THE ANALYSIS OF PRESUPPOSITION FOUND IN SONG LYRICS OF THE HEART OF EVERYTHING ALBUM BY WITHIN TEMPTATION BAND AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEACHING LISTENING
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in the English Education Program of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo
ARDIYAN TRI CAHYONO 112120075
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO 2016
APPROVAL SHEET
i
THE ANALYSIS OF PRESUPPOSITION FOUND IN SONG LYRICS OF THE HEART OF EVERYTHING ALBUM BY WITHIN TEMPTATION BAND AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEACHING LISTENING
A THESIS
ARDIYAN TRI CAHYONO 112120075
This thesis has been approved to be defended in front of the team of Thesis Examiner
Approved by:
The Head of English Education Program
Sri Widodo, S.S., M.Hum NIDN.0628057302
Consultant I Consultant II
Zulia Chasanah, S.S.,M.Pd Sri Widodo, S.S., M.Hum NIDN. 0616127401 NIDN. 0628057302
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THE ANALYSIS OF PRESUPPOSITION FOUND IN SONG LYRICS OF THE HEART OF EVERYTHING ALBUM BY WITHIN TEMPTATION BAND AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEACHING LISTENING
ARDIYAN TRI CAHYONO 112120075
The thesis has been defended in front of the team of Thesis Examiners Teacher Training and Education Faculty Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo on the date of February, 2016
The Board of Examiners
First Examiner Second Examiner Third Examiner
Titi Rokhayati, M. Pd. Sri Widodo, S.S, M.Hum. Zulia Chasanah, S.S, M.Pd. NIDN. 0631057301 NIDN. 0628057302 NIDN.0616127401
Purworejo, February 2016
The Dean of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Yuli Widiyono, M.Pd. NIDN. 0616078301
iii CLARIFICATION LETTER
I who signed below:
Name : Ardiyan Tri Cahyono
NIM : 112120075
Faculty : Teacher Training and Educational Science
Title : The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song Lyrics of
“The Heart of Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band
and It’s Application in Teaching English Listening declared that
this thesis entitled “ The Analysis of Presupposition Found in
Song Lyrics of “The Heart of Everything” Album by Within
Temptation Band and It’s Application in Teaching English
Listening”is really my own work and the content of this thesis is
not written by someone else except in certain parts that have
been taken as references. If this statement is untrue, it fully
becomes my responsibility.
Purworejo, February 2016
Ardiyan Tri Cahyono
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MOTTO
“Always aim in complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Always
aim at purifying your thoughts and everything will be well.”- Mahatma
Gandhi.
“Allah changeth not the condition of a folk, until te (first) that which is in
their hearts.” – Ar Ra’ad: 11
“I am listening to understand, not to reply.” – Ardiyan Tri Cahyono
“ Take a look at me, so you can see how beautiful you are.” – John Vesely
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DEDICATIONS
With a great of love, this thesis is especially dedicated to:
My beloved mother, Kusmini and father, Darmono who always
support me financially so I can finish my study. Thanks for all prayer
and kindness that you have gave to me.
My wise savior, Dra. Titik Mintarsih M. Pd who never tired to build me
to be a wise man.
My beloved brother, Adhika Wicaksono and sister Putri Defiyanti
Pratiwi, who always cheer me up when came back home. Thanks for
your care and smile.
My band “JAIL BREAK”, Dwi Agung, Bangkit R. Irawan and Dika
Aphara who always kill me in melody.
My best friends, Fauzi, Hanif, Della, Ifham, Chita, Ida who always
stay with me and help me anytime. I fell happy creating this
wonderful memory together.
All My partners in English Student Association, who always stick
together in up or down.
All My friends in PIK-Ma “Surya” Muhammadiyah University of
Purworejo who always keep me on fire by their nice proposition and
criticism.
All of my friends, the students of A till H class who have motivated
me to finish this thesis. Thanks for your kindness and everything.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the lord of universe,
Alhamdulillahirabil’alamin everlasting thanks to Allah. Just because of His blessing, finally the researcher could finish in writing this thesis entitled
“The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song Lyrics of “The Heart of
Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band and It’s Application in
Teaching English Listening” as a requirement for obtaining the Sarjana
Pendidikan from English Education Program of Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo.
In complementing this thesis, the researcher met many difficulties and obstacles but in the certain time Allah gives me helps to overcome it, so the researcher accepted endless great support, advice, guidance from many kind people. Therefore, my special thanks for top of my heart go to:
1. Drs. H. Supriyono, M.Pd as the Rector of Muhammadiyah University
of Purworejo.
2. Yuli Widiyono, M.Pd as the Dean of the Faculty and as the second
consultant of Teacher Training and Education Faculty.
3. Sri Widodo, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of English Education Program of
the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, for his
correction in every part of this thesis with his patience.
4. Zulia Chasanah, S.S, M.Pd, the first consultant, for her valuable
guidance, help, ideas, suggestion and encouragement ,motivation and
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valuable time in correcting every part of this thesis with all her
patience.
5. All the Lecturers of English Education Program for being so kind and
generous in giving their meaningful knowledge.
Finally, the researcher truly realizes that this thesis still needs constructive criticism and suggestions from the readers in order to make it perfect and hopefully it can be useful, especially for English Education
Program students. The last, the researcher prays to Allah SWT may this thesis is useful and may Allah SWT bless us. Amen.
Purworejo, February 2016
The Researcher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE...... i
APPROVAL SHEET...... ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ...... iii
CLARIFICATION LETTER ……...... iv
MOTTOS ……...... v
DEDICATIONS…………...... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...... viii
ABSTRACT ...... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ………………………………...... 1 B. Identification of the Problem …………………………...... 2 C. Statements of the Problem ……………………………...... 3 D. Objective of the Study …………………………...... 3 E. Significance of the Study ………………………………...... 4 F. Limitation of the Study ………………………………...... 4 G. Definition of Key Term ...... 5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Previous Study ……………………………………...... 7 B. Pragmatics ...... 9 1. Entailment …………………………………...... 14 2. Deixis ………………………………………...... 15 3. Implicature...... ………………………………...... 16 4. Presupposition ………………………………...... 18
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C. Presupposition .………………………………………...... 18 1. Existential Presupposition ……………………………...... 19 2. Factive Presupposition ...... 19 3. Lexical Presupposition ...... 20 4. Structural Presupposition ...... 21 5. Non-factive Presupposition ...... 21 6. Counter-factual Presupposition ...... 22 D. Song Lyric .……………… …………...... 22 E. Rock Music .………………………………………...... 24 F. Within Temptation Band .………………………………...... 26 G. The Heart of Everything Album ...... 28 H. The Application of Presupposition in Song Lyric in Teaching Listening ...... 32 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design ………………………………………...... 34 B. Object of the Research ……………………………………...... 35 C. The Data Source ………………………………………...... 35 D. Technique of Collecting the Data ……………………...... 36 E. Technique of Analyzing the Data ……………………...... 37 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Research Finding ………………………………………...... 38 B. Discussion ……………………………………………...... 39 1. The Presupposition in Song Lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band …...... 39 2. The Application of song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band in teaching Listening … 76
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………...... 83
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B. Suggestion ………………………………………………...... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 86 APPENDICES ...... 88
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ABSTRACT
Tri Cahyono, Ardiyan. 2015. Thesis. The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song Lyrics of “The Heart of Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band and Its Application in Teaching Listening. English Education Program Teacher Training and Education Faculty Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo. Consultant: Zulia Chasanah, S.S, M.Pd and Sri Widodo, S.S, M.Hum.
These studies aimed at analyzing presuppositions in song lyrics in the The Heart of Everything album. There are two objectives of the research namely: to find out the preuppositions in song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation Band and to find out the way of teaching listening using song lyrics in the The Heart of Everything album.
This research is descriptive qualitative research. The object of the research is the types of presupposition in song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band. The data is taken from song lyrics on the The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band. The researcher uses documentation in collecting the data and then analyzed the data in some steps.
The result of data analysis showed that: the researcher found that the most presupposition used in song lyrics on the The Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band are exsistential presupposition.The researcher found 66,1%for existensial presupposition,13,1% for factive presupposition, 9,2% lexical presupposition, 5,4% for structural presupposition, 3,1% for non-fative presupposition, 3,1% for counter-factual presupposition. The application of presupposition in in the song lyrics on the album entitled The Heart of Everything by Within Temptation band is to teach English listening. The indicator is students can identify the meaning of the song. The researcher suggests to the teachers, they can use authentic matelials like this song lyrics so teachers can maximize teaching result. For the students, songs can help them learning listening with something entertaining.
Keywords: presupposition analysis, song lyrics, teaching listening
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher will present the discussion on the
background of the study, identification of the problem, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, significance of the study, and limitation of the problem.
A. Background of Study
In our daily life, communication is a need for us because we are social
being. We cannot through this life alone. So we need others to accompany us.
It can be hardly to imagine if we live alone without anyone else. We need
communication also to fulfill the necessities of life. For instance, if we need
air to breathe for, we did not need to buy it our self in this world. We can get
it from the world, it is all avaliable.
When we are talking about communication, it will be related with
language. Language is a means of communication. Language is one of
essential parts in life. It is apparently needed. Language is the one tool to
communicate with others. Language is the one way to make communication
with others; it cannot be replaced by anything.
A side from language as a means of communication, language also
works in some parts in our life. Language works in literature for instance.
Literature is everything that has been written. It includes poetry, song lyrics,
play, comic and novel. Literature is supposed as a work of art made by the
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writer to express their feeling. Literature is a beautiful and imaginative work
that describes social life based on the experience, knowledge, and
interpretation of the writer.
Song lyric is one of example of written art. It is usually written to
express the writer’s feeling. Song lyric is meaningful. It can express what the
writer feels at that moment.
Sometimes we do not understand what the writer would say on the
lyric. The writer may say something in extraordinary and different way. So,
we have to know whether the writer create them implicitly or explicitly.
Creation of the writer contains presupposition. Presupposition is part of
pragmatics, it talks about meaning of the utterances in each sentences.
In this research, song lyric becomes the object of study. On the song
lyric we can found presupposition. Presupposition makes the song lyric
becomes so extraordinary. They have implicit and explicit meaning. This is
the reason why the researcher tries to analyze the types of presupposition
used in Within Temptation’s song lyrics on the album entitled The Heart of
Everything.
B. Identification of the Problem
A lyric contain presupposition is so possiple to find in each word of
lyric in a song. It bring the main point of meaning of each song.
Presupposition is very intersting, there are many types of it.
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The researcher would like to find out the types of presupposition used
especially in Within Temptations’ song lyrics on the album entitled The Heart
of Everything. It becomes very interesting that makes the researcher curious
to analyze types of Presupposition in Within Temptations’ song lyrics on the
album entitled The Heart of Everything
C. Statements of the Problem
In conducting this research, the researcher puts the following statement
of the problem:
1. What are the types of presupposition used in song lyrics created by
Within Temptation band on the album entitled The Heart of
Everything?
2. How is the application of presupposition in song lyrics created by
Within Temptation band on the album entitled The Heart of
Everything in teaching listening?
D. Objective of the Study
Based on the problem, the objective of the research is to answer the
question “What are the types of presupposition used in Within Temptations’
song lyrics on the album entitled The Heart of Everything?”, therefore the
researcher would like to find out the types of presupposition used in Within
Temptations’ song lyrics on the album entitled The Heart of Everything.
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E. Significance of the Study
This research can give advantages to the students, to the teachers and
the other researchers who will conduct the similar research. The advantages
are stated as follow:
1. For the students, it will make the student understands types
of presupposition.
2. For the teachers, it will help the teacher as a teaching
media, so the material becomes so interesting and easy to
understand.
3. For the other researchers who want observe the
presupposition may need to read this thesis as their reference.
F. Limitation of the Study
The data analyzed in this study are the presupposition in Within
Temptations’ song lyrics. As we know the songs of Within Temptation are
easy listening and contain Presupposition. In this study, the researcher limits
her observation only on Within Temptations’ song lyrics on the album
entitled The Heart of Everything. The researcher just observes the types
presupposition used in Within Temptations’ song lyrics on the album entitled
The Heart of Everything.
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G. Definition of Key Term
In this study, the writer needs to explain the terms that are related to the
title of this thesis as follow:
a. Analysis:
.According to Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary, analysis is study
of something by examaning its part or statement of the rsult of the
study (compiled by Martin H. Manser: 1991). Based on Merriam-
Webster Dictionary, analysis is a careful study of somethingto learn
about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to each other.
It is an explanation of the nature and meaning of something
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analysis)
b. Presupposition
Yule (1996: 25) say that presupposition is something the speaker
assumes to be the case prior to make an utterance. Speakers, not
sentences have presupposition.
c. Song Lyric
Song lyric is words of the song. (Oxford Dictionary)
d. Album
Album is long-playing record. (Oxford Dictionary)
e. Rock Music
Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and
roll". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music)
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f. Within Temptation
Within Temptation is a Dutch symphonic metal band founded in
1996 by vocalist Sharon den Adel and guitarist Robert Westerholt.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_Temptation) g. The Heart of Everything
The Heart of Everything is the fourth studio album by Dutch
symphonic metal band Within Temptation, released by GUN Records
on March 12, 2007 in Europe.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Everything) h. Teaching Listening
Teaching Listening is process of improving student knowledge in
order, there must be concept view of language learning, including
schema, script, and top-down/ bottom up processing. (Brown, 2006:
2)
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Study
The researcher takes review of related literature from other thesis
as principle or comparative in this research.
The researcher interested to carry out a research dealing with a
presupposition analysis. To make different research with other researcher,
the writer has a bravely to do the research about an analysis of
presupposition with title “The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song
Lyrics of “The Heart of Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band
and its Application in Teaching Listening”
In the previous study, has been ever been examined by Umi Aisyah
Sulistyaning Tyas (2013) in the title “An Analysis of Existential
Presupposition of Uniform Justice Novel by Donna Leon”. The object of
the research is existential presupposition which is found in Uniform
Justice Novel and the existence of the complication existential
presupposition’s interpretation in the utterances and the cause. The method
used in Ummi’s research is qualitative by seeking and observing the
materials then continue to the writer’s own analysis in order to obtain the
require data. Ummi concludes that, the intrinsic elements of the novel are
the major character is Commisario Guido Brunetti, the story took place in
San Martino Military Academy in Venice, Italy, genre of the novel is a
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mystery event which was told by omniscient point of view, English is used in by applying the grammar properly, and insert verbal irony to beautify the writing work. In the work of interpreting pragmatic existential presupposition, Tyas’s faces some difficulties. Such as, confusing analysis when the utterance(s) is standing alone without any explanation of the context related to and does not have sufficient knowledge about the material (theoretically or and practically).
It also analysed by Try Reza Essra (2010) “An Analysis of
Presupposition in “Newsweek” Advertisements Slogan”. The reason which makes it different is on the object of the study. Try Reza Essra analysed of presupposition in the “Newsweek” advertisements slogan. Essra chooses field study as a method of the research because compounding data by scanning the advertisements using HP F2410 Scanner. From Essra’s
Analysis, there are 15 presupposition as a result: 7 existential presuppositions (46.6%), 2 factive presupposition (13.33%), 1 lexical presupposition (6.6%), 2 structural presuppositions (13.33%), 1 non- factive presupposition (6.6%), and 2 counterfactual presuppositions (13,
33%).
The same research among the researcher, Umi Aisyah Sulistyaning
Tyas and Try Reza Essra is stay focus in discussing presupposition. The different between the researcher and Umi Aisyah Sulistyaning Tyas is the
Researcher focused on analyzing types of presupposition found in song lyrics of” The Heart of Everything” album by Within Temptation band,
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than Umi Aisyah Sulistyaning Tyas analyzed of existential
presupposition’s interpretation in the utterances based on the Justice
Uniform Novel by Donna Leon. The researcher deals with types of
presupposition which found in song lyrics of ”The Heart of Everything”
album by Within Temptation band.
B. Pragmatics
As branches of linguistic study, pragmatic has relation to the other
branches. Below are some explanations from experts about pragmatics as
one of the branches of linguistics study and its relation to the other
branches.
Yule (1996: 4) states that there are three branches of study in
linguistics; they are Syntax, Semantic, and Pragmatic. Syntax is the study
of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in
sequenced, and which sequences are well-formed. This type of study
generally takes place without considering any word of reference or any
users of forms. Semantics is the study of the relationships between
linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally
connect to things. Semantic analysis also establishes the relationships
between verbal descriptions and states of affairs in the world as accurate or
not regardless of who produces the description. Pragmatics is the study of
the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. In
this three-part distinction, only pragmatics allows human into the analysis.
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According to Levinson (1995:24), pragmatic is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. Meanwhile, Yule (1996:4) states that pragmatic is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
Pragmatic is interested in the process language and in its producers. According to Mey (1993:42), the use of language for various purposes, is governed by the condition of society. Hence, pragmatic is the study of the condition of human language uses are determined by the context of society. Then, one of the tasks of pragmatic is to explain how the same content is differently in different context such as cultural, religion and professional.
Leech (1993: 8) explains the view that semantics and pragmatics are distinct, though complementary and interrelated fields of study, it easy to appreciate subjectively, but is more difficult to justify in an objective way. It is best supported negatively, by pointing out the failure or weakness of alternative views. Moreover, he states three possible ways of structuring this relationship semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics), pragmaticism (semantics inside pragmatics) and complementarism (they both complement each other, but are otherwise independent areas of research).
Cutting (2002:2) states that pragmatic concentrates on aspect of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and taken
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into account knowledge about physical and social world. Pragmatic analyses language in use and many utterances which do not consist of full sentences yet are entirely understandable. So, the focus of pragmatic analysis is on the meaning of speaker utterances rather than on the meaning of words or sentences. The scope of pragmatic includes the study of deixis, presupposition, implicature, speech acts, and aspect of discourse structure.
The advantage of studying language through pragmatic is that one can talk about people’s intended meaning, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak. Pragmatic tells us it all right to use language in various, unconventional ways, as long as we know, as language users, what we are doing. So, we can let ourselves be semantically shocked, if there is a reason for it, or it is done for a purpose (Mey, 1993:4). People do much more with words than merely describing objects and activities around them.
Yule (1996: 3) explains that pragmatics concerns with 4 areas.
They are: Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.
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Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what circumstances.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning.
This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. We might say that it is the investigation of invisible meaning.
Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and unsaid. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
Yule (1996:4) also distinguishes three fields of linguistic study to review its relationship with other areas of linguistic analysis. Firstly, he defines syntax as the study of relationships between linguistic forms – how they are arranged in sequences, and which sequences are well-formed.
This type of study generally takes place without considering any world of reference or any user of the forms. Secondly, he considers semantics as the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the
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world – how words literally connect to things. Semantic analysis also attempts to establish the relationships between verbal descriptions and states of affairs in the world as accurate (true) or not, regardless of who produces that description. Thirdly, he regards pragmatics as the study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
In addition, as social individuals, people spend much of their time talking or interacting with other people; for example when they are getting together with friends, workmates or families over meal time. These interactions involving utterances can be analyzed by pragmatic analysis to find out the speaker’s intended meanings, the listener’s assumptions or receptions regard with some aspects such as who the speaker and the listener are, what relationship they have, and in what context they are in when they interact.
The meaning gained from an utterance may differ from one to another person; it depends on the mentioned aspects. For example, two friends, Maggie and James, are having a conversation which may imply some things and infer some other things without providing any clear linguistic evidence of ‘the meaning’ of what was being communicated.
Maggie: “Coffee?”
James: “It would keep me awake all night”
Maggie has to know that Jamie has to stay up all night to study for an exam to comprehend that James receives her offering.
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Here is another example of utterances in conversation which may often be heard, but what the participants mean depend on the shared knowledge laid between the speaker and the listener.
A: “Hey, have you?”
B: “Yap, just this morning.”
The meaning of the words in the example is understood, literally, but not what is communicated by the speaker and the listener. However, both the speaker and the listener seem to understand each other as B answers A’s question without asking what does A mean with “have you?”
1. Scope of Pragmatic
Yule (1996: 12) describes the subject areas of pragmatics as
follows:
a. Entailment
Yule (1996: 25) states that entailment is something that
logically follows from what is asserted in utterance. For example:
(1) Mary’s Brother has bought three horses.
In producing the utterance (1), the speaker will normally be
expected to have the presupposition that a person called Mary has a
brother. The speaker may also hold the more specific
presupposition that Mary has only one brother and that he has a lot
of money. In fact, all of these presuppositions are the speaker’s and
all of them can be wrong. The sentences in (1) will be treated as
having some entailments such as Mary’s brother bought
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something, Mary’s brother bought three animals, somebody bought three horses, and other similar logical consequences.
Moreover, there are two types of entailments; they are one-way entailment and two-way entailment. One-way entailment means that the sentences are not true paraphrases each other. For example:
(2) Harry saw a squirrel
(3) Harry saw an animal
If Harry saw a squirrel, then he necessarily saw an animal. But if he saw an animal, he could have seen a squirrel, but not necessarily. It could have been a mouse, a cat, a tiger, a big crocodile or else.
Meanwhile, two-way entailment means that the sentences are paraphrases of each other. For example:
(4) Jane sits in front of Ann
(5) Ann sits behind Jane
Sentences (4) and (5) have meaning relationship in front of and behind. We have a situation of two-way entailment between the sentences. These sentences are paraphrases one to another that it is also called two-way entailment.
b. Deixis
Deixis is a process whereby words or expressions rely absolutely on context. It is a technical term from Greek for one of
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the most basic things we do with utterances which means
‘pointing’ through language. For example:
(6) Jim: “I’ll put this there”
(The context is Jim telling his wife that he is about to put the key of house in the kitchen drawer)
From sentences (6) it can be seen two deictic expressions –
‘this’ and ‘here’. These deictic expressions are conventionally understood as the expression of being ‘near speaker’.
c. Implicature
Yule (1996: 131) states that implicature is a short version of conversational implicature which is defined as an additional unstated meaning in conversation. There is a basic assumption in conversation that each participant (the speaker and the listener) attempt to cooperate to exchange talk. People produce implicatures all time but are mostly unaware of it. For example, is someone asks, “Could you close the door?” the listener does not usually answer “yes” instead they perform the non-linguistic act of closing the door. In this case, although speakers uses a form of words that is conventionally a question: the listener can infer that the speaker is making a request.
Here are two examples of implicature which implicate “I don’t like” and “I’m not going”:
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(7) A: ‘Do you like the Colour?”
B: “Red is red”
(The context is – A and B are close friend and A knows well that B does not like red colour)
Stating that “Red is red” in (7) is apparently both too informative (since people already know that red is red) and not informative enough because B does not directly answer the question of A. there may be some interpretations gained by anyone when hearing B’s answer, but since the context is A knows that B really does not like red, then B has given the answer of the question. Thus, A understands that B does not like the colour they are talking about. B does not say that she/he does not like the colour but she/ he implies it.
For another example:
(8) A: “We’re going to the movie, are you going with us
tonight?”
B: “My parents’ are visiting tonight”
(The context is that A and B are good friends and A knows that
B rarely meets her/his parents who live of the town.)
In (8), B’s answer is not related with the question of A, because there is not any relationship between the movie and B’s parents.
However, since there is a shared knowledge between A and B, then
B has actually answered A’s question. A knows that B seldom
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meets her parents living out of the town, so A must understand that
B is not going with A because B must want to spend the night with
her/ his parents. B does not say that she/he is not going to the
movie with the other, but she/he implies it.
d. Presupposition
Yule (1996: 133) states that presupposition is something
speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance.
Speakers, not sentences, have presuppositions. For example:
(9) Where has Anne looked for these keys?
Presupposition of (9): Anne has looked for the keys, but has
not found it yet.
(10) Do you want to do it again?
Presupposition of (10): You have done it already, at least
one time.
(11) My wife is pregnant.
Presupposition of (11): the speaker has a wife.
C. Presupposition
Presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case
before making an utterance. Speakers, not sentences, have presuppositions.
Presupposition is a proposition that precedes another proposition. They are
very common phenomena of language use in society. To understand
19
utterances, speakers and hearers have to resort to various kinds of general knowledge of the world which they are assumed to share. Presupposition has important role to determine the discourse coherent (Selinker on Rani et al., 2006: 168).
1) Types of Presupposition
According to George Yule (1996: 27-30), types of
presupposition divided into six categories, they are:
a) Existential Presupposition
It is not only assumed to be present in possessive
construction, but more generally in any definite noun
phrase. Speaker is committed to the existence of the entities
named any definite noun phrase.
Example:
- The King of Sweden.
- The Cat
- The girls next door
- The Counting Crows
- Your Book
b) Factive Presupposition
Certain verb/ construction indicate that something is a fact.
Example:
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- She didn’t realize he was ill. (>>He was ill)
- We regret telling him. (>>We told him)
- I wasn’t aware that she was married. (>>She was
married)
- It isn’t odd that he left early. (>>He left early)
- I’m glad that it’s over. (>>It’s over)
- Everybody knows that John is gay. (>>John was a gay)
c) Lexical Presupposition
The use of one form with its asserted meaning is
conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that
another (non-asserted) meaning is understood.
Example:
- Julia didn’t manage to sell her goods.(>> She didn’t try
to sell her goods)
Asserted meaning: she failed.
- Julia managed to sell her goods. (>> She tried to sell her
goods)
Asserted meaning: she succeeded.
- He stopped smoking (>> He used to smoke)
- They started complaining. (>> They were not
complaining before)
- You’re late again. (>> You were late before)
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d) Structural Presupposition
In this case, certain sentence structures have been analyzed
as conventionally and regularly presupposing that part of
structure is already assumed to be true. Example:
- When did he leave? (>> He left)
- Where did you buy the bike? (>> You bought the bike)
The type of presupposition can lead listeners to believe that
the information presented is necessarily true, rather than
just the presupposition of the person asking the question.
- How fast was the car going when it ran the red light?
(>> the car ran the red light)
If the question is answered with estimating the speed of the
car, then the listeners would appear to be accepting the truth
of the presupposition. Such structurally-based
presuppositions may represent subtle ways of making
information that the speaker believes appear to be what the
listener should believe. e) Non-factive Presupposition
It is one that is assumed not to be true. Verbs like ‘dream’,
‘imagine’, and ‘pretend’ are used with the presupposition
that what follows is not true. Example:
- I dreamed that I was rich. (>> I was not rich)
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- We imagined we were in Hawaii (>> We were not in
Hawaii)
- He pretend to be ill (>>He is not ill)
f) Counter-factual Presupposition
Meaning that what is presupposed is not only ‘not true’, but
is the opposite meaning what is true, or contrary to facts. A
conditional structure generally called counterfactual
conditional, presupposes that the information in the if-
clause is not true at the time of utterance. Example:
- If you were my friend, you would have helped me. (>>
You are not my friend)
Table
Type Example Presupposition Existential The Xs >> X exists Factive I regret leaving >> I left Non-factive He pretended to be happy >> He wasn’t happy Lexical He managed to escape >> He tried to escape Structural When did she die? >> She died Counterfactual If I weren’t ill, >> I am ill
D. Song Lyric
Almost everyone listens songs every hour of every day, although
they are realizing it or not. Song is able to be media to share our feeling.
So, song will be our part of our life then.
Song is a musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are
performed, ’sung’ and generally feature words (lyrics), commonly
23
followed by other musical instruments. The words of songs are typically of
a poetic, rhyming nature, although they may be religious verses or free
prose. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/song)
Parto (1996:99) stated that a song is a group of arrangements which
consist of lyrics and elements of music like rhythm, melody, harmony and
expressions. Simss (1993: 29) has other statement; song is a short piece in
one concise movement for the medium of solo voice and piano.
Song is a short musical work set to a poetic text with equal
importance given to music and to the words. It may be written for one or
several voices and is generally performed with musical instrument
accompaniment (Anonymous, 1977: 220).
On the other hand, Lyrics (in singular form lyric) are a set of words
that make up a song, usually consisting of verses and choruses. The writer
of lyrics is a lyricist or lyrist. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit
or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such
cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and
symmetry of expression (http://lyricwikipedia/thefreeencyclopedia).
Based on the statements above song lyric is musical composition
which contains a set of meaningful words. The meaning can be implicit or
explicit. It is written and it has correct tone per word or phrase constructed
harmonically.
E. Rock Music
24
Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music.
Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.
Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an ideology of authenticity than pop music.
By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age" or "classic rock" period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, raga rock, and jazz-rock fusion, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock,
25
which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the
1970s, punk rock reacted against the perceived overblown, inauthentic and overly mainstream aspects of these genres to produce a stripped-down, energetic form of music valuing raw expression and often lyrically characterised by social and political critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres, including new wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.
Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures. Inheriting the
26
folk tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with
political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex and
drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult
consumerism and conformity. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music)
F. Within Temptation Band
Within Temptation is a Dutch symphonic metal band founded in
1996 by vocalist Sharon den Adel and guitarist Robert Westerholt. They
have always been classified by critics as gothic metal or rock, although the
"gothic" influence varies with each album. Their most prominent and well-
known sound is described as symphonic metal, although their earlier
material, such as debut album Enter, was mostly gothic metal. Enter even
had a hint of doom metal. In an interview, Den Adel said they fell into a
symphonic rock genre with various influences. In a later interview with
Dutch music platform 3VOOR12, den Adel stated that "we consider
ourselves more a symphonic rock band ... in my opinion, we are no gothic
band".
27
After the release of their debut album Enter in 1997, the band became prominent in the Dutch underground scene. It was not until 2001 that they became known to the general public, with the single "Ice Queen" from their second album Mother Earth, which reached No. 2 on the Dutch charts. This was followed by the band winning the Conamus Exportprijs, a
Dutch music award, four years in a row. Their next albums The Silent
Force (2004) and The Heart of Everything (2007) debuted at No. 1 on the
Dutch charts. In 2008, they released a live DVD and CD, Black
Symphony, recorded with the Metropole Orchestra. This was followed in
2009 by An Acoustic Night at the Theatre, another live album.
The band's fifth studio album, The Unforgiving, was released in
March 2011, alongside both a comic book series and a series of short films that together encompass a story. The first single, "Faster", was released on
January 21, and the first short film, Mother Maiden, was released on
January 31. The band has sold more than 3 million copies of the album worldwide. On November 13, 2012, they celebrated their 15th birthday with a huge live event, called Elements, at the Sportpaleis arena in
Antwerp, Belgium.
Their sixth studio album, Hydra, was released on January 22, 2014 in Japan, on January 31, 2014 in Europe, and on February 4, 2014 in the
United States. The album features guest appearances from various artists:
Finnish singer Tarja Turunen, who appears in the lead single "Paradise
(What About Us?)"; Howard Jones, former vocalist of American metal
28
core band Killswitch Engage; Dave Pirner, lead vocalist of American
alternative rock band Soul Asylum; and American rapper Xzibit. The band
had extensive airplay on British radio station BBC Radio 2 with one of the
songs from the album, "Whole World Is Watching" featuring Pirner.
The band is currently working on new material and is due to tour
The Netherlands as part of their "Theater Tour", a seated show. During
2014, they parted ways with artist management agency AT Productions
and signed with Martijn Swier, with whom they had been working for
many years. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_Temptation)
G. The Heart Of Everything Album
An album is a book used for the collection and preservation of
miscellaneous items such as photographs, postage stamps, newspaper
clippings, visitors' comments, etc. The word later became widely used to
describe a collection of audio recordings of pieces of music on a single
gramophone record, cassette, compact disc, or via digital distribution.
29
In musical usage the word was used for collections of short pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums. When long- playing records were introduced, a collection of pieces on a single record was called an album; the word was extended to other recording media such as compact disc, Minidisc, Compact audio cassette, and digital or MP3 albums, as they were introduced.
The word derives from a Classical Latin word for a blank
(albus=white) tablet, later a list. Audio albums in physical form are often provided with decorative covers (cover art) and liner notes and inserts about the music and recording, giving background information and analysis of the recording, lyrics and librettos, images of the performers, and other images and text. When supplied with compact discs they are known as CD booklet.(http://album/wikipedia/freeency clopedia.html).\\
The album The Heart of Everything from Within Temptation was released on March 9, 2007, in the Netherlands, and in the United States on
July 24. Two tracks, called "The Howling" and "Sounds of Freedom", were recorded as promotion material for the video game The Chronicles of
Spellborn, and the first of these opens the album. The full track listing was revealed on January 10. The band embarked on their first North American tour with Lacuna Coil in May to promote the North American release of the album. Roadrunner Records also released a limited edition EP called
30
The Howling, which was available only at Hot Topic stores, containing the title track plus popular tracks from their former album The Silent Force.
The album debuted at No. 1 in the Dutch Album 100, making it their second number-one album. It reached No. 2 in Belgium, No. 2 in
Finland, the top 10 in eight countries and top 100 in eleven countries.
The song "What Have You Done" was the first single released from the album. Its initial music video was recorded on the 12, 13 and 14 of December 2006 at the Koko club in London, and a CGI studio in
Windsor. It features Mina Caputo of Life of Agony on guest vocals. Fans were allowed to participate in the making of the video, although this first version left the band feeling disappointed (comments made by the band at their March show in Lyon). Shortly after, a completely new video for the song was made. The second single, released across Europe in June, was
"Frozen". The video, filmed in Romania, deals with child abuse, and sales of the single was to raise money for a children's charity, Child Helpline
International. "The Howling" was chosen as a digital single release for the
UK (not to be confused with the US EP release), and another video was also shot. The extended version of the "Frozen" single features an unreleased b-side, "Sounds of Freedom", as mentioned the second song written for the promotion of the computer game The Chronicles of
Spellborn.
Within Temptation started their very first US tour a few months after the European release of The Heart of Everything, supporting Lacuna
31
Coil, and appearing alongside In This Moment, Stolen Babies, The
Gathering, and Kylesa. The tour, dubbed The Hottest Chicks in Metal
Tour 2007, was largely a success. The Heart of Everything was then released there on July 24, and the promotional single of "What Have You
Done" shipped to rock stations July 2. This was the band's first album to be released in America followed by the previous albums Mother Earth and
The Silent Force a year later.
In support of the new album, Within Temptation decided to kick off their first headlining US tour in Fall, 2007. The band played 13 shows, starting on September 5, 2007, in Boston and ended on September 23,
2007, in Tempe, Arizona.
On October 19, 2007, Within Temptation released the video for their third single "All I Need". The single was released in Europe around
November 12 and features the single and album versions of the title track plus demo versions of "The Last Time" (previously unreleased track),
"Frozen" and "Our Solemn Hour".
In November 2007, the band released info that their concert at
Beursgebouw, in Eindhoven, was filmed for possible inclusion on a new concert DVD (either parts or all of the show). On February 7, 2008, the band performed a 10,000 audience show entitled Black Symphony at the
Ahoy in Nederlands together with The Metropole Orchestra, a choir and several guest artists, and it was later revealed that this show would be filmed in its entirety for DVD and Blu-ray together with a double CD,
32
which was to be released on September 22, 2008, (international) and
September 23, 2008 (in the US). The trailer for the DVD (containing the
entire live performance of the song "Our Solemn Hour" from the show)
was released on the band's Open disc feature on July 16, 2008. Another
single from The Heart of Everything, Forgiven, was released to promote
the Black Symphony release. Later, Black Symphony was certified Gold
in the Netherlands.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Everything)
Above, there are so many theories from Experts of Pragmatics,
here the researcher choose Presupposition and a main discussion of the
research. The researcher analyses kinds of presupposition of song lyrics
from the album because in each line of song lyric, there are contain many
presupposition found in song lyrics of “The Heart of Everything” album
by Within Temptation band.
H. The application of Presupposition in Song Lyric in Teaching Listening
The teaching of listening has attracted a greater level of interest in
recent years than it did in the past. Now, university entrance exams, exit
exams, and other examinations often include a listening component,
acknowledging that listening skills are a core component of second-
language proficiency, and also reflecting the assumption that if listening
isn’t tested, teachers won’t teach it.
33
Earlier views of listening showed it as the mastery of discrete skills or micro skills, such as recognizing reduced forms of words, recognizing cohesive devices in texts, and identifying key words in a text, and that these skills should form the focus of teaching. Later views of listening drew on the field of cognitive psychology, which introduced the notions of bottom-up and top-down processing and brought attention to the role of prior knowledge and schema in comprehension. Listening came to be seen as an interpretive process. Richards (2008: 2)
Listening as comprehension is the traditional way of thinking about the nature of listening. Indeed, in most methodology manuals listening and listening comprehension are synonymous. This view of listening is based on the assumption that the main function of listening in second language learning is to facilitate understanding of spoken discourse. We will examine this view of listening in some detail before considering a complementary view of listening – listening as acquisition. This latter view of listening considers how listening can provide input that triggers the further development of second-language proficiency. Richards (2008:
4).
It is easy to understand implicit and explicit meaning of song, because inside of a song there must be a harmony, then the listeners listens not only use listening sense, they use their heart also. One of the aim of teaching listening using song as a media is creating good mood in the class. The researcher uses chosen song to teach listening.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher wants to present how to carry out the research. The researcher divides this chapter into five parts those are research design, object of the study, the data source, technique collecting for data, technique for analyzing data.
A. Research Design
This research employed descriptive qualitative research.
Qualitative research was used to emphasize on describing the phenomenon
in its content by interpreting the data. The data and analysis in this
research were in the form of description. Creswell (1994:145) argues that
qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in
process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or picture.
According to Sugiyono (2010: 13-14) defines types of research
into two types. They are quantitative research and qualitative research. In
conducting this research she uses descriptive qualitative research because
the researcher would like to describe about the types of presupposition
found on the Within Temptation’s song lyrics on the album The Heart of
Everything
34
35
B. Object of The Research
Object of research here means the object which the researcher tries
to examine. This is a qualitative research then, it is different from
quantitative one. Qualitative research does not use population because it
starts from a certain case in certain social situation and the result of data
analysis will not be generalized to population but will be transferred to
other places in the same social condition as the observed case (Sugiyono,
2010: 19-20). The object of the research is presupposition on the song
lyrics created by Within Temptation band on the The Heart of Everything
album.
C. The Data Source
According to Hornby (2005: 109) data is information of fact. In
research, the data is very essential in finding and solving the problem. It is
very necessary for researcher because the data is the basic element needed
in research. In this research, the researcher takes the data from Within
Temptation song lyrics. The researcher chooses one album entitled The
Heart of Everything.
There are two types of the data source in this study. They
are primary source and secondary source. (Sugiyono, 2010: 308)
1. Primary Source
Primary source is source from which the main data of
the analyzing were taken. They are taken from the objects of
36
the study that are song lyrics created by Within Temptation
band on the The Heart of Everything album.
2. Secondary Source
Secondary source is source from which the supporting
data were taken. It involves biography of the Within
Temptation band and The Heart of Everything album review.
Those data were taken from books, dictionary, and websites.
D. Technique of Collecting The Data
Sugiyono (2010: 308) states that technique of collecting data is the
main part in research, because the main objective from research is getting
the data. Without knowing the technique of collecting data, the researcher
will not get the data.
The researcher states steps in collecting the data:
a. Reading and indicating (observing Within Temptation’s song lyrics
on the album The Heart of Everything which contain
presupposition).
b. Signing kinds of presupposition in every single line (Within
Temptation’s song lyrics on the album The Heart of
Everythingwhich contain presupposition).
37
E. Technique of Analysis The Data
Sugiyono (2010: 335) clarifies that data analysis is critical to the
qualitative research process. It involves a way of thinking. It refers to the
systematic examination of something to determine its part, the relation
among parts, and the relationship to the whole. Analysis is a search for
patern.
After the researcher finished collecting the data, he analyzed the
provided data. In this research, the researcher uses documentation
method to collect the data. Documentation is getting the data about case
or variable as note, transcripts, book, magazine, etc. The following steps
are:
a. Classifying the lines into kinds of presupposition.
b. Explaning the reason why the certain lyric concluded into types of
presupposition.
c. Relating the result with Teaching Listening.
d. Stating conclusion.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss about the results or the findings of the research. For the first, the researcher presents research finding and the second is discussion.
A. Research Finding
The researcher found 130 presuppositions used in song lyrics of The
Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band. There are six types
of presupposition. They are existensial presupposition, factive
presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,
structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition. The
researcher puts the total result of the analysis into percentage on the usage
of kinds of presupposition in song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album
by Within Temptation band.
Table 1 Number and Percentage of Presuppositions
No Types of Presupposition Total Percentage 1. Existensial Presupposition 86 66,1% 2. Factive Presupposition 17 13,1% 3. Lexical Presupposition 12 9,2% 4. Structural Presupposition 7 5,4% 5. Non-Factive Presupposition 4 3,1% 6. Counter-Factual Presupposition 4 3,1% ∑ 130 100%
The reasearcher found all types of presupposition in the The Heart
of Everything album. The number of presuppositions are 130 in song lyrics
38 39
on The Heart of Everything” album by Within Temptation band. The
researcher found 66,1% for existensial presupposition, 13,1% for factive
presupposition, 9,2% lexical presupposition, 5,4% for structural
presupposition, 3,1% for non-fative presupposition, 3,1% for counter-
factual presupposition.
B. Discussion
In discussion, the researcher gave a discussion about the data
findings of presuppositions which are used in in song lyrics of The Heart of
Everything album by Within Temptation band. The researcher discussed
the types of presuppositions and the application presuppositions which are
used in song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within
Temptation band in teaching listening.
1. The presupposition in song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album
by Within Temptation band.
The discussion of type of presuppositions in song lyrics of The
Heart of Everything album by Within Temptation band would be
presented below;
1.1 Existensial Presupposition
It is not only assumed to be present in possessive
construction, but more generally in any definite noun phrase.
Speaker is committed to the existence of the entities named any
definite noun phrase. The researcher would like to discuss the
40
existensial presupposition start from the first song; a. The Howling
Their howls are sending chills down my spine and time is running out now they’re coming down the hills from behind
The researcher found three (3) existensial presuppositions in the
second verse of the song lyric,
- “their howls” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “Their howls”. It means only the speaker listens
the howls of them not the other, (determiner “their” +
noun “Howls”) as definite.
- “my spines” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “my spines”. A definite noun phrase which tells
about specific spines of the speaker,(determiner “my” +
noun “spines”) as definite.
- “the hill”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the hill”, it is just the place where speaker
assumed belongs.(Determiner “the” + noun “hill”) as
definite.
When we start killing It's all coming down right now
41
from the nightmare we've created I want to be awakened somehow
- “the Nightmare”,>> the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the nightmare”. it indicated that only the
speaker has a nightmare or bad dream, not the
other.(Determiner “the” + noun “nightmare”) as definite.
It all will be falling down from the hell that we're in All we are is fading away
- “The hell”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the hell”.means the place, in here is hell, that
speaker belongs. (Determiner “the” + noun “hell”) as
definite.
The sun is rising, the screams have gone Too many have fallen, few still stand tall
- “the sun”, >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the sun”.there is a Sun that speaker sees by his/
her own seeing senses. (Determiner “the” + noun “sun”) as
definite.
- “the Scream”,>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
42
phrase is “the scream”. there are screams that speaker
heard by his/ her own senses.(Determiner “the” + noun
“scream”) as definite b. What Have You Done
Than to harm the one I love
- “the one” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the one”. There is someone whom speaker
means to be.(Determiner “the” + noun “one”) as definite
There's a curse between us, between me and you
- “a curse” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the curse”.there is a curse between the speaker
and the listener. (Determiner “a” + noun “curse”) as
definite
‘cause you have turned into my worst enemy
- “my worst enemy” >>the researcher found the existence
of the entities named any definite noun phrase. The
definite noun phrase is “the worst enemy”. there is a worst
enemy of the speaker.(Determiner “my”+ adjective
“worst” + noun “curse”) as definite
c. Frozen
43
I can't feel my senses I just feel the cold All colors seem to fade away I can't reach my soul
- “my senses”, >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my senses”. the speaker has
senses(Determiner “my” + noun “senses”) as definite.
- “the cold” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the cold”. there is a cold that speaker
feels(Determiner “the” + noun “cold”) as definite
- “my soul” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the worst enemy”. the speaker has soul.
(Determiner “my” + noun “soul”) as definite.
Tell me I'm frozen but what can I do? Can't tell the reasons, I did it for you
- “the reason” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the reason” there must be reasons but the
speaker can’t tell them.(Determiner “the” + noun
“reason”) as definite.
-
I can feel your sorrow
44
- “your sorrow” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “your sorrow” there is a sorrow. Speaker
commited to the existance of the opposite’s
sorrow.(Determiner “your” + noun “sorrow”) as definite.
d. Our Solemn Hour
In my darkest hours, I could not foresee that the tide could turn so fast to this degree can’t believe my eyes, how can you be so blind?
- “my darkest hour” >>the researcher found the existence
of the entities named any definite noun phrase. The
definite noun phrase is “my darkest hour”.the speaker
have the darkest hour at the time. (Determiner “my”+
adjective “darkest” + noun “sorrow”) as definite.
- “the tide” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the tide” there is a tide. (Determiner “the”
+ noun “tide”) as definite.
- “this degree”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “this degree” only the speaker turned into
degree which his/ her means.(Determiner “this” + noun
“degree”) as definite.
45
- “my eyes”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my eyes”. Meaning of the definite noun
phrase above is speaker’s eyes. (Determiner “my” + noun
“eyes”) as definite.
If we can't restrain the beast which dwells inside It will find its way somehow, somewhere in time
- “the beast” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the beast”.Meaning of the definite noun
phrase above is speaker’s beast. (Determiner “the” +
noun “beast”) as definite.
Will we remember all of the suffering 'Cause if we fail it will be in vain?
- “the suffering” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the suffering”. the speaker feels suffer
when asking the question.(Determiner “the” + noun
“suffering”) as definite. e. The Heart of Everything
For the pain and the sorrow caused by my mistakes Won't repent to a mortal, whom is all to blame Now I know I won't make it, there will be a time We'll get back our freedom, they can't break what's inside
- “the pain” >>the researcher found the existence of the
46
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the pain”.the pain caused by what the
speaker has done.(Determiner “the” + noun “pain”) as
definite.
- “the sorrow” >> the sorrow caused by what the speaker
has done.(Determiner “the” + noun “sorrow”) as definite.
- “my mistake”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the mistake”.the speaker make
mistake.(Determiner “my” + noun “mistake”) as definite.
- “a time” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “a time”.there must be a time. (Determiner
“a” + noun “time”) as definite.
I'll face it 'cause it's the heart of everything
- “the heart of everything” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “the heart of everything”. the
speaker assumed there is the heart of everything, the
speaker will face it.(Determiner “a” + noun phrase “heart
of everything”) as definite.
47
Open up your eyes Save yourself from fading away now, don't let it go Open up your eyes See what you've become, don't sacrifice It's truly the heart of everything
- “your eyes” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “your eyes”. in the lyric, the definite noun
phrase has repetition. The listener has eyes, then the
speaker points them.(Determiner “your” + noun “eyes”)
as definite.
Stay with me, now I'm facing my last solemn hour Very soon I'll embrace you on the other side Hear the crowd in the distance, screaming out my faith now their voices are fading, I can feel no more pain
- “my last solemn hour” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “my last solemn hour”. the
speaker is facing his/ her solemn hour at the
time.Determiner “my” + adjective “last” + noun “solemn
hour”) as definite
- “the crowd” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the crowd” the speaker heard the crowd.
Determiner “the” + noun “crowd”) as definite
48
- “the distance” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the distance”. The distance assumed by the
speaker.Determiner “the” + noun “distance”) as definite
- “my faith” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “my faith”. The meaning of the definite noun
phrase above is the speaker’s faith.(Determiner “my” +
noun “faith”) as definite. f. Hand of Sorrow
The child without a name grew up to be the hand To watch you, to shield you or kill on demand The choice he'd made, he could not comprehend His blood a grim secret, they had to command
- “the child” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the child”. Speaker said that there is a
child(Determiner “the” + noun “child”) as definite.
- “the choice” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
phrase is “the choice”. The meaning of the definite noun
phrase above isthe choice of the child(Determiner “the” +
noun “choice”) as definite.
- “his blood” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite noun
49
phrase is “his blood”. The meaning of the definite noun
phrase above is the child’s blood.(Determiner “his” +
noun “blood”) as definite.
He's torn between his honor and the true love of his life He prayed for both but was denied
- “his honor” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “his honour”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the child’s honor.(Determiner “his”
+ noun “honour”) as definite.
- “his true love of his life” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “his true love of his life”. The
meaning of the definite noun phrase above is the child has
true love in his life.Determiner “his” + adjective “true” +
noun phrase “love of his life”) as definite.
The curse of his powers tormented his life Obeying the crown was a sinister price His soul was tortured by love and by pain He surely would flee but the oath ma(Determiner “his” + adjective “true” noun “love of his life”) as definite.de him stay
- “the curse of his power” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “his curse of his power”. The
meaning of the definite noun phrase above is there is a
50
curse made by the child power.(Determiner “his” +noun
phrase “curse of his power”) as definite.
- “the crown” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the crown”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above isthe crown which the child wants.
Determiner “the” + noun “crown”) as definite.
-
- “a sinister price”>>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “a sinister price”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is there is a sinister price.
Determiner “a”+ adjective “sinister” + noun “price”) as
definite.
- “his soul”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “his soul”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the child’s soul. Determiner “his” +
noun “soul”) as definite.
- “the oath”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the oath”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the oath that made the child
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stays.Determiner “the” + noun “oath”) as definite.
g. The Cross
You've washed your hands; you've made that all too clear you just keep on living this lie
- “your hands”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “your hands”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the listener hands. Determiner
“your” + noun “hands”) as definite.Determiner “your” +
noun “hands”) as definite.
- “this lie” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “this lie”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is there is a lie assumed by the
speaker.Determiner (“this” + noun “lie”) as definite.
I keep wondering why I'm still calling your name through my tears
- “your name”>>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “your name”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the listener name. Determiner
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“your” + noun “name”) as definite.
- “my tears” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my tears”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is tears of the speaker. Determiner
“my” + noun “tears”) as definite
Why have you waited to embrace me, my dear? Cold is your silence, denying what is real
- “my dear” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my dear”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s dear.Determiner “my”
+ noun “dear”) as definite.
- “your silence” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “your silence”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is the listener’s silence.
Determiner “your” + noun “silence”) as definite.
I'm sorry if you can't stand the naked truth
- “the naked truth” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the naked truth”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is there is a naked truth
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assumed by the speaker.Determiner “the +
adjective”naked” + noun “lie”) as definite.
Release me from this cross after all these years Oh, call my name and help me with this weight Even though it comes far too late
- “this cross” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “this cross”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above isthe speaker experienced
cross.Determiner “this” + noun “cross”) as definite.
- “all these years” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “these years”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is all years passed by the speaker.
Determiner “these” + noun “years”) as definite.
- “this weight” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “this weight”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is weight assumed by the speaker.
Determiner “this” + noun “weight”) as definite.
In my heart I still hope you will open the door You can purify it all, answer my call
- “my heart” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
54
noun phrase is “my heart”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is heart of the speaker.Determiner
“my” + noun “heart”) as definite.
- “the door” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the door”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above isthe door assumed by the
speaker.Determiner “the” + noun “door”) as definite.
- “my call” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my call”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s call. Determiner “my”
+ noun “call”) as definite. h. Final Destination
I escaped my final moment but it's turning back at me on every corner I can feel it waiting
- “my final moment” >>the researcher found the existence
of the entities named any definite noun phrase. The
definite noun phrase is “my final moment”. The meaning
of the definite noun phrase above is the speaker’s final
moment.Determiner “my”+ adjective “final” + noun
“moment”) as definite.
- “every corner” >>the researcher found the existence of
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the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “every corner”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is every pointed corner of the
speaker.Determiner “every” + noun “corner”) as definite.
It's waiting, always trying I feel the hands of fate, they're suffocating Tell me what's the reason Is it all inside my head can’t take it no more!
- “the hands of fate” >>the researcher found the existence
of the entities named any definite noun phrase. The
definite noun phrase is “the hands of fate”. The meaning
of the definite noun phrase above is there are the hands of
fate.Determiner “the” + noun phrase “hands of fate”) as
definite.
- “the reason” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the reason”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the reason which the speaker wants.
(Determiner “the” + noun “reason”) as definite.
- “my head” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my head”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s head. Determiner
“my” + noun “head”) as definite.
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Every secondI can hear it breathing I can't stand the fear inside me ‘cause it's leading me astray and it will be my ending
- “every second” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “every second”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is evey second of the speaker.
(Determiner “every” + noun “second”) as definite.
- “the fear” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the fear”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the fear of the speaker. (Determiner
“the” + noun “fear”) as definite.
- “my ending” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my ending”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s ending. (Determiner
“my” + noun “ending”) as definite. i. All I Need
I'm dying to catch my breath Oh why don't I ever learn? I've lost all my trust, though I've surely tried to turn it around
- “my breath” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
57
noun phrase is “my breath”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the breath of the
speaker.(Determiner “my” + noun “breath”) as definite
- “all my trust” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “all my trust”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above isthe entire speaker’s
trust.(Determiner “my” + noun “trust”) as definite
Can you still see the heart of me? All my agony fades away when you hold me in your embrace
- “the heart of me” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the heart of me”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is the speaker’s
heart.(Determiner “the” + noun phrase “heart of me”) as
definite
- “my agony” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my agony”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s agony.(Determiner
“my” + noun “agony”) as definite
- “your embrace” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
58
noun phrase is “your embrace”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above isembrace by the person
whom speaker means to be.(Determiner “your” + noun
“embrace”) as definite
I'm here on the edge again I wish I could let it go
- “the edge” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the edge”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s agony.(Determiner
“the” + noun “edge”) as definite.
j. The Truth Beneath The Rose
Give me strength to face the truth, the doubt within my soul No longer I can justify the bloodshed in His name Is it a sin to seek the truth, the truth beneath the rose? Pray with me so I will find the gate to Heaven's door
- “the truth” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the truth”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase aboveis there must be the truth.(Determiner
“the” + noun “truth”) as definite.
- “the doubt” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
59
noun phrase is “the doubt”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is there must be the doubt.(Determiner
“the” + noun “doubt”) as definite.
- “the rose” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the rose”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is there must be the rose.(Determiner
“the” + noun “rose”) as definite.
- “the gate” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the gate”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is there must be the gate.(Determiner
“the” + noun “gate”) as definite.
- “Heaven’s door” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “Heaven’s door”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase aboveis there must be the door of
heaven.(Determiner “heaven’s” + noun “door”) as
definite.
Blinded to see the cruelty of the beast It is the darker side of me The veil of my dreams deceived that I have seen Forgive me for what I have been, forgive me my sins
- “the cruelty” >>the researcher found the existence of the
60
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the cruelty”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is there must be the gate.(Determiner
“the” + noun “cruelty”) as definite.
- “the darker side of me” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “the darker side of me”. The
meaning of the definite noun phrase above is the speaker
has darker side in his/ her own self. (Determiner “the” +
adjective “darker” + noun “side of me”) as definite.
- “the veil of my dreams” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “the veil of my dreams”. The
meaning of the definite noun phrase aboveis there must
be the veil of speaker’s dreams only.(Determiner “the” +
noun phrase “veil of my dreams”) as definite.
- “my sins” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my sins”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker’s sins.(Determiner “my”
+ noun “sins”) as definite.
Pray for me 'cause I have lost my faith in holy wars is paradise denied to me 'cause I can't take no more?
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Has darkness taken over me, consumed my mortal soul? All my virtues sacrificed, can Heaven be so cruel?
- “my faith” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my faith”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase aboveis there must be a speaker’s
faith.(Determiner “my” + noun “faith”) as definite.
- “my mortal soul” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “my mortal soul”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase aboveis only the speaker has the
mortal soul.(Determiner “my” + adjective “mortal” +
noun “soul”) as definite.
- “all my virtues” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “all my virtues”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is all virtues of the speaker
only.(Determiner “my” + noun “virtues”) as definite.
I'm hoping, I'm praying, I won't get lost between two worlds For all I have seen the truth lies in between Give me the strength to face the wrong that I have done Now that I know the darkest side of me
- “the strength” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the strength”. The meaning of the definite
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noun phrase aboveis the only strength of the speaker.
(Determiner “the” + noun “strength”) as definite.
- “the wrong” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the wrong”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is the speaker did something
wrong.(Determiner “the” + noun “wrong”) as definite.
- “the darkest side of me” >>the researcher found the
existence of the entities named any definite noun phrase.
The definite noun phrase is “the darkest side of me”. The
meaning of the definite noun phrase above is the speaker
has darkest side in his/ her own self. (Determiner “the” +
adjective “darkest” + noun phrase “side of me”) as
definite.
How can blood be our salvation?
- “our salvation” >>the researcher found the existence of
the entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “our salvation”. The meaning of the
definite noun phrase above is salvation of the speaker
with their own relation.(Determiner “our” + noun
“salvation”) as definite. k. Forgiven
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Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world Oh, you couldn't face the freedom on your own here I am left in silence
- “the world” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the world”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is world the speaker
belongs.(Determiner “the” + noun “world”) as definite.
- “the freedom” >>the researcher found the existence of the
entities named any definite noun phrase. The definite
noun phrase is “the freedom”. The meaning of the definite
noun phrase above is freedom the speaker
means.(Determiner “the” + noun “freedom”) as definite.
1.2 Factive Presupposition
Certain verb/ construction indicate that something is a fact.
a. The Howling
- From the nightmare we've created I want to be awakened
somehow
The researcher states the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “want” and the speaker
awakened, but in fact the speaker does not awake. The word
“somehow” tells more deeply that the speaker did not wake up.
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- It's like they all have just vanished but I know they're
around
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “like” and said “they all have just
vanished”, in fact they havenot vanished. The speaker knows
that they are around. It reinforces the fact that they all have not
vanished.
b. What Have You Done
- I know I'd better stop trying
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “know” and said the speaker
wants to stop trying, but in fact the speaker don’t stop trying.
The speaker knows that he/she should stop trying. The speaker
still keep trying.
- You know that there's no denying
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “know” and without “know” the
fact showed there is no denying.
- I know I should stop believing
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
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presupposition. There is verb “know” and said the speaker
wants to stop believing, but in fact the speaker don’t stop
believing. The speaker knows that he/she should stop
believing. The speaker still keep believing.
- I know there's no retrieving
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “know” and without “know” the
fact showed there is no retrieving.
c. Frozen
- You say that I'm frozen but what can I do?
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. The construction of the lyric tells clearly that
“I am frozen”, the speaker is frozen. Without verb “say” the
researcher understands that the speaker is frozen still. d. Our Solemn Hour
- In my darkest hours, I could not foresee that the tide
could turn so fast to this degree
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. The construction of the lyric tells clearly that
the tide could turn so fast. The term “I could no foresee” did’t
66
change the fact of the lyric. The tide could turn so fast. e. The Heart of Everything
- Now I know I won't make it, there will be a time
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. The construction of the lyric said the speaker
will not make it. The verb “know” could not change the fact
about the speaker wants to do. The speaker will not make it. f. Hand of Sorrow
- He surely would flee but the oath made him stay
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. The construction of the lyric said the oath
made “him” stay.He are able to fly but he stay still. g. The Cross
- Nothing's ever changed, you still turn away
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. The construction of the lyric showed that
“you” still turn away. The fact of the lyiric is “you” still turn
away because the phrase “nothing’s ever changed” stood as
complement of the fact.
- I keep wondering why I'm still calling your name through
my tears
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
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presupposition. The verb “wondering” indicates the lyric
concluded into factive presupposition.The fact is “I still calling
your name”. The speaker keeps wondering why, in the other
hand the cetain fact is the speaker is calling “your” name. h. All I Need
- I know that I'm only one step away
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. There is verb “know” and “I’m only one step
away” is following the verb “know”. The indicated fact is the
speaker is only one step away.
- I want to believe that this is for real
The researcher indicates the lyric above is factive
presupposition. “This is for real” considered as fact. It was
following verb “believe”.
i. The Truth Beneath The Rose
- The veil of my dreams deceived that I have seen
The lyric above concluded into factive presupposition
because the fact “ I have seen” follows the certain verb
“deceived”. The researcher considers the fact that the speaker
has seen something.
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- Now that I know the darkest side of me
The researcher found is factive presupposition in the piece
of lyric above. There is verb “know” is followed by the fact
“the darker side of me”. The indicated fact is the speaker has
darkest side of herself.
j. Forgiven
- I know it was destined to go wrong
The researcher found is factive presupposition in the piece
of lyric above. There is verb “know” is followed by the fact “it
was designed to go wrong”. The indicated fact is
somethingwas designed to go wrong.
1.3 Lexical Presupposition
The use of one form with its asserted meaning is
conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another
(non-asserted) meaning is understood. The researcher would like to
presents song lyrics which contain lexical presupposition below:
a. The Howling
- I want to be awakened somehow. (>>The speaker tried to
be awakened somehow)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed.
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- We've been searching all night long but there's no trace to
be found. (>>The speaker tried to fine traces all night)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed. b. Frozen
- I would stop running. (>>The speaker tried to stop
running)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed.
- I sacrificed for you. (>> The speaker was not sacrificed
before)
Asserted meaning: The speaker succeded. c. Hand of Sorrow
- So many dreams were broken and so much was sacrificed.
(>>So many dreams were not brokenand sacrificed before)
Asserted meaning: the dreams were broken and sacrificed.
- Please forgive me for the sorrow, for leaving you in fear.
(>> The speaker was not leaving “you” in fear before)
Asserted meaning: The speaker succeded. d. The Cross
- You’ve made that all too clear.(>> The listener “you”was
made that all not too clear before)
Asserted meaning: The listener succeded.
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e. Final Destination
- I escaped my final moment.(>> The speaker was not
escaped from his/ her final moment before)
Asserted meaning: The speaker succeded.
f. All I Need
- I've surely tried to turn it around. (>> The speaker tried to
turn it around)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed.
- You've opened the door now. (>> The door was closed
before)
Asserted meaning: The speaker succeded.
g. Forgiven
- Couldn't save you from the start.(>> The speaker was tried
to save “you”)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed.
- Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world.(>>
The speaker was tried to shield “you”)
Asserted meaning: The speaker failed.
1.4 Structural Presupposition
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In this case, certain sentence structures have been analyzed as conventionally and regularly presupposing that part of structure is already assumed to be true. The researcher would like to presents song lyrics which contain structural presupposition below:
a. The Howling
- Is this the ending of what we've begun?
The speaker with his/ her partner has begun
something.
- Will we remember what we've done wrong?
The speaker with his/ her partner did something
wrong.
b. Our Solemn Hour
- Can't believe my eyes, how can you be so blind?
The speaker judged the listener “you” turned to be
blind.
c. All I Need
- Oh why don't I ever learn?
The speaker never learn.
d. The Truth Beneath The Rose
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- Has darkness taken over me, consumed my mortal
soul?
The darkness taken over te speaker and consumed the
speaker’s mortal soul.
e. Forgiven
- Why did fate deceive me?
The fate deceived the speaker.
- Why did you leave me in silence?
The person “you” left the speaker in silence.
1.5 Non-factive Presuposition
It is one that is assumed not to be true. Verbs like ‘dream’,
‘imagine’, and ‘pretend’ are used with the presupposition that
what follows is not true.
The researcher would like to presents song lyrics which
contain structural presupposition below:
a. The Howling
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- I hear they're getting closer
The researcher states that the lyric contains non-factive
presupposition. They are not getting closer. The speaker just
hear it, but in real condition they are stilll not getting closer.
- It's like they all have just vanished.
The researcher states that the lyric contains non-factive
presupposition. They all have just vanished is not true
because the verb “like” asserted that they all not vanished.
They all did not have just vanished. b. The Cross
- You refuse to see, you're denying me.
The researcher states that the lyric contains non-factive
presupposition. They all have just vanished is not true because
the verb “like” asserted that they all not vanished. They all did
not have just vanished.
- I wish I could let it go
The researcher states that the lyric contains non-factive
presupposition. The speaker did not let it go because there is
verb “wish” assumed “let it go” is not true.
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1.6 Counter-factual Presupposition
Meaning that what is presupposed is not only ‘not true’,
but is the opposite meaning what is true, or contrary to facts. A
conditional structure generally called counterfactual conditional,
presupposes that the information in the if-clause is not true at the
time of utterance.
a. What Have You Done
- Would you mind if I hurt you?
The meaning “if I hurt you” is contrary to the fact.
The fact is the speaker did not hurt the listener.
- Would you mind if I killed you?
The meaning “if I killed you” is contrary to the
fact. The fact is the speaker did not kill the listener.
- I would stop running If I knew there was a chance
Meaning “if I knew there was a chance” is contrary
to the fact. The fact is the speaker did not know there was
a chance.
b. Our Solemn Hour
- If we can't restrain the beast which dwells inside, It will find its way somehow, somewhere in time
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Meaning “if we can’t restrain” is contrary to the
fact. The fact is the speakers can restrain the beast.
From the discussion above, the researcher concluded that the
number of presupposition is 130 in song lyrics on The Heart of
Everything album by Within Temptation band in 6 types of
presupposition such as existensial presupposition, factive
presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,
structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition. The most
presupposition used is existential presupposition because genre of the
music is shymponic metal or shymponic rock. Language which used in
rock music is usually more distinct than slow music like ballads, pop, or
etc.
2. The Application of Song Lyrics of The Heart of Everything Album
by Within Temptation Band in Teaching Listening.
Songs have great positive potential in addition to their education
value. There has been considerable success when songs are designed to
teach a certain skill in language. The modern way in learning such as
educating and entertaining in listening songs can be the effective tools
for students. Considering to students need that is students need
something entertaining and fun, listening songs come with something
new for student’s learning process.
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Before learning how to find the meaning of the song lyrics, we should know about sentences and its smaller unitsand learn for knowing their general structure in pragmatics perspective. In this research, the researcher want to show how pleasing learn English. With an example of song lyrics, we can learn many things from that. For example learn how the sentence is made. Especially learn about presupposition in pragmatic perspective, it can improve our knowledge about exploring meaning of literature. Although, in curriculum, English syllabus have no subject about pragmatic presupposition,but when we are in processing to find out the meaning of song lyric, indirectly we are presupposing.
The application of pragmatic presupposition is avaliable in the
English but in the Senior High School it would be taught.In Senior High
School the students study about listening not presupposing and in the listening, the students learn about, not only meaning of the material, but also vocabulary, grammar and writing itself.
Song lyrics of The Heart of Everything album by Within
Tempation band countained all types of presupposition. Therefore, when students exploring their listening skill by listening song, they are just not listening, they are presupposing also. Students stated assumption when looking fot the clues, especially answer the question of listening section. The researcher created lesson plan which has
77
correlation between presupposing in teaching english listening using songs as a media.
78
LESSON PLAN
School : SMA ......
Course : English
Class/ Semester : X/2
Learning material : Song
Skill Aspect : Listening
Standard of Competence
Understanding popular and simplified literature creation.
Basic Competence
Comprehend the meaning of song lyric.
Indicators
1. The Students are able to listen some words correctly 2. The students are able to write some words based on the song which their listen. 3. The students are able to comprehend meaning of the song.
Aspects/ Skills : Listening
Time Allocation : 2 X 40 minutes
A. The Goal Students are able to comprehend the meaning of the song lyrics.
B. Learning Material Listen and comprehend the meaning of easy-listening song, entitled Forgiven by Within Temptation Band.
79
FORGIVEN
Couldn't save you from the start Love you so it hurts my soul Can you forgive me for trying again? Your silence makes me hold my breath Oh, time has passed you by
Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world Oh, you couldn't face the freedom on your own here I am left in silence
You gave up the fight, you left me behind All that's done's forgiven You'll always be mine, I know deep inside All that's done's forgiven
I watched the clouds drifting away Still the sun can't warm my face I know it was destined to go wrong You were looking for the great escape To chase your demons away
Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world Oh, you couldn't face the freedom on your own And here I am left in silence
You gave up the fight, you left me behind All that's done's forgiven You'll always be mine, I know deep inside All that's done's forgiven
80
I've been so lost since you've gone Why not me before you? Why did fate deceive me? Everything turned out so wrong Why did you leave me in silence?
You gave up the fight, you left me behind All that's done's forgiven You'll always be mine, I know deep inside All that's done's forgiven
C. Learning Method 1. Giving illustration about listening song 2. Giving clue “classic gap-fill” how to answer the song lyrics on the paper 3. Check the answers. D. Steps 1. Pre-Teaching - Greeting, Pray to the God, and then Checking the list attendance - Prepare the material - Motivation (explain how important this material) 2. Core-Teaching - Teacher giving the material - Teacher giving clue how to answer the worksheet on paper. - Students answer the question of the matter.
3. Post Activity - Checking the answers and discuss the matter together with the students. - Do correction - Making conclusion - Close the class and greet the students
81
E. Learning Source 1. Internet 2. Laptop 3. Speaker 4. Teacher-made material F. Assessments 1. Technique : Performance 2. Form : Exercise G. Questions 1. Listen the song carefully and fill the blank space on the worksheet! 2. Write what you get from the song! H. Answer Sheet 1. Listen the song and fill the blank correctly!
Couldn't save you from the start Love you so it hurts my soul Can you forgive me for trying again? Your silence makes me hold my breath Oh, time has passed you by
Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world Oh, you couldn't face the freedom on your own Here I am left in silence
You gave up the fight, you left me behind All that's done's forgiven You'll always be mine, I know deep inside All that's done's forgiven
2. Write using your own word about the meaning or message from the song!
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......
I. Result Mark = (a+b) x 2 = 100
Acknowledge, The Headmaster The School Teacher
______NIP. NIP.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION ANDSUGGESTION
This chapter presents conclusions and suggestions dealing with
the data analysis. For the suggestions, it is used for accomplishing the
discussion of this chapter.
A. Conclusion
After discussing the song lyrics by Within Temptation band on the
The Heart of Everything album in the chapter IV the researcher gives the
conclusion about the thesis. The conclusions are the following:
1. From this research, the researcher found that the most
presuppositions found in the song lyrics by Within Temptation band
on the The Heart of Everything album are existensial presupposition,
because genre of the music is shymponic metal or shymponic rock.
Language which used in rock music is usually more distinct than
slow music like ballads, pop, or etc. Types of presuppositions which
is used in the the song lyrics by Within Temptation band on the The
Heart of Everything album are; existensial presupposition, factive
presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,
structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition.The
researcher found 66,1%for existensial presupposition,13,1% for
factive presupposition, 9,2% lexical presupposition, 5,4% for
83 84
structural presupposition, 3,1% for non-fative presupposition, 3,1%
for counter-factual presupposition.
2. The application of the song lyrics by Within Temptation band on the
The Heart of Everything album in Language Teaching is to teach
Listening in English lesson at first grade in Senior High School. The
indicators are students are able to listen some words correctly,
students can write some words based on the song that their listens,
and students can identify the meaning of the song.
B. Suggestion
In this part, the researcher wants to present some
suggestions which are addressed to the readers, especially song and
music lovers, who want to use this study as a reference to comprehend
the hidden meaning behind the song lyrics, and other researchers who
want to use this study as a reference for the further research on
presupposition. They are as follows:
1. For teachers
The teacher hopefully can consider the linguistic aspect from the
object of the research to be used as the teaching material. The teacher
should give the students homework related to pragmatic
presupposition especially in teaching listening using song and asked
85
them to exercise it orally in the class.
2. For students
For the students, it is expected that the students will get deeper
knowledge about English listening by using song lyrics which
contain pragmatic presupposition. The students can enjoy and easily
to understand presupposition when they get material as they like.The
researcher expected with learn presuppositions,students will get know
ledge about song lyric meaning and new vocabulary.
3. For the other researchers
For the reasearchers of this study who interested in the same field,
the researcher expects that finding of this study can be as a
contribution for those want to conduct similar studies about song
lyrics. games, but with the different focus or subject.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analysis accessed on August 25, 2015 at 01.00 p.m. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/s1.html accessed September 25, 2015 at 08.00 p.m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music accessed November 10, 2015 at 03.00 p.m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_Temptation accessed November 10, 2015 at 03.00 p.m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Everything accessed November 10, 2015 at 03.00 p.m.
APPENDICES
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THE HOWLING
We've been seeing what you wanted Got us cornered right now Fallen asleep from our vanity might cost us our lives
I hear they're getting closer Their howls are sending chills down my spine And time is running out now They're coming down the hills from behind
When we start killing It's all coming down right now From the nightmare we've created I want to be awakened somehow
When we start killing It all will be falling down From the hell that we're in All we are is fading away
When we start killing
We've been searching all night long But there's no trace to be found It's like they all have just vanished But I know they're around
The sun is rising, the screams have gone Too many have fallen, few still stand tall Is this the ending of what we've begun? Will we remember what we've done wrong?
When we start killing When we start killing When we start killing
WHAT HAVE YOU DONE
Would you mind if I hurt you? Understand that I need to Wish that I had other choices Than to harm the one I love What have you done now?
I know I'd better stop trying You know that there's no denying I won't show mercy on you now
I know I should stop believing I know there's no retrieving It's over now, what have you done?
What have you done now?
I, I've been waiting for someone like you But now you are slipping away What have you done now? Why, why does fate make us suffer? There's a curse between us, between me and you
What have you done? (2x) What have you done now?
Would you mind if I killed you? Would you mind if I tried to? 'Cause you have
Turned into my worst enemy You carry hate that I don't feel It's over now, what have you done?
What have you done now?
What have you done? (7x)
I will not fall, won't let it go We will be free when it end
FROZEN
I can't feel my senses I just feel the cold All colors seem to fade away I can't reach my soul
I would stop running If knew there was a chance It tears me apart to sacrifice it all But I'm forced to let go
Tell me I'm frozen but what can I do? Can't tell the reasons, I did it for you When lies turn into truth, I sacrificed for you You say that I'm frozen but what can I do?
I can feel your sorrow
You won't forgive me But I know, you'll be all right It tears me apart that you will never know But I have to let go
Everything will slip way Shattered pieces will remain When memories fade into emptiness Only time will tell its tale, if it all has been in vain
I can't feel my senses I just feel the cold
Frozen What can I do? Frozen
THE HEART OF EVERYTHING
For the pain and the sorrow caused by my mistakes Won't repent to a mortal, whom is all to blame Now I know I won't make it, there will be a time We'll get back our freedom, they can't break what's inside
Open up your eyes Save yourself from fading away now, don't let it go Open up your eyes See what you've become, don't sacrifice It's truly the heart of everything
Open up your eyes
Stay with me, now I'm facing my last solemn hour Very soon I'll embrace you on the other side Hear the crowd in the distance, screaming out my faith Now their voices are fading, I can feel no more pain
I'll face it 'cause it's the heart of everything
Open up your eyes Save yourself from fading away now, don't let it go Open up your eyes See what you've become, don't sacrifice It's truly the heart of everything
Open up your eyes Open up your eyes
Open up your eyes Save yourself from fading away now, don't let it go Open up your eyes See what you've become, don't sacrifice It's truly the heart of everything
OUR SOLEMN HOUR
Sanctus Espiritus, redeem us from our solemn hour Sanctus Espiritus, insanity is all around us
Sanctus Espiritus Sanctus Espiritus Sanctus Espiritus
In my darkest hours, I could not foresee That the tide could turn so fast to this degree Can't believe my eyes, how can you be so blind? Is the heart of stone, no empathy inside?
Time keeps on slipping away and we haven't learned So in the end now what have we gained?
Sanctus Espiritus, redeem us from our solemn hour Sanctus Espiritus, insanity is all around us Sanctus Espiritus, is this what we deserve? Can we break free from chains of never ending agony?
Are they themselves to blame, the misery, the pain? Didn't we let go, allowed it, let it grow? If we can't restrain the beast which dwells inside It will find it's way somehow, somewhere in time
Will we remember all of the suffering 'Cause if we fail it will be in vain?
Sanctus Espiritus Sanctus Espiritus
HAND OF SORROW
The child without a name grew up to be the hand To watch you, to shield you or kill on demand The choice he'd made, he could not comprehend His blood a grim secret, they had to command
He's torn between his honor and the true love of his life He prayed for both but was denied
So many dreams were broken and so much was sacrificed Was it worth the ones we loved and had to leave behind? So many years have passed, who are the noble and the wise? Will all our sins be justified?
The curse of his powers tormented his life Obeying the crown was a sinister price His soul was tortured by love and by pain He surely would flee but the oath made him stay
Please forgive me for the sorrow, for leaving you in fear For the dreams we had to silence, that's all they'll ever be Still I'll be the hand that serves you Though you'll not see that it is me
THE CROSS
Nothing's ever changed, you still turn away You've washed your hands, you've made that all too clear You just keep on living this lie
You refuse to see, you're denying me The cross I bear but you don't seem to care Even Judas knew he had lied
I keep wondering why I'm still calling your name through my tears
Why have you waited to embrace me, my dear? Cold is your silence, denying what is real I'm still wondering why I'm still calling your name, my dear
I'm sorry if you can't stand the naked truth All you see is how you want it to be So you keep on living your life
Release me from this cross after all these years Oh, call my name and help me with this weight Even though it comes far too late
In my heart I still hope you will open the door You can purify it all, answer my call
Why? Why?
FINAL DESTINATION
I escaped my final moment But it's turning back at me On every corner I can feel it waiting Just a moment, no awareness I could easily slip away And then I'll be gone forever
I'm searching I'm fighting for a way to get through To turn it away
It's waiting, always trying I feel the hands of fate, they're suffocating Tell me what's the reason Is it all inside my head Can't take it no more!
All around me I see danger And it's closing in on me Every secondI can hear it breathing I can't stand the fear inside me Cause it's leading me astray And it will be my ending
But no one faced what's coming my way And I will let my fear fade away Whatever may be, I'll have to find out
ALL I NEED
I'm dying to catch my breath Oh why don't I ever learn? I've lost all my trust, Though I've surely tried to turn it around
Can you still see the heart of me? All my agony fades away When you hold me in your embrace
Don't tear me down for all I need Make my heart a better place Give me something I can believe Don't tear me down You've opened the door now, don't let it close
I'm here on the edge again I wish I could let it go I know that I'm only one step away From turning it around
Can you still see the heart of me? All my agony fades away When you hold me in your embrace
Don't tear me down for all I need Make my heart a better place Give me something I can believe
Don't tear it down, what's left of me Make my heart a better place
I tried many times but nothing was real Make it fade away, don't break me down I want to believe that this is for real Save me from my fear Don't tear me down
THE TRUTH BENEATH THE ROSE
Give me strength to face the truth, the doubt within my soul No longer I can justify the bloodshed in His name Is it a sin to seek the truth, the truth beneath the rose? Pray with me so I will find the gate to Heaven's door
I believe it would justify the means It had a hold over me
Blinded to see the cruelty of the beast It is the darker side of me The veil of my dreams deceived that I have seen Forgive me for what I have been, forgive me my sins
Pray for me 'cause I have lost my faith in holy wars Is paradise denied to me 'cause I can't take no more? Has darkness taken over me, consumed my mortal soul? All my virtues sacrificed, can Heaven be so cruel?
I believe it would justify the means It had a hold over me
I'm hoping, I'm praying, I won't get lost between two worlds For all I have seen the truth lies in between Give me the strength to face the wrong that I have done Now that I know the darkest side of me
How can blood be our salvation And justify the pain that we have caused throughout the times Will I learn what's truly sacred? Will I redeem my soul, will truth set me free?
FORGIVEN
Couldn't save you from the start Love you so it hurts my soul Can you forgive me for trying again? Your silence makes me hold my breath Oh, time has passed you by
Oh, for so long I've tried to shield you from the world Oh, you couldn't face the freedom on your own Here I am left in silence
You gave up the fight, you left me behind All that's done's forgiven You'll always be mine, I know deep inside All that's done's forgiven
I watched the clouds drifting away Still the sun can't warm my face I know it was destined to go wrong You were looking for the great escape To chase your demons away
I've been so lost since you've gone Why not me before you? Why did fate deceive me? Everything turned out so wrong Why did you leave me in silence?
1.1Mensyukuri Lagu sederhana Mengamati Pengamatan 2 x 2 JP Audio CD/ kesempatan dapat (observations): VCD/DVD Fungsi sosial Siswa mendengarkan/membaca mempelajari beberapa lirik lagu berbahasa Bukan penilaian formal bahasa Inggris Menghibur, www.youtube mengungkapkan Inggris dan menyalinnya seperti tes, tetapi untuk sebagai bahasa tujuan memberi balikan. SUARA pengantar perasaan, Siswa menirukan penguncapan Sasaran penilaian: GURU komunikasiinterna mengajarkan dengan menyanyikan sesuai
tional yang pesan moral dengan lagu yang didengar - Perilaku tanggung Koran/ majalah diwujudkan dalam Mempertanyakan jawab, peduli, Unsur kebahasaan berbahasa semangat belajar kerjasama dan cinta (1) Kata, Dengan bimbingan dan arahan damai dalam Inggris 2.3Menunjukkan guru, siswa mempertanyakan ungkapan, melaksanakan perilaku tanggung antara lain perbedaan pesan www.dailyen dan tata Komunikasi glish.com jawab, peduli, bahasa dalam yang ada dalam lagu bahasa kerjasama, dan karya seni Inggris, perbedaan lagu dalam - Ketepatan dan http://america cinta damai, dalam berbentuk bahasa Inggris dengan yang ada kesesuaian dalam nenglish.state. melaksanakan lagu. dalam bahasa Indonesia. pengucapan dan gov/files/ae/re komunikasi penyalinan lirik lagu source_files (2) Ejaan dan fungsional Siswa memperoleh pengetahuan tulisan tangan tambahan tentang kosa kata dan - Kesungguhan siswa http://learnen 3.11. Menyebutkan dan cetak pesan dalam lagu dalam proses glish.britishco fungsi sosial dan yang jelas pembelajaran dalam uncil.org/en/ unsur kebahasaan dan rapi. Mengeksplorasi setiap tahapan (3) Ucapan, dalam lagu. Siswa membacakan lirik lagu Portofolio tekanan kata, 4.16. Menangkap yang disalin kepada teman intonasi, sebangku Kumpulan kemajuan makna lagu ketika siswa berupa sederhana. mempresenta Siswa menyanyikan lagu yang kumpulan lagu yang sikan secara disalin dengan pengucapan disalin dengan tulisan lisan dan tekanan kata yang tepat tangan beserta kesan terhadap lagu
Topik Siswa berdiskusi tentang pesan
Keteladanan lagu yang didengar kumpulan hasil tes tentang perilaku Mengasosiasi dan latihan. yang Catatan atau rekaman menginspirasi. Secara individu siswa membandingkan pesan yang penilaian diri dan terdapat dalam beberapa lagu penilaian sejawat, yang dibaca/didengar berupa komentar atau cara penilaian lainnya Siswa membuat kumpulan lagu- lagu yang bertema Penilaian Diri dan perdamaian dengan menyalin Penilaian Sejawat Mengkomunikasikan Bentuk: diary, jurnal, Siswa melaporkan kumpulan format khusus, lagu favorit mereka yang komentar, atau bentuk sudah dianalis tentang pesan di penilaian lain dalam lagu-lagu tersebut Antarsiswa melakukan penilaian terhadap kumpulan lagu yang dibuat.
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO Alamat: Jalan K.H. A Dahlan 3 Telp/Fax (0275) 321494 PURWOREJO
CONSULTATION LOG
Name : Ardiyan Tri Cahyono NIM : 112120075 Program : English Education Program Thesis : The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song Lyric of “The Heart of Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band and its Application in Teaching English
Date of Material of Result of Consultant’s Researcher’s No Consultation Consultation Consultation Signature Signature 1. 9 June 2015 Chapter I Revised 7 September Chapter I, 2. Revised 2015 Chapter II 15 September Chapter I, and Revised and 3. 2015 Chapter II Accepted 19 September Chapter II, and Revised and 4. 2015 Chapter III Accepted 5. 8 October 2015 Chapter III and IV Revised Accepted and 6. 24 October 2015 Chapter III, and IV Revised 7 31 October 2015 Chapter IV Revised 2 November 8 Chapter IV Accepted 2015 12 November 9 Chapter V Revised 2015 16 November 10 Chapter V Accepted 2015
Consultant I,
Zulia Chasanah, S.S.,M.Pd NIDN. 0616127401
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO Alamat: Jalan K.H. A Dahlan 3 Telp/Fax (0275) 321494 PURWOREJO
CONSULTATION LOG
Name : Ardiyan Tri Cahyono NIM : 112120075 Program : English Education Program Thesis : The Analysis of Presupposition Found in Song Lyric of “The Heart of Everything” Album by Within Temptation Band and its Application in Teaching English
Date of Material of Result of Consultant’s Researcher’s No Consultation Consultation Consultation Signature Signature 23 December 1. Chapter I,II,III Revised 2015 8 January 2. Chapter I,II,III Revised 2016 11 January 3. Chapter I,II,III Accepted 2016 19 January Chapter IV, and 4. Revised 2016 V 23 January Chapter IV, and 5. Accepted 2016 V
Consultant II,
Sri Widodo, S.S, M. Hum NIDN. 0628057302