Approche Herméneutique Des Qualités Expressives De La Voix Chantée. Le Cas Du Metal Symphonique

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Approche Herméneutique Des Qualités Expressives De La Voix Chantée. Le Cas Du Metal Symphonique Université de Montréal La dramaturgie vocale : approche herméneutique des qualités expressives de la voix chantée. Le cas du metal symphonique. Par Katia LE ROLLE Faculté de Musique Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l’obtention du grade de M.A. en musique Option musicologie Mai 2018 © Katia Le Rolle, 2018 Résumé La voix possède des qualités expressives qui lui permettent d’ajouter du contenu sémantique au message qu’elle exprime. Ces qualités expressives, appelées phonostyles, sont liées à des connotations et représentations – un imaginaire vocal – qui permettent de comprendre qui parle, et quel est son état émotif, sans même avoir à regarder l’émetteur en question. Le même phénomène apparaît au moyen de la voix chantée, dont l’analyse phonostylistique permet de dégager l’émergence de personnages vocaux et de leur état émotif au cours de la chanson. L’imaginaire vocal attaché aux voix fait en sorte que chaque style vocal est lié à un imaginaire qui lui est propre. En cela, le metal symphonique s’avère un milieu propice à l’analyse des qualités expressives des voix chantées, puisqu’il fait entendre des styles vocaux éclectiques : lyrique, pop, heavy et guttural. Ce mémoire présente ainsi comme objectif d’étudier comment la voix est utilisée dans un corpus tiré du répertoire du metal symphonique, afin de dégager comment se crée ce que j’appelle la dramaturgie vocale au cours des chansons : c’est-à-dire la création d’un imaginaire propre à la chanson, au moyen des voix et des significations qu’elles ajoutent au texte chanté, telles que l’incarnation de personnages vocaux, la transmission des émotions vécues par ces personnages, mais aussi la création d’interactions entre eux. Mots-clefs : dramaturgie vocale – voix chantée – metal symphonique – imaginaire vocal – analyse phonostylistique – herméneutique ii Summary The voice has expressive abilities that add semantic content to the vocalized message. These abilities, called phonostyles, are connected to connotations and representations – a vocal imaginary – that enable us to understand who is speaking and his/her emotional state, without needing to see the speaker. The same phenomenon occurs in the singing voice: phonostylistic analysis reveals the appearance of vocal personae and their emotional state during the song. The vocal imaginary ensures that each vocal style has its own imaginary. Symphonic metal is a favorable field for the analysis of expressive vocal qualities, because it contains eclectic vocal styles: operatic, pop, heavy, and growl. This thesis aims to study how the voice is used in a corpus chosen within the symphonic metal repertoire in order to understand how what I call the vocal dramaturgy is created during a song. Vocal dramaturgy is the creation of a song’s own imaginary through the means of the voice and the semantic contents it adds to the sung text, such as the invention of vocal personae and the transmission of emotions experienced by these personae, as well as the interactions between them. Key-words: vocal dramaturgy – singing voice – symphonic metal – vocal imaginary – phonostylistic analysis – hermeneutic iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé ............................................................................................................................. ii Summary ......................................................................................................................... iii Liste des tableaux .......................................................................................................... vii Liste des figures .............................................................................................................. ix Liste des extraits musicaux ........................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1) Présentation du sujet ............................................................................................. 1 2) Propos et objectifs du mémoire ............................................................................. 5 3) Corpus ................................................................................................................... 8 4) Plan du mémoire ................................................................................................... 9 PARTIE 1 ...................................................................................................................... 11 Chapitre 1 – Contexte : la voix chantée dans le metal symphonique ....................... 12 1) Introduction : qu’est-ce que le metal symphonique ? ......................................... 12 2) Les voix du metal symphonique ......................................................................... 14 2.1 Résurgences du rock gothique : voix féminines, heavenly voices et chœurs .. 15 2.2 Beauty and the Beast ...................................................................................... 16 3) Genèse du genre et de l’utilisation des voix dans le metal symphonique ........... 18 4) Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 19 Chapitre 2 – Outils méthodologiques .......................................................................... 21 1) Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21 1.1 Mise en contexte : étudier la voix chantée et ses qualités expressives ........... 21 1.2 Méthodologie .................................................................................................. 24 1.2.1 Analyse du texte ......................................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Analyse de la voix ...................................................................................... 25 2) Qualités acoustiques de la voix chantée .............................................................. 28 2.1 Production de la voix chantée ........................................................................ 29 2.1.1 Souffle ........................................................................................................ 29 2.1.2 Vibration .................................................................................................... 30 2.1.3 Résonnance ................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Analyse et observation de la voix chantée : le spectrogramme ..................... 35 2.2.1 Attaque ....................................................................................................... 37 2.2.2 Corps du son ........................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 Extinction du son ....................................................................................... 38 2.3 Caractéristiques acoustiques des mécanismes laryngés et styles vocaux observés dans ce mémoire ...................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Mécanismes laryngés ................................................................................. 39 2.3.2 Styles vocaux ............................................................................................. 40 2.4 Méthode d’analyse acoustique utilisée ........................................................... 44 3) Phonostylistique .................................................................................................. 47 iv 3.1 Styles vocaux .................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Effets vocaux ................................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Volume .................................................................................................... 52 3.2.2 Tempo, durée, micro-variations rythmiques ........................................... 53 3.2.3 Hauteur, intonation, contour mélodique ................................................. 53 4) Imaginaire vocal .................................................................................................. 55 5) Personnages vocaux ............................................................................................ 58 6) Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 60 Chapitre 3 – Préambule aux chapitres d’analyses ..................................................... 62 1) Introduction ......................................................................................................... 62 2) Corpus ................................................................................................................. 62 3) Imaginaire vocal .................................................................................................. 64 3.1 Voix lyrique .................................................................................................... 64 3.2 Voix pop .......................................................................................................... 65 3.3 Voix heavy ...................................................................................................... 66 3.4 Voix gutturale ................................................................................................. 67 4) Texte : thèmes récurrents dans le metal symphonique ......................................
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