anarch fortnightly 131‘ Augzzst, 1 98.! Vol 42, No 15:7
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OK ER 160 years ago now, Black -an Dwarf, in a pers'pica.cious inissive to his friend the Yellow Bonze. ren1arl~;e cl that. "in England, the great art is not to avoid tyranny, but to disguise it"."i"""‘“ The wave of riots across Britain this nionth, however, bearing in their walte serious threats about the hitroduction of rubber bullets. water cannon, even taiiltsz the re- instatement of the Riot act and the t;'.5i&l)llSl1I11€I‘rI oi special riot courts arid arniy camps for convicted riot- ers and ioote rs, shows just how poor that disguise really is. l\.»-'largare: Thatcher admitted as much when she said "The veneer of civilisation is very thin. It has to be cherished if it is to continue.Whateve r Marg- aret Thatcher actually n1ea.ns, it is certain that she was ft-3l?£3I’I‘ll1.§?",' to a certain scale of values guaranteed by the police - or at least that large section of them who subscribe to the views of the chief constable of Man- chester, James Anderton. These have predictably adopted the attitude that the riots were not caused by any social factor, but militarily organ- ised by masked guerrillas on motor bike s, with London accents and CB radios. This is l~;nown as the cons- piracy theory, or what Je re my Bentham once described as the ‘Hobgoblin Argument’ - i.e. using the claim that we are ‘close to anarchy‘ in order to sit tight and do nothing. Or rather, in this case, to sweep aside the hopes and ideas of community groups in favour of ‘heavy policing’. Thus will the ven- eer of civilisation, if not the actual - for all the world as if une rnploy- einploynient and (hi the words of disguise of tyranny, be preserved. nient had not risen continuously the Soviet press agency, Tass) There have, of course, been throughout successive Labour gov- "unleashing (police) terror" in the cities: while the South Afriltaane r dissenting voices. The stock Labour ernnients - and to promise the com- Die Vatle rland fondly hopes that the re sponse has been to deplore the ple te abolition of unemployment §i£5ts1€»i11;¢re‘ate gre ate r sympathy decay of the inner cities, T<)I‘}»’ when Labour resumes power. an-long Britons for apartheid. rnonetarist policy and uneinploynient Foreign newspapers and press a_e;encies have larg;e ly blamed the Sociologists have dwelt upon the t‘ B lack Dwarf, El Well-l<111o\v11 rad- Thatc.he1' regime for the beginnings problem of ‘la:-;' parents, creating ical paper. was published in the of what they see as civil war, by children "seven times more delin- :arly li-Jth century. Ni g __ 1;_g1i=;'_)1‘ii1e; racism and t'ii_is'te1*b1g' un- tiuent than othe I I! while attribut- 2 FREEDOM
ing the laxity and the sevenfold del- ist who “has calculated that between parliament etc. inquency to pove rty and overcrowd- 1450 and 1640 there were more int- During this period the number of ing; others have stressed the break ernal disturbances in England than working days lost through strikes down of traditional communal values in any other European country". never fell below l0 million per year. and the frustration of expectations Leaving aside the bloody mutinies The peak was 1912 with 40. 8 million aroused by the consumerism of the of the New Model Army after Putney days lost. During strikes in Manch- '50s and '60s - the growth, in fact, (see Review), -which hardly qualify ester, Dundee and Liverpool, the of the society of the spectacle. as ‘street violence‘ (but after all, organising committees controllr :3 The Social Democrats, of course, there wasn‘t really just Oliver the towns, regulated transport and with an eye to their by-elections, Cromwell, as we knb‘w_well1) and so on. Hull docks we re burned down have managed to lay a. large part of skipping on to the 19th century, we (again). the blame on extremism of right see the Bristol riots of 1831, the The war defused a lot of this. and left. Denis Healey, too, from Birmingham Bull Ring riots of 1839, However, there was so much disill- the front rank of the Labour right, the Luddite riots, the East Anglian usionment by the end that troops spoke of the ‘criminal fantasies‘ of riots, the ‘Last Labourer‘s Revolt‘, could not be trusted during civil the "mindless militants of the Left the Rebecca riots, the Plug riots disorders. The re were several mut- as well as the Right (note the order and so on, until cooperatives and inies. of emphasis here) who say that pol- trade unions gradually began to The immediate post-war years itical change must be brought about channel agitation into more institut- saw a similar build-up. In 11321 no on the streets rather than in Parl- ional forms. As for the 18th century, less than 85. 8 million days were iament". And from the front rank surely that goes without saying. Still, lost through strikes. However, the of the Labour left, Tony Benn one might mention the Wilkite dem- British Communist Party was found- warned that riots were not a me ans onstrations following the massacre ed at this time, and the glamour of of ‘social progress‘. of St George‘s Fields, leading to bolshevism made spontaneous, de- Here, surely, we come closer riots at Mansion House and the build- centralised militancy unfashionable. to the heart of the matter. Not only ing of barricades. While in 1780 the The first Labour government was is it a question of who controls the. Frenchman, Sebastien Me rcier, ob- elected in 1924.Ln 1926 Trades Union streets, but of whatiwe may regard serving the Gordon Riots not long ‘leadership’ sold out the General as genuine or legitimate political before the outbreak of the French Strike. action. Revolution, remarked that such It has been traditional to see the Ironically, it is to Italy that we events would be inconceivable in Gordon Riots as origiriating in the must turn to find a measure of good Paris, whereas in London, well . . . whipping up of racial prejudice by sense about the riots. In an article More recently, open revolt has the Protestant Association against in one of the mass circulation dailies, been commoner than residents of a Irish Catholic immigrants; yet what La Repubblica, a correspondent placid ‘democratic’ Britain realise. can scarcely be denied is the way writes ". . . it would be silly to link In 1886 there were massive riots in in which they developed into a mass- the height of the flames at Liverpool the west end of London, with a mob ive attack against we alth and author- to the number of unemployed of the sweeping through fashionable are as ity in general. In the same way, city. Great Britain, after all, has smashing windows.(This seems particular causes may be attributed a long and vigorous tradition of preferable to destroying o1e‘s own to the recent riots in London, Man- street violence, so much so that in living are a, but the‘ urge to destroy,‘ che ste r, Liverpool and elsewhere, the eighteenth century the English etc . . .) The next year, Trafalgar yet it can scarcely be denied that system was described as ‘a Whig Square developed as a site for prot- they constituted, above all, an oljgarchy tempered by riot‘. It can est meetings. Eventually the police attack on authority, and even more, indeed be said that from the French were used to clear them. In one part- on authoritarianism. No, the riot- Revolution onwards British politics icularly large confrontation three ers were saying, the streets will have been dominated by the terror people were killed. not be the terrain of the police, or of ‘mob rule‘, government by the Arotmd the same time groups of —th'é'police alone. multitude . . ." Since then, Edgardo militants were patrolling working To see this happening gives us a Bartoli goes on to observe, its polit- class are as to prevent evictions. spontaneous, a natural sense of ex- ical system has been implicity In the early 189 0s there was a wave hileration. But we must also reflect based on the prevention of grave of working class militancy and upon where it leads. "Is this the social disturbance by means of a strikes. As an example, during the Beginning?" asked FREEDOM. mixture of reformism and repress- miners‘ strike of 1893 coal stocks Most probably not. The Gordon riots ion as laid down in Bagehot‘s constit- we re burned, pit machinery destroy- resulted in little more than a stren- ution. What the Black Dwarf so aptly ed and food stores looted. Docke rs‘ gthening of the police and a rein- encapsulated as not the avoidance, strikes were particularly violent. forcement of the government execut- but the disguise of tyranny. In one, Hull docks were burned down ive- The Bristol riots of 1980, it is With this obse rvation from abroad to drive out blacklegs. said by blacks themselves, changed we hegin to see things in perspect- This activity died down around the nothing except that the police tried ive and, pace FREEDOM‘s somewhat end of the century. There was a surge to smile a little, and stayed out of caustic and abbreviated view of our of patriotic fervour aroimd the time the Black and White Cafe. Revolut- radical past (last issue) recall just of the Boer War. The next wave, -if ions are made by a lot more than how long and vigorous the tradition anything, was even stronger. The this, and, beside s, what kind of To give just a few quotations and years 1910-1916 saw enough militancy revolution do we want‘? reference s:- to be labelled the ‘syndicalist revolt The recent riots, though they Christopher Hill writes of pre- Libertarian, decentralised ‘anti- may lend weight to the words of revolutionary England that it was political‘ organisations sprang up “notorious throughout Europe for Tory ‘wets‘, and though they may . . . . everywhe re. Perhaps 1‘t is signi.f'cant1 we ll have the highly beneficial the Y1°1en°° °f “S P°11t1°S"» and that this followed the first entries of effect of bringing a sense of pride refers to the findings of a S°ci°1°g' ‘Labour’ representatives into councils, and dignityto the black, Asian and FREEDOM 3 disenchanted communities, are not advance, shiny new riot shields likely to bring the aims of anarch- and water cannon at the ready, to ism itself much closer. '5 claim their 13 percent increase). Perhaps, as we continue to combat The slice needed to upgrade the authoritarianism, in whatever form, Prison Service is rather large, the best policy, paraphrasing £1000 million to be precise. Alas Black Dwarf, is not to avoid con- for the ‘Service ', the committee has flict, but, in a certain sense, to put the block on that and has instead disguise it. To go about it, that is, directed that priority should be given in such a way that we make it more to patching up the more serious difficult for governments to act re- ported that one of the wings at damage. It also recommends that pressively against us. In doing so Brixton Prison had been closed due the four new prisons be built in the we must remember to act coolly, to structural defects. Now it seems cities alongside the courts. This intelligently and with discrimi.nat- that another wing has been closed would save on transport costs, make ion. More specifically, to try to for ‘security reasons‘ and half of it easier for families and legal ad- avoid taking the police (and soon C Wing has closed, again due to visers to visit prisoners. It would the army?) head on. For, far more structural faults. The governor of also ‘ cut the social isolation that than being a direct street struggle Brixton has told a Commons Home prison office rs suffer‘. Perhaps that against the police, who are the Affairs committee that ' I would not last item could explain this sudden guarantors of the veneer of their be surprised if the senior foreman concern among prison officers for civilisation, the anarchist struggle of works walked into my office to- the state of the prisons.Most prison is against the heart of that civilisat- morrow and said “ I am sorry but office rs couldn‘t give a shit for the ion itself. G &D the rest of C Wing has to close"or conditions that the prisoners have to “ a wing has to close due to wet rot". live in.Unfortunate ly for the screws The Commons committee has also they also have to work in these cond been told that Pentonville ‘s walls ditions. Following the failure of their ‘are in a parlous state‘ and that the attempt to get higher wages this con- whole prison is ‘literally falling to ce rn reveals itself as just a desire _ bits‘. Wakefield and Parkhurst to improve prison officers live s.As* Prisons are also in danger of coll- usual little will be done to improve apse. It is not just the older prisons the lot of the prisoners. that are in trouble. Risley Remand But still, somewhere must be found Centre, built in the Sixties, is to put all these excess prisoners. WITH the present flood of prisoners reported as having deteriorated to The Home Secretary, Willie White- being sent down following the various the point of collapse. The prisons law, has ‘asked’ the Army to make riots of the last few months the built during the war years, the available some of their camps to Prison Service has a problem. Even Committee was told, are being be used as temporary prisons. The before the riots the prison popula- ‘held together by paint‘. Dtmcan first of these camps, Rolle stone on tion had broken through the official Buttery, the officer in charge of Salisbury Plain, will soon be opened. limit of 42, 000 and had risen to buildings, is wailing that ‘ the It will take 500 low risk prisoners 44, 600. Considering that the prison prisons are collapsing around our who are serving the last three mon- population does not usually peak un- ears‘ . ths of their sentences. It will be staff til November (early Christmas Of course, one reason for the ed by Prison Officers.The camp was shoplifte rs perhaps‘?), there appears shoddy work that is about to end last used during the Officers strike to be no sign of this late st crisis British Prisons as we know them when Army personel and police did easing this year. With many prison- could be the use of prisoners as the guard duty.Though explained as ers already sleeping two to a cell labour to build and maintain them. a temporary measure, what with the such gross overcrowding is botmd to Somehow the motivation to do a‘ job large ntunber of prisoners about and lead to demonstrations and riots we ll done‘ must be rather lacking. the state of the prisons, these prison inside the prisons not unlike the Another reason could be a desire to camps look like becoming a perman- Hull Prison riots of the early share in the cake this government ent part of the British Penal System. Seventies. Just to make matters is handing out to the forces of Law I wonder if they will put a notice worse the prisons themselves seem and Order. (Alas,see Maggies 6 above the gate s?S omething uplifting, to be in danger of imminent collapse. percent pay guide line fall by the like perhaps 'Arbe it mach frei‘?, In FREEDOM Vol 42 No 10 we re- wayside ascur gallant constabulary MAK
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1 rpool UNIS
EVEN as I write this, the riots in i mile away. A ll the talk of organ- Liverpool 8 are being put in per- isation and conspiracies is shown up spective by incidents all over the as hollow when you hear participants talk about how difficult it was to co- country. The troubles he re remain 15' important for several reasons; they ordinate attacks on the police. illustrate perfectly the tmwillingness Similarly the accusation of indis- .of police, press and politicians to criminate thuggery doe sn‘t look so deal with members of the community good when you hear people de scribe as human beings capable of forming the evacuation of the old peoples‘ a view of their situation (instead we hospital and see from the devastation have the archetypal rioter - a mind- surrounding it how impossible it less black thug and hooligan aged would have been to evacuate it with- The much-propagated face of that heroic constable . . . 10 or under, riding a motorbike and out the rioters' co-operation. And now some anecdotes: burning with greed); they show up The third night of rioting, in the *The large number of Unigate milk an extraordinary incompetence and Park Road are a, was almost exclu- floats commandeered by the crowd lack of judgement from the police; sively white and was aimed at Leo's presented a bizarre spectacle. they remain the most serious defeat superstore. By then looting was Many were simply steered at police ever for the police force and in my the main driving force and certain line s, but one was seen driving up view signal the return of the crowd elements in the black community Ce arns Street, the driver calling as a force in English politics after had decided to put the stops on it, Out ‘Anyone Want a fridge - anyone an absence of nearly 100 years. some resentful that while black want a colour telly - they're all The events in Liverpool 8 were youth we re risking life and limb at new. ' sparked off by the arrest of Leroy the Rialto, a mainly white crowd *Little publicity has been given to Cooper for a number of absurdly had looted Lodge Lane and burned the police use of plastic bullets as exaggerated assault charges arising much of it to the ground. I‘m not We ll as C5 gas. A S Live F9001 from scuffles following a chase suggesting that people objected to hospitals we re full of injured police between a police car and a motorbike looting as such but that the re was it's hard to get information on where The Cooper family are a local and is a feeling that the community‘s rioters we re treated and what for. cause ce lebre because of the degree assets should be protected now. *A black teenager sitting in the of police harassment visited upon A s it turned out the police ‘won’ the wreckage of the T. S. B. was heard them over the last 15 months, extra- third night and the large number of to announce: ‘The office is open - ordinary even by local standards. police placed inside Leo's were would you like a loan?‘ Their case ( see July 17th issue of not needed. The crowd did get *A couple driving home with their New Statesman) raises the question close though - I understand £1 young child had their new car struck once more in Liverpool of how the million worth of damage was caused by four CS gas canisters, which community can be protected from the that night, in spite of 2, O00 police should make for an unusual insurance police. (The raids and reprisals being deployed in the area. claim.
which have already begtm will focus : ‘I up | attention still ' more . O) 1 This spark was all that was needed 1 W to fuel three nights of street battles. n - -li .- ‘Q- 1 I-. It just goes to show how arrogant the 3,e... ii’e police are that they were never able
to come to terms with the ferocity Q" r ._: \ and hatred vented at them, nor to ‘bi-1' put up any sort of a fight in the face of such great ingenuity and courage verging on lunacy. In spite of this it.‘s amazing how st” badly the police did, especially on kl: the Sunday night (in which events I must say I did not take part). The 2-"rt": police could not prevent.- the crowd driving them back for over half a mile even though both sides knew full we ll that the target was the Rialto, a huge ex-cinemathen a much-hated second-hand furniture --it dealers, and currently a hole in the ground. The only concern on the police side was to prevent the crowd reaching Hope St. police H.Q. about Lo _ *7 _ o _ "ij_ v ‘_ FREEDOM 5 ./ hiteLaw’s ightmare ONE State is much like another, A steady rule for anarchists is under the variety of veneers design- that anything that gives us pleasure ed to cover the essential truth. will scare authority. Thus the Those ‘social democrats‘ who be- eleven days that has shaken English wail the attitudes within the Labour complacency (where are you Scottish Party are strangely silent at the brethren?) is the high of a libertar- growth of ide as of a distinctly un- ian‘s half re alised dream and the democratic character concerning nightmare of White lawanorde r. the setting up of prison camps to I wondered at Bristol over a year supposedly deal with rioters and ago whether we could look back at looters. that expression of anger as the having a good time? Caroline Tisdall beginning of the end. Now it seems we should view it in that way. *Young people in Lodge Lane we re arrested for looting, spending 24 helping those who felt unable to en- hours in custody. The predictable reaction of the ter premises by bagging goods up *Of the hundreds arrested only two baying wolves of right and left - for them and placing them on the have been given bail. The work of howling for blood and whining with pavement. the defending solicitor in many of self-pity - can be ignored, unless *One woman was heard criticising the cases may have been hampered you are in the firing line. The her friend who, unable to overcome slightly by the fact that his office ‘cause’ of the riots has been with the habits of many years, was steal used to be in the same block as the us for years: oppression. What is ing margarine instead of butter. Rialto. extraordinary is that in wide spread *A man walking down Lodge Lane *On Monday night one was entertained direct action a response of a deep asked a passer by for a cigarette by the sight of groups of policemen and thundering anger has been and was given a box of 200. from Wales, the Lake District etc., made manifest for all towitness. *The owner of the A de lphotis kebab standing round nervously trying to People have hit back. But it is not house on Parliament Street was understand scrappy maps of the area enough and the direction of this ex- drinking a can of lager and watching that they'd been given. pre ssion of fee ling will be meaning- from an upstairs window when a less without the assistance of our petrol bomb sailed into the room. E.S. rule rs. He ran out of the premises still clutching the can of lager and was They will harden the resolve for sure. Surely they will be studying techniques developed in Russia, Spain, Nazi Germany, Northern Ire land, South Africa and Chile for ‘stamping out illegality’. Naturally our rulers would like to kill all the riote rs on sight, to hang the corpses mutilated beyond description for the general throng to see. Why not‘? It might not result in the objective of placating the body politic. It would be messy, crude, barbaric, uncivil- ised - but would it work? God shakes his he ad for the Devil is at work his wonders to unfold. So iet. us say just these words of truth: all good women and men salute those who in our streets resist the oppression of the State. Methods of direct action prove, yet again, their strength and value. This is the end of parliamentary politics and the beginning of a real struggle for liber- ation. May oui" rulers shake with fear before they rot. You ain’t seen nothing yet. Next time is here.
J.W.
4 5 REDOM
was blatant. ‘Go back to Northern Ireland, where you belong, you bastards’, was one of the choice phrases. Many people passed us, their heads pouring with blood, and Belfast even some elderly and peaceful marchers who took refuge in back WITH two more hunger strike rs - gardens along the road, were ‘sch Kie ran Dohe rty, T. D. , and Kevin flushed out and beaten ‘without Lynch - nearing death in the H- quarter’. Members of the press Blocks of Long Ke sh, a massive we re also flailed and ambulances demonstration took place in Dublin ferried the injured from the scene Saturday July 18th. About for about 35 minutes after the battle 15, 000 people marched through the had ended. We heard that the Irish city in an attempt to reach the army was also on stand-by. British Embassy. Large numbers It is evident that the state forces of people (including families of the of the South are ready and equipped hunger strikers) were there from to deal with mass demonstrations Tyne the North, making the long journey of this kind. The injuries sustain- in hired vans, coaches and private ed are unlikely to give confidence cars. I travelled down with a to people ill-equipped to defend small but determined contingent themselves either physically or and Wear from the Markets/Orme au district tactically. It would seem that of Belfast, who had few illusions general public outrage at state Tyne and Wear A narchist/D.A.lVl. about the possible outcome of the violence is short-lived when faced Group. I I A '- march, but who, nevertheless, we re with authoritarian justification and in good he art. media concern about the numbers FOLLOWING an Anti-Royalist demo The Gardai, in what seemed to be of injured police. What would culminating in the arrest of six a new issue of small bright-blue seem to be needed here in Ire land, comrades (FREEDCIVI 18. 7.1981) helmets with plastic visors, we re and in all such areas of rebellion, Northumbria Police are harassing out in force round the more sensi- is sporadic and autonomous demon- members of the Tyne and Wear tive areas in the city such as strations of small numbers that Anarchist/D.A.M. Group. British Home Stores (a favourite cannot be easily contained and which Recently the anarchist ptmk band target), the G. P. 0., and along the stretch the state ‘s forces to their ‘Total Chaos’ distributed an anar- main streets. At first glance their limits. The RUC in Northern chist leaflet at a gig. The police presence seemed to be casual and Ire land, and even the police in warned one of the band members almost token. Some of them could Moss Side, Manchester, have against further distribution on the be seen le aning against shop win- learnt the value of speedy fleets of grounds that it was conducive to dows, legs crossed, hands in small vehicles crossing areas of incitement to steal. After the gig pockets, looking rather like charac- rebellion in waves. They fire on the comrade was shadowed by a ters in a we ste rn movie lounging demonstrators, take photographs plain clothed policeman for a con- outside saloons waiting for the noon for future use, and use snatch side rable period of time. train. squads to pick up ‘ring leade rs’. Comrades street selling Xtra T11-2 demonstration moved from New tactics must be rapidly and have also been subjected to ‘mine St. Stephen’s Green at about 3pm thoughtfully devised, unless we are interference. A lleging that the and, at about 4pm, reached a large to see the number of horrifying paper was probably seditious they garda cordon drawn up across the injuries from batons and plastic confiscated a copy saying that it main road at Simmonscourt Road. bullets and the number of arrested would be scrutinised to see if there The cordon was in several long increase. It is important for was anything they could ‘get you for’ line s, behind metal barriers, and confidence to be established and for When a comrade raised the issue of although it was impossible to see objectives to be reached. freedom of expression the reply from behind the very front lines of Street battles in Dublin do some- was: ‘You are as free as we permit the march, film taken at the time thing to assert the right of people you to be. ‘ During this episode an shows large garda forces arriving to express their anger and to put individual kept furtively appearing behind the cordon all the time. pressure on a seemingly uncaring and disappearing among the pedes- Gardai faced a barrage of missiles State that permits the continuing trians snap-shotting the sellers from the crowd which continued to deaths of hunger strikers and others from different angles. try to move forward in an angry in a climate of intransigence. 7 A well attended successful public mass. At one point it seemed as Whilst the State does not feel suffic- meeting on anarcho- syndicalism if the garda line would be broken, iently threatened (by physical attack was addressed by Dave Thompson, but having taken about twenty min- or by mass public opinion) and National Secretary D.A .M., in a utes of barrage, they charged the whilst it can be seen to be containing Newcastle pub. Prior to the meet- crowd and laid into them mercilessly all manifestations of dissent, then ing the police pressurised the land- with batons. It is a cruel irony it will continue its policy of ‘no lord in an attempt to cancel the hire that many of the injured demonstra- quarter’ and a people exhausted by of the room. tors we re not those who had been in- token rebellion and defeat will lose A copper’s hark infested the volved in the fighting, but we re those heart and energy. The time to meeting. It is hoped his limited whose lines we re exposed when the devise such thoughtful tactics is intellectual horizon was broadened. fighters moved rapidly to dodge the now. baton charge. The violence, both D.H. physical and verbal, of the Gardai, 521 _ L FREEDOM 7
LETTERS LETTERS LETTERS LETTERS LET
on military weapons but is eve ry- where cutting back on the only real Nice Ghange services that it provide s, no matter Dear FREEDOM, that these ‘services’ are already More Fun Having re ad Alan Morrison ‘s patchy. Anyway, I hope I‘ve letter all I can really say is how posed a few questions which maybe or not? much of a change- it makes to hear others could think about. Dear FREEDOM, of someone who‘s doing something Yours with love, to counter the more general apathy Liverpool JOHN GODDARD Ann's article on Free Market that pervades not just social work, Fun was just great, lhave never but society at large. I hope I seen such a stunning demonstration haven't given the impression that TurningPoint before -of anarchists coming out the types of ‘home‘ I was in for Dear FREEDOM, honestly against the pleasure most of the time we re of the large It was highly instructive to read principle. Her complaint that 'C0mmt1nity' type because although your articles on the Brixton People ‘s Wencke showed a film in which no- I did spend my early years in such Uprising. I had no idea how much one was crying, threatening anyone an institution, mainly I was in a harassment was involved in an area or giving two fingers to the camera smaller ‘family group‘ home, but like Brixton. is extraordinary. Why should any- needless to say, the scale of ill- As a libertarian I have, like many one want to see people crying? Or treatment meted out to others as others, advocated a society of egal- threatening one another? It's well as myself in the latter was itarian co-ope ration with such things bizarre. You know, some people far the worse of the two. In other as collective peoples‘ transport, are not happy unless they're words the argument often used by instead of the mindless private miserable. Happiness is the great Directors of Social Services and transport ownership promoted by political act just as isolation is the like, that the smaller the insti- the atom bomb cultures of China, the great anarchist stance. It's tution the more caring it will be, Russia, U. S.A., U.K. etc. Yes just back to lewd old Lenin, the doe sn‘t necessarily follow. Again, even in China there are private one that said socialism plus elec- I was brought up by the same author- motor vehicles and television tricity equals communism and ity as was Paul Brown, and the only channels for those we althy enough meant love of misery plus repres- conclusion I can draw is that the to own a T.V. When the people are sion of sexuality equals the USSR. reason why children continue to be free they won't need to own a death What have anarchists learned from ill-tre ated has fuck all to do with T.V. Obviously Utopians cannot Soviet history? If we learnt anything the particular arrangement, be it expect people to easily grasp the at all it's never, never, never put large institution or just fostering, realisation of collective sharing production before sexuality, never but the type of person that is en- whilst yet living in and being brain- trust anyone who puts party before trusted to look after what are, in washed by capitalist consumerism. people, who puts power before most case s, already disturbed However it was the same capitalist happiness. There's only one worth- children. Don't get me wrong, I society that several years ago while object in life and in anarchist don't me an to indict a particular painted a rosy picture of a techno- revolution. That's the pursuit of type of person, but there's some- logical society with fewer working happiness for all. If you are into thing wrong with a system which hours served by grandiose leisure misery, count me out. Friedrichs- continues to appoint as its matrons, centres and increased educational hof is one of the few places in the houseparents, or whatever name hcilities to offset any possible world that acts on facts and acknow- you want to use, people of dubious boredom. Remember all those ledges sexuality as the basis of prior experience in bringing up popular press visions of a society human personality. The model children, or often with no such ex- serviced by robots, with the people provided by Friedrichshof, where perience at all. It strikes me that enjoying a life of luxury. Now we in true anarchist style people have society at large remains unaware of have reached that stage - the ability responsibility for their own lives these things, which is why I'm to produce more with a smaller and live collectively rather than trying to communicate my own par- working week, the reality is the in isolation should be a shining ticular experience not to people who exact opposite. Leisure costs beacon, guiding us out of the I know aren't listening, but to people more and is available to fewer. swamp. Wencke herself was very ' I believe do care about these things, Free festivals, like Windsor, were much involved in anarchist and and I believe that anarchists who suppressed and the cultural harass- feminist politics - she is not blind purport to want change could maybe ment continues. Mind depressants to the war or to the dangerous gain some encouragement from that like alcohol are O.K. but anything stupidities of world leaders; but in despite my, what are in many ways psychedelic is still surrounded by going to Friedrichshof she has still with me, problems I'm trying all the bad vibes of money deals chosen to reject the cult of misery to do some thing about. Finally, and ten year prison sentences. in favour of being powerful, dynamic my own opinion is that it‘s not before History is reaching a turning and autonomous. time that people are prepared to ex- point. The A bomb programmes MARTIN CHRIST OPHER pose the myth that‘s the ‘we lfare could soon be obsolete as capitalism Bradford. state and that instead of paying both Soviet and Monopoly engages people, the community should look in a life and death struggle with its P.S. I especially liked Ann's post- after what is its other side, those own societies. people in, not just children's homes, scipt, the sort of Government Health Thatcher will be looking for fur- Warning. QE course Friedrichshof but also mental hospitals, special ther billions to equip the police - schools etc., those people who are is dangerous; it is dangerous to the too bad Thatcher that you can't state and to the nuclear family state conveniently forgotten while this drop an atom bomb on Brixton and gove rnment incre ase s expenditure ideology that still infe sts people's Bogside . A . VOICE minds and deforms their lives. FREED 5 C TA T PAG
LEICESTER. Blackthorn Books, Be re sfo rd Close. Wate rlooville, 7% i—Ii;;{'ncross Street(tel 2l="5‘?t§), and I-lants. or Duncan Lamb. Nirvana, Groups, Libertarian Education, 6 Beacons- Chicheste r Yacht Basin. Birsham, field R-oad(tel 552085). West Sussex. _-'\.i%El~‘,DEEI'~I Lil:>c"r:.arian Group _l_.__C_)_ND ON RI-l ONDDA and MidGlamo-rgam, c,-‘o lo} l‘~Iinj; Street, .-'=.berdeen. Anarchist-Feminists, Box 33, Henning Andersen, ‘Smiths Arms’ .~'\BERYS'TWYTli. David Fletcher. Rising Free, 182 Upper Street N1. Treherbert, MidGlamorgan. 59 Cambrian St rcet .-‘iberyst""-xyth. Anarchy Collective, 3Ta Grosvenor SHEFFIELD Anarchists, c/ o 4 B.-‘~.RR‘l’. Terry Philips-, I6 Rob- Avenue N5(0l-359 4794 before Tpm) Havelock Square, Sheffield S10 ZFQ ert Street, Barry, South Glamorgan. Meets each Thursday at Little@ LibertarianSociety, Post Office BE LF.~"*.S'l" Anarchist Collective, Press, Cl Metropolitan Wharf, Box 168, Sheffield Sll SSE. Just Books, 7 Winetavern Street, Wapping Wall, Wapping El.(2Za SOUTH WALES DAM c/o Smiths Belfast 1. . bus or Wapping tube). BRIGHTON Libe rtarian Socialist Arms, Baglan Road, Treherbert, Anarcha United Mystics meet each group, cf o Students Union, Palmer Mid-Glamorgan , South Wales. Write Thursday at 8pm, Halfway House House, University of Sussex, for anarcho-syndicalistcontacts in Pub, opposite Camden Town tube. Palmer, Brighton. Trehe rbe rt, Rhondda, Pontypridd, Freedom Collective, Angel Alley, BRISTO L Bedminster, ll0 Gren- Penarth, Barry and Cardiff areas. 84b Whitechapel High Street El. ville Road, Bristol 3. SWANSEA - Black Dragon, Box 5 (0l- 247 924.9). Aldgate East tube, CAMBRIDGE Anarchists, Box A, c/o Neges Bookshop, 31 Alexandra near Whitechapel Art Gallery. 41 Fitzroy Street, Cambridge. Road, Swansea, SA1 5DQ. Meet Greenpeace, 6 Endsleigh Street, CANTERBURY Alternative Research ‘om Mondays at the Mountain Dew London WC1.Meet Thursdays 7pm. Group, Students Union, University Inn, Swansea. Baby- sitting can be Kingston Anarchists, l3 Deninark of Kent, Canterbury. arranged. Street, Kingston upon Thames, CARDIFF. Write c}o One-O-Eight (01-5-49 Z564). SUSSEX anarchist group, c/o Bookshop, 108 Salisbury Road. Students L‘ ‘ion, Falme r House, London Workers Group , Box W, COVENTRY. John England, Stud- University cf Sussex, Brighton. Rising Free, 182 Upper Street, 'Nl. ents Union, University of Warwick, (01-2-'19 7042) meets Tuesdays 8pm S UNDERLAND ana rchists/DAM Coventry. at Metropolitan Pub, 75 Farrin-gdon c/o 163 Durham Road, Sunderland, CUMBRIA 12 Bath Terrace Road, EC1. SR3 4BX. Drovers Lane, Penrith, Cumbria. SWIND ON Area. Mike, Grounttsv.*-all Middlesex Poly Anarchists, Students DUBLIN. Love v Power, Whelan's Farm, Upper Stratton, Swindou. Union, Trent Park Site, Cockfosters Dance Studio, 51 South King Street TAYSIDE Anarchist Group, EL iii.» Road, Barnet, Herts. Dublin 2.. p Strathmartine Road. Dundee. Black Bomber Anarchists, l—lackney/ EAST ANGLIA DAM Lam-beth/ Barnet, Box 29 Rising Free TORBAY Anarchist Federation, Martyn Everett, 11 Gibson Gardens, 132 Upper Street N1. This Hedown, Milton Street, Brix-- Saffron Walden, Essex. ham, Devon, TQ5 QNQ. ESSEX. Oral Abortions, The Cat- 121 BOOKSHOP and meeting place, 121 Railton Road, He rne Hill, SE24. WAKE FIELD Anarchist and Pe ace Skills, MaldonRo€1 * Distributed in Britain by A Distribution, c /o can White chapel High Street, London, E1. v. Anarchist Review Ist August, 1 981 Vol 42, No 15 ' I $1-|— '4.-. ?' - 1-.. ' -_'b‘.-F-Ib- -."JI\--._. -_-wk-"'5_ *‘ '.-,r » ~ iiiii ' ' -- - V '\"*'__ " " "" ""7 ' ' l —g)';;»$5 '3'! '31‘;:;¢;‘ ' ’t$§$g$‘ 4 it00 -it1 "§ M01 £0! l' '1 5&9. Q0.020.0..., llltlflllllllnu»"i..:, I mm-mum mf";=-‘~"-"“ *:#.:-- at i § I 3,?’- .=ll so 5.-';.d~,-iisa i‘, afil4* si§::~ 1. '1” E.’ gl, D :_- ._ _-:9 _ 1/11 apw - *2, %- ‘ -i ‘.' rages1-;."Q?‘ ‘i-xv?--'ati~i\i'l”ii5§3§%i'*1,é" ilaxkg.-.l Ydfifiwfi , §,,,.€a--~u—- ‘.'i;"_"JFT ...=-_-_-:=E-’/6'7 i sadl‘r ‘>‘=~-ta’/w..-_3\\g,-\;_\.. - ‘. ' H "'\:‘\-':\l~_€ ' r 2-...e-w Q;- I 4 ‘1 s, -=*‘-"F *~=~i:»\.it s 1y Qat' _’ ‘Q I, ’ __ % .\__;_‘. -M . 9h»f‘ \\‘\r._’muwm ..._ -11;!:!",l_illll;'§';.,.-*£§\\' - .__ _... ____ _ ""-.. =—,._,z__._..----_--...;-_- __ m. .____ — __ -_- ‘*“'°~ - .,;_; ,__,,._:,_—_———~—- _m. 4 - ...... - .__.=.--__.._.._._.__. __ _ —- -- .._____,_,- _. -.. " "‘~.:_i§.-,-.=-.'j)3 t ‘ ‘L' I __i-- ¢-'‘Z A_ ‘ __ INK ______.:_::_-Q at.c "'" — __ ---ll? . "-_ -..».—_--.—_. .-».._._..mm-mi------or - 7 . --_ - -—H '§‘—i_- ~ '1 '“v 1 ._- -_____..-.._._- -.___--__._.... .=-- _2____A -._ L...___Illlfl ___ ._ i1 - -—-___ "'1 -m ___ _ _‘\ __ i _ _ _ i __- _ _— _ , _ ~ mm m mm. .1‘-Q2 __ Ai -_..___ _ m Q ""’ .. )1"—' ” T :.:'r_ _--i. **->=ae~—-—- - == 1" »= _ “"' ’;.._ K ll. -, . ' ' v ' ' _ : 7 — — - - T,” - E‘"' H'7 "- --’ ‘ ' "‘ -~"""‘» . ' -' "--3-'~"“-5*. ~ - _”-312$!» _.. - ’ .11-...:;:.- - - - -I.. /'~-'“.»‘..‘I- -- -—.. - 1 , _- ='.~-' In 1 64 7 the earliest recorded public debates in England on fundamental social and political issues were held in the parish church at Putney on the Thames just outside London. The protagonists were leaders of various factions of the victorious Army following the Civil War. We are describing their arguments in this issue to coincide with the latest public debates on similar issues, being held at the Elephant Fayre in Cornwall over the week of 30 July - 2 August. was Enolisfi Fovolution of the seventeenth century is should continue to be a monarchy, but alwost no one re warkghle for many things. One is that it was the agreed what kind of monarchy it should hecome; and fi rst ‘ice the people spoke with its own voice, both in the resulting argument there first came into the in person r2. '3 ‘ ' print. And one of the most interest- open ideas of democracy and rcpuhlicanism, even of in g examples this new phenomenon was the Futney socialism and anarchism. De hates of 1'"16;»l""_"(:3 >-»—~;—-J1- The background of this event is rather complex but is necessary for a proper understanding of what ha?“ pe nod. The English Pevolution was as complex as the After the (Iivil War G Frcnch and Russian Revolutions which followed it, and The Civil War ended with the fall of the Boyalist head~ no episode makes sense in isolation. The Putney Deh- ouarters, Oxford, in June 1€U6. But in April Charles at es followed seven years of intense political activ- had already escaped, and in Nay he surrendered to the it y, and were followed by political activity which in Scots at Newark — as his own people (the Stuarts ruled a sense has lasted until the present situation, more Scotland for centuries before they ruled England), th an three centuries later. his most sympathetic (and distant) enemies, and his The English Fevolution began with the non-violent most likely allies in rescuing him from his nilitary re sistence to the regime of King Charles I by the failure and in restoring him to his po1itica1_pos1tion Pa rliament — that is, the majority of the House of Charles began this process by trying to negotiate wlth Co moons, which controlled most taxation, and a minor- and to make trouble between all the various parties itv of the House of Lords, whose members owned most which were trying to work out a permanent settlement of the rroperty in the country. This resistance began for England. wh en the Hing had to call Parliament to help him_in The true Poyalists, who were eclipsed for fifteen hi s quarrel with the Scots in IEAO. The Revolution years, were costly Episcopalians — Protestants who co ntinued with the violent resistance by Parliament wanted the Eishops and Priests of the Church of Eog— attempt to subdue it by force in 1652, to the King's land as established ny Henry VIII and Elizabeth and following its destruction of his chief ministers, as defended bv James I and Charles I. There were UI t...: (-1 "1-1+ 1.. 1-' rafford and Laud, and its attack on the Church of still some Rowen Catholics, who looked to Ireland, 1'- E-‘_T"': s__.i gland. which had successfully rebelled against the English The result was the Civil War between Parliament and regime in l€fll, and to Charles's Catholic queen, who ._-+LT C ting, which lasted for four years, and which ended had taken refuge in her native France, and who hoped -I the complete victory of Parliament and the first for intervention from Catholic countries - France, ‘D_.l Ii.3"" ~._ F";Cl‘ ITS’fl) FD.: t oi a British monarch without any attempt to put of course, out also Fpain, the traditional enemy of so neone else in his place. The problem in 1556 was the Armada and the Gunpowder Plot; they were only a wh at t cut in the place of the monarchy as it had minor threat, tut they were a major scapegoat for all boo: b;f@Pg.*"J 1gsj_ d1nO?t everyone agreed that England other parties. to meet at the headquarters in Saffron Walden and to Fm communicate grievances both to the Army commanders and -4'-7" to Parliament. It is not too fanciful to see their "F -an ' -I 1-’ council as a Soldiers‘ Soviet, and to see the factions -I\ in the Army as Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, and the _ "C -\- : conservative revolutionaries in Parliament as Social - '.-»:..a. '" *- - Revolutionaries. During the summer of 16A? the Army leaders worked out the terms to be offered the King, which were pub- lished as The Heads of the Proposals, the chief drafts- man being Cromwellfs son-in-law Henry Ireton. To enforce these terms, the Army occupied London and began to purge Parliament. The King was moved to Hampton Court, and the Army headquarters was established at Putney. In September the King accepted the Army terms, however insincerely, but Parliament rejected them. The Army leaders could have dissolved Parliament and called elections in the name of the King and the proposed peace settlement, but they preferred to continue negotiations. Meanwhile the Army rank and file also rejected the Army terms, distrusting not only the King and the Parliament but their own leaders. Inspired by the Levellers, who produced a stream of pamphlets, the Agitators began to Most of the opponents of the King were Royalists of develop an alternative solution going far beyond any- some kind and only very moderate revolutionaries - thing imagined by King, Parliament or Army leaders. just as in the later French and Russian Revolutions. In a series of debates, beginning in Reading in July, The Scots and the majority of the English Parliament representatives of both sides in the Army argued about and of the economically important City of London were the basic questions to be answered in any settlement. Presbyterians - Protestants who wanted the Church to oe ruled by elected Elders (Presbyters), and who formed What had the war been fought for, and who had it been she bulk of the Puritan opposition to the old political won by? What was the aim of a settlement, and who and religious regime. But they wanted a quick settle- should make it? What religious and political and even nent with the King, partly to safeguard the bourgeois economic principles should be followed? What form regime which had financed the war and which would be should Parliament take, and who should vote for it? In endangered from either a Royalist reaction or a more October 16H? the Agitators drew up what was optimistic- nore radical revolution. ally called The A reement of the People, the first democratic constitution of the modern world, and at the A minority of the Parliament and the majority of the end of October l6A7 the whole situation was debated by Army were Independents - Protestants who wanted a much the two sides of the Army in the Putney parish church. nore democratic system of Church government, generally aased on the independence of individual congregations {hence the later name Congregationalist), and also a nuch greater measure of religious toleration for all Protestants or even for all Christians. And to the The Debates begin "left" of the Independents were various radical groups and individuals - religious extremists, such as old By an extraordinaryiseries of fortunate coincidences Anabaptists and new Ranters, and political extremists, a large proportion of the proceedings at the Putney Later called Levellers, whose best-known leader was Debates has survived. A shorthand record of what was fohn Lilburne and whose brief period of significant said was not only made and preserved but was subsequent- influence was about to begin. ly transcribed and also preserved in the papers of William Clarke, assistant to the secretary of the Army Council. These papers survive in the library of Worcester College, Oxford, and were edited by C. H. The Army takes over Firth, the great historian of the English Revolution, Iharles soon alienated the Scots by rejecting their and published as the Clarke Papers in four volumes extreme Presbyterianism, and in January 16A? they handed from 1891 to 1901. Here we may read what was actually aim over to the English Parliament, which held him at said during the Putney Debates in perhaps the first ioldenby House in Northamptonshire and tried to negotiate genuine record of a revolutionary argument; and a an its own, proposing a more moderate Presbyterian more generally accessible version was edited by A. S. settlement. But before it could deal with the King, P. Woodhouse and published with much other relevant Parliament had to deal with the Army which had actually contemporary material as Puritanism and Liberty (Dent non the war. l938, new edition l95l)._‘fiere is the English equi- valent of the debates between Jacobins and Girondins This army was not a mob of mere mercenaries or con- in the Paris Convention or between Bolsheviks and scripts, though it included both. The New Model Army, Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet, the only obvious which was created in the middle of the war, was based difference being that the English arguments still an men who fought for what they believed, following tended to be expressed in religious terms, and the the Dutch and Swedish armies before and foreshadowing obvious similarity being that even when the radical the French and Russian revolutionary armies. Its com- cause seemed to win it led to dictatorship and counter- mander was Thomas Fairfax, but its real leader was revolution. his second-in-command, Oliver Cromwell, a military The General Council of the Army, including repres- genius and at the same time a religious Independent entatives of the officers and the rank and file and and a political operator of great skill. As the also of the Levellers in London, met in Putney Church Thirty Years‘ War drew to a close on the Continent, under the chairmanship of Cromwell, Fairfax being ill, the English Army of 20,000 disciplined and experienced the Army leaders being mainly represented by Cromwell men was a formidable body indeed. himself and Ireton, the religious fanatics by a Yet Parliament proposed to demobilise most of the soldier called William Goffe, and the political extrem- Army, sending the rest to reconquer Ireland, and to ists by Edward Sexby, John wildman and Thomas Rain- settle England without it. The trouble was that the borough. Army didn't trust the Parliament, and anyway wanted The first meeting was on 28 October l6U7. when the its pay, which was up to a year in arrears. In May proceedings had been opened, Sexby set the scene: 16H? the House of Commons voted to disband the Army; however, the Army not only refused to disband, but took We have been by Providence put upon strange matters into its own hands, and in June seized the King things, such as the ancientest here doth scarce and took him to Hatfield House in Hertfordshire to remember....The cause of our misery is upon two negotiate on its own. things.' we sought to satisfy all men, and it was well; but in going to do it we have dis- Meanwhile the rank and file had made one of the most satisfied all men. We have laboured to please significant steps of the English Revolution, by choos- a King, and I think, except we go about to cut ing representatives called "agitants" or "agitators" all our throats, we shall not please him. And (meaning agents or deputies rather than trouble-makers) we have gone to support an House which will Reuzrw prove rotten studs - I mean the Parliament, which consists of a company of rotten members. / E . if '.- . He then attacked Cromwell and Ireton._ "Your credits 3; .§i" and reputation have been much blasted" for trying to .//' > J please both King and Parliament. when they both de- kg P fended themselves, a soldier identified in the record ;§* /J.“ i as "Buff—Coat" insisted on the essential point: "You W’ -wkJ. \ .'i 0 it‘-‘P,’“ _ " ‘iv-. are resolved every one to purchase our inheritances I ri9 * \\\.-was which have been lost, and free this nation from the tyranny that lies upon us." The immediate problem c ,_ /,/' was whether the Army was bound by its agreement with the King to restore him to the throne, the leaders c-.//.'~="”,__,_ /,§-~:i<:” arguing that it was and the rank and file arguing .-"~\"§" "~I"¢'ff‘;; /"\‘\:~;.‘_:‘*‘-Y..j-f‘ ,_£__='_;;;i.-2..-"'-v‘-"",..,_.__, "\. F that a wrong agreement should be broken; while some /To '.,.o...-__._.. fin ‘I » i “L, u.. -__...--*7“ff,»9k realists argued that "if we tarry long...the King ‘X\--."--..\_ _- é _4r? .5‘ £2Q. ~ H '3'\.\-._--U-.,,,_ h>§/\-(:1., will come and say who will be hanged first". Even so, "i“”,;1avuuflu wfflwaagm?wj-...__ I2 the first day was spent in futile argument; and the 55$ _h:w——-'* --45¢: .al_ ‘OxH//"'“L $14.9Jdfiglily second day began with a prayer—meeting. But later on 29 October the real debate began. COL,RAlNSBOR0uG-I-1 An officer remarked that "while we debate we do nothing" and that "whilst you are doing you will all Rainborough stuck to his position: agree together". Cromwell agreed: "Let us be doing, but let us be united in our doing." But Rainborough I do hear nothing at all that can convince me insisted that they should debate The Agreement of the why any man that is born in England ought not People in order to agree what they were doing. "When to have his voice in election....I do think that this was read, there was immediate disagreement over the main cause why Almighty God gave men reason, the first article, which stated: it was that they should make use of that reason, and that they should improve it for that end and That the people of England, being at this day purpose that God gave it them....And therefore I very unequally distributed by counties, cities, say that either it must be the law of God or the and boroughs, for the election of their deputies law of man that must prohibit the meanest man in in Parliament, ought to be more indifferently the kingdom to have this benefit as well as the proportioned, according to the number of the greatest. I do not find anything in the law of inhabitants.... God that a lord shall choose twenty burgesses Ireton objected to the idea "that every man that is and a gentleman but two or a poor man shall an inhabitant is to be equally considered, and to have choose none; I find no such thing in the law of an equal voice in the election of representers"; but nature, nor in the law of nations. Rainborough answered with a classic statement of the Apart from such theoretical questions was the practical democratic principle: question. what had the common soldiers in the Army Really I think that the poorest he that is in fought for, if they were to have no voice in the England hath a life to live as the greatest he. settlement following their victory? And what about And therefore truly, Sir, I think it's clear, the middling men who had lost their small property in that every man that is to live under a govern- the war? Ireton answered that he wasn't concerned ment ought first by his own consent to put him- with such issues, "because I would have an eye to self under that government; and I do think- property", insisting that this was "the most funda- that the poorest man in England is not at all mental part of the constitution of the kingdom, which bound in a strict sense to that government that if you take away you take away all by that". After he hath not had a voice to put himself under.... all, he asked, if men without property could vote, could they also vote to take property away from men This statement really contains two assertions, one of with property? ~ equality and one of liberty. The first is that all men are equal. This was perhaps best put by the former Rainborough answered that property would be pro- Leveller Richard Rumbold, who continued his resistance tected by the divine commandment, Thou shalt not steal, to Charles II and James II and who said before his and complained: "I wish you would not make the world execution in 1685: believe that we are for anarchy." But he pressed on to the deeper question about property: "I would fain I am sure there was no man born marked of God know how it comes to be property." And he answered above another; for none comes into the world it himself: with a saddle on his back, neither any booted and spurred to ride him. I deny that there is a property to a lord, to a gentleman, to any man more than another in The second is that all men are free to accept or to the kingdom of England. If it be a property, reject a government, which is based on a social con- it is a property by a law...I think that the tract rather than on divine command; though no one law of the land in that thing is the most seems to have considered whether anyone is free to tyrannical law under heaven...And this is the reject all government, and hardly anyone seems to law of England - and that which enslaves the have wondered whether the same principles apply to people of England - that they should be bound women. by laws in which they have no voice at all. Ireton immediately panicked and insisted that any Other people made other points, but Rainborough such principle would go "to an absolute natural right, nagged on and on: "I desire to know how this comes and you must deny all civil right". His own principle to be a property in some men and not in others.... was quite different: The thing that I am unsatisfied in is how it comes I think that no person hath a right to an inter- about that there is such a property in some free- est or share in the disposing of the affairs of born Englishmen and not others....I think we are the kingdom, and in determining or choosing those still where we were, and I do no hear any argument that shall determine what laws we shall be ruled given but only that it is the present law of the_ by here - no person hath a right to this that kingdom....I see that it is impossible to have liberty hath not a permanent fixed interest in this king- but all property must be taken away....I would fain dom. know what the soldier hath fought for all this while. He hath fought to enslave himself, to give POW@P to And the people who do have such a right are "the pers- ons in whom all land lies, and those in corporations men of riches, men of estates, to make him a perpet- ual slave...." This extraordinary man later served in whom all trading lies" - that is, the property in the navy for a few months, and was murdered at owners who already sit in the House of Lords or who Pontefract by Royalist assassins in October l6A8; he already elect those who sit in the House of Commons: deserves to be remembered. And if we‘shall go to take away this, we shall The same line was defended by Sexby (who continued plainly go to take away all property and inter- to work for the republican cause until he died in est that any man hath, either in land by inherit- prison in 1658) and by Wildman (who did the same and ance, or in estate by possession. survived Cromwell, Charles II and_James II, becoming Continued on page 16. Review I, mew. (BORN TO BE QUEEN published by Penguin/Private Eye,July 1'?) sf £2 by Sylvie Krin as told to Arthur Moyse. wee“ =0"-1§liu ‘THE story so far: His Royal Highness Prince Charles is nae’ still unmarried at the age of thirty two. Searching for a suitable bride, his eye lights on the lovely nineteen-ye ar-old Lady Diana Spencer’ may He stood in the opening of the french windows the sun J. -_ illuminating the trembling edges of his spreading ears and . . ‘wp. 2 his knee length medals and campaign ribbons that his dad and mum had given him on his fourteenth birthday. Lady Diana Spencer laid aside the sixteen, bound volumes of ‘My Life and g >4’ early Struggles‘ by Harold Wilson that she had been browsing / through and fell on the floor in a deep curtsey before the young prince . Shirley Williams out of the story and into the index then Prince Charles, for it was he, drew his cavalry sabre and throwing the bird gun aside she raised her hands to high with one bold cut and thrust extended the blade to raise the heaven crying up to Sir Hugh Casson of Your Actual Royal lowered head of the young girl. ‘()1 your feet Di my own A cade my cringing among the crystals of the swinging darling dumpling you don‘t have to kneel before me in private. ‘ swaying chandelier ‘Easy on the highlights you bum Chinese The young prince hesitated then added ‘I don't think" so‘ and white don‘t come cheap‘. It was then that she turned to her with one bold careless leap into the centre of the room he daughter the lovely Lady Diana and with a voice that was """‘ threw off his busby, his cavalry breastplate, his spurs, his heavy with emotions, that was old when Rome was young, and scabbard and sword belt and his aqua- lung outfit and crushed in a key of F sharp cried, ‘Do not let yourself be bemused by the lovely young girl to his medals crying, ‘Gosh Di I‘ve for- all this we alth and privilege. All the gold and diamonds where- gotten what Aunt Margaret said we have to do next‘. From under we have reason to belir ve your grandmother lies sunk beneath the great oak table within the room was heard the we hope without trace are not worthy of a good man.‘s love. beautiful voice of Dame Barbara Cartland authoress extraord- Remember the old song stone walls do not a prison make for inaire enunciating in clean cut syllables the guest list for the its the poor that gets the blame kind hearts and some stuff Royal Wedding until with a sob and a cultured raspberry in the about coronets so if you love Charlie in spite of his background direction of Buckingham Palace she pushed her blue rinsed and his flapping lugholes then hold your nose and dive feet first head through the Irish linen tablecloth as surrounded by the into the Royal Wedding Bed my darling daughter Di and to you residential American television crew she sank with the three Charlie lad turn your head side saddle to ease your ears into movements of the trained high born lady into the Adam fire this room and take my daughter and Dame Barbara to your place. To a royal fanfare of State trumpeters they raised bosom‘. They stood transfixed like unto a still from My Fair her and lowered her into the warmth and safety of the genuine Lady, creaturescaught in an Einsteinian time warp and only and attested Harrods high chair with it's magnificent David the sound of Dame Barbara Cartland's heavy breathing beneath Hockney decoration in red and royal blue wate rcolourings and her diamonds the sound of her felt tip pen as she wrote her watched in awe and wonder as the eighty four year old lady seven hundred and forty fourth six hundred page best seller and stretched out a jeweled arm for a plate of living bees while a bee demanding its Royal Jelly back broke the royal silence with the other arm she wrote her seven hundred and forty for there in the great doorway garbed in all the awful panoply third six hundred page best seller all within the space of one and accoutrements of war stood a lone horseman. He leaned single gracious movement. ‘Always remember Diana my forward across the neck of his sweating mount then fell to the darling little granddaughter‘, she cried in modulated tones that carpet and rolling overto the feet of the young prince he raised dredged up memories of the Smart Young People of the himself on one elbow, saluted and cried, ‘Lieutenant Roy nineteen thirties, ‘ i before e except after c and you can claim Jen .kins sire of the Common Market cavalry raised in Lime- entry as a right into every noble house within these islands house the French are in retreat‘ and the yomig soldier fell except‘ and she paused, then added in a bitter voice, ‘to hell back dead. ‘I say that's an awful load of crap Mr. Jenkins with the Greeks they may own Las Vegas but they don't own for even I know that we are not at war with France for if we my free born English soul. ‘ The old lady moodily ate a were my parents would have told me. You were a school protesting bee. The bee stung the scarlet bee stung lips as it teacher my darling, dear, delightful, dorable, ducky Di are flew away but Dame Barbara was indifferent to the pain. we at war with the ghastly French?‘ and the yotmg girl raised There high up beneath the painted ceiling and above the Swedish her gentle eyes heavenwards to the face between his ears of chandeliers newly bought from Fortnum and Mason's branch the man she loved and whispered ‘No‘ conscious that at that at Royal Brighton swooped and swam and swung Lady Diana's moment in time she now played her part in shaping the destiny beloved father the Earl of Spencer. One of the world's of nations. Lieutenant Roy Jenkins raised an eye lid and leading exponents of indoor hang gliding he ducked and dived raising himself on the secondary elbow saluted and cried ‘I'm and dove swing high swing low with Shirley Williams in one sorry I got the messages balls up sire its the first and second aristocratic arm and the public admittance money in the other class stamps that get me confused the message sire is that and to each victory roll Shirley screamed and whispered of there's a rotten swine, postmarked E1, who claims he has tummy rumbles. It was then that the lovely Lady Dartmouth the legal eagle style of stuff apropos seven Guinne ss shares daughter of Dame Barbara and mother of the lovely Lady and a paid up private grave in Hamme rsmith cemetery that Diana rose to her aristocratic feet and taking aim with her grants him the right to have droit du seigneur with Lady Diana‘ twelve bore she blasted the late Earl of Spencer and the late then with the cry of Vivat regina on his lips the young Lieutenant Review 13 saluted and fell back dead in a puddle of claret. ‘Apart from the fact that it sotmds foreign and filthy my own -1-. -- , . ' - P‘ 4, - .-.-:-.,;-, ;:_:;1; . _ , 1;I;I-.;._' .;..- f-:-;-:-:-::'-:_-l—:-2-ig.;!;I_ '- EIE'--E-.‘ I _.::-.;;_._":1 "-T"-- _ ' Z? ;;-:;I;I;I-I-55Ii1iE1§I?EI?>_-§§Z5§3.5I"1-;-;-' '-I;I-%-'-;»:- -5:5?IiI§5?IEI'_ :-';>_>' -:- ._A/'::'§J?V"',1- a':‘§‘>.._ - - -."'-'-§3‘.:5;EIE5EEI5IEIE1%‘?-1;1£IE5%I‘IIF.- -'-:;:-:-;;;:; .7 ;.;.;.;.; _:;:;,- 155-,:;u;-" ,.-';:;-;-;;;;:,.-:;:;;_ ~ '1-'.I--:;:-' ' :I;I;I;I.-;-;';:;.,.. ' 9' I2'-z;., /"§:::{/"I;-=-§::"»;-5 .4’ 5-:5’ " - ,, _ -1'1? , 5' . _ .-"5;-"'1-'I:=-.» »;'- -:I:I:I: :-2/,:;= F’ -I:-'I:II;/ -é-2515;;-5%.»;-'T>?ig;Z;1;I:¢ Diana you did A level sociology and biology and all that rot so ;£;-!-"-.. ..:_:;:;‘-4'-"'. - _1;.:;r;:;;_ -. Dartmouth rising to her four foot five, ‘ we are no southern fry //’ ~4¢;y . ;7.— J‘ -13125-'-..I-‘-*=~.I-1 grits eating dirt farmers but your actual landed aristocracy ’ 4%'z'3'..:-” - ,-.- - j .1. ;r:-'-' Q“ I Aw“ 5-:" _,;I,-,4’/' 5"’ '.-:3 ‘P - '1 — ' -:- ii,’ _/‘ -:'.- "J I ' ’ : ” and this young girl's father was shot down in full flight, ‘ _;<- '- . . ‘I.L_ ‘\_‘\‘:{t_\\.,\ - "‘l.*¢ '~"""""' , _., ~ .-:-:‘ .- - - “it~- \§§§~:1\-:\'7‘~‘}1:€\ ow-, ‘* " -' r , F J‘“;\~‘_ Anv X“-a .- ‘E183-i_“‘~‘:~.__§‘-5,-'_._;§_‘‘ ‘§z‘.c--":lE3'31""-‘.;--\*1;-;1;‘.\_.. ,. pointing an aristocratic pinkie at the late Earl curled and E‘H. -I"' .-' --,~<.;;t_~.\h'-T-yr I‘ ‘-.\<-‘. '\ ...'-\ §»_;;.. . .KM354%.‘.\\\_ Q-'. ~r.._ , lg‘:\‘.<\_._ , ' -..;:-N.--.‘-I,. ff / 3“K,.'-.\:-""5;. "\‘._€'_‘-;5=?=_E‘;':::1;_-_i;,-'_ kaput in the Adam fireplace, ‘therefore my Lady Diana ain't _..;':q\._ I at‘i_...\‘xi-R.__3\--.- }-2;‘-2.Q‘._.5'4-“13?‘.% L'4.‘'fji./*»< / gartr-'<~=i=_._>..~;‘,;:-=,___:-, _;-‘.. __ A ._ -“:51:-."-t .. ‘s,\'-'-.-- . ' .. ; ;:_ _._, If‘ 1-,‘\,~§,4‘-1-_._Q‘.-¥'.?2_..' I--PI‘:-2.;--I‘-51:- >3 '~.__-\.;.'. I ..A,.._ F3' . '-'-'.""\an-5I. \§ . S31..-:3 no vassal whatever the hell that means‘. ‘I am afraid that ' -'1 ' I " I ' ' ."' 1‘;. ' '- ;_: _ ""1: .’-' '1’-5:->3:-. 7'-Q7,»‘*3:-. ,3.- " I -' .4’.-’ , /.: r'~' . --' -'/iiirw-:-, fin in law she is marm‘ said Inspector Knacke r, ‘ so she had - I ' Ir. .. -- :"- --,.- :2;-1-. ..-<'.--:;-"-:I::" ' I .=- . ' ' .;-3.1;’_ , ye0, . _ . ._- - ,;’fir§11;_.._ -4,, - _ __ ";_ - -,' _.;; <-=-;>-'. _ +1» 3./_¢-;'_<_ _ -,5.-:;§ ‘ ,.ai>.---1,..- - .1*1;-. '<- _ better start packing her frillies and check on the trains from . -' ' 1--5?? ' . 527- ' - .55’ "' 1'. '1.-.IIiZ1.:¢:1E-' ' ' . - - -. .- :.-’;I;-. :15’ §.4r1§=:-":'.1?:' . .- ;3'3f;5".- , '=‘i""' .=. ‘ii. ./_ ’H55.‘II?’ . . ___..-- .”.f“§_ I -'4' -_;,-.3‘-. "I-" WILLIAM C. McDOUGALL died on 21 June, 1981, after close to seventy years‘ dedication to the Cause of libertarian and Fortunate ly a photograph of the Glasgow Anarchists, taken non-sectarian socialism. in the Herald League rooms on George Street on 1 January Willie was born on 22 January, 1994, in Partick, Glasgow. 1915, survives. It shows a group of some fifteen or so When about 20 he joined the Glasgow anarchists and served as determined -looking men, women and children. Hanging on secretary to the Glasgow Anarchist Group. Though a small the walls is a giant poster of a Will Dyson cartoon and another group, the Glasgow Anarchists held Sunday meetings at the proclaiming that ‘The great are only great because we are on foot of Buchanan Street and were part of a burgeoning network our knees. Let us rise‘. No trace of Walter Crane sentiment- of anarclfist groups bringing the message of anarchism to the ality nerel Standing at the back of the group is the twenty- worke rs. year-old William 1VlcDougall, as determined as the rest and at the start of over sixty years ‘ dedicated service to the cause of -. 1 14 l(€UZ€l/U '='-'' 1- =1_.'.a..'=-_..;\;.*_'iJ'- _-r non- authoritarian socialism . leavening tolerance also much in evideme. Willie's general The First World War was a difficult time for anarchist approach is very well summed up in a statement of the APCF propaganda. Prior to the war the Glasgow anarchists had position written for one of the last issues of Solidarity in 1940: little police interference with meetings, but when the war The A PC F. . . . repudiates the orthodox party conception. broke out they were abused and interrupted by stooges from We see in the internecine struggle to ‘capture the le adership‘ various patriotic bodies. Willie recalled a meeting in the of the working class, one of the most potent forces of dis- botanic Gardens where, when he proclaimed the king a para- ruption and disintegration. . . . Loyalty to party - or self - site, the platform was rushed and threats were made to dump takes the place of loyalty to the working class. . . . him into the nearby Kelvin River. Apart from this there was the constant threat of being We of the APCF . . . . nevertheless welcome every leavening arrested for refusing the call-up. Willie was arrested in influence among the workers, every piece of revolutionary 1916 and, after being beaten up by the local police, was education and propaganda. We extend the hand of comrade- handed over to the Army. Refusing to acknowledge military ship to the rebel workers of all parties or none, urging the orders, he was put on trial and sentenced to 2 years, which ultimate absorption of every section in the all-in councils of he initially served at Wormwood Scrubs, then at Denton Camp the workers, and other organs of proletarian struggle. near Brighton, and finally at Dartmoor. At Dartmoor he tried to organise a strike in support of a victimised man, but It is our mission to educate, agitate and enthuse; perhaps got little support. Eventually, with the encouragement of even to inspire. We will gladly give service as propagan- comrade s, he decided to go on the run back to Glasgow. dists, as advisers or as delegates. But we do NOT seek Cycling part of the way (to Plymouth and from Wakefield to to boss or control. We would impel, not compel, seeking Glasgow) he successfully eluded arrest and resumed his activ- the maximum self-initiative and direct action of the workers ity as an anarchist propagandist in Glasgow. This included themselves. his economics classes in the Herald League rooms (using This non- sectarian spirit infused the meetings he held in 20" x 30" ‘Crown‘ size paper to illustrate his lessons, like Brunswick Street every Sunday. Tressell) and speaking at numerous open-air meetings. The Later, during the Second World War, Willie, together with period after World War I vibrated with activity. A great Dugald Mackay, founded the Workers‘ Revolutionary League fillip had been given to the movement by the success of the (WRL) as successor to the APCF. Subsequently, together October Revolution in Russia, and Willie and other Glasgow with an ILP branch, he formed the Workers‘ Open Forum, anarchists had welcomed it as a triumph for revolutionary, another attempt at providing a platform for all pointsiofiview anti-parliamentary socialism. Some idea of Willie's activity in the movement to try and stimulate tmity. This continued as a Spur missionary at this time can be gauged by an adver- until the late 19 50's, eventually renting premises at 50 Ren- tisement in the November 1919 Spur detailing his open-air frew Street, the previous, and renowned, home of the SLP meetings for December 1919 and January 1920. These includ- Printing Department. The demise of the Workers‘ Open ed a meeting at Kirkcaldy on ‘Lenin's anarchy‘, ‘Revolution a Forum marked, as John Cladwe ll has noted (in his unpublished necessity‘ (under the auspices of the Milrigave ILP), and, at biography of Guy Aldred) ‘the end of the period of proletarian the Glasgow Panopticon, ‘Dictatorship, democracy and govern- meetings in austere halls of wooden benches and bare -floors‘. ment‘. Soon afterwards in 1920 faith in ‘Lenin's anarchy‘ This did not. silence Willie, however, for he still continued quickly evaporated and the Glasgow Anarchist Group became to publish his libertarian socialist view of the world in the the Glasgow Communist Group to emphasise the need for tmity form of papers - the Industrial Republic in the 1970's and on the basis of real communism. In 1921 this group became SENSE in the last year before his death (the late st issue being the Ariti-Parliafifihtary Communist Federation and Willie, still at the printer's). In addition, he always did his best to together with Guy Aldred (the main inspiration of the group), bring out a May Day leaflet (with a superb one on the need for Jenny Patrick and other Glasgow anti-parliamentarians kept a political General Strike in 1980), and published a number of this group active into the 1930's - Willie keeping the APCF pamphlets including Marxism made easy, An Open Letter to going until 1941 after Guy Aldred left to form the United Mr. Callaghan (lambasting the last Labour Governmentl) and Socialist Movement in 1933. Though never a large group, his excellent Anthology of Revolt, whe re Marx, Lenin and the APCF played a vital role in keeping the anarchist and De Leon easily rub shoulders with Kropotkin, Bakunin and anti-parliamentary tradition alive. Inge rsoll. One notable focus of activity was the free speech fight for Willie was at it right until the end. Apart from discussing Glasgow Green. This issue came to a he ad in 1931 with the the next issue of SENSE, his first thought on visiting me in arrest and imprisonment of Tramp Preachers for speaking his 87th year was to try and arrange a meeting and to give me without a permit. Willie, together with Guy Aldred, Harry a list of topics on which he could speak. His work for the McShane, John McGovern and others, played an active part Cause was always guided by the urgent need to get over the in the subsequent agitation for the repeal of the bye-law which message of socialism and to illustrate the insanity of capitalism forbade ‘unauthorise d‘ public speaking in the park. He was to the workers by the simple st means possible - a lesson still one of the speakers charged and tried for speaking on the to be learned by today's revolutionaries. He always had in- Green and though the subsequent appeals we re lost the bye-law finite faith in the development of the struggle, despite its ups was later repealed thanks to the excellent case put forward by and downs, and never developed an ounce of cynicism. His Guy Aldred. death thus marks the breaking of one of the last ties we had with the much more open and less sectarian socialism that The movement really came to life again in 1936 with the characterised the movement before 1921 or the rabouts. Spanish Civil War and Revolution, Willie noting ‘I was never Together with other dedicated workers, he has kept alive the so active in speaking at street corners as in 1936 to 1939 anti-parliamentary and libertarian form of socialism against during the Spanish crisis‘. Besides such speaking, he also all the odds, and has put the lie to all those who see such printed, published and edited a number of papers at this time, socialisms as some form of ‘infantilism‘ en route to the concerned largely with the events in Spain and trying to get ‘maturity‘ or ‘realism‘ of a parliamentary Labour Party or the CNT-FAI view across to British workers. Advance in some form of ideal Communist Party. Because of this, 1936 was the first, followed by The Fighting Call in 1936-37 his name may be ignored by the history books, but it is the (which also incorporated the Loinidon-based FREEDOM), the few selfless comrades like Willie that make the socialist Barcelona Bulletin (edited with Guy A ldred) in 1937, the movement a movement of real revolutionary change and not a Workers‘ Free Press from 1937 to (?) 1936, and finally me re shuffling of the loaded cards of capitalism that so many Solidarity from 1936 to 19 40. are content with. His death is an irreparable loss to -both Apart from giving the anarchist perspective on the Spanish his comrades and to the British Socialist movement. Revolution these papers we re important in trying to provide an open forum for both anarchists and Marxists. Solidarity, in BOB JONE S particular, had its pages open to all aspects of the movement from Trotskyists to American Council Communists (Paul Bradford Mattick being a contributor, for example). with Willie's own nu‘- Review On the street it's survival of the fittest. If you back down from a fight, you're a weakling and will be ET continually picked on, fight back a.nd win, then you will always have to IT'S only been three years but it hell I was going to do with myself. prove yourself, but at least you seems a lifetime. Don‘t go away. London seemed the answer. I don't get picked up that often. Sur- Listen _to my story. It may happen haven't got far, except I've grown vival is also who you know, get on to you, and if it does you'll need to harder, more cynical and learned the wrong side of current big boy know how to handle it. What is it how to survive on the streets. If then hide-up. If you're a friend of anyway? No one knows and take I did not accept the handouts I'd the cops and if you grass someone my word, enough professional sink, so I go to St. M for tea and up, don't expect to escape their people have tried to find out. biscuits some afternoons, to the revenge. They, or their friends, Excuse me while I scratch my head. mms in H for lunch (sandwiches) will find you. Don't worry, these unwelcome and if you can put up with the tam- Once on the streets it's difficult visitors can't traverse across bourines a.nd halle lujas, supper is to escape. They have a hold on you. paper. very good at the Sally Army. I lived in a squat, but I was soon If you live on the streets lice are How do I keep clean? Easy. A back. You're never on your own, just one of the occupational hazards, bath is no problem, just pop along always someone to have a laugh with. along with continual harrassment by and visit a friend. I wash most Doesn't mean you're lonely, it can the police and numerous teenage days at New Horizon. They pro- get so bloody lonely at times it be- subcultures. The punks are the vide soap and also shampoo. When comes pretty unbearable. That's worst. Don't get me wrong, some I'm fed up and want a rest I ask when New Horizon is handy. friends have opted to show their one of the social worke rs if they Always a worker around to have a boredom and disillusionment by can get me into one of the hostels. good chat to and you may get a cup being punk, but in a group with Don't know how they manage so of tea if you're lucky. They call it alcohol or drugs in their systems, many people constantly asking for counselling, to me - it's having kicking you in or shoving their accommodation and numerous other someone sitting and listening. knives into you is a great laugh. problems being pushed into their Seriously listening and you know Why do I stay on the streets? faces. they'll remember and if need be try Aren't there all those hostels At least in New Horizon I can to help you. homeless young people can go to? keep warm during the day, even Some girls on the streets have a Have you ever tried to stay in one, con one of the workers to give me bed every night, but that's their even visited one? No privacy, no a cup of tea and the occasional choice and although I could never do freedom, sharing a room with six cigarette. Prevents the boredom that, I see no reason why people or more female s, being woken up which strikes when you've no job should condemn them. Chce again at some tmearthly time and chucked or money and the streets are slow. it boils down to the basic need to out at 8 a. m. and not allowed in till The government likes New Horizon survive. If that's how they survive the evening. The food is usually as well. You see, when it's open, then fair enough. I usually sleep inedible. No, the street is pre- us dossers are off the streets so on the floor of friends, stay a few ferred. At least I'm my own the tourists plus you respectable nights, not too long, so they don't master. I may not have a roof members of London can't see us. get pissed-off with you, then move over my head every night and there Makes London a little neater. on to the next one. They don't have been times when I've been You may have gathered I don't complain, but they often try talking hungry, but I can choose whe re I'll much like authorities. I may lead me into finding permanent accommo- sleep, when I'll sleep and when I'll a life that is frowned on but I am dation and the dreaded job. It's arise. still a person and just about have not that I don't want a job, I'm not Six days of the week I'm broke some self- re spect left. Places frightened of a little work. I've and one day I'm a millionaire. like the social (DHS S) often forget often taken on a casual job at night Every time I collect my money I this little fact and try their damned- to earn a few extra pence , think to myself where ‘s the nearest est to kill that self- re spect. You C especially to buy new clothes. bed and breakfast, and then a friend are often reduced to grove lling for Often we are depicted as dirty, joins me and the next morning, your money, correction the tax scruffy people with rags for clothes. nursing a sore head, I try to piece payers‘ money. Even in hostels Only a few dress like that, the the facts together. Either the you are made to feel that the work- majority of us like to appear tidy money is blown on booze or drugs, ers are sacrificing everything for and clean and most of the girls are depending upon who I meet. For us ungrateful people. It's no won- fashion conscious or follow one of the rest of the week I have to de- der people on the streets become the subcultures. It helps our self- pend on handouts. I hear you say - cheats and thieves. I‘ve been hun- respect. I often think that it's disgraceful. Well I can assure gry and to get some food I've had to time to stop rtmning, to find a job you I don't like it, nor do my fellow resort to lieing, especially to and a home. I never do though - companions, but your so-called Christian establishments. I'm I haven't the guts to carry it through. Welfare State, your educational grateful to them but is the re any The thought of a job, having to get system has not come up with a real need to preach and sing hymns up for 9 0' clock and working through solution to prevent it happening. while we're eating. Jesus only to 5 p. m. Maybe one day I'll do It's our choice, but is it? preached at the feeding of the 5, 000 what society calls conventional, get I found myself on the streets, because they asked him to. He that job but for now the street is my because I couldn't remain at my never pushed. So why do people life. parents and I did not know what the today? KQCO 1s______..n. _ Continued from page 11 __ _ _ st NQUHDEI‘ oi‘ Fenili do ht ohcl o lniiglzi lH7d€l“ tpllliiam _lll Mav inns. Crom~ell‘s second total victory eon iihol imhatiehce with constitutional forms led to the drastic before he died in lhidl. hut fromweil and lF€tOfi ‘ P» 1'- ' _ __ q __ ° V. '\ __\ I _ ., ,\ .-, I 1_ ,3 —/—,<‘ .—. _: I-_ 1, -II,-_: .i¢fehdtwi'the rigfiuws of prwnnarir, FXHF dfrfildle m@Ft purge oi lEPllFHQhc in Lecenhe1 lhio, 1%; t__a- lid execution of the King in January loflé, and the ebolitio extreme Levellers were reluctant to give the vote to servahts, -neggsrs and._ apprchtlces,, - I , -<1 ._—| ttcause/‘1 :3 “' .. 4-she? W@F@ of the monarchy aho the House of Lords in February dependent on other people. loU9. Yet there was no true democracy, and neither the purged Parlisweht nor the dictator fronwell could The Puthev Pohetes went on to consider the problems win a real majority of the people. Cromwell 'F"F care qp ghs ppoef of the King and the House of Lords, where Lord Protectcr — King in all but hone — in l&€?, and again the agitators and Levellers mistrusted the Afmy was succeeded by his son Richard, but Charles IT was leaders for restoring powers which worked against the restored in ieno. The distribution of conszituehcies House of Commons and the people, and to consider whether and votes wasn't reformed until 1832, poor hen didn't Cod w1s‘ch the side of the army, where rhey,souhd like get the vote for another half-century, and wcreh for French revolutionaries invoking the hetural rights of another half—cehturv after that. For half H century man or Pussian revolutionaries invoking Karl Marx. all adults in Eriteih have been shle to vote, hut we The later debates are not reported, as if the clerks still haven't go: beyond this stage, nor have we goi had lost ihtcrst J and they petered out in deadlock on as far as the questions shout property asked i‘ the " \ ' 1 h November. Puthey church more than three centuries ego. Yet 95 long ago F3 1§UQ, just RFLOP LE9 *I%CUTI““ of the King and the stolltioh of the monarchy and * e house of Lords, an answer was given by the True Le el- Such discussions were soon overtaken by events. Uh lers or Diggers, who triedqfd take over the lend or -|il Hovemher, frightened by threats1 of being put oh trial, behalf of the people and to establish anarchist c;fi— Charles escaped from Hampton Court to Cerishrooke on muhism rather than limited democracy or nilitery T‘ dictatorship, through direct action rather than the isle of vig¢.._v' n few days later fromwell suppress- ed a Leveller mutiny at Ware — the first of several parliamentary election or force of urns. Til: Jiill violent confrontations which he always won without any seems to be the best solution to the issues r'fsed difficulty. But Charles soon formed e new alliance for the first tire in the Puthey beteies if 1 -7. with the Scots, which led to the second Civil War in Books from FREEDOM BOOKSHOP Deficit Fund In Angel Alley, 84B Whitechapel High St. , London El. Contributions Received: 7- July 2nd- 15th Incl. Please add postage as in brackets. Items marked * are pub- lished in the USA. 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