosevenStates, the yearsStates as provided from by thetheThe Congress.indate Twenty-First the of Constitution, the submission Amendment within hered was ratified Decem 'Thehall Twenty-Secondbe aryin 27,addition 1951. Amendment to thosee appointedTwentyThird was ratified by Febru-Amendment the was ratified March 29, 30 ber 5, 1933. 258 1%1. 31 for the pur- ten declaration that he is unable to discharge the posesStates,asshalldent, provided of butmeetto the be they inelectors by theshall the District appointedbetwelfth considered, and performby a State; election of President and Vice Presi- article of amendment. such duties and they Vicesuchmitspowers topowersPresident themand duties anda writtenas duties Actingof his declaration shall office, President. be anddischarged to until Sectionthe contrary,he bytrans- 4. the Whenever the Vice President and enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Section 2. The Congress shall have power Amendment XXIV.* to ofdentgressecutivea majority the pro mayHouse departments tempore ofby ofeither law Representatives ofprovide, the or the principalof Senatesuch transmit othertheir officersand written bodytothe theof Speaker as thedecla-Presi- Con- ex- PresidentStatesdent to or vote orVice Vice in President, any President, primary or forfor or Senator electorsother orSection Represen- 1. The right of citizens of the election for for Presi- United ofshall powersrationthe immediately office that and asthe duties Acting President assume of President.his theisoffice, unable the to Vice Thereafter;discharge President the when the President transmits to the powers and duties enforcefailurebytative the in Unitedto thisCongress, pay article any States shallpoll by orappropriate taxnot any orbe otherdenied legislation. tax. orSection 2. The Congress shall have power State by reason of abridged to thesumetenSpeakerPresident Vicedeclaration the Presidentof powers prothe Housethattempore and no of a dutiesinability majority Representatives of the of exist, hisofSenate either office he histheshalland unless prin-writ- there- dent from office or of his death or resignation,Section 1. In case of the removal of Amendment XXV," the Presi- the I Representativesof mitothercipalthe withinSenate officersbody fouras and of Congresstheir thedays the executivewritten Speakerto the Presidentdeclaration department of the House that or of the ofsuch may by law provide, trans- pro tempore officeViceHousesuponnominate President of confirmation the of aViceCongress. Vice shall President, President become by President. thewho shallSection 2. Whenever there is a vacancy a majority vote of President shall take office in the both withinforcidedutiesPresident that the of twenty-one issue, his is unableoffice. assembling days Thereuponto discharge after within receipt Congress forty-eightthe of theshall hourslatter de- purpose if not in session. If tne Congress, powers and Speakerto the President of the"The House pro Twenty-Fourth tempore of Representatives of AmendmentSection was 3.ratified Whenever January the President the Senate and the transmitshis writ- chargeofquiredsion,written both within tothe Housesdeclaration, assemble, powers twenty-one that and determines theor, duties Presidentifdays Congress of after hisby is two-thirdsoffice,Congress unableis not the into isVicevote ses-dis- re- 32**The Twenty-Fifth Amendment1967.23, 1964. was ratified February 10, sumeActingPresident the President; powersshall continue otherwise,and duties to discharge the of Presidenthis office. the shall re- same as 33 MI OM 259 Amendment right of citizens XXVI* of the United StatesvoteStates,enforce shall orwho bynot this areany article SectionSection 1. The 2. The be denied or eighteen years ofState age on accountCongressby appropriate shall abridged by the haveof age.powerlegislation. to or older, to United takevicesshall effect, of havethe until an No law, varying Amendmentintervened.Senators and the compensationelection of Representatives,XXVII** shall Representatives for the ser-

'The Twenty-Sixth Amendment was ratified Twenty-Seventh Amer July 1, I' 'Congress submittedtogetherSeptemberment to the with States25, the 1789. as first ten the text of thepart of the proposedThe Amendment was Amendments, which Twenty-Sevr.Bill of Right, not raw., herr' 34 "AmendmenteffectiveMichigan. was onratified December on 15, 1791. The May 7, 1992, by the v",' 260 BEST COPY AVAILABLE U.S.*DEF'ARTMENT OF EDUCATION OFFICE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENT (OERI)

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EFF-53 (Rev 4.1361