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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366 Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

CONTENTS Page No.

EXPLORATION OF FATHER’S PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES REGARDING CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT IN BALUCHISTAN, PAKISTAN Gohram Baloch & Abdul Nasir Kiazai 01

POLYGAMY “IMPORTANCE, BENEFITS & HAZARDS.” Prof. DR. Memoona Saeed Lodhi Prof. DR. Jawaid Ahmed Siddiqui 18

Political movements in Balochistan their achievements and losses: (A case study from 1920 to 1948) Pervez Ahmed Shazia Jaffar Muhammad Zakir Waheed Razzaq 32

The Role of Early Childhood Education in Social and Emotional Development of Preschool Children Abdul Qadoos Khan Muhammad Shehzad Mughal Ms. Sadia Barrach Miss Sajida Noureen 47

Influence of Video Games on the Faith of Toddler Muslims. Muhammad Aziz. 65

The Iranian Nuclear Deal and Its Impacts on Balochistan Abdul Qadir & Zahir Mengal 72 Impact of Workplace Incivility on Employees’ Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Higher Educational Institutes of Balochistan Roqia Ismail & Muhammad Ali 79

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

EXPLORATION OF FATHER’S PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES REGARDING CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN

Gohram Baloch ECD Practitioner Advanced Diploma in Early Childhood Development Agha Khan University Karachi.

Abdul Nasir Kiazai Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research University of Balochistan. ABSTRACT: Early child development starts establishing a country from zero. The main assets of a country are its inhabitants. If the children of a country pass through a favourable early child development in their childhood, their base strengthens and the whole nation succeeds. Father involvement plays a very essential role in child development during early years. Father’s involvement can affect academic achievements and formal education of the children .This research explored the father’s perception and practices regarding child care and development in Balochistan. A semi structured guideline was used to interview the fathers. Lots of research has been done on role of Fathers however, very limited data available about Pakistan.. This research was conducted in capital of Balochistan Quetta city. Five IDIs and one FGD were conducted with group of fathers, investigator interviewed the participants individually and, conducted FGD which contained ten participants. Each interview contained one and half hour and FGD took approximately two hour. Exploratory 3 research study design was used to understand the knowledge, perceptions and practices of fathers. Father has significant and considerable role and responsibilities in child development reported by participants. Therefore, father should play his role and perform his responsibilities in child care in order to build up his children physically, socially, emotionally and mentally, shared by fathers. Furthermore, father is critical to the optimal development and well-being of a child Father’s role is more than that of economic provider of the past and now includes nurturing, care giving, and emotional support in both obvious and subtle ways. (Margaret Mead 2002) This study’s findings will help Government to develop policy or for NGO to do interventions for fathers regarding child care and development in Balochistan.

Key words: Early Childhood Development, Child Cognitive Development, Child Emotional Development, Perceptionand Practices.Child Social Development, Child Physical Development, Child Care Development, Father and Child. INTORDUCATION AND BACKGROUND The majority of the researches pointing out that father involvement can play a very essential role in child development during early years. Father‟s strong communication, involvement and quality and quantity of the time and care will help child to develop better socially, emotionally, cognitively and physically (Irum Fatima 2010). In addition, father‟s involvement can affect academic achievements and formal education of the children. There are a lots of benefits for children resulting from fathers involvement was found in terms of enhancing problem solving skills such as, mathematical or language skills, vocabulary knowledge and cognitive development, stabilizing creative 4 capabilities special talents or better performance in school improving motivation for learning achievements (Seon-young lee 2010). Furthermore, father plays the key role to the development of children in intellectually, socially, emotionally, and physically. Those children who have close attachment and warm relationship with their father they have more chance to have successful life in future in do the same when he becomes a father Now it is believed that father‟s care, love, and affection and the way father treats to his children really count in child development (Heather Gedde2008). SIGNIFICANT OF FATHER: A noted sociologist, Dr.DavidPopene (2006), is one of the founders of the relatively young field of research into fathers and fatherhood. He says, no one can bring positive benefits to their children but, father. Father has a great and direct impact on the good well-being of their kids. Furthermore, father‟s indirect influences can be counted which is very important as well in this way the quality of their relationships with the mother of their kids. A father who has a positive relationship with the mother of their kids is more actively to be involved and to pass time with their kids and to have kids who are psychologically and emotionally sound enough (Rosenberg, J. willcox, W, Bradford 2006). The mother who is treated with the respect by her kids father and dealt with conflict within the relationship in an good manner are more likely to have boys who understand how they are to treat women and know the importance of fathers in the healthy development of children are less likely to act in aggressive fashion toward females. Girls who are treated with respect by their fathers then they expect men to treat them more politely and less chance to have unhealthy relationship in future. A good academic outcome has been shown in those children who get required care by the father. Some of researches suggest that infants who get cared, nurtured by father those kids grow with higher IQs, as well as good 5 linguistic and problem solving capacities. Young children whose fathers are involved get to school along higher levels of school readiness, and can deal the stressful situation than young children who are less involved fathers. .Many researchers have found that an energetic and nurturing way of fathering is linked with linked with better language skills intellectual functioning, and academic achievement among adolescents. Children who are involved with father after birth get emotionally strong and get confident to explore their around and when they grow older be able to contact socially with friends, and show less trouble at home, school or in the neighbourhood children who get great levels of a section from Research suggested that fathers who were not mentioned by mothers as having been involved in their children‟s literacy were significantly more likely to be on a low income than those who were reported as being engaged with their children in home literacy. In addition it has been shown that those children whose mother and father are more involved in their development are more successful in their school life. Father plays in the literacy development a pivotal role but least involvement of fathers in literacy is making the children weak competitors of the academic activities (Anne Morgan, Cathy, Nutbrown and Peter Hannon 2009). Another research suggests that fathers who were involved early in the child‟s life about 1.9 times more likely to be involved in sleeping with children and about 3 times more likely to bring the child to medical facilities for immunization. A research study suggests that early involvement of fathers and paternal for immunization should be encouraged by health care providers. The study found that fatherhood in the traditional sense continues to be dominant although participants considered themselves to be better more involved fathers their own fathers. Father seems as primary economic provider and do not have much direct involvement in daily care of children during the first five years of life. A 6 study in Pakistan conducted by Irum Fatima (2010) findings of this study suggest that among rural young children in Pakistan, more supportive fathers roles are associated with children‟s higher scores on the bayley mental development index and certain others indicators. Manakshadahal in Nepal mentioned an action research study aimed at increasing father‟s participation in child rearing. This research supported fathers to be involved in some activities like bathing babies, feeding, telling bed time‟s stories, and putting children to sleep. The study showed that when fathers were encourage to be more involved in these ways, they spent more time with their children and also that the children became more active and happy. Father involvement makes the great difference in intellectual development ,identification of sex role development t or psychological development it is also noted that children usually do better when they have good and strong attachment with the fathers it does not matter father lives with them are he live away however, the child does better. Father also leaves positive effect on the parent‟s marriage and on the children when father is actively involved with the children through this process mothers stress level comes down and both of them mother and father get relaxed. This surely gets a positive impact on the parent‟s marriage and on the children. In same study children see the father as their play mates. Children like to play with their father more mothers but, they go to mother when they are in stressful situations. Those sons who are nurtured and cared by fathers are more likely to get strong thinking power and problem solving skills. In addition, a study says the closeness of mother and father child relationship has been examined in detail and attachment theory is at the centre of this area of research. It tells that mother and father sensitivity settle the security of attachments and thus of the child‟s misbehaviour psychological adjustment. 7

Father‟s involvement showed the strong effect on child development, child survival, child mental development and to be a positive father in future life. Another article is shown that positive father involvement is linked with more pleasing result for kids and young children as well as young people in education achievements (Heather Geddes 2008). Some researchers noted role of fathers in the development of their children‟s giftedness and talents they found that paternal involvement and impact in the process of children‟s talent development were positively recorded. It was also found that father positive involvement in way of promoting problems solving skills such as mathematical or language skills ,vocabulary knowledge and cognitive development, facilitating creative potential special talents or better performance in schools and improving motivation for learning achievement. In spite of research on fathers in talent development, results were positive and promising. Although, it is believed still that father‟s main role is to get the family members financially supported, however, mother has the key role to nurture and care the child. Moreover, father is considered the great source of motivation and support for children‟s in talent development and professional role model for their children those who are gifted. Father‟s importance and role in this new era needs to be redefined and re-examined understanding modification and demands in families today by taking account of cultural ,ethnical and societal as well as personal and familial changes. Furthermore ,a search shows that a good father is very much important to the better development and well-being of a child if we have glance over the past then we will come to know that father‟s role was just financial supporter now in includes nurturing , care giving and emotional support in child development. Successful fatherhood correlates strongly with many attributes of children successfully growing up (Margaret Mead 2002). 8

It is a common phenomenon that a mother invariably plays an impressive role in the development of a child. It was believed that in past father‟s role was a just an economic provider (Margaret Mead 2002). However, father, role now includes nurturing, care giving and emotional support in both obvious and subtle ways. Successfully fatherhood correlates strongly with many attributes of children successfully growing upon the reference of above mentioned statements one can say that a father just does not play the role of an economic provider. In fact, he plays very important role to develop his child socially, physically and emotionally. Father„s role must not be underestimate in development of the child since, he has the equal responsibility also to give the quality and quantity of care and attention to the children so that children grow and develop well. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH: The reason to have chosen this topic is that since, there were not many research conducted on the significant of father role in child care and development at Pakistan particularly in Baluchistan scenario. Furthermore, this research was conducted in Baluchistan where people do not have the knowledge about the importance of father‟s role in child development although he plays a very much important role in child development. In this research father‟s perception and practices were explored to better understand their role and practices in child care and development. This study would give us understandings about father‟s role and responsibilities in child care.

Research Question was: What are father‟s perception and practices regarding child care and development?

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Objectives:  To explore father‟s perception and knowledge about child care and development  To explore father‟s role and responsibilities in child care.  To explore father‟s perception and practices related to child physical, social mental and emotional development.  To list down challenges face by father interims of child care  To identify strategies that enhance father role in child care METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH APPROACH: Qualitative‟ research approach was proposed for the study as it provides rich contextual information about the problem under consideration. It seeks to understand the norms, culture, belief and behaviours of a particular individual or group. Furthermore, the qualitative study involved face to face interviews and FGD. The interviews and FGD were designed to explore father‟s perception and practices regarding child care and development in Balochistan. Research approval was received from Ethical Review Committee Aga Khan University KARACHI. DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS: The audio-tape was used to record the data all the information of the participants both notes and recorded data was protected with a password. Then data was transcribed manually MS word was used by using roman English for transcription. . Manula analysis has been done, Thematic codes were generated for each node and a thematic analysis was done. Ethical considerations:  The study was approved by the ethical review committee of The Aga Khan University, Karachi. 10

 Written consent has been obtained from the participants during FGDs and IDIs

 Confidentiality and anonymity was maintained throughout the course of the study. Participants were responded for any concerns that may arise and were allowed to withdraw from the study at any time.

 There was no harm to study participants in any kind.

 Pseudonyms were used while transcribed and reporting the results.

RESULT: Six Major Themes Emerged After The Analysis. The Description of Findings areas below: 1. UNDERSTANDING ABOUT ECD

All Participants highlighted that ECD is related to the age from birth to eight years. Majority of the father highlighted that, all care givers play a very important role such as, parents, uncle, aunty, grandparents, siblings, another members of the family. However, father plays a very important role in early ages. Since; he is responsible to bring fresh food for child, without father proper care, child cannot develop in a good way. Father plays a very vital role in child‟s social emotion and physical development hence, father should develop a strong rapport with his child and should give time to his children to educational activities such homework and visit to children school asking about his child behaviour ,performance in school and attend events whenever he is called. Few participants highlighted that It is a common phenomenon in our Society that mother has responsible for child care and development however; father has equally responsible for child development and care as mother. Some fathers reported that Early childhood is the beginning of life in 11 fact, this is the base of life in this age father has the most important role for child development. 2. PRACTICES ARE DONE WITH CHILDREN BY A FATHER. Respondents revealed that they play with their children at home in the afternoon. They play football /cricket with plastic ball and bat or other such kind of games with their children to make them physically active at homes highlighted by the participants. Fathers shared stories to their children in their own local languages at bed time. They also help their children in homework. Few fathers highlighted that sometimes, they take their children to park or picnic in order to get better social development. All of the father said that they tried to spend much time with children so that children have good attachment with us. When the baby is small help the child to walk and talk take them outside sometimes. Father also play important role in religious development, father get listened the child local stories and religious things such, kalama when child is about to sleep, specially, father does help the child in homework shared by fathers. Few fathers reported that they play puzzles games with the children, also plays videos games with the children. And take the children to the guest when guest come to home these practices are done by fathers reported by the participants. Some verbatim from fathers are as below: 3. UNDERSTANDING ABOUT CHILD’ SOCIAL EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, and MENTAL DEVELOPMENT Fathers reported that social emotional development is child‟s ability to be adjusted in the social environment in which emotions play a very important role if child is emotionally developed itself esteem would be strong. Cognitive, mental development is child be able to solve the problems. Physical development refers to changing in body size, height, weight. Father plays a very important role to get the child developed physically, socially, 12 emotionally, mentally reported by fathers. Fathers recommended that father should take his children to outside and teach him/her to how to deal with the people so that child be strong socially, father provide opportunity to child play freely ,provide him, her play martial so that the child could explore them and be strong cognitively/mentally. Father play important role in social emotional development reported by father, they shared that father should have strong communication with the child in order to child can express his feelings, when a child does a good job he, she be appreciated or encouraged by father in order to get the child emotionally strong. Father has to provide balance diet to his children so that they are strong physically. Most important father should spend the quality of time with the children so that child get strong rapport with the father which is most important for a child to develop socially, emotionally, physically, cognitively/psychologically reported by few fathers. 4. EXPANSION oF FATHER ROLE AT HOME, SCHOOL, AND COMMUNITY LEVEL Regarding expansion of their role in school and community level, participants said that father has to visit school and meet the teacher and ask him/her about child performance, overall behaviour, attitude toward education teacher be asked that about child likeness and dislikes in this way father can expand his role at school level. Likewise, at home father has to try spending as much time as he can and help the children in homework and play with him and talk to him/her try to give importance to child opinion if he/she something demands. If the baby is small then father loves her/him. Also help the children to develop timetable in order to get disciplined reported by the fathers. At community level child goes out of home father follows the child what type of play group the child has, takes the child to relatives home or marriage ceremony playground and other community level events. 13

5. DIFFULITIES FACED BY FATHER IN CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT Study participants shared the limitations of their role by saying that grandparents some time say do not take the child outside (nazar lag jay a gi) etc. sometimes they face financial problems, since, fresh food/balance diet direct has linkages financially, balance diet leaves a great effect on child growth physically. They also highlighted the communication gap between father and mother due to education status of both parents; this is also a big limitation of father role. 6. FATHER’S ROLE IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT Father has a great role in child care and development since, father is the owner of the home reported by participants‟ .Few fathers reported that father cares his wife when his wife is pregnant this directly affects child development since, child care and development starts from pregnancy, hence, husband proper care, leaves a positive affection child development when child gets birth shared by father. Father is role model of his children specially; if the child is boy he tries to copy his father reported by participants. Father becomes the hero of his children. Father has a great impact over his children future. If father plays his role responsibilities surely the children will be the good citizen of this Society some fathers highlighted. This is also reported by the participants those children who live or get less time from their fathers they face many problems in their lives. DISCUSSION: The research aimed to explore father‟s perception, knowledge and practices regarding childcare and development .This study also explored father‟s perception and practices related to child physical, social mental and emotional development. This research revealed that fathers play very important role in child care and development, father play with the kids whenever they get free time which can 14 be caused of strong bonding between child and father, in addition kids love to play with fathers, play between children and father can be just not source of physical development in fact, social and emotional development can be increased. Our findings are consist with findings of others, this finding supported that play can be very important in a child‟s life physical play not only builds muscles and coordination but can often be used to teach rules. As a play mate a father can encourage his child‟s sense of autonomy and independence which is a major milestone of social and emotional growth. (Fogarty,, F, Garret D.Evans. year?????The Common Roles of father). This research finding conclude father thought that the more fathers involves with in his child, the better child get physically, emotionally, mentally, socially developed. Father‟s involvement in child care plays a very important role in child development. This findings is supported by previous study father‟s involvement can affect children‟s social cognitive development and academic achievement. The earlier fathers became involved with their children‟s learning and socialization the better (Fatima, Irum 2010).The current study found that father helps the children in school activities and plays the role to ready the child for school and child performs better when the father is involved in child education.in addition, fathers helped their children in homework and had communication with child‟s teachers regarding child performance this was also found in this research. This study is supported by Children whose parents are actively involved in their development are more likely to succeed in school (Anne Morgan,Cathy, Nutbrown and Peter Hannon April 2009). Another research and comment concerning the role and importance of fathers which indicates that „positive‟ father involvement is associated with more desirable outcomes for children and young people in education and achievement In particular. (Heather Geddes 2008).This research revealed that father has the responsibility to run the home financially 15 however; father has the role in child‟s emotional, social development and physical development. This finding supported by other findings that father‟s role is more than an economic provider as seen in the past and now includes nurturing, care giving, and emotional support in both obvious and subtle ways. Successful fatherhood correlates strongly with many attributes of children successfully growing up. . (Margaret Mead 2002).The current research suggests that the more time father spends with the children for example, father shares stories, talks, eats, and plays with the children the children become happy and develop a strong relationship with the father and can express their feeling freely and get activeness. It was revealed through this research fathers tried to spent time with their children fathers eat with children, shared local stories with children at bed and sometimes they sleep with the children. This finding supported by fathers to be involved in some activities like bathing babies, feeding, telling bed time‟s stories, and putting children to sleep. The study showed that when fathers were encourage to be more involved in these ways, they spent more time with their children and also that the children became more active and happy. Father involvement makes a real difference (Jessica Ball Irum Fatima Shantimoy Chakama 2012).The current study found that father has great influence over his child life since, the father becomes role model of his children in addition those kids who live without father faced many problems rather than who live with fathers. This findings supported by previous study Children who live without their fathers are more likely to experiences related problem. (Sarah Allan, Phd And Kerry Daly Phd….2007). This study revealed that father role starts when the mother is pregnant ,father proper care ,for example, father helps mother in cooking ,and other works at home ,make her psychologically relaxed take care of her food this really helps the child development this is also supported by When fathers are emotionally supportive of their spouses, 16 wives are more likely to enjoy a greater sense of well-being good post- partum mental health pregnancy, delivery process maintain or adopt healthy pregnancy behaviours. (Sarah Allan, Phd And Kerry Daly Phd….2007).This study reports that father has a great importance in child upcoming life since, father is the hero of his children most of the time kids love to follow fathers, hence, father has a great role in child‟s life to be a good citizen in future this statement supported by father‟s involvement has been shown in research to have the potential to impact child development, child survival and health and the child emerging capacity to become an effective parent for the next generation(Jessica Ball M.P.H,P.H. Dken Mosella. Ph.D 2007) CONCULUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: This study would help to improve parenting educational program for fathers in communities since there is a dire need to make fathers realise that they should be a part of all endeavours related to their child. Moreover, People would be able to get the perception and practices about child care and development what they are doing. This study enhances information of the people about child development and role of father. Actual benefits of the study are the findings of the research, father‟s perception and a practice regarding child care in Baluchistan context information has been obtained. Fathers would reflect on the current level of their involvement and would be able to understand the significance of their participation in the development of children particularly in child care. However, it was observed fathers are not providing proper ECD practices to their children due to, lack of awareness and resources. There are not many researchers conducted on the significant of father‟s role in Balochistan context in Pakistan. In future, such kind of researches should be conducted on this topic with the purpose of people get benefit and knowledge about it. Besides, this research surely somehow helps the people to get information/knowledge about father‟s 17 perception regarding child care and development, and practices being performed in Balochistan. This was the first study conducted in Balochistan context regarding father‟s perception and practices in child care and development, nevertheless, such kind of research has to be conducted in Balochistan. RECOMMENDATION:  Workshops should be organized for ECD awareness among stakeholder.  Students should be encouraged to conduct research particularly on ECD as very less Literature available in Pakistan Context.  Father role as important as mother in child development, hence, awareness program should be conducted at Schools, colleges, universities, and community level or other Available Platform so that significant of father role be known to larger population.

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REFERENCES:

Allen, S.PhD, Kerry Daly, PhD (2007). The effects of father involvement and updated research summary of the evidence .Father involvement Research Alliance.

Fogarty, F, Garret D. Evans.The Common Roles of father: The five ps University of Florida.

Gaudron, C.Z, Helene Richard, Ania, Beaumatin (1998).Father play interaction and subjectivity.Europeon Journal of psychology of education, x111.

Fatima, Irum. (2010). Role of father in children cognitive development 0-3 years. Lee, S, Y (2010).Father‟s role in the process of talent development.

Rosenberg, J, W.B wilox (2006) the importance of in healthy development of children.

Geddes H. (2008). Reflection on the role and significance of fathers in relation to emotional development and learning.British Journal of Guidance of Counseling.

Morgan, A, Cathy Nutbrown, peter Hannon. (2009).Fathers involvement in young children‟s literacy development, implications for family literacy programmes. British educational Research Journal. 19

Ball,J,IrumFatima,ShantimoyChakma(2012)supporting positive father involvement in the care and development of children in the Asia Pacific Region. Mead Margerat (2002) FatherInvolvement in child welfare: estrangement and Reconciliation. Ball, J, M.P.H, P.h.d, Ken, Moselle, P.h.d (2007).Fathers, contributions to children well-Being.

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

POLYGAMY “IMPORTANCE, BENEFITS & HAZARDS.”

PROF. DR. MEMOONA SAEED LODHI Deputy Director and Head of Social Sciences Department, (FH&SS) Hamdard University Karachi, Pakistan

PROF. DR. JAWAID AHMED SIDDIQUI Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (FH&SS), Hamdard University Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT The following topic is very significant. Even through many researchers have explained the topic of multiple marriages / polygamy and a lot of researchers has also been done also on this topic so far. But the angle through which I have investigated the topic new diverse. Light has not only been send on why men seek multiple marriages but I have also explained psychosexual desire and the mean to satisfy ones psychosomatic desires. Moreover, I have also discussed in detail the reasons that presummarize men to involve in the act of multiple marriages. All they the sexual desires I both man and women are the same and both the genders seek pleasure and conventional, yet the necessity, importance benefits and hazards have also been discussed. Moreover, here the evils that have crept into the society through this act can be renowned, has also been suggested in this paper. A part from the increasing population of women in our society, it has indeed because a need for women also. Therefore, if women allow their men (husbands) to go ahead for further 21 marriages and permit them to fulfil their sexual desires, this will put an end to this evil that is spreading like fire in the society.

KEYWORDS: Polygamy; Way of; Sexual Satisfaction

Thus, this research conclude that maintaining sexual relations is not a crime rather even the religion Islam has set certain guidelines for this and has granted permission to men and women in this respect. The best example that we find in our religion is of our Holy Prophet(may peace be upon him).Through this act only men can keep themselves away from sins and evil practices but even these women who never get married at go to their eternal bed without getting married ,can be Moreover ,here the evils that have crept into the society through this act can be renowned ,has also been suggested in this paper. A part from the increasing population of women in our society, it has indeed because a need for women also. Therefore, if women allow their men(husbands) to go ahead for further marriages and permit them to fulfil their sexual desires, this will put an end to this evil that is spreading like fire in the society. Thus, this research conclude that maintaining sexual relations is not a crime rather even the religion Islam has set certain guidelines for this and has granted permission to men and women in this respect. The best example that we find in our religion is of our Holy Prophet(may peace be upon him).Through this act only men can keep themselves away from sins and evil practices but even these women who never get married at go to their eternal bed without getting married ,can be times, even earlier them the propagation of Islam. According to all heavenly and our heavenly religions that exist in this world great significance has been given to the marriages ceremony (Nikkah) from the social, Cultural, physical, sexual, biological, religions, 22 psychological and even instinctively great importance has been paid to the concept of marriage in all religions of the world, with the only difference in its ways and customs. Even through in defining relationships a man can have a number of wives which is referred to as multiple marriages. To maintain conjugal relations with women is the basic requirement of a legal marriage. The way a human body needs sleeps, rest, food etc., in the same way marriage is also a very important institution of our lives. Because this bondage treat is created by marriage keeps the man and women dose to each other, actually of the sexually, marriage is also the fulfilment of sexual desires of men. In this research I have proved that polygamy is a very to express the Physical needs of a body that craves for it. Neither any society, more any religions conditions institution of marriage.Hence, this research slung on the importance of marriages. In the religion Islam, multiple marriages are permissible. In the societies of Europe and for East the right of women have been exploited up to such an extent that unrest is spreading in the society. Multiple marriages are a societal issue. Europe presents the same thing in an entirely difficult manner. Even though they are not legally or religions following the rules to enter in to the agreement of multiple marriages but neither are they abstaining themselves and keeping then away from maintaining relations with women but are involved in this secretively. This fulfilment of the desires lead to social and societal unrest .Whereas Islam is such a comprehensive religion that it gives men and women the right to many more them one time but has also framed certain rules that all Muslim men and women have to follow Islam, does not condemn women no matter what relation she has, whether a mother, daughter, sister or wife. Thus, Islam perches that men should satisfy their carnal pleasures through multiple marriages. This has been laid down also to say men from the 23 unlawful act of forcefully fulfilling their sexual desires. This also saves the society from performing into any immoral practices. English terminology for a number of marriages: Polygamy is reference to a situational where one can keep more them one wives or a number of wives. But there was also a time where used to keep more than one husband to gain honour and respect for the family.1 “When a man keeps a number of wives at the same time, it is referred to as polygamy/ multiple marriages.”2 Reasons of Multiple Marriages/ Polygamy The origin of multiple marriages has existed in this world since the very beginning. In doing so (marrying a number of women) a man develops physical relation or conjugal relation with all the women he has mined. In the way a man and women get involved in physical relations with women .In Islam, Muslim have been given permission to many more them one women. According to Allah in the Holly Quran! “So the women that you like, two, three, four and many them.” (Surah Al-nisa-4:3) God Almighty who has related man knows and is well familiar with him. The principles of Islam have also been framed in such a way that man can comply with them. It has been made permissible in Islam that man can many and keeps four wives but not more those four. But this can only done if the husband beats all four of his wives equally. Mature has made man stronger in every scuse that is why the religion Islam permits a man to keep four wives at the same time. Whereas the physical desires one found in both men and women. A man has many things that he must that why he looks forward to keep more than one wife. 24

1. During few days of every month it‟s not a desirable for the man to get into physical contact with the woman because it has been trend as haram. 2. The other reason is pregnancy, during the last few months‟ women‟s pregnancy she does not raven in such a condition to get in physical contact with her husband.3 3. The third main reason is maternity, after delivering a child the women bleeding for forty days during which she is not fit to fulfil her duties. Moreover a woman is not able to copulate until she feeds her children.3 All these reasons of staying away from the husband are applicable only on women, not on men. Thus, if a man‟s wife is passing through this day and he feels the desire of copulating, he will have to options to go to a woman. Therefore, more than one marriage has been made (halal) legal in the religion Islam. This is especially for those men who are sexually very strong and strongly feel the need to do sex with wives. So when the wife is unable to get involved with them in this act, they can go to their other wife rather than going to one night strands for the sake of fulfilling their sexual desires Islam has given men the permission to many and keep four wives at a time to save them from universal practices. Man has always been in need of woman. He has always tried to derive benefit from women and seek and satisfy his pleasures even if he has to give her torture. History has proved that nothing can control a men‟s desires except the fear of God. 4 A llama Sheikh Abdul Aziz Shah Dash Misri, former professor at the University of Oxford and Cambridge has slated regarding this Complex matter of a women‟s physical desires in his book. “The Nature of Religion.” “The Europeans have claimed in their books that the religion Islam allow its followers to many more than one woman. If these Arabs would know the 25 reading of the book of Allah, they would never have associated any such things with it which are against the teaching of Islam.” 5 If polygamy was error for prophets and religions then the last of prophets before. Prophet of Islam religion and dates of religious leaders should be considered. Who doesn‟t know that our prophet Hazrat Dawood (As) had more than one hundred (100) wives and his son, Hazard Suleiman in had seven hundred (700) wives and three hundred misters. Even in Protestants, a branch of Christianity which is “Marmon” does not limit on the number of marriages a man does. From religions scholars tell Sufis and saints no one ever worried about the number of wives they had their chambers were always occupied by beautiful women. Even the practices and scholar and Hinduism never restricted themselves from keeping a number of wives, mistunes' and prostitutes.6 In the must it has been proved through study that permission to keep more than one wife open the door to control once desires, but if we pay attention on what our religion says multiple marriages/ Polygamy have been allowed in our religion to stop these desires. Thus many its and evils that take birth in he society can be put to our end with the help of multiple marriages/polygamy.

SOCIAL ILLS: Prostitution and desires that are associated with it illegal pregnancy, the problems of ill-legitimate child birth and children and most of all the problems of those women who are left unmarried due to the minority of the male sex.7 Well known scholar Herbert Spencer, who is a famous specialist in gender, Kenneth Walker and other famous scholars of the most are fond of the concept of keeping more than one wife. They not only agree to thus due to various theories that have been proved but they strongly agree to it because of 26 their personal experiences. This was done because their bothers had restricted the concept of multiple marriages/ polygamy due to which they got involved with women in ill-legal relations. This same rise to ill-legitimate children and those women who were only used by men for their pleasure but these men were never ready to take the responsibility of these women. Thus, giving rise to such problems that will never end until et these women get worried to such men and they (men) accept them (women) as their responsibilities. Women these days have accepted this (polygamy) as basic needs. Even women are expressing the need of such marriages without any institution which is proved by the current statement of British famous lady Mrs. Fasten. When we look at those women of the rest who gather on the road at night, we are forced to say that the west by what way opposes polygamy. It is best for the women of the west and also respect full that she remains within the boundaries of Islam and followers the rules of Multiple marriages.8 MullanaEhtashamUlHaqThanviin one of his notes (32) on multiple marriages said; “If the evils of the European society are left out and attention is paid on the contents over ones desires and multiple marriages, it can make things better.” For example in some country the number of males is less than the number of females and females are three times more than the males. Like now a day is the situation in Japan. In such situations 2/3rd of the women remain depend of marriages. Thus, from the social and cultural point of view this is a big nuisance more than one woman? Moreover can manner not protect then honour in this way?”9 Islam is the religion of nature and perches the right way. That is why it has allowed the concept many marriages like in battles and after wars, when women are left of all alone, without any shelter and protections; also those 27 orphans girls who suffer. Quran has stated the solution of such deprived women in “multiple marriages”. This practices was very common in early days among Muslims. Thus, the concept of polygamy was present in many religions especially in the east, even before the time of our Holy Prophet (s.a.w.) but it was one in the most shameful and disgusting manners and women were only being used as a that for doing sex and fulfilling the sexual desires of men. But Islam taught them a code of life and offered better options and set guidelines for marriages so that the society does not get involved in vices and the man also remains honest. Thus, Islam gives its people the permission to many more and keep more than one wife. Mumtaz Alum –e- den sheik Ibne Usmaneen (RE) has said! “If someone maintains a balance in making the decision regarding his wives, so after his first wife he can keep second wife and after the second he can keep a third wife. I suggest all men to many four all men to many four women and give birth to four children every year instead of one. Muslim population will increase in this way and this will increase the number of Muslims as compared to non-Muslims and Muslims will also be able to perform better in all skills them non-Muslims 10 Allah Almighty and our Holy Prophet Mohammad (saw) have given complete guidelines for more than one marriages and making changes and making new rules have been prohibited, because four marriages are enough for a man to take care of and it was very necessary to set a limit to marriages in order to keep themselves (men) and the women safe and healthy. This was done because the need and desires can be well fulfilled by four marriages. Due to this reasons the religion Islam only gives permission to keep four wives and met more than four three are a lot of advantages also of many marriages. If there are advantages there are disadvantages also. 28

ADVANTAGES: 1. Sometime circumstances than out in such a way that second marriage become important, for example; long illness of a wife or when a women is not able to become a mother etc in such cases a second marriage not only same the honour of a family but also stops a man to maintain extra marital relations with other women. 2. Women who many a man get security and shelter. 3. If a man marries more than one woman's other women are benefited who are upending then lives being unmarried and even those are benefited who get old setting at home. 4. In fact as a resent of polygamy doubt full problems(issues, women‟s) do not reflect correct reason for its rejection the religion Islam has been spread to provide solutions for the problems that people face in this world . Those things that cause harm and harmful are discouraged by the religion. The fact that polygamy/multiple marriages proves beneficial for the man-kuef cannot be derived in any way. For example; these men who are not desires can get satisfaction by going to his other wives and in this way he is also able to maintains his self-respect. 5. If a woman gets married she can add to the number of Muslim population. This helps widows and these women who spend all then life staying unmarried. 6. In battles a long a number of men die which also decreases the number of male population. So if more than one woman married to a man and rears his children, it might fill this gap. As far as the unpleasantness is caused by keeping more than one wife, the consequences are not intense or they arise because the man does not fulfill his duties towards his wives.11 29

We shall non shed light on the disadvantages of polygamy/ multiple marriages and discuss what harm does it cause to the people living in the society or what harm law it cause in the long run. There are different wives that people share regarding such marriages. Disadvantages of polygamy / more than one marriages: 1. However whatever may be the position of polygamy and whatever may be the number of women, ethics of both affected in the society marriage to marriages. 2. There is one disadvantages of polygamy that many women gather in a house but the one who is most beautiful or wealthy her level is high and is very close and living to her husband whereas the others are like maid servant.12 3. More disadvantages of polygamy is that actual system of Nikkah is also finished.13 4. One more disadvantage is there is load on one father of the whole family inclusive and children and he cannot afford the whole family as a result he is always worried and tension.14 Here I would like to quote an example of Nigeria, where polygamy is an advantaged not disadvantaged. What 1st wife is called Queen and occupies central position. She selects 2nd, 3rd, and 4th wives. The second helps senior in maintain home and look after all children and 3nd& 4th go for job and assist the family and husband to meet all aspect strong financial position and they lead a happy life.” (Dr.Javaid senior Education officer bide, Niger state Nigeria.) Polygamy a Tool for controlling Corruption: Famous sexual expert James Hilton has suggested polygamy for revolve/ eradication of vulgarity and adulteration. According to him an unchanged a 30 fixed method of marriage (Monogamy) result in vulgarity where as if there is a flexibility than vulgarity can be avoid.15 Famous sex expert “Gallin chain in his book “Human Love” writes! If reach and wealthy person are given chance for polygamy notable the financial problem of women is solved but corruption in also be decreased. But besides all these facts, temporary or permanent sexual relation and free love amongst people in western countries with mutual till will take the place of polygamy instead of Monogamy and no force can stop this change because the condition and circumstances are totally in favor of this.”16 Further according to Gallin chain: “Man is motivated toward polygamy” Finally due to commendable circumstances and need for polygamy, Islam has permitted polygamy with condition of justice with all wives and it is better than the person become committed for unethical, unnatural, unlawful, and against sheria for his actions.

CONCLUSION: After a sound research on this topic we reach to this conclusion that Islam is a natural religion and Quran its spokesman, hence Islam has permitted polygamy because it is very much relation to natural process. But Islam does not make it compulsion a Fars or Sunna that man should show justice and equal rights to all wives of he can afford all of them and fulfill all their responsibility but if he can‟tdo so he is not permitted to go for polygamy. Man is saved from adulteration and illegal act due to polygamy. It is became some people when not satisfy with one women go for take whatever step for their satisfaction that will be wrong, illegal and haram. It is better to go for polygamy for a man in order to save himself from “sin” and haram because this will make a good environment but also will save the society from sexual 31 vulgarity(jinsy be hayaai).Therefore polygamy is such is pillar and applicable method through which man and woman can satisfy their sexual need. Because existence of woman even with all its beauty and attraction is incomplete without any men as the first step in the create becomes the symbol for complete existence. Therefore in present period polygamy is also a need for women because number of girls in more than number of men are due to this can balanced number marriage of virgin girls has become a problem and waiting for their marriage they reach at the door of old age and the world population increases the number of girls will also increase. At the same time when the population of virgin girls is at the head what will happen to widows an d divorced for their great loss. Today if all the religions of the world adopt the procedure of Polygamy like Islamic law of divorce and “khula” then disrespect of women will be finished and all the number of virgin girls will be reduced. This show that under unavoidable circumstances men has ordered polygamy on the basis of total needs under the condition of justice and equality.

32

REFRENCES

Mohammad Yahya khan “From Marriage till Marriages” pg; 42, Dar ul Islam, Urdu bazaar, Lahore. March ,2005

Fayez Ahmed Fayez ”Encyclopedia of Marriage.” pg; 294, NooriaRzvia ,Publisher, Lahore, October, 2003

Fayez Ahmed Fayez,” October 2003

Mohammad Tariq Usmani “Our Aili Problems” pg; 68, Dar ulAshat, Urdu Bazaar, Karachi.

Bader Shahkeeb, “Islam and Gender”, pg; 289-290, General Publishing House, Bunder Road, Karachi, 1953

Mohammad Hairs Jamal Qadri, “Islam and Marriage” pg; 2000-2001, Shabeer Brothers, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore 1997

M. AbdurRahman Khan, “women in the mirror of huminity”pg;179, Oxford & Cambridge Press, Lahore, November ;1974

M.AbdulRahman khan; :Women in the mirror of Humanity” pg;181, Oxford & Cambridge Press , Lahore, November ; 1974

MumtazJahan Begum; “The worldly Role of Women” Pg; 105, Keaton Academy, .Karachi. Al Harmain Online News Latter Issue #4, Volume ,06 Safer 142H, Fatwa Section: www.alharmain.org 33

Mohammad Yahya Khan; “From Marriage till Marriages”, pg; 48, Darul Salam Al-Reyaz , Lahore, March; 2005

Kosher Neaazi; “Muslim Family& contemporary Issues” Pg; 47, Sheikh Ali and Sons, Adbi Market, Chock Anarkali, Lahore, January; 1997

Mohammad Yahya Khan; “ From Marriage till Marriages.” Pg;48-49, Darus Salam Reyaz, March; 2005

Mohammad JafirNadvi; Problem of Polygamy, Pg;114-115, Institute of Islamic cultural Pakistan, Club Road, Lahore ,June 1959, Pg;133 – 38 BuderShakeeb; “ Islam and sexuality” Pg; 286-289, General Publishing House, Bu 19nder Road, Karachi, 1953

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

Political movements in Balochistan their achievements and losses: (A case study from 1920 to 1948)

Pervez Ahmed Lecturer Pakistan study centre University of Balochistan

Shazia Jaffar Lecturer Pakistan study centre University of Balochistan

Muhammad Zakir Lecturer Sociology Department University of Balochistan

Waheed Razzaq Lecturer Balochistan study centre University of Balochistan

Abstract The state of Balochistan has not been luckiest ones in the world. As geo strategic and political important has been considered by entire world but people of this home land always been in the shadow of cruelty and blood shedding. From Aryan attacks till modern era is the evidence of the Baloch exploitation the purpose of writing this paper is to find out and introduce political history of Balochistan and also mention the time when political awareness gained by Baloch people and how the joined peaceful and political way of struggle to achieve their goals. The evolution of political events and policies will be described. Baloch almost fought four hundred battles against British. The Britain ruled Balochistan under different policies such as forward policy close border policy, policy of portioning of Baloch 35 land but among these the worst impact of geography of Balochistan was the consequence of partition policy. Every nation learns with the passage of time and farsighted visionary leader having great leadership qualities can be a great fortune for a nation. Because right decisions on a right time is a partial victory in terms of policies.

Key words: Agitation, Awareness, Baku, Balochistan, Cabinet, Conference, Convene Resolution, Constitution, Establishment, Kalat, Migrate, Political Movements, Throne, Treaty, Introduction Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan its total area is 347190 sq Km.(Marri, 2000) According to Syed Abdul Wadood 2003, this province is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the North by Afghanistan in the east by Sindh in the north east by Punjab in the west Iran and in the North west N.W.F.P ( KPK). As for Baloch land is concerned where Baloch are living in majority extending from Indus river to Kirman, from Baloch Coast to Helmand along with the Baloch Corridor touching Turkmenistan is an estimated 690,000 sq Km. Baloch land is geographically not a part of the Indian sub-continent nor middle east or central Asia. It is even out of monsoon region. Baloch is also not part of Indus Valley civilization. Russian forces and its players of the Great game moved to central Asia, while British forces moved towards Balochistan and Afghanistan. In Balochistan the Baloch forces were defeated in 1839and the Khan of Kalat Mir Mehrab Khan who was leading also killed in battlefield. From 1839 British ruled Balochistan under the cover of the agreement and was experimenting various policies such as backward policy to forward policy to close border policy. Most harmful policy for Baloch was the 36 partitioning of Baloch land under the cover of Gold Smith and Macmohan line which the British did unilaterally moving those as border agreement. Baloch never compromised with British direct or indirect rule there were always organized or spontaneous insurgencies including political movements for Baloch independence. Baloch participated in Baku conference in 1920 and established a political party as well. Mir Yousaf Aziz Magsi organized two All India Baloch and Balochistan conferences in 1932 and 1933 at Jacobabad and Hyderabad.(Khan,2014) The area of Balochistan is 340000 sq. miles.(Baloch, 1987) This region was important to the Portuguese the Russian, the British and by world allies from the point of view of trade and strategy. Balochistan lay on the crossroads of the routes joining central Asia, the south Asia and Middle East. In past several attacks were made to control the Region but failed, the British were successful in their attack to Balochistan.(Khan,1977) The British Army entered in Kalat in command of Gen-Walshir to battle started early in the morning. Baloch king Mehrab Khan was defending the homeland along with his tribe soldiers.(Bugti,1994) After the martyrdom of Mehrab Khan and friends the British brought Balochistan under their control and divided it into two parts. First under direct Governance of British and the other one constituting the union of Kalat states administrated by the new Khan of Kalat through Trible Chiefs. British Balochistan consisted of the entire Pathan area and Baloch Districts of Chaghai, Jacobabad and Bolan. And the other part comprising Kalat, Kharan, Makran and Lasbela and excluding areas of Marri and bugti are the real specimen of Baloch tribe system.(Qadous, 1990) Although after the martydam of Mehrab Khan the Britishers were directly involved in Kalat affairs but it also raised the passion of nationalism in Baloch people.(Marri, 1980) 37

The resistance which started in 1839 against British Army continued time to time.(Qaisrani,1994)This Resistance almost continued more than a century. The early resistance could not assume the form a national struggle. In September 1920 a conference of the people was held in „‟Baku‟‟ the delegation of Balochistan was headed by Misri Khan Baloch. He also met with Lenin and other top leaders of Soviet Union.(Baloch,1987) This conference was attended by Turkey, Egypt, Persia, India, Afghanistan, Kashgar, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, the countries of Soviet Central Asia and Balochistan. The Bolsheviks commanded campaigns to spread the revolutionary idea and proletarian revolutions to the colonies and semi colonies of east and appeal from the congress to the workers of the west.(Breseege,2004) The delegation of Balochistan helped the Bolshevik against Basmachis. All these revolutionaries were not communists but indeed were sympathetic to communism for its social and cultural revolutions. Y.Z surites was appointed as a first Soviet representative in Afghanistan by Lenin in 1919. He maintained diplomatic relations with people of Afghanistan, tribes of Balochistan and with the people of India fighting for their liberation.(G. Bondarvski,1977) Baloch participants of Baku conference came to Kabul where they decided to establish a revolutionary party. At that time the communist party of India was established in Tashkent in 1920(Mari,2000) The activities of the participants of Baku conference were strictly checked by the British, the internal condition of Balochistan was not suitable for them. Undoubtedly their revolutionary thoughts had an impact on the politics of Balochistan. 38

By the end of the 19th century the political movements begins to take shape. The western educated people begin to feel that they should more active part in the country administration. Whatever, they have learned through English education now they were transforming it in constitutional and representative government. Establishment of young Baloch „‟ Young Baloch‟‟ was established by Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd who was a son of a civil servant of Kalat. This political movement was remaining underground till 1929. (Baloch, 1987) When, Hijrat movement started in India. Many people left India and left to turkey and those who could not entered in turkey they stayed in Taskand and Moscow and joined communist party of India when they were moving back to India to work for the party. They were arrested from Chitral and other places and moved to Peshawar where Peshawar conspiracy case was 0prepared.(Harikishan,2003) In 1931 Government servant, School Teacher and traders, could be found in Baloch people but still they were deprived from political rights and class conflicts were arising.(Marri, 1987) Yousaf Ali Khan Aziz Magsi son of a tribal chief started his political career in 1929 by writing a article, the Faryad-e-Balochistan.(Cry of Balochistan) which was published in Lahore newspaper „‟Masawat‟‟. In this article an appeal was made to Baloch to organize themselves for the rights of Balochistan. He criticizes the policies of the British government and the prime minister of Kalat state sir Shams Shah. He also demanded for constitutional demands. Faryad-e-Balochistan was the first Baloch literary document for the cause of Baloch nationalism. (Inyatullah, 1987)

39

Formation of Anjuman-e-Itha-e-Balochan The un united struggle of Baloch people till 1930 as realized them that they should struggle unitedly (organization for the unity of Baloch) to avoid failures. The Anjuman-e-Itha-e-Balochan was found in 1930 in Mastung. (Marri,2000) The Anjuman called for political and constitutional reforms within the khanate and ultimate unification of all Baloch lands into an independent state. The Anjuman started to work openly in 1931, promoting different ideas of reforms within the state and advocating the need for more representative institutions. (Bezinjo, 1989) Nawabzada Yousaf Ali Khan was released from Mastung jail in August 1931. Magsi became the president and Abdul Aziz Kurd General Secretary. After words he published a book late entitled Shams Gardi, criticizing the policies of British Government and the Prime Minister of Kalat State. Sir Shams Shah. He also demanded for constitutional reforms, responsible government with an assembly of representative, elected democratically by the people, and with legal cabinet or Ministry. The aim of this organization was to work for a united independent Balochistan as well to demand reforms in Balochistan.(Baloch, 1984). After words Magsi agitation was initiated to bring prince Azamjan on thrown and remove Prime Minister Shams Shah. Thousands of people from Jhal Magsi migrated to Sindh and Punjab to force Shams Shah into resigning. The Magsi migration put great impact on the Baloch Tribe Rind, Mengal, Raisani and Bugti revolved against their chiefs who were the supporter of shams. The British agreed to nominate Prince Muhammad Azam Jan. Finally, on December 1931, Prince Muhammad Azam Jan became the Khan of Kalat with the support of the anjuman. It was the first victory of modern 40 democratic rule in Baloch society and the first political loss of British in Balochistan. But in December 1931, Azamjan invited Yousaf Ali Khan Magsi and Abdul Aziz Kurd to present their demands that, meeting was in conclusive and they were asked to stop the political activities.(Naseer, 1982) The aim of the Anjuman remained unfulfilled even after the new Khan of Kalat came into power. In 1932 the Anjuman leaders decided to convene the Balochistan and all India conference at Jacobabad in December 1932. The Baloch were properly aware with Democratic principles but our nation is being affected by foreign influences. They declared their objectives as: unity of Baloch, Education, Protection of rights, Religious Education and legal Reforms. They were hopeful that nation makes the conference a successful one. (Daily Zaimandar, 22 october 1932) The three days conference began in December 27. Delegates from all over Balochistan and India participated. (Mohammad, 1988) Mir Ali Nawaz the ruler of Khairpur state called the Baloch for unity in his presidential address. Various resolutions were passed in conference, aiming to create a social base for Baloch nationalism.(Maggasi, 1933) The Balochistan and All India Baloch conference was a great opportunity for Baloch nationalists of different areas to communicate the views about the destiny of Baloch nation. In 1933, Yousaf Aziz Magsi published a pamphlet „‟Balochistan kiAwaz‟‟ (the voice of Balochistan) especially for the British parliament. (Awan, A.B. 1985) Khan of Kalat Muhammad Azam Jan was died on 9th September, 1933. His son Mir Ahmed Yar Khan ascended to the throne of Kalat on December 20, 1933. New Khan was a great supporter of Anjuman, conditions became more favourable for Anjuman‟s work. Some important reforms were carried out in Balochistan, e.g, Education budget was raised, and Scholarships were given 41 to students to study in India and foreign universities. Preference was given to Baloch in employment and Judiciary system was improved. (Khan, 1975) Yousaf Aziz Magsi was died in the Quetta earth quake in 1935 at the youthful age of twenty seven. His death was a great loss for Baloch national movement. In 1936 Abdul Aziz Kurd proposed to reorganize the Anjuman which was rejected by the right wing of the Anjuman, led by Bunde Ali Talpur. The right wing wanted to cooperate with the British administration in order to bring reforms in Balochistan. But they were blamed as British agents by left wing of the party. However, the Anjuman was renamed as „‟ Kalat State National Party‟‟ in 1937 at Sibi. Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd was elected as its first president. (Mohammad, 1988) In 1936 an organization was established in Kalat State named „‟ AnjumanIslamiaRiasat-e-Kalat. Although it was a non-political organization and aim was to do some social welfare activities for poor and needy people of Balochistan but it was banned due to Terrorism allegations. Mir Gul Khan Naseer was the president of this organization. (Naseer, 1982) In the same year another political party was established British Balochistan and the objectives were to bring constitutional reforms in British Balochistan like other states and provinces of sub-continent. Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai was elected the first president of this party. He also laid the foundation of „‟ Istaklal‟‟ newspaper. (Bugti, 1994) First Balochi national song was published in, 1937 by Muhammad Hussainunka. And different articles were published from Karachi: like, young Balochistan, Kalmatulhaq, Aftab, Nijat, Haqeeqat, Balochistan and Bolan. (Marri, 2013) 42

Kalat State National Party openly opposed the British Government plan to lease rights to port of jewny. The party wanted a sovereign state for the people of Balochistan. The party leaders wanted a separate identity for Baloch there for tried to gather huge support of Educated people to fight for Democracy not only in house of common but on side Assembly as well. (Jalib, 2006) On 5th July 1939 National Party called a three day convention to explain their stand of different political issues, Question of Baloch National identity and Demand for Social reforms, convention was attended by large number of people but on second day of convention a tribal lashkar with the support of Government attacked to this meeting at Mastung and convention was called off. The tribal Sardar demanded to ban Kalat State National Party. Dewar, 2007) This demand was fulfilled on July 20, 1939 and the Prime minister of Kalat State banned the party and its activities. Abdul Rahim Khiya Khail, Mir Gul Khan Naseer, Abdul Kareem, Mulla Hussain, Ghaus Bukshs Bizanjo and large number of workers were imprisoned. (Dewar, 2007) All india Muslim league was found in Balochistan in, 1939 by Qazi Esa. (Shah, 1992) He also became the first president of Muslim League in Balochistan. It was 1938 that QaziEsa met Quaid-e-Azam at Bombay and accepted his institution to form and organize Muslim league in Balochistan. (Awan, A.B 1985) The activities of Kalat State National Party were not acceptable to Government therefor Muslim league was formed in Balochistan by Government. (Awan, A.B 1985) A delegation from Balochistan participated in the Annual session of All India Muslim league in Lahore in March 1940. Where „‟ Pakistan Resolution was passed on 23rd March. (KosarInamulhaq, 1998) 43

President of Muslim League Balochistan Qazi Muhammad Esa also spoke in favour of Resolution. Quadi-e-Azam also visited Balochistan in 1943 and 1945 along with his sister Fatime Jinnah and collected Donations from Khan of Kalat and people of Balochistan. (Qasarani, 1994) British cabinet Mission came to India in March 1946. The case of Kalat State was presented to Viceroy and members of Cabinet Mission in the form of Memorandum by Quaid-e-Azam. In this Memorandum the historical and constitutional position was explained. 1. The Kalat state is an independent sovereign Government. Whose relations with the British government are governed by the Treaty of 1876?

2. Kalat is not part of India.

3. If the British Sovereignty ends, the Kalat will revert to its status as an Independent state. (Bugti,1994)

4. On the 9th January 1946, a delegation headed by Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, presented on application the delegation of British Parliament in which they demanded provincial Autonomy for Balochistan. (Kausar,1998)

The members of Municipal Committee and Shah; Jirga unanimously elected Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai as member of constitutional Assembly on special seat of Balochistan in election held in 1946 and he defeated Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai nominated by congress.(Kausar,1998) In 3rd June plane the British government announced the partition of India into two independent sovereign States, India and Pakistan. The Muslim dream of a sovereign State was fulfilled. (Qasarani, 1994) 44

The ruler of other states of sub-continent had been given rights to merge with Pakistan or India according to the choice of their nation and Geographical position.(Qasarani, 1994) The idea of accession of Balochistan to Pakistan was strongly opposed by Kalat State National Party. This political party worked for an independent state throughout its existence. Khan wanted the approval of Assembly for a decision making. A meeting of parliament was called on December 13th 1947. The proposal was rejected by Kalat State National Party. The plane of merger was rejected by upper house on 4th January. After the Khan‟s on lateral declaration of unconditional accession to Pakistan, the Kalat State National Party reaction was one of the bitter opposition and deep shock. Soon after the merger the party leaders were arrested and banned form the Government. After ban on party its leaders have joined other political grout but their stand remained unchanged. (Baloch, 1984) In short Kalat was declared on independent state on 12 August 1947 and became part of Pakistan on 27 March 1948. Conclusion Balochistan has been known as a Historical place for its vast area, Geographical position and two famous ways Bolan and Mulla. Geographically it is a part of central Asia and politically its attachment is with south Asia. This dual attachment gives her great merchants. Travellers and conqueror like Muhammad bin Qasim, Alexander the great, Changaiz khan, Arabs and British came to Balochistan. In the beginning of 19th century when Russia moved central Asia occupy Asian Muslim countries. The British were ruling over sub-continent. They left it dangerous for themselves and decided to occupy Balochistan and Afghanistan in order to stop the Russian not to move towards India. Therefore they attacked to Balochistan in 1839, and killed the ruler of Balochistan, Khan Mehrab Khan and occupied the 45

Baloch home land. The Baloch people were not very educated and were not having the political awareness to deal with the super power of that era. They fought various battles to take the control of Balochistan Back but all in vein. They could not achieve their Goals. Finally a time came when political personalities could be seen in Baloch people, like Misri Khan and other Baloch participated in „‟Baku‟‟ conference, established Young Baloch in 1920, by Baloch Youth. That was the time when political way of thinking based in Baloch society. Further the formation of Anjuman-e-Ithad Balochan and publication of pamphlets, newspapers and Articles gave hope to Baloch people that they will not be exploited socially, economically anymore and they will get their writes back, like their protest became successful against the Prime Minister of Kalat and they got rid of Shams Shah. The All India Baloch and Balochistan conference gave an international recognition to Baloch nation. The Balochistan issue became a topic for international discussions. People came to know the importance of political reforms in the region. Therefore Kalat State National Party soon after establishment got a huge public support for favour their programmes. Even though the tribal chiefs were not in favour of political parties and political awareness in Balochistan that was the reason they demanded to ban Kalat State National Party. And Government fulfilled their Demand; an order was released to ban Kalat State National Party. Although party leaders could not achieve their entire goals such as basic rights, education reforms, political reforms, employment for local people and others but they became successful in spreading political awareness in the people of Balochistan, they got a way to think, they learned how to think and how to manage and start a movement to get their rights. Today we know Baloch politicians have a great fame nationally and internationally and they are playing a vital role in politics.

46

References

Awan A.B, Balochistan, Historical and Political processes, New century publishers,London,1985, pg 165 Abdul Qudoos, Syed, The Trible Balochistan, Feroz sons pvt limited, Lahore,1990, pg 89,90 Baloch, Inayatullah, The Problems of Greater Balochistan, 1987, pg , 148, 150, 158 Baloch, inayatullah, Mir Muhammad Yousaf Ali Khan Aziz Magsi, Azad Balochistan, 1984, pg 19 Bezinjo, Tahir, Balochistan KyaHuaKyaHoga, Pakistan Adab,Karachi, 1989, pg 121 Breseege, Taj Mohammad, Baloch Nationalism, Its Origin and Development, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 2004, pg 166 Bugti Aziz, Tareekh e Balochistan, spinzer printers, Quetta, 1994 pg 47,87 Dehwar, Muhammed Saeed, Malik, Tareekh a Balochistan, Balochi academy,Quetta,2007, pg 266, 270 G. Bondarvski, Bolshevik Policy and The People of East, 1977, pg 34 Harikishan Sarbajeet Singh, The Marxist, Volume 12 no. 3, CPI, New Dehli India, pg 12 Kausar Inamul Haq, Tehreek e Pakistan Mai Balochistan kaHissa, pg 38 Khan, Ahmed Yar, Mir, Inside Balochistan, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1975, pg 126 JalibHabib, Baloch, Balochistan state hood and Nationalism, Quetta, 2006, pg 202 Magsi, MureedHussain, Ruidad, All India Baloch and Balochistan Conference, 1933, pg 2,3 47

Mari, Shah Muhammad, Baloch kaumqadeemahed se asr e hazirtak,Takhlekat Lahore, pg 286,290, 269,268,271 Mari, KhudaBux, Justice, Balochistan TareekhKayAenayMai, Nisa Traders, Quetta, 1980, pg 396 Muhammad Jan, Essays on Baloch National struggle in Pakistan, Gosha e Adab, Quetta, 1988, 169 Sardar Khan, Muhammad, History of Baloch Race and Balochistan, Gosha e Adab, Quetta, 1977, pg 26 Naseer, Gul Khan, Balochistan Qadeemaur Jadeed Tareekh Ki RoshniMai,NisaTraders,Quetta, 1982, pg 139 Shah, Mehmood Ali, Dr, SardariJirgah and Local Government System in Balochistan, Qasim printers, Quetta, 1992, pg 18 Qaisrani, Shaheen, Balochistan Tareekh o Mazhab, Idara a tadrees, Quetta, 1994, pg 142 Zamindar Daily, 22 October, 1932

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

The Role of Early Childhood Education in Social and Emotional Development of Preschool Children

Abdul Qadoos Khan Lecturer, Institute of Education & Research, University of Balochistan

Muhammad Shehzad Mughal Lecturer Institute of Education & Research, University of Punjab

Ms. Sadia Barrach Assistant Professor Department of Social Work University of Balochistan, Quetta

Ms. Sajida Noureen Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Balochistan, Quetta

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of preschool child. For this, we conduct structured interviews of the private school teachers at Lahore city. The number of the sample was fifty school teachers who taught to preschool children. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data from respondents and their views were measured at Likert scale. The data was analyzed using mean score and percentage of the opinions of the respondents. Most of findings explored a vital role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of the pupils at preschool. The finding of the study suggests that ECE plays key role in social and emotional development in preschool children. The study recommends that there should be preschool for the children aged from 4 to 7 at public level. 49

Key words: Early childhood education, role, emotional development, social development, preschool children Introduction One of the crucial aims of Education is to train individuals who have a wide world view, respect to human rights, give importance to personality, feel responsibility to the society, and are constructive, creative and productive. In this manner, besides academic achievement of individualsit is expected that their social skill should be strong. There are positive results of learning many social skills in short and long term and also using these skills frequently in suitable manner in early childhood period. Social skills that are gained in this period help children to overcome the behavioural, emotional (anxiety, self enclose) and cognitive (school failure and school dropping) problems in early years of school. At the same time it provi des children to establish positive social relationships with peers, parents and other adults. It is found that social skills which are gained in early years of childhood are related to mental health, emotional and behavioural accommodation and Academic success in following years (Akman, 2009). The study was carried out to see the role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of preschool children. The researchers intended to show significance of the early childhood education in pupils‟ social skills, i.e. how to develop groups, make friendship, have sympathy and empathic relationship with their fellows and how peer interaction developed at preschool level. Along with social skills, emotional skills are also key factors in development of pupils. Emotional skills include children‟s level of happiness and anger along with their level of anxieties well as aggression towards their fellows. How these skills are developed in preschool children will be highlighted in the light of this research. 50

A good amount of research, most of which has been cited in the literature review, has been conducted in United States and United Kingdom. There seem to be no or very little literature available in local context. So it is important to highlight the significance of early childhood education in preschool children‟s social and emotional development. Statement of the problem The role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of preschool children is examined in various researches of the world. This relationship in the setting of Pakistan private school is missing in the literature. The study is designed to investigate the role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of the preschool children. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the study are;  To analyses the level of social and emotional development of preschool children in private institution.  To examine the role of early childhood education in the development of children‟s social and emotional development. Significance of the study Education plays a vital role in the human development. The role of the early childhood has effects on social and emotional development along with cognitive development. To identify the role of early childhood education on pupils‟ emotional and social development is the main objective of the study, along with this, we will explore the ways in which children develop their relations with other fellows. Organization of the study In this study, section 1 contains the introduction; section 2 entails the review of the literature; section 3 contains research methodology; section 4 consists of analysis &interpretations; section 5 comprises conclusion; section 51

6 consists of limitation and delimitation of the study, and section 7 entails recommendations. Literature Review According to Zins et al (2004), learning of the individual does not occur in vacuum; rather, it is the collective result of teachers-peers interaction along with parental support. Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, and Schellinger, (2011) statethat students typically do not learn alone but rather in association with their teachers, in the company of their peers, and with the help of their families. The accepted values of the norms within a society are greatly affected by parents-child interaction (Gruce, 2011), and this interaction is bidirectional. And in this bidirectional socialization not only child is affected by their teacher and parents but also they affect the child (Gruce, 2011).Along with teachers and parents, selection of career does have effects on children‟s social and emotional development. According to Aarne et al.(2013), it is not an easy task to measure socio-emotional development of the child at preschool due to the concurrent occurrence of different aspects of development. It means that along with socio-emotional development there are also different aspects of child‟s physical and cognitive development. A relationship involves two people, each affecting the other and relationships are the soil in which social development grows (O‟Donnell, Reeve and smith, 2012). O‟Donnell (2012) and others state that children have different history of relationship and their past and present relationships explain a lot of their subsequent relationships. Social competence of the students to make friendship and have in future has been affected by the quality of the relationship (Birch & Ladd, 1997; Hamre&Pianta, 2001).And 52 this quality relationship is greatly affected by both of the members (Kochanska et al., 2004). According to Reeve (2006),attunement, relatedness, supportiveness and gentle discipline are the four assets of a high quality relationship. This attunement enables teacher to be highly responsive to students‟ words, behaviour, needs, preferences, and emotions (O‟Donnell, Reeve and smith, 2012). Relatedness is a sense of closeness and having special feelings and importance to other person (Furrer& Skinner, 2003). A relation based on relatedness to teacher and pupil, provides student a sense of security to himself and along with others to whom he relates (O‟Donnell, Reeve and smith, 2012). And those relations which are based on mutual understanding are a good predictor of student‟s engagement in the classroom activity (Furrer& Skinner, 2003). Supportiveness is confirmation of the second person‟s ability for self- direction toward a goal (O‟Donnell, Reeve &smith, 2012). A sense of helping behaviours toward other fellows is evolved when a student has support from his teachers along with motivation (Grolnick, 2003). Gentle discipline is a socialization strategy that involves explaining why a particular way or thinking and behaving is right or wrong (O‟Donnell, Reeve & smith, 2012). In presence of gentle discipline, there will be two way communications between students and teacher. A relationship will be called a low quality relationship when there is negligence, lack of support, Lack of motivation, absence of student involvement in the classroom activity, abuse and hostility (O‟Donnell, Reeve &smith, 2012). And a high quality relationship requires work and constructive contribution of the two partners. O‟Donnell, Reeve and smith (2012) argue that students benefit when teachers provide attunement, relatedness, supportiveness and gentle discipline. Culture has an impact on 53 pupil‟s achievement and work in classroom, said Doll in 1996. Classroom activity is a good source of quality relationship between teacher and students and peer-peer interaction (Doll et all., 1996). Joseph Campos‟ (2005) defines emotion as feeling that occurs when a person interacts or engages with a person or task which has due importance for his or her being. It is directly expressed in terms of personal act or personal behaviour and these feelings may be of happiness and joy or may be anger and grief. And the intensity of the emotions varies from person to person and from situation to situation. Emotions are influenced by our cultural experiences along with our physiological grounds(Bell & Wolfe, 2007; Brownell & Kopp, 2007). And the biological foundation of emotions is related to the development of the nervous system(Buss & Goldsmith, 2007). Emotions are closely related to the cognitive development including forebrain and midbrain (Barrett & others, 2007). Emotional development is the individual attempt to adjust to the demand of the situation and context (Saarni& others, 2006). And to control one‟s emotion is a key indicator of emotional development (Brownell & Kopp, 2007). Emotional regulation consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal. Arousal involves a state of alertness or activation, which can reach levels that are too high for effective functioning. Children‟s lives are also shaped by the broader social circumstances that have impact on their families and communities, such as access to social and health services, parents‟ employment and income, or their ability to balance work and family time. In particular, children‟s sense of social connection is often influenced by community attitudes and by cultural values, including those they encounter in the media (Brownell & Kopp, 2007). 54

Children‟s understanding of the concept of self and others is a basic goal of their social development. Cherry, K(2011) state that it takes time when children develop a sense of others‟ needs and take them into account. Naturally, children are self-focused and they think that ever one sees things in the same way that they do. In early primary school, children learn that others may see things differently from them. Then, as their thinking skills develop, children are more able to understand another person‟s point of view and, finally, to appreciate multiple ways of looking at the same event or situation. Children‟s learning process in primary school facilitates to understand the social values by having care about their fellows‟ feelings and expectations. Children learn to make ethical judgments having practice in putting themselves into others‟ shoes and through being encouraged to reflect on issues that involve social and moral values. Families and schools can work together to help children understand and learn to act on values like respect, responsibility, caring for others, honesty, cooperation and acceptance of people‟s differences. Research Methodology This study aimed to explore the role of early childhood education in social and emotional development of preschool children. For this purpose, the population of this study consisted of female preschool teachers of the private schools of Johar town.Fifty five preschool teachers, targeted respondents, were considered quite reasonable and representative of the private school settings. Convenience sampling was used for data collections. . An instrument was designed regarding role of early childhood education and demographic variables were also included in instrument. Respondents‟ response was recorded on Likert scale. In depth interviews and questionnaire for the respondents were used to collect data.

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Results Table 1 Teachers‟ opinions in percentage about self-esteem of children

SR. STATEMENT SA A UN DA SDA M SD

1 SHOW INTEREST IN 63.9 21.5 0 8.1 6.5 4.28 1.21 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES 2 CURIOSITY TO KNOW 39.3 24.5 18.0 13.3 4.9 3.8 1.22 ABOUT NEW THINGS 3 FEELINGS OF ISOLATION 6.5 8.2 14.9 27.8 42.6 2.08 1.21 AMONG STUDENTS 4 TO SEEK OUT 36.2 27.8 24.6 6.5 4.9 3.83 1.13 AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE 5 LIKE TO ATTEND 39.3 32.7 18.2 4.9 4.9 3.96 1.10 SCHOOL FUNCTIONS Table 1 shows that majority of Teachers (85.4%) agreed that children show Interest in classroom activities, while 64% of the teachers agreed that children are curious to know about new things. A number of teachers 70% disagree with the statement that children feel isolation among other fellows. A majority of the teachers 63% agree that children seek out autonomy and independence and 72 % of the teachers agree that students show interest to attend school function regarding co-curricular activities. Table 2 Teachers‟ opinions about self-knowledge of the children

SR. STATEMENT SA A UN DA SDA MEAN SD

1 ACCEPT ROLES 39.3 24.6 21.3 4.9 9.9 3.78 1.28 REGARDING THEIR GENDER 2 LEARN TO CONTROL 36.2 26.2 27.8 9.8 0 3.88 1.09 AND REGULATE THEIR BEHAVIOUR 3 DEVELOPMENT AND 44.3 16.3 14.9 16.3 8.8 3.70 1.42 OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF THE WORLD AND 56

FEEL SECURE IN IT Table 2 shows that majority of the teachers (63.9%) agree with the statement that children accept role regarding their gender. A number of the teachers (62.4%) agree that children learn how to control and regulate their behaviour. Along with this (60.6%) of the respondents agree that children have optimistic view of the world and feel secure in it. Table 3 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s classroom behaviour

SR. STATEMENT SA A UN DA SDA MEAN SD

1 CONFIDENT DURING 42.2 22.9 19.6 8.3 6.6 3.86 1.21 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES 2 INVOLVE IN 39.3 32.8 16.5 9.8 1.6 3.98 1.04 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES 3 BOYS ARE MORE 26.2 39.3 21.3 8.3 4.9 3.73 1.08 AGGRESSIVE THAN GIRLS IN CLASSROOM 4 SHOW GOOD 42.8 27.8 19.6 8.2 1.6 4.02 1.04 BEHAVIOUR IN THEIR CLASSROOM Table 3 shows that majority of the teachers (65.1%) agree that children feel confident during classroom activities and a number of teacher (72.1%) are of the view that children are involved in classroom activities. Table also shows that majority of the teachers (65.5%) agree with the statement that boys show more aggression than girls. A number of the teachers (70.6%) agree that pupils show good behavior in classroom. Table 4 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s helping behavior

SR. STATEMENT SA A UD DA SDA MEAN SD 1 DEVELOP ABILITY TO 36.2 19.6 27.8 11.5 4.9 3.7 1.21 INTERACT WITH OTHERS SOCIALLY 2 LIKE TO HELP CLASS 42.6 34.6 14.7 4.9 3.2 4.08 1.04 57

FELLOWS 3 WANT TO GET A CHANCE 36.2 32.7 26.2 4.9 0 4.02 0.90 TO SHARE WITH CLASSMATES 4 COOPERATE WITH THEIR 22.9 34.5 22.9 11.5 8.2 3.52 1.19 CLASSMATE IN CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES 5 SHARE THINGS WITH 39.3 29.6 19.6 11.5 0 3.96 1.02 THEIR CLASSMATES Table 4 shows that a number of teachers (56.8%) agree that children develop ability to interact with others socially at preschool. A majority of the teachers (77.2%) agree that pupils show helping behavior and a number of teachers (68.9%) agree that students share with their classmates. Table shows that (57.4%) of the respondents agree that pupils at preschool cooperate with their classmates in classroom activities. Along with this (68.8%) of the teachers agree that students share things with their classmates. Table 5 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s peer group interaction

SR. STATEMENT SA A UD DA SDA MEAN SD

1 FEEL GOOD AT 31.3 45.9 16.3 4.9 1.6 4.04 0.90 SCHOOL WITH THEIR FRIENDS 2 FEEL SHYNESS TO 4.9 4.9 27.8 29.5 32.9 2.19 1.09 TALK WITH THEIR FRIENDS 3 SHOW SYMPATHY 36.0 21.3 21.3 13.2 8.2 3.6 1.30 WITH THEIR TEACHERS AND CLASSMATES. 4 MAKE SOCIAL 29.5 45.6 21.3 3.3 0 4.01 0.76 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS 5 SHOW ANGER 63.9 24.5 6.5 6.5 1.6 4.3 0.76 TOWARDS THEIR FELLOWS WHEN YOU GAVE ATTENTION TO OTHERS 58

6 SHARE THEIR 47.5 29.5 14.7 8.3 0 4.1 0.96 PROBLEMS WITH TEACHERS

A majority of the teachers (77.2%) agree that pupils feel good at school with their friends and majority of the teachers (62.3%) disagree with the statement that children feel shyness to talk with their friends. Table 5 also shows that a number of teachers (57.3%) agree with the statement that children show sympathy with their teachers and classmates. Majority of the teachers (75%) agree with the statement that children make social relationship with others at preschool. A number of teachers (88.4%) agree that children show anger towards their fellows when you gave attention to others. Table 5 also explains that 77% of the teachers agree that pupils share their problems with them. Table 6 Teachers‟ opinions about children in play

SR. STATEMENT SA A UD DA SDA MEAN SD

1 INTEREST IN PLAYS’ 50.8 31.3 3.2 6.5 8.2 4.1 1.23 PARTICIPATION 2 ENGAGEMENT IN 50.8 19.3 18.2 8.5 3.5 4.05 1.17 PARALLEL PLAYS

Table 6 shows that majority of the teachers (82%) agree that students show interest in participating in play; along with this a number of (80%) teachers agree that pupils show engagement in parallel plays. Table 7 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s anxiety level

SR. STATEMENT SA A UN DA SDA MEAN SD

1 FEEL ANXIETY IN 34.4 31.2 14.8 14.7 4.9 3.8 1.20 FAILURE 2 WILL BE ABLE TO 24.6 32.8 22.9 11.5 8.2 3.51 1.20 ENTER DIFFERENT 59

SITUATIONS IN THEIR LIFE. 3 DON’T FEEL STRAIN 29.5 45.9 21.3 3.3 0 4.01 0.78 IN OVERCROWD PLACE Table 7 shows that a number of the teachers (65.60%) agree with the statement that children feel anxiety in failure. A majority of the teachers (57.2%) agree that children will be able to enter into a different situation in their life after preschool and (75.4%) of the teachers agree with the statement that students don‟t feel strain in overcrowded place. Table 8 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s aggression level

SR. STATEMENT SA A UN DA SDA MEAN SD

1 CHILDREN SHOW 1.6 3.2 19.7 21.3 54.2 1.7 0.95 JEALOUSY WHEN TOYS AREN’T OFFERED ANYMORE. Table 8 shows that a majority of the teachers (75.5%) do not agree with the statement that children show jealousy when toys aren‟t offered anymore. Table 9 Teachers‟ opinions about children‟s moral development

SR. STATEMENT SA A UD DA SDA MEAN SD

1 CHILDREN RESPECT 60.8 24.5 4.9 1.6 8.2 4.21 1.17 THEIR TEACHER.

Table 9 shows that a majority of the teachers (60.80%) strongly agree and (24.5%) of the teachers agree with the statement that children show respect to their children. Discussion The findings of the study are consistent with previous researches and the objectives stated.

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Conclusion Major conclusion drawn from the findings of the study indicates that 85.4%of the teachers agree that children show Interest in classroom activities, while 64% of the teachers agree that children are curious to know about new things. A number of teachers (70%) disagree with the statement that children feel isolation among other fellows. Along with this majority of the respondents agree the pupils develop sense of responsibility and have keen interest in the classroom activities. Among 77.2% of the teachers agree with the statement that students develop helping behavior along with their peers in classroom activities and a majority of the teachers (77.2%) agree that pupils feel good at school with their friends. The results of the study show that early childhood schooling plays a vital role in the social development of the child at preschool. The findings also show that a number of the teachers (65.60%) agree with the statement that children feel anxiety in failure. A majority of the teachers (57.2%) agree that children will be able to enter a different situation in their life after preschool and 75.4%of the teachers agree with the statement that students don‟t feel strain in overcrowded place. It is also clear that emotional development also progresses at preschool level in child along with the social and cognitive level.

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Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile–associated disease in children.Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 28(11), 1233-1235. Berndt, T. J. (2004). Children‟s friendship:

Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206-223.

Bronwell, C., & Kopp, C. B. (2007).Transitions in toddler socio emotional development. Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations, 1-42

Buckley, M., &Saarni, C. (2006). Skills of emotional competence: Developmental implications.Emotional intelligence in everyday life, 51-76. Buss, K. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2007).

Bio behavioral approaches to early socioemotional development.Socioemotional Development in the Toddler Years: Transitions and Transformations. Guilford, 370-395.

Cherry, K. (2011). Social Learning Theory: an Overview of Bandura‟s Social learning Theory. Retrieved December, 9, 2011. 62

Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D. and Schellinger, K. B. (2011),

The Impact of Enhancing Students‟ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta- Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development, 82: 405–432. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x

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O‟Donnell. M. A., Reev. J.,& Smith. K., J. (2012). Educational Psychology.John Wiley & Sons, Inc. U.S.A.

Peto, R., Lopez, A. D., Boreham, J., Thun, M., Heath, C., & Doll, R. (1996). Mortality from smoking worldwide.British medical bulletin, 52(1), 12-21. Reeve, J. (2006). Teachers as facilitators: What autonomy-supportive teachers do and why their students benefit. Elementary School Journal, 16.225-236.

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

Influence of Video Games on the Faith of Toddler Muslims.

Muhammad Aziz. Research Unit BEM ,Institute of Biochemistry University of Balochistan.

Abstract Video games have become a popular activity among recent adolescents across the globe. Despite numerous studies about video games and human behaviour that were already presented, a few researchers examined its influence on mental and physiological acceptance of participation in video games. However the main source of these effects remains a dilemma. This study analyzes the impact of video games on the faith of Muslim adolescents and children are analyzed through hidden spy cam and sets of questions that were asked from the seventy five participating players whether they knew their religion or not. The median age of the players is 11 years. The importance of faith, however, did not seem to have a significant impact on players. Key words:Islam ,Multimediagames, Quetta. Introduction: Are video/Computer games permissible in Islam? These questions strike the mind when someone sees children in front of Computer screen. The popularity of video games can easily be judged by knowing that When Sony 65

Play Station four was launched in North America one million game console systems were sold within 24 hours [1]. In Asia Sony PlayStation four sold 322,083 gaming counsel within 48 hours since its release in Japan, according to Famitsu [2], and within less than five months more than 5.3 million game systems were sold[3], which reflects the people‟s interest and attachment towards the video game. These market analysis data is an alarming signal to analyze its out coming trend in Pakistan. An important area of research that was often neglected by past researchers is the influence of religiosity on player‟s regular attitudes and behaviour. According to Muslim code the body is not meant to be exposed in public [4]. on the other hand Islam does not allow Its followers to watch a objectionable material and get involved in such a vivacious activity[5]. A study conducted in 2007 on a video game outer cover which is the first sight of attraction shows that female bodies would be portrayed in a more hyper-sexualized manner [6]. In Islam music that provokes a person for useless activity is decisively prohibited in Shariah, [8, 9, 10, 11] there are many Muslim scholars that are not ready to believe that music is Haram. Besides these a study shows that music in games also increases stress level of players [12]. Islam disapproves of useless and futile entertainment that has no worldly or religious benefit[13], and at the same time encourages relaxing the body and refreshing the mind to a certain limit with the various means of true purpose enjoyment.

Location: To know the Impact of new trend in any society is essential because it puts a huge impact on society and directly affects the survival of the specific place in this regard a study was conducted in Quetta city the capital of Balochistan province in Pakistan. The total area of Quetta is 1,024 sq 66 m approximately it is located at the west edge of Pakistan and located in high altitude i.e 5,260 ft above from sea level. Quetta district is considering the urban district of Balochistan at 30°10′N 67°00′E coordinates. Most of the population of Quetta city is Muslim.[4] Selection criteria To avoid human error and represent data on the basis of merit random generation method is used. From the group of two hundred eighty six video game players, only 75 players were selected for study. Verbal interview about their health status and a measure of how much they knew about their faith were asked. And all the participants were are normal at the time of study and meditator. At the time of study median age of participants were 11 years. Method To know how much a player knew about this religion following set of questions were asked from selected players. S.No Question Correct Wrong Don’t Answer answer know about it 1 What is your religion? 70 - 5 2 How many prayers are there in 50 8 17 a day ? 3 When no one see you Then 75 - - whom see you still? 4 Is damaging a body organ 75 - - allowed or not? 5 Is changing of cloth in front of 75 - - others a good habit? 6 Watching others nude is a 75 - - shame full act or not? 7 The place of mother in your 75 - - eye? 8 What do you do when you listen 75 - - to the Azaan? 9 What is your response when 75 - - you listen to Azaan and 67

melody of music at a same time? 10 Do you think playing game is a 75 - - useless activity? Result It was observed with hidden spy cam when the voice of azan was listened (call of prayer) by participants most of them muted the music mode and mute the sound of their device but they still played the game. Discussion primary goal of the study was to document the video game habits of adolescents and children and the level of parental monitoring of video games use. The video game first motivated a player for competition which is good, then playing game on betting and this type of dare does not fall into the definition of unlawful act. But after this player moved towards gambling and became grade and showed proudness and arrogance eliminating all the goodness from child. It is also observed during study when mother calls to her children majority of them ignore their mother‟s call and remained busy in playing, according to Hadies those who disobedient to his parent shall not enter the garden of haven [14]. Conclusion Imaginative power and the thoughts of children playing arcade games, Make children‟s mind violent and sew the seed of hatred in a child‟s mind from the early stages of life. This mindless prejudice could be damage our future generations. The video game platforms used by different nations to convey their message and potrated their desire image in the mind of children

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References 1. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC. Also available at URL. http://us.playstation.com/ps4/index.htm

2. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC. Also available at URL.http://us.playstation.com/corporate/about/press-release

3. AMITSU KADOKAWA CORPORATION 2014. Also available at URL http://www.famitsu.com/news/201402/25048815.html

4. Robert U. Ayres (1998). Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm. James & James publishers. page. 63.

5. Bukhari:6:60:282}, Sunnan Abu Dawud 32:4091.

6. An-NūrAyaah 30 – 31

7. Melinda C, R. Burgess , Steven Paul Stermer , S. R. Burgess (2007). Sex, Lies, and Video Games: The Portrayal of Male and Female Characters on Video Game Covers: Sex Roles 57:419–433

8. Holy Quran: Al-Isra 17:64, Luqman31:6 , An-Najm 53:57-62.

9. Sahih Al-Bukhari Volume 7, Book 69, hadith #494

10. Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 41, Hadith # 4909

11. IbnMa'jah Vol.5 Hadith No.4020

12. Sylvie Hebert, Renee Beland, Odree Dionne-Fournelle, Martine Crete, Sonia J. Lupien(2005) : Physiological stress response to video- game playing the contribution of built-in music: Life Sciences 76 : 2371 – 2380. 69

13. Holy Quran: Surah Luqman, 6 , Surah al-Ma‟arij, 42, al-A‟raf, 98

Reported by al-Hakim

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

The Iranian Nuclear Deal and Its Impacts on Balochistan

Abdul Qadir Lecturer, International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

Zahir Mengal Lecturer, Political Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

Abstract The purpose of the study is to analyze the impacts of Iranian Nuclear deal on the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. The Iranian nuclear crisis is one of the most significant issues facing the international community for the past decade. Balochistan is going through a difficult phase and it’s in the grip of both political and economic problems. The discourse portrays a positive impact of Iranian nuclear deal on Balochistan with far reaching implications. The nuclear deal presents an historic opportunity for Iran and Pakistan to redefine their economic links and usher a new era of development. Secondary resources have been mostly used for the conduct of the study.

Keywords Conflict Development Poverty Sanctions Strategic Revolution Trade

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Iran is at the cross-roads of the Middle East and it has a great civilization. It has huge reserves of oil and gas and a country of great geographic and strategic importance. Sandra Mackey in the book „The Iranians‟, puts the historical perspective about Iran as follows:- “For two hundred years that spanned the Ottoman Empire to the Cold war, Iran‟s geographic location and natural resources made it a pawn of great political rivalries. Though much of nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, imperial Britain and Czarist Russia maneuvered Iran in the Strategic contest for empire, warm-water ports and the black gold of petroleum….‟. In the 1970‟s Iran was playing the role of „regional Policeman‟ for American interests but when the 1979 revolution took place, there was a complete reversal of policy and US was declared by Iran as a „great Satan”. Iran‟s relations with Pakistan had their ups and downs throughout history. Iran was one of the first countries to recognize Pakistan after her independence in 1947. During the reign of Muhammad Reza Pehalvi, Pakistan‟s relations with Iran were relatively sincere and co-operative. The Islamic Revolution of 1979 and Ayatullah Khomeini‟s eagerness to export revolution to neighboring countries alarmed the Gulf countries and Pakistan. The Gulf countries formed the Gulf Cooperation council in 1981 and supported Saddam Hussein. General Zia ulHaq had its own brand of Islamic thought and politics and under the tacit influence of Saudis disapproved the Iran Revolution. The successful nuclear deal between Iran and P5+1 (five permanent members of UN and Gemrany) will have a major impact on Balochistan politically and economically. As the largest province of Pakistan in area it shares more than 900 km of desolate border with Siestan-Balochistan province of Iran. But for most of its 207,000 square miles, Baluchistan alternates abruptly between stark mountains and arid expanses of semi desert 72

Wasteland (Harrison, p-7). The ethnic Balochs are settled on both sides of the border. The harsh climate with its biting winter and scorching summer heat makes it difficult to pursue a permanent occupation in the border areas. In the 1970‟s, 1980‟s and 1990‟s due to the easing of border restrictions on trade between Iran and Pakistan, the illegal trade of goods flourished in the bordering areas. It provided the poverty stricken people with a sense of livelihood even though it was illicit trade. The attacks in Iran by Jundullah (a Sunni Group) forced Tehran to close the border with Pakistan. Since then the trade between the two countries has dwindled, although the illegal sale of Iranian oil continues in the province. The illegal sale of Iranian oil has affected Pakistan‟s economy but- that is the only sources of income for many people in the long stretches of land in Balochistan. Iran has begun to build a border fence to put a halt to the smuggled goods. While the increased tension between Iranian border guards and bordering people has also exacerbated the relations between the two countries. Deadly attacks near the Pakistan-Iran border take place frequently. Iranian officials claim smugglers and Sunni militants often flee towards Pakistan after carrying out deadly attacks on Iranian border guards (Baloch, 2014) The decline of trade between Iran and Pakistan has badly affected the province of Balochistan. Iran has vast amount of natural resources and Pakistan is facing acute energy shortage, therefore the decline in trade is unfathomable. Pakistan‟s trade with Iran worth $1.3 billion in the financial year 2008-2009, plummeted to $ 217 million dollars in the 2013-2014 financial year (Houreld, 2015). The scattered population of Balochistan and the appalling poverty of the people would have benefited most from the trade. But the economic sanctions imposed on Iran by the United States and European Union made it difficult to trade with Iran. The successful nuclear 73 deal between Iran and P5+1 has improved the prospects of Iran coming out of isolation and increased trade with Iran. Most of the countries of the world including India and European Union are queuing up for trade with Iran. It is an historic opportunity for Pakistan to restore trade links with Iran. Iran Pakistan pipeline was postponed due to the sanctions imposed on Iran, the US forced countries not to engage in any economic activity with Iran due to its nuclear program. Launched in 2010, the project envisages the creation of 1,800 kilometer pipeline from Iran to Pakistan (Dawn, 2015). Iran has fulfilled its side of the bargain and has completed the pipeline to the country‟s border. However, due to the scarcity of funds and American insistence on not trading with Iran, Pakistan couldn‟t complete its part of the gas pipeline. Pakistan‟s interest in the lifting of United Nations sanctions on Tehran most immediately pertains to long-stalled efforts to operate a gas- pipeline into Iran‟s southern energy fields (Hudson, 2015). The successful nuclear deal will ensure that the gas pipeline will be competed in the near future. In a meeting with Iran‟s president, Hassan Rouhani, Nawaz Sharif in 2014 vowed to work on Pakistan‟s side of the $7.5 billion Gas Pipeline (Newsweek May 24-31, 2014). The gas pipeline when completed will traverse through the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. There is acute shortage of electricity in Pakistan which has crippled its economy. Balochistan with its vast expanse of land and scattered population finds it hard to get electricity in the remote areas. However, Iran is providing electricity to the bordering areas of Balochistan on a small scale which could be expanded to other areas. According to Siddique Baloch, Iran is ready to sell 10,000 MW electricity to Balochistan from its Grid systems of Zahedan and Mekran (Siddique Baloch- p 52). The present Government in Balochistan could seek authority from the Federal Government for getting 74 additional electricity from Iran. Iran currently exports around 100 mega watts (MW) of electricity to the areas of Pakistan that border Iran. (Houreld, 2015). According to DAWN Sunday Sept 6, 2015, quoting Boolmberg News Service Iran is home to world‟s fourth largest oil reserves and it is likely to increase its production by as much as 800,000 barrel a day in 2016. Pakistan can clinch the opportunity and get oil from Iran at cheaper rate through the sea-route of Gwadar-Chahbahar. It could also stop the illicit trade of oil by striking a deal with Iran for importing oil at agreed rates. This will usher trade relations between Pakistan and Iran and will be win-win situation for both the countries. Otherwise India will seek the opportunity and will enjoy friendly relations and vast potentials. Trade matters and trading routes like roads, rail and sea already exist between Pakistan and Iran through Balochistan. What is needed is to modernize and strengthen the existing road-rail link between Quetta and Zahedan and opening of sea-routes. Pakistan could export Kino, rice, meat etc to Iran while Iran can export to Pakistan pistachio, almond and consumer items at cheaper rates. This is already being done but at a very low scale. Formal trade agreement will give impetus to existing trade and develop mutual trust between the two countries. The successful nuclear deal can be a major game changer for the whole region. The Iranian regime can come out of its isolation and the apprehensions about its nuclear weapons can diminish. Iran has been facing international isolation since the Islamic revolution of 1979. Successive U.S governments have imposed sanctions on Iran from time to time. Iran has been accused of state sponsored terrorism and has survived as a pariah state for decades. The Sectarian conflicts that have erupted in the Middle East have also run havoc in Pakistani cities. The sectarian divide can be witnessed in Syria, Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen. The Arab uprisings or Arab Spring of 2011, 75 in which Arab people in several countries rose up against their repressive regimes has turned into an Arab nightmare. In Syria more than two hundred thousand people have been killed and millions have been displaced as refugees. Iraq is tearing itself apart with the Sunni-Shia divide and the rise of ISIS. The Province of Balochistan has witnessed the Killing of Ethnic Hazaras. Many Hazaras have been forced to take asylum in foreign countries. There is a possibility that with the successful nuclear deal, the sectarian conflicts in the region will subside. As the Iranian nuclear threat is receding, the countries will realize the costs of inter-state rivalries and counterproductive proxy wars in the region.

Conclusion:- The Iranian Nuclear deal is at the point of completion after decades of uncertainty and threats of another Middle Eastern war. From the era of Muhammad Reza Pehalvi to the rise of Hassan Rouhani, the nuclear program has been at the forefront of international debates. Both economically and politically Balochistan has witnessed bleak periods in the past. The trade links between Iran and Pakistan can be restored and Balochistan can be the chief benefactor of the bilateral trade. Iran Pakistan pipeline, Pakistan‟s acute energy shortage and trade are points on the agenda. All these development projects have to pass through Balochistan. It‟s an historic opportunity for both the countries to forge ahead with new vistas for peace and prosperity.

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References:-

Mackey, S. (1998) The Iranians. Persia, Islam and the Soul of a nation.A plumeBook. United States. P-20

Harrison,S.S. (1981). In Afghanistan‟s Shadow.Baluch Nationalism and SovietTemptations.Carnegie endowment for international peace. P-7

Baloch, S. (2014). Retaliatory Action: Iran fires 42 mortar shells into Balochistan.www.tribune.com.pk/story . 29 Dec. 2014.

Houreld, K. (2015). After nuclear deal, Pakistan and Iran Seek to increase trade.www.reuters.com

Tehran Nuclear deal revives hope for Pakistan-Iran gas pipeline. www.dawn.com/news 15 July, 2015

Hudson, J. (2015). Pakistan Anticipates „Massive Trade‟ with Iran following deal.www.foreignpolicy.com . 24 July, 2015

Avni,B. (2014). Why Can‟t We Be friends. Newsweek Magazine. 24 May, 2014

Baloch, S. Balochistan. Its Politics and Economics.Gosha-e-Adab. Quetta. P- 52

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Bi-Annual Research Journal “JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & HUMANITIES RESEARCH” ISSN: 2415-2366

Institute of Education and Research (IER), UOB, Quetta Pakistan VOL.I.NO 1, 2016

Impact of Workplace Incivility on Employees’ Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Higher Educational Institutes of Balochistan

Roqia Ismail Lecturer Commerce Department SardarBahadur Khan Women‟sUniversity of Balochistan Email Address [email protected]

Muhammad Ali Assistant Professor Commerce Department University of Balochistan Email Address [email protected]

Abstract Background

Uncivil behaviour at workplace is the growing problem of the organization and its presence at educational institutes destroy not only the employees commitment and satisfaction with the organization but also the environment of the organization as a whole.

Aim of the study

The aim of the research study was to explore the impact of Workplace incivility on the university employees‟ organizational commitment and job satisfaction. 78

Samples:The data was collected by survey technique and 120 questionnaires were circulated among the university staff (academic and administration).

Methods

Correlation and regression analysis was used to assess the impact of workplace incivility on job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Affective commitment, Normative commitment and Continuance commitment).

Results

The result revealed that workplace incivility has negative impact on job satisfaction and affective and normative commitment of employees however it has a positive impact on continuance commitment of the university employees.

Conclusion

Workplace incivility reduces the employees job satisfaction and commitment with the organization, which will have a further negative influence on the organizational environment and performance. The present study is important for the higher authorities of the universities to realize the negative impact of workplace incivility on employees‟ job satisfaction and commitment and will motivate them to take serious measures to reduce uncivil behaviour as satisfaction and commitment of the employees have a direct impact on organizational performance.

Key words: Workplace incivility; Job satisfaction; Affective commitment; Normative commitment ; Continuance commitment 79

1. Introduction Generally “incivility is seen as a form of psychological harassment and emotional aggression that violate the ideal workplace norms of mutual respect” (Felblinger, 2008) and the act of coworkers and supervisors that made the employees worried at workplace (Ismail, Zuryani, & Zakuon, 2012). Workplace incivility is rude and anti-social behaviour at workplace (Mcneice, 2013) and is costly for an organization in many ways. It has harmful effects on organizational integrity because of experiencing Workplace incivility employees tend to leave their organizations or show low performance and productivity. As a result Job satisfaction and loyalty will also reduce (Greenbers, Sikora, Grunberg, & Moore). Workplace incivility is important issue for the organizations who encourage interpersonal relationships among its employees (Rubino & Reed, 2010). It has clear effects on attitude, productivity, health and relationship of employees (Batlett, Bartlett, & Reio Jr, 2008).Although incivility and rudeness are not the only factors which affect the organization performance and profit but they have a meaningful share in it (Crampton & Hodge) and due to its presence the organization will face problems to achieve its goals (Ismail, Zuryani, & Zakuon, 2012). When incivility becomes frequent practice at workplace then intention to leave the organization and job withdrawal will amplify therefor it adversely affects the employee‟s job satisfaction (Rubino & Reed, 2010) and Job satisfaction indicates the level of satisfaction which the employees have with their job in the organization. It is obvious that when employees experience uncivil behaviours from other coworkers in group, they begin to loose trust on organization and it would have direct effect on job satisfaction and organizational trust (Rubino & Reed, 2010). 80

Workplace incivility affects job satisfaction, turnover intention of employees and organizational commitment (Trudel , 2009).Organizational commitment is the attachment and loyalty which the employee has for the organization with its goals and values and their desires to be remained the member of the organization for long time. Research indicates that incivility has negative impact on the organization workplace environment therefore the organization should devise strategies to overcome this problem at workplace (Crampton & Hodge). Research has been done on the impact of workplace incivility in the business organizations but how uncivil behaviour affects employees in higher education institutes of Balochistan is the main focus of the present study. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of workplace incivility on job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the faculty and administrative staff of the universities. The research study will address the following research questions. What will be the influence of workplace incivility on job satisfaction of the university employees? What will be the impact of workplace incivility on affective commitment of university employees? What will be the impact of workplace incivility on normative commitment of university employees? What will be the impact of workplace incivility on continuance commitment of university employees?

2. Literature Review 2.1 Workplace Incivility Civility is referred to as plain, soft, courteous behaviour, act, and expression while incivility refers to uncivil behaviour or acting rudely (Aly, et al.). 81

Anderson and Pearson defined workplace incivility as “Low intensity deviant acts, such as rude and discourteous verbal and nonverbal behaviours enacted towards another organizational member with ambiguous intent to harm” (Andersson & Pearson, 1999). Workplace incivility is a kind of interpersonal mistreatment and has three characteristics. First is violation of workplace rules, norms and values, second is ambiguous intent i.e. instigator goal is not clear to target and the behaviour of the instigator might be intentional or unintentional. Third characteristic is low intensity which means as compared to bullying or any kind of harassment, incivility is of less intensity. Workplace incivility has two dimensions it could be covert or overt. Both involve rude, uncivil, discourteous behaviour but covert workplace incivility has more ambiguities so it has worse outcomes as intention is hidden (Tarraf, 2012). Workplace incivility influences not only the target of uncivil behaviour, instigator and organization as well (Tarraf, 2012)but also the attitude and behaviour of the observer toward target and instigator. The observer shows a positive behaviour toward target and negative attitude toward instigator (Rich & Hershcovis, 2014).A research was conducted to know the relationship between workplace incivility and gender of observer and target.it was found that female observer reports more fear, disregard and anxiety towards the same gender i.e. female targets. Similarly male observer show more fear towards male targets. This suggested that the female gender employees are more demoralized by observing other female coworkers who are being targeted of workplace incivility and male members are demoralized by observing male targets of incivility.(Miner & Eischeid, 2012).Most frequently workplace incivility can be used for discrimination at workplace especially against women and colored people with intention to force them to 82 leave the job and to overcome this, management should monitor the environment of workplace (Cortina, Kabat-Farr, Leskinen, & Huerta). Workplace incivility largely affects employee attitude, behaviours. An employee respond to incivility according to the source i.e. supervisor or coworkers incivility. A person facing incivility at workplace can show strong negative feelings as workplace incivility is related to job satisfaction and commitment, turnover, interpersonal and organizational trust. Usually supervisor‟s incivility exerts more negative effect on employee than coworker‟s incivility (Taylor, 2010). A research study done in Singapore indicates that generally employees face uncivil behaviour from supervisor more frequently as compared to coworkers and subordinates (Lim & Lee, 2011) .The person creating incivility tends to have deceiving and disobeying intention, avoiding punishment and flouting rules and conventions. This brings disturbance, demoralization, lack of communication, disco-ordination and disregard (Pearson, Andersson, & Wegner, 2001). Research indicates that when the organization shows high degree of tolerance toward uncivil behaviour will be risky for the organizational environment as the incivility will gradually result in violence over the work place. However the female employees work withdrawal behaviour will be low as compared to male when the organization tolerate the uncivil behaviour within the organization (Natasha, et al, 2015). Workplace incivility is either by coworker or by supervisor, it will have negative impact on the employees and organization by many aspects (Lim & Lee, 2011).Incivility has negative effects both on organization integrity and employee satisfaction. It results in decreased performance, satisfaction and increased turnover. It also affects health and wellbeing (Aly, et al.). Workplace incivility in any organization results in low output and dissatisfaction among the employees and health care cost will be increased as 83 it destroyed the interpersonal relations among the coworkers. It has a negative impact on coworker helping and hurt feeling mediate the relationship between these two variables. Those workers who face incivility they will in future reluctant to help their colleagues (Ismail I. R., 2011). Research indicates the prevalence of Incivility at workplace decreases job satisfaction, increase turnover intentions (Tarraf, 2012). Workplace incivility and burnout (physical or mental collapse caused by overwork) tends to demoralize and dissatisfy fresh graduated nurses. Violence and distress at workplace is a hazard for healthcare sector (Bushell, 2013). There is a positive relationship between family conflicts and workplace incivility. Incivility is associated with psychological distress and low job satisfaction. It is researched that individuals experiencing workplace incivility usually suffer from performance decline, stress and demoralization from the organization (Mcneice, 2013). There is a relationship between workplace incivility and target‟s intention to share knowledge. This impact of workplace incivility also depends on collaborative climate and individual personality traits. These all serve to be as barriers of knowledge sharing. There is an inverse relationship between workplace incivility and knowledge sharing. A collaborative climate will influence the relationship between workplace incivility and intention to share knowledge. Moreover emotional stability an agreeableness also moderates the relationship between workplace incivility and knowledge sharing (shim, 2010). In order to reduce workplace incivility at workplace, training and orientation sessions can be arranged (Shim & Park). Organization has to take some steps to curtail incivility. Target gets satisfies when organization handles the incivility .workplace incivility could be curtailed through many approaches, some of them are setting zero-tolerance policy, self-examination by managers and executives, to overcome the 84 trouble before it enters in organization, taking initial steps, training of employees for civility, putting ear on the ground and listening carefully, not making excuses for powerful instigators and finally calling to action(Greenbers, Sikora, Grunberg, & Moore). 2.2 Job satisfaction “The term Job satisfaction describes a positive feeling about job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about his or her job, while a dissatisfied person holds negative feelings” (Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2009).Employees‟ empowerment and positive emotions have a significant relationship with job satisfaction (Aziz, 2011). Employees‟ motivation plays an important role in enhancing the job satisfaction of the employees. The research demonstrates that Intrinsic motivational factors such as professional growth , recognition , opportunity for advancement , work itself , good feeling about organization and responsibility are positively associated with employee job satisfaction however extrinsic motivational factors are not positively associated with job satisfaction(Ahmed, Nawaz, Iqbal, Ali, Sukath, & Usman, 2010).The employee‟s job satisfaction also depends on organizational justice such as distributive justice, procedural justice and interpersonal justice. When employees find that their organization treats them equitably then they will be more satisfied with their work at organization (Al-Zubi, 2010). Research study done by Kruja&Oelflce exhibits that Employee‟s empowerment has a positive impact on employee‟s performance as empowerment and autonomy will enhance their job satisfaction which is in the best interest of the organization (Kruja & Oelflce, 2009). Job satisfaction and workplace satisfaction also has a very strong impact on commitment (Lok & Crawford).High level of commitment would increase efficiency and 85 production which every organization try to achieve therefore organization should try to enhance the job satisfaction and motivation level of employeesas these both are the controlling variables for enhancing the commitment (Alhaji & yusoff, 2012). Incivility started by colleagues will decrease the satisfaction with coworkers and will increased the depression and incivility created by the superior will reduce the satisfaction with supervisor and the ultimate result will be the increased work family conflict (Lim & Lee, 2011). Workplace incivility has a positive relationship with intention to leave and negative relation with job satisfaction. Higher the intensity of workplace incivility, higher will be the intention of the employees to leave the organization. It will reduce the trust among the employees (Shim & chay, 2012). 2.3 Organizational commitment “Organizational commitment is a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization” (Robbins, et al, 2009).Organizational commitment has three different but interrelated forms that are affective, continuance and normative. The most effective dimension is affective commitment that relates to emotional attachment with the organization. Continuance commitment refers to cost of leaving the organization while normative commitment is feeling the responsibility and supporting organization (Weibo, Kaur, & Jum, 2010). First dimension of organizational commitment is affective commitment and it “is an emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values” (Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2009).The second dimension of affective commitment is normative commitment and it “is an obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons”(Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2009).The third dimension of the organizational commitment and it “is the perceived economic value of remaining with an organization compared to 86 leaving it. An employee may be committed to an employer because she is paid well and feels it would hurt her family to quit”(Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2009). The major antecedents of organizational commitment are congruency, empowerment, clarity of purpose, challenging job, equity and fairness, autonomy and feedback. Employees‟ empowerment is positively associated with organizational commitment and it is the best way to manage the employees more effectively as compared to traditional hierarchical system. Empowerment will enhance their commitment with organization and individual commitment of the employees will make the employees to devote their full energies for achieving organizational goals (Sahoo & Das, 2011). It is observed that in most of the organizations the employees are skilled and talented but yet they are not committed with their organization. In order to increase their commitment the organization should empower them as employees‟ empowerment has a positive relationship with organizational commitment. Organization should provide opportunity to the employees to perform different tasks to increase their skills (Borthei, Jandaghi, Matin, & Dastani, 2010). Human resource practices such as Training and development, perceived organizational support, communication, compensation, organizational climate, work life policies and career development opportunities have positive relation with organizational commitment. By providing training and career development opportunities, the organization can increase the commitment level of the employees (Imran & Ahmed, 2012).When employees realized that the organization is not fair in its decision making, reward, recognition and allocation of resources than their commitment with organization will be reduced as the organizational injustice has a negative relation with organizational commitment (Sulu, et al).Commitment can be 87 made beneficial not only for employers but also for employees. Affective commitment has positive outcomes for employees as well as for employer because it has a positive relationship with employee well-being (Meyer & Maltin, 2010). Training plays a significant role in enhancing the employees‟ commitment with the organization because by providing training it help the employee to improve and boost his expertise so in return he will be more committed with organization and at this moment his intention to escape the organization will be low (Brum, 2007). The organizational commitment also depends on the formulation and implementation of work life and career development policies therefore every organization should develop family friendly policies for employees that will reduce the hostile effects of work life conflicts (Bashi & Ramay, 2008). There is an influence of organization culture on organization commitment in municipal sector which affect productivity and service delivery. Organizational culture will influence employees to act consistent with organizational policies. This influence of organizational culture leads to improved organizational commitment in return. So it is important for municipal organizations to understand clearly their culture so that they could manage enhance and develop it in order to increase organizational commitment (Meizen). In the current study the impact of workplace incivility on job satisfaction, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment will be investigated in universities‟ employees within Baluchistan.

3. Theoretical framework On the basis of the extensive literature review the following theoretical framework has been developed.

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Job satisfaction

Affective commitment

Workplace incivility

Normative commitment

Continuance commitment

Workplace incivility is an independent variable and job satisfaction, affective commitment, Continuance commitment and normative commitment (sub component of organizational commitment) are dependent variables in the present study. The impact of workplace incivility on employees job satisfaction, affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment will be investigated. Hypothesis 1: workplace incivility will have a negative impact on job satisfaction

Hypothesis 2: workplace incivility will have a negative impact on affective commitment

Hypothesis 3: workplace incivility will have a negative impact on normative commitment.

Hypothesis 4: workplace incivility will have a positive impact on continuance commitment.

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4. Research Methodology

The present study was descriptive and empirical with sample size of 120. The data for the study was collected from two universities of Balochistan by convenience sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among academic and administrative staff (all level of management) of the university. There were 22 male respondents and 98 female respondents. 4.1 Variables Measurement 4.1.1 Workplace incivility Workplace incivility was measured by ten items on five point likert scale developed by Cortina et al (2001). The reliability for workplace incivility was α=0.6

4.1.2 Job satisfaction It was measured with three items on five point likert scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. The job satisfaction scale used for the study was developed by Hackman and Oldham (1975). The reliability for the job satisfaction was α=0.6 4.1.3 Organizational commitment Three main components of organizational commitment were measured separately on five point likert scale developed by Allen and Meyer (1990). Each component was measured by eight items. The reliability for affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment were α=0.8, α=0.7 and α=0.7 respectively. The reliabilities for all variables can be seen in table 1. 5. Data Analysis and Results 5.1 Data Analysis 90

The statistical computer program SPSS 19 version was used for data analysis. The cronbach alpha (α) was used to test the reliability of the study variables. Correlation analysis was used to determine the association among the variables. Simple regression analysis was used to determine the impact of predictor variable (workplace incivility) on the outcome variables (job satisfaction, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment). 5.2 Results The correlation table (2) shows that workplace incivility is negatively associated with job satisfaction, affective commitment, and normative commitment and positively associated with continuance commitment. Workplace incivility was negatively associated with job satisfaction (r=-.74, n=120, p<0.01). Negative association was present between workplace incivility and affective commitment(r=-.77, n=120, p<0.01).workplace incivility was negatively associated with normative commitment(r=-.63, n=120, p<0.01). The workplace incivility was positively associated with continuance commitment (r= 44, n=120, p=0.01). The correlation table also shows that job satisfaction, affective commitment and normative commitment was also negatively correlated with continuance commitment.

Normality of the data was checked before the regression analysis and for this purpose skewness and kurtosis of the variables were determined. The skewness and the kurtosis values for all the variables were with in acceptable range , indicating the normality of the data and it can be seen in Table (3).Simple regression analysis was used to test the impact of independent variable on the dependent variables and to test the hypothesis of the study. The table 4 shows that workplace incivility has significant negative impact on job satisfaction (β=-.77, t=-12.072, p<0.05). Workplace incivility has 91 significant negative impact on affective commitment (β=-.91, t=-13.152, p<0.05). The independent variable has a significant negative impact on normative commitment (β=-.57,t=-8.859,p<0.05). Workplace incivility has a significant positive impact on continuance commitment (β=.38, t=5.340, p<0.05). Workplace incivility produces 55% variation in job satisfaction, 59% in affective commitment, 39% in normative commitment and 19% in continuance commitment. 6. Discussion The main purpose of the study was to investigate the association and impact of workplace incivility on employee‟s job satisfaction and commitment in higher educational institutes. The results showed that workplace incivility is negatively associated with job satisfaction. The high intensity of workplace incivility will leads toward lower level of job satisfaction which will ultimately have an adverse impact on employees performance. The workplace incivility is negatively associated with affective commitment. Higher the workplace incivility ,lower will be the affective commitment of the employees.as Affective commitment is the emotional attachment of the employees with the organization so its low level will also has a negative impact on employee performance. Results revealed that workplace incivility is negatively associated with normative commitment. However the workplace incivility is positively associated with continuance commitment. Higher workplace incivility will increase the continuance commitment of the employees. It means that in the presence of workplace incivility the employees will still prefer to serve in the organization from the fear of scarifies of benefits which are available in the present organization but the overall organizational commitment will reduce as a result of workplace incivility that will be affect the performance of employees and profitability of the organization. 92

The results of the regression analysis confirm the hypothesis of the study. The workplace incivility has significant negative impact on the job satisfaction of the employees that confirms the first hypothesis of the study and this finding of the study is consistent with previous studies conducted by other researchers such as (Rubino& Reed, 2010), (Aly, et al.), (Shim &chay, 2012). Secondly the workplace incivility has a significant negative impact on the affective commitment which confirms the second hypothesis of the study and this finding is also consistent with previous research study (Tarraf, 2012). Thirdly the workplace incivility has a significant negative impact on the normative commitment which confirms the third hypothesis of the study. Fourthly the workplace incivility has a significant positive impact on continuance commitment which confirms the fourth hypothesis of the study so collectively workplace incivility affects the organizational commitment (Bushell, 2013).Both correlation and regression analysis confirm the hypothesis of the study. 7. Conclusion The present study investigates the impact of workplace incivility on employees‟ job satisfaction, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment in the university. The workplace incivility has negative impact on the university staff (both academic and administration) job satisfaction, affective commitment and normative commitment. Low level of job satisfaction will affect the employee‟s performance. If employees are not satisfied than then they will never perform with their full capacity and ultimately the organization profitability will reduced and in case of educational institutes the importance of satisfied and committed employees become more essential. The workplace incivility also has negative impact on organizational commitment as the employees‟ commitment is their emotional attachment with the organization so low level of employees‟ commitment 93 also has negative impact on their job satisfaction and performance. Therefore the higher authorities and vice chancellor of the universities should take serious measure to reduce incivility within the organization to enhance the job satisfaction and commitment of the university employees as high level of job satisfaction and commitment of the university staff will improve the performance of the organization as a whole. The present study is the first study which investigates the impact of workplace incivility on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment (three important dimensions such as affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment) of university employees with in Baluchistan. The association among the variables and research outcomes of the current study are consistent with result of previous researches. Research findings of the present study are very useful for the higher authorities of universities as its finding revealed the importance of civil behaviour within the organization to enhance the job satisfaction and commitment of the academic and administrative staff without any financial expenditure. Current study will add in the literature of organizational behaviour. The present study also has some limitation such as the sample size of the current study is small just 120 and data has not being collected from all the universities of Baluchistan. It is conducted only in Public Sector University and private sector universities are not studied. The study has been conducted in educational institutes so its findings may be need great care for generalization in corporate sector. 8. Future implications Future research can be made with large sample size and some other probability sampling technique instead of convenience sampling which will give more effectively represent the population characteristics 94

The study can be conducted in all the private and public sector universities of Balochistan and the comparative studies can be made within these universities to endorse the research outcome of the present study A comparative study can be conducted to investigate the impact of workplace incivility on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of male and female university staff.

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Appendix

Table 1. Reliability statistics Variables Cronbach’s Number of items Alpha Workplace incivility 0.6 10 Job satisfaction 0.6 3 Affective commitment 0.8 8 Normative commitment 0.7 8 Continuance commitment 0.7 8

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Table -2: Descriptive statistics and correlation among variables Variables Mean S.d (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) Workplace incivility 2.48 0.572 1 (2) Job satisfaction 2.40 0.599 -.74** 1 (3) Affective commitment 2.10 0.681 -.77** .65** 1 (4) Normative commitment 2.50 0.520 -.63** .55** .60** 1 (5) Continuance commitment 3.45 0.494 .44** -.43** -.45** -.34** 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed).p<0.01 N= 120, s.d= standard deviation

Table. 3 Normality of the variables Variables Skewness Kurtosis Workplace Incivility -0.785 0.742 Job satisfaction 1.177 1.487 Affective commitment 0.786 0.539 Normative commitment -1.570 1.9 Continuance commitment 0.570 0.472

Table -4: Regression table Workplace incivility (independent variable) Dependent variables Beta t-values p-values R square Job satisfaction -.77 -12.072 .000 0.55 Affective commitment -.91 -13.152 .000 0.59 Normative commitment -.57 -8.859 .000 0.39 Continuance commitment .38 5.340 .000 0.19