Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Number: 52167-001 December 2020

Regional: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1)

Pakistan: Main (Part 6.6)

Prepared by the TAPI Pipeline Company Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

This environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 09/12/2020

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

6.6 Socio-economics and Community Health

6.6.1 Overview

The objective of this assessment is to determine the potential impacts of the Project on social and economic factors in Affected Communities. In order to measure the influence of the Project on these factors, a socio-economic baseline is presented to establish existing characteristics at a national, provincial, and local level.

Affected Communities are defined as those that are likely to experience and be directly and indirectly affected by Project activities, including the construction, commissioning/start-up, operation, and decommissioning of the pipeline, and around potential construction camps, pipe yards, and other AGIs. Based on this definition, a potential PAI has been identified in Chapter 5: Impact Assessment Methodology and is characterized as follows:

· Communities located within the 500 m corridor width (250 m on each side of the pipeline ROW or pipe yard); · Within 100 m of an access road for a total width of 200 m; or · Within a 250 m radius of a large AGI (such as pump station, CS, and OS) or construction camp.

6.6.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)

Jacobs conducted a thorough analysis of publicly available information including community resources, infrastructure, demographic data, community characteristics, and governance and administrative data. These secondary sources provide general socio-economic data for the country of Pakistan and the Project-affected provinces and districts.

6.6.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)

6.6.3.1 Survey Strategy

The social survey was conducted between May and July 2018, consisting of both interviews with interested authorities and community representatives, and a household survey conducted throughout the PAI. All social data gathering activities were conducted by a local team from NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, EMC.

Interviews were held with national and provincial authorities and other organizations, including NGOs, to identify and gather baseline information. Where possible, secondary data was requested from district authorities and NGOs operating in the study area, by telephone or email, prior to the commencement of fieldwork so that documentation

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could be passed to the ESIA Team for review. Where prior requests were not possible, this secondary data was requested during meetings.

6.6.3.2 Survey Locations

6.6.3.2.1 Interviews

Interviews were held with national and provincial authorities for the purpose of both stakeholder engagement (see Chapter 12) and data gathering. Provincial authorities responsible for environmental protection, social welfare, and land acquisition were interviewed to prescribe relevant policies and guidelines, review compliance with federal and provincial regulations, provide approvals (where necessary), and provide overall guidance for the Project. Therefore, the involvement of relevant provincial departments from the initial stages and through the study cycle was very important. Moreover, interviews were conducted with the departments concerning environmental protection, social welfare, human rights, women’s development, revenue, forest and wildlife, and agriculture. These meetings also provided an opportunity for the Project team to identify any new relevant regulations or guidelines that must be complied with and further clarification on study areas and methodology for the ESIA and resettlement studies.

A total of six interviews were conducted with the provincial departments of Balochistan. This included provincial authorities responsible for environmental protection, women’s development, human rights, forest and wildlife, agriculture, and revenue. Social safeguards staff from NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor carried out the interviews with the Departments of Human Rights and Social Welfare. The rest of the interviews were outsourced to experts in Balochistan who have knowledge of the local context. Two interviews were also carried out at the federal level by the same team.

Key informant interviews in Punjab were carried out by NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, who were also responsible for community meetings. A total of seven interviews were carried out with the provincial departments responsible for environmental protection, social welfare, human rights, women’s development, forest and wildlife, agriculture, and revenue.

During all provincial meetings, a PowerPoint presentation for the Project was delivered and Project briefs were shared. Table 6.6-1 shows the key informant interviews held with stakeholders in each province.

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Table 6.6-1: Summary of Meetings with Relevant Provincial Authorities

No. Departments Representatives Date Balochistan Province 1 Human Rights Commission Pakistan – Director, Quetta Office 25-05-2018 Balochistan 2 Social Welfare and Special Education Representative 25-05-2018 Department 3 Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency Deputy Director, Assistant Director 14-06-2018 4 Forest and Wildlife – Department Conservator Forest, Conservator Not recorded Government of Balochistan Forest/Wildlife 5 The Agriculture and Cooperative Department Representatives 28-6-2018 Balochistan 6 Board of Revenue, Government of Additional Secretary, Legal Officer, 09-07-2018 Balochistan Settlement Officer Punjab Province 1 Human Rights Commission Pakistan – Deputy Director/ In charge 18-07-2018 Punjab 2 Punjab Women Development Department Section Officer (General) 20-07-2018 3 Punjab Environmental Protection Agency Deputy Director (EIA) 18-07-2018 Assistant Director (EIA), Multan Division Assistant Director (EIA), Dera Ghazi Khan Division Inspector, Sahiwal Division 4 Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Department Additional Secretary (Technical) 19-07-2018 Section Officer (General) 5 Board of Revenue Punjab Deputy Secretary 19-07-2018 6 Agriculture Department – Government of Deputy Director (Planning & Monitoring) 19-07-2018 Punjab Deputy Director (Technical) Assistant Agriculture Engineer Assistant Agriculture Engineer 7 Social Welfare Department Punjab Deputy Director (Planning) 18-07-2018 Source: NAFTEC/ MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

In Pakistan, NGOs play an important role and are well connected with the local communities. Thus, these NGOs, are well informed of the potential Project-related impacts and issues and, more importantly, provide guidance to mitigate adverse impacts. In order to ensure meaningful stakeholder engagements and consultations with civil society interests, NGOs working at the international, national, and provincial levels were invited to the federal and provincial scoping sessions. In the provincial scoping meeting held in Lahore, a separate provincial scoping session was held with NGOs active in the Project-affected districts. However, in Balochistan, due to the long distances and the difficult road conditions, district-specific meetings were held with local NGOs and community-based organizations active in the Project-affected areas. Meetings with NGOs in Balochistan were held within the following districts: Killa Abdullah, Musa Khel, Pishin, Ziarat, and Loralai.

6.6.3.2.2 Focus Group Discussions

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held at the village-level in a selected number of villages within the PAI between May and July 2018. In total, 46 FGDs (29 for Punjab and 17 for Balochistan) were held. The main groups included village elders, women, male farmers, and tenants for Punjab, and village elders, women, and male farmers for Balochistan. In Balochistan, the pipeline mostly crosses through tribal areas of Pashtun

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tribes that is dominated by trading communities; therefore, FGDs with traders were included for Balochistan. Of the 29 FGDs conducted in Punjab, 7 (24%) were with women; whereas in Balochistan, a total of 6 out of 17 FGDs (35%) were conducted with women since this is considered to be the most vulnerable group. According to the village leaders in the PAI, 5 to 10% households can be categorized as the most vulnerable such as women-headed households, persons with disabilities, senior citizens, and those living below the poverty line.

A summary of the FGDs is provided in Table 6.6-2. Table 6.6-2: Summary of Focus Group Discussions in the Provinces

No Target Groups Punjab Balochistan 1 Village Elders 8 8 2 Farmers 7 3 3 Female House Cares 7 6 4 Tenants 7 0 Total 29 17 Source; NAFTEC/ MAB’s Subcontractor, 2018

Findings of each group are summarized under the respective headings below. In many cases, there was an overlap between the focus groups in Balochistan and Punjab; however, where there are differences, these have been noted. Focus groups with tenants helped illustrate certain inter-community dynamics but did not provide much Project-related insights.

6.6.3.2.3 Household Surveys

At community level, household surveys were conducted within a study area which has been defined based on the area of the greatest potential impacts. To determine the sample numbers, population sizes for Affected Communities were estimated via analysis of Google imagery.

Figures 6.6-1 and 6.6-2 show the villages and communities visited in each province. Figures 6.6-3 through 6.6-7 show the village and communities visited in each district.

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Figure 6.6-1: Villages and Communities Visited in the Punjab Province

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-2: Villages and Communities Visited in the Balochistan Province

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-3: Villages and Communities Visited in Killa Abdallah, Loralai, Pishin and Ziarat Districts (Balochistan Province)

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-4: Villages and Communities Visited in Barkhan, Loralai, Musa Khel, Pishin, Ziarat Districts (Balochistan Province) and Dera Ghazi Khan District (Punjab Province)

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-5: Villages and Communities Visited in Barkhan, Loralai, Musa Khel Districts (Balochistan Province) and Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Muzafargarh, Vehari, and Khanewal Districts (Punjab Province)

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-6: Villages and Communities Visited in Musa Khel District (Balochistan Province) and Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Muzafargarh, Vehari, and Khenewal Districts (Punjab Province)

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.6-7: Villages and Communities Visited in Bahawalnagar, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Vehari, and Khanewal Districts (Punjab Province)

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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These figures present the settlements that were visited in the PAI based on maps of the region, but do not include all villages where surveys were undertaken, due to variations in the naming of villages and communities between the maps and the local village names.

Communities are not homogenous, and the pipeline extends approximately 817 km in Pakistan. The preliminary studies undertaken in the area (ADB, 2015) have noted that the pipeline passes through areas differentiated by language, ethnicity, tribal divisions, and cultural practices. Accordingly, household sample sizes have been disaggregated at the provincial level as there is likely to be sufficient diversity in household living conditions, livelihoods, and ethnic background by province. The sample is not disaggregated at the district level as information gathered from local specialists confirmed that households are largely homogenous within the same district administrative areas.

A total of 148 villages were identified within the 500 m corridor based on public GIS data made available during the Project inception. The total sample size required to meet a 95% confidence level was determined to be 1,344 households in the 148 target villages. Households were selected as randomly as possible, given security and logistical constraints, especially in Balochistan. The total number of households surveyed was 1,459, which exceeded the survey number to meet a 95% confidence level. This means that the sample number of households selected for the household survey is truly representative of the total population within the Project Study Area. Table 6.6-3 includes the distribution of the households surveyed. Findings of the socio- economics and community health baseline survey and community engagement are summarized herein.

Table 6.6-3: Distribution of Household Surveys

Province District Village Number of Surveys Conducted Punjab Bahawalnagar Awaan Ki (8), Awaan Wali (9), Basti Awaan Ki (13), Hasil 95 Sahru (17), Hasil Sadoho (48) Dera Ghazi Khan Mahrmani Basti (32), Odd wala (36), Koi Haibat (32), Koat 102 Peet (2) Multan Anbala (28), Ali Wala (54), Began Wala (2), Basti Began Wala 97 (13) Muzffarghar Basti Garabe Abad (2), Bast Lal Wala (3), Basti Gull Wala (13), 94 Basti Tahir Wala (1), Gharbabad (1), Gull Wala (21), Pawadi (19), Kako Methi Wala (1), Yousaf Wala (33) Khanewal 56/10R (19), Chak 47/10R (2), Chak 56/10R (19), Chak 319 104/10R (34), Chak 56/10R (4), Wijhian Wala (29), Wijhian P (1), 47/10R (40), 74/15L (42), 75/15L (40), 102/10R (44), 104/10R (5), 159/10R (40) Pakpattan Chak 30 s/p (48), Chak 34 s.p Gilan Wala (40), Kamari Wala 190 (1), Kumhari Wala (52), sp.20 (47), 34/SP (2) Okara Adda Bareekhi (1), Bahne Baree K (24), Baste Baree K (7); 190 Bareeki (20), Dolana Dalikha (29), Dona Metehlka Salmka (48), Head Suleman Ki (44), Malo Sheikieho Ka (7), Noor Bani Wali (4), Noor Bani Wali Bani (5), Phanee Baree K (1) Subtotal in Punjab 1,087

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Province District Village Number of Surveys Conducted Balochistan Loralai Daragai (13), Daragai Watt (27), Killi Bawer Manan Nasir (24), 78 Killi Bar Manam (1), Killi New Bawer (2), New Bawar (11) Pishin Kahanai Baba (4), Killa Malak Katta (10), Killi Abdull Rafeeq 69 (2), Killi Khadazai (29), Killi Razaq (10), Torah Ghandlii (14) Killa Abdullah Kalli Killani Khan (2), Kili Abdul Raheem (10), Kili Abdul 101 Raheem Khan (7), Kili Gillani (1), Killa Shadar Khan (2), Killi Amir Khan (29), Killi Shadar Khan (48), Killi Telani Khan (2) Musa Khel Kili Gadar Daag (2), Kingri Gadar Daag (4), Soorai (10), Soorai 26 Kingri (10) Qilla Abdullah Kili Jilani Khan (70) 70 Ziarat Khanobyai (28) 28 Subtotal in Balochistan 372 Total 1,459 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.4 Historical and Political Overview

The State of Pakistan was created under the Independence Act of 1947 and formed the largest Muslim state in the world at that time. The creation of Pakistan led to the largest demographic movement in recorded history. Nearly 17 million people, including Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, are reported to have moved in both directions between India and the two wings of Pakistan (the eastern wing is now Bangladesh) (ADB, 2015). The east wing, present-day Bangladesh, is on the Bay of Bengal bordering India and Burma. The west wing, present-day Pakistan, stretches from the Himalayas down to the Arabian Sea. The breakup of the two wings came in 1971 when the Bengali- speaking east wing seceded with help from India.

Sixty million of the 95 million Muslims on the Indian subcontinent became citizens of Pakistan at the time of its creation. Subsequently, 35 million Muslims remained inside India, making it the largest Muslim minority in a non-Muslim state.

Pakistan has been ruled by several dynasties and empires including Mauryan, Achaemenid, Mongol, Mughal, and Delhi Sultanate over the years.

There are over 60 languages spoken in Pakistan. Urdu is the official national language and a symbol of national unity, which is understood by 80% of the Pakistani population.

6.6.5 Governance and Administration

6.6.5.1 National Level

The Government of Pakistan (GOP) is a federal government established by the Constitution of Pakistan, with governing authority of the four provinces, namely, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan. The GOP is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, in which all powers are vested by the Constitution in the Parliament, the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court. The President acts as the ceremonial figurehead while the elected Prime Minister acts as the chief executive (of the executive branch) and is responsible for running the federal government. There is

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a two-tier Parliament with the National Assembly acting as a lower house and the Senate as an upper house. The most influential officials in the GOP are considered to be the federal secretaries, who are the highest ranking bureaucrats in the country and run cabinet-level ministries and divisions.

6.6.5.2 Provincial Level

Pakistan’s four provinces are divided into divisions, districts, and sub-districts (tehsils, or tahsils). As described in Section 6.1. Project Setting, the pipeline route traverses two provinces, namely, Balochistan and Punjab. The divisions, districts, and tehsils affected in each province are noted in Section 6.1. Project Setting.

There is a total of 12 tehsils listed in Punjab province and 10 tehsils in Balochistan province. Union councils sit below these tehsils.

6.6.5.3 Local Decision-Making

Pakistan’s administrative units are run by a hierarchy of administrators, such as the divisional commissioner, the deputy commissioner at the district level, and the sub- divisional magistrate, sub-divisional officer, or tehsildar (tahsildar) at the tehsil level. Decision-making is primarily conducted at the district level, where the deputy commissioner, although in charge of all branches of government, shares power with the elected chairman of the district council. During the period of British rule, the deputy commissioner was considered the representative of the central government in remote locations. Expected to serve the constituents in numerous ways, the elected official’s responsibilities ranged from that of magistrate dispensing justice to record keeper, as well as provider of advice and guidance in managing socio-economic conditions. These roles have varied little since independence but increasing emphasis has been placed on self-help programs for the rural populace.

6.6.6 Planning and Development

6.6.6.1 National Level

The Ministry of Planning and Development governs national planning in Pakistan. The administrative head of the Ministry is the Planning and Development Secretary of Pakistan. The Ministry is responsible for the Planning Commission, which handles financial and public policy development. The Planning Commission undertakes research studies and state policy development initiatives for the growth of the national economy and the expansion of the public and state infrastructure.

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council is the apex inter-ministerial and multi- stakeholder decision-making body, which is headed by the Prime Minster. The Pak-EPA is the regulatory body responsible for enforcement of the PEPA 1997 (as discussed in Chapter 4. Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Analysis). For implementation of PEPA 1997, the powers have been delegated to provincial EPAs for review, approval, and monitoring of environmental assessment of projects.

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6.6.6.2 Provincial Level – Punjab

The Planning and Development Department of the Government of Punjab is the principal planning organization at the provincial level. It coordinates and monitors development programs and activities of various departments of the provincial government. The department also prepares an overall Medium-Term Development Framework of developmental activities in the province, which lays down the developmental activities to be carried out in various sectors of the economy. In this manner, the Planning and Development Department is one of the main actors in the growth of the economic potential of the province. The mandate of the Planning and Development Department includes provision of technical support and coordination to various government departments in their planning activities.

Punjab is the most populated and prosperous province in Pakistan.

6.6.6.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

The Planning and Development Department of Balochistan is the principal planning body in the province. It is responsible for all development, including policy matters and execution plans. Provincial Five-Year Plans contain development policies while annual Public-Sector Development Programs are planned to implement the policies concerning social, infrastructure, and productive sectors. Small and medium range projects are accommodated in these public-sector programs. The Planning and Development Department has various studies and surveys conducted for use in planning. District profiles, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, and very recently a Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey are some of instances of efforts for better planning.

Balochistan is the largest of the four provinces, but has a limited population, with the exception of Quetta (its capital). Balochistan has undergone little development (ADB, 2013), which could be related to sparsely populated nature of the Province.

6.6.7 Potentially Affected Provinces Overview

The proposed pipeline will traverse the provinces of Punjab and Balochistan. Table 6.6-4 provides an overview of these provinces. Table 6.6-4: Overview of Provinces Affected by the Project Parameter National Punjab Balochistan Population 1 207,774,520 110,012,442 12,344,408 Population under 14 40.85% 39.04% 48.44% Years Old (%) 2 Ethnicity (estimated) Punjabi 44.7% X X Pastun (Pathan) 15.4% X 36% Sindhi 14.1% X Sariaki 8.4% X Muhajirs 7.6% X Balochi 3.6% X 52% Others 6.3% (including those below)

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Parameter National Punjab Balochistan Aimaqs (Semi-nomadic) X X Baluchis (Nomadic) X X X Brahuis X X X Churigar X X Hazaras X X Uzbeks X X Turkmen X X Nomadic / Semi-nomadic X X X Presence Healthcare Facilities Recent regional data not available: Pakistan is ranked 133 in overall life expectancy rates in the world and the mortality rate of under 5 (per 1,000 live births) is 78.8 in 2016, compared to a world average of 39.1. Prematurity and pneumonia are the two highest causes of infant mortality and lack of basic healthcare contributes. Mental health is a major concern, an estimated 10-16% of the population develop mental illness, the majority of which are women. Pakistan faces a high prevalence of endemic and epidemic infectious diseases emerging infections and an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases. Some of these epidemics including poliomyelitis dengue and hepatitis C virus are exacerbated by weak health systems. Furthermore the 2015 Millennium Development Goals for tuberculosis malaria and HIV/AIDS in Pakistan remain intangible. Few patients are receiving treatment for these drug-resistant diseases which is undermining future prospects for disease control. Literacy Rate 58% (2018) 61% (2014) 43% (2014) Economic Activities as Employment Agriculture 42.27% (2015) 44.70% 43.43% Mining and 15.49% 16.54% 12.46% Manufacturing Construction 7.31% 6.59% 6.53% Whole-Sale and Retail 14.64% 13.85% 16.64% Unemployed 5.9% (2014) 6.3% 3.9% Agricultural Products Food Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, bajra, Wheat, rice, maize, bajra, Wheat, rice, jowar, jowar, barley jowar, barley barley, maize, bajra Vegetables: Potato, onion, tomato, Produces 60% of Produces 13% of chilies, peas, turnip, okra, vegetables in Pakistan vegetables in Pakistan cauliflower, carrot, tinda gourd, miscellaneous others Fruit & Nuts: Citrus fruits, mango, Citrus fruits, mango, Apple, dates, apricot, apples, dates, almonds, guava, melons, dates melons, grapes, walnuts, raisins, pine pomegranate nuts and pistachios Sources: 1. Population data from Provisional Census Results, 2017 2. Age Distribution National Data from 2012-13; National Ethnicity, CIA World Factbook 2018; other data based on national and provincial statistics

6.6.7.2 Punjab Province

Punjab Province is located in eastern Pakistan. The population density of the province is 506 people per km2, much higher than Balochistan. The capital of Punjab is Lahore. The three main tribes in Punjab Province are Brahui, Baloch, and Sraiki. 75% of the population speak Punjabi as their main language, with 17.5% speaking Saraiki, largely in southern Punjab. Other common languages in the province are Urdu, Pasto, and Balochi.

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Punjab Province consists of a number of small towns, villages, and rural communities. To the east of the province is predominantly agricultural communities (Chak communities).

6.6.7.3 Balochistan Province

Balochistan Province is located in southwest Pakistan and includes an area of approximately 347,190 km2. The population density in the province is 29 people per km2. The predominant languages in the province are Balochi (54%) and Pashto (30%), with other languages including Makrani, Rukhshani, and Sulemani also common (CIA World Factbook, 2018).

The province consists of a number of small towns, villages, and rural communities. There are three major tribes in Balochistan, namely, Baloch, Brahvi, and Pashtun. The Balochi-speaking tribes include Rind, Lashar, Marri, Jamot, Ahmedzai, Bugti Domki, Magsi, Kenazai, Khosa, Rakhashani, Dashti, Umrani, Nosherwani, Gichki, Buledi, Notazai, Sanjarani, Meerwani, Zahrozai, Langove, Kenazai, and Khidai. Each tribe is further sub-divided into various branches. The tribal chief is called Sardar while head of sub-tribe is known as Malik, Takari, or Mir. Sardars and Maliks are members of district and other local tribal councils, known as jirgas, according to their status (Asia Society, 2018).

The Baloch, believed to have originally come from Arabia or Asia Minor, can be divided into two branches: the Sulemani and Mekrani as distinct from the Brahvis who are mostly concentrated in central Balochistan. Among the 18 major Baloch tribes, Bugtis and Marris are the principal ones who are settled in the buttresses of the Sulemania. The Talpur of Sind aIso claim Baloch origin.

Brahvi-speaking tribes include Raisani, Shahwani, Sumulani, Sarparrah, Bangulzai, Mohammad Shahi, Lehri, Bezenjo, Mohammad Hasni, Zehri, Sarparrah, Mengal, Kurd, Sasoli, Satakzai, Lango, Rodeni, Kalmati, Jattak, Yagazehi, and Qambarani. Most of these tribes are bilingual and fluent in both the Balochi and Brahvi languages. The Pashtun tribes include Kakar, Ghilzai Tareen, Mandokhel, Sherani, Luni, Kasi, and Achakzai.

6.6.7.4 District Level Government and Leadership

The local government system is based on the federated structures of a three-tier system of district (zila), tehsil, and union councils. Each level has defined functions and service responsibilities, with differentiating focus as follows:

· At district level, the focus is on agriculture, community development, education, and health; · At tehsil level, the focus is on municipal infrastructure services (including local roads and streets), street services (such as lighting, water supply systems, sewers, and sanitation), slaughterhouses, and fairs, markets, and cultural events; and

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· At union council level, the focus is on community-based services including libraries, local streets and street services, wells and ponds, cattle ponds, and grazing areas.

Union guards, responsible for local security, may also be appointed. Union councils work closely with village and neighborhood councils in promoting and coordinating development activities, and submitting proposals through annual plans to the district and tehsil levels to inform the development budget allocation process.

The levels of government are integrated through a bottom-up planning system, the council electoral arrangements, and specific procedures for monitoring service delivery. Where there have not been local government elections, the administration of each district is assigned to an appointed district administrator.

Earlier in 2019, Punjab announced that it was restructuring local government (Gulf News, 2019). This is under the passage of the Punjab Local Government Act 2019 and the Punjab Village Panchayats and Neighborhood Councils Act 2019. The new laws re- establish a rural-urban divide, somewhat similar to the local government system introduced by General (retd) Pervez Musharraf in 2001. The Punjab Village Panchayats and Neighborhood Councils Act 2019, for instance, envisions panchayats for rural areas and councils for urban ones (and does away with union councils). These panchayats and councils will perform such civic functions as taking care of sanitation, water supply, population welfare, public health, sewerage disposal, and waste management. Higher tiers of local government can also devolve more responsibilities to them (Herald, 2019).

The Punjab Local Government Act 2019, similarly, provides for a tehsil council for the whole population of each tehsil in the province but it envisions metropolitan corporations, municipal corporations, municipal committees, and town committees specifically for urban areas (doing away with district governments). The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf argues that districts in Punjab are too large – both in size and population – to be governed effectively through district governments. In most cases, district councils will be too far removed from their voters. A tehsil, the party contends, is a better avenue for engaging with local population because it is a smaller unit (Herald, 2019).

6.6.7.5 Village Level Government and Leadership

Each region includes local village level councils. However, according to the 2017-2018 country profile based on census data, details about the current village councils in Punjab and Balochistan are not available. Many villages still rely on the traditional tribal system for the resolution of conflicts and managing the day-to-day affairs in the village. Every settlement has its own tribal elder/head or Malik, who is responsible for settling disputes and securing the interest of his tribe. In the tribal system women do not have any role in the decision-making process. Every problem of the community is resolved through tribal jirga or the council of tribal elders (World Bank, 2012).

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6.6.8 Demography

6.6.8.1 Population

6.6.8.1.1 National Level

The results of Pakistan’s population census from 2017 show that the country consists of 207,774,520 people (total population includes all persons residing in the country including Afghans and other Aliens residing with the local population). Estimated 36.4% of the total population of Pakistan is considered to live in an urban environment.

6.6.8.1.2 Provincial Level – Punjab

Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, containing more than half of the country’s total population as well as several of its major cities: Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, and Gujranwala. The population of Punjab Province is 110,012,442. There is considerable rural-to-urban migration in the province, especially to the larger cities. However, within the PAI according to the village elders, migration is rare in Punjab and Balochistan, 2% or less of the population generally. The district and tehsil population potentially affected by the Project is summarized in Table 6.6-5.

Table 6.6-5: District and Tehsil Level Population in Punjab – Population Census 2017

Division District Region Population Tehsil Region Population Sahiwal Okara Rural 2,207,349 Depalpur Rural 1,032,542 Urban 831,790 Urban 342,370 Pakpattan Rural 1,535,591 Arif Wala Rural 743,059 Urban 111,403 Urban 288,096 Pakpattan Rural 792,532 Urban 176,693 Sahiwal Rural 2,000,440 Chichawatni Rural 930,666 Urban 517,120 Urban 95,341 Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar Rural 2,360,823 Minchinabad Rural 453,887 Urban 621,096 Urban 72,541 Dera Ghazi Dera Ghazi Rural 2,324,346 Dera Ghazi Khan Rural 827,548 Khan Khan Urban 399,064 Urban 547,855 De-excluded Area Rural 212,430 Dera Ghazi Khan Muzaffargarh Rural 3,627,984 Muzaffargarh Rural 1,384,478 Urban 697,499 Urban 239,994 Multan Multan Rural 2,686,819 Multan Saddar Rural 1,238,698 Urban 84,058 Urban 2,058,290 Multan City Rural 432,024 Urban 1,826,546 Khanewal Rural 2,357,910 Jehanian Rural 299,763 Urban 43,598 Urban 2,058,290 Mian Rural 639,855 Urban 122,116 Vehari Rural 2,391,743 Burewala Rural 783,588 Urban 231,797 Urban 505,703 Mailsi Rural 825,453 Urban 128,442

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Division District Region Population Tehsil Region Population Vehari Rural 782,702 Urban 145,464 Source: Population Census 2017

6.6.8.1.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

Balochistan Province has a population of 12,344,408, significantly smaller than Punjab. The population of this province generally lives in more rural areas. The district and tehsil level population potentially affected by the Project is summarized in Table 6.6-6.

Table 6.6-6: District and Tehsil Level Population in Balochistan – Population Census 2017

Division District Region Population Tehsil Region Population Quetta Killa Abdullah Rural 608,236 Chaman Rural 310,577 Urban 123,191 Urban 149,342 Killa Abdullah Rural 120,764 Urban 26,151 Pishin Rural 593,339 Karezat Rural 98,042 Urban 40,238 Urban 143,142 Pishin Rural 270,600 Urban 35,577 Zhob Musa Khel Rural 152,879 Musa Khel Rural 84,127 Urban 14,138 Urban 14,138 Lorelai Rural 332,462 Lorelai Urban 54,758 Urban 64,938 Barkhan Rural 159,380 Barkhan Rural 159,380 Urban 12,176 Urban 12,176 Sibi Ziarat Rural 157,016 Ziarat Rural 64,455 Urban 3,406 Urban 3,406 Source: Population Census 2017

6.6.8.2 Age

6.6.8.2.1 National Level

The population by age group in 2016 is included in Figure 6.6-8. In Pakistan, 37.5% of the population is between the ages of 25 to 64, and 21.4% of the population is aged between 15 and 24. This is the predominant working age group and plays an important role in the economic growth and development of the country. The population of children under the age of 15 is 35.4%, while 4.2% of people are above 65 years of age.

The overall age structure breakdown in Pakistan is:

· 0-14 years: 31.36%; · 15-24 years: 21.14%; · 25-54 years: 37.45%; · 55-64 years: 5.57%; and · 65 years and over: 4.48%.

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Figure 6.6-8: Population by Age Group in Pakistan

Source: CIA World Fact Group, 2018

6.6.8.2.2 Provincial Level

At the province level, the population rates in age groups generally mirrors the national averages, with children aged 15 and under comprising 43.4% of the population, as shown in Table 6.6-7. Balochistan has a younger population than the national average and the lowest percentage of its population of any province of Pakistan in the age 64 and above range, while Punjab has the highest.

Table 6.6-7: Age Distribution at National and Provincial Levels

Age Pakistan (% of Population) Punjab (% of Population) Balochistan (% of Population) Category 0 – 5 14.80 14.24 16.64 5 – 10 15.65 15.24 17.37 10 – 15 12.95 13.04 12.86 15 – 64 53.09 53.46 50.81 >= 64 3.50 4.02 2.52 Source: Population Census 2017

6.6.8.2.3 PAI Level

Within the PAI the distribution of age categories by gender is shown by province in Table 6.6-8.

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Table 6.6-8: Age and Gender Distribution within the PAI

Age Category Punjab Balochistan Male (% of Female (% of Male (% of Female (% of Population) Population) Population) Population) 0 – 10 19 21 24 28 11 – 20 24 23 29 24 21 – 30 18 20 18 17 31 – 40 14 15 12 14 41 – 50 11 11 8 9 51 – 60 8 7 5 5 61 – 70 5 3 3 3 >70 2 1 1 0 Source: Population Census 2017

The data shows that the population of surveyed households in Balochistan is slightly younger than those surveyed in Punjab, with over 50% of the surveyed population under 20 years of age (53% of males and 52% of females). In Punjab less than 50% of the surveyed population is under 20 years of age, accounting for 44% of males and 43% of females. Conversely, there are more working age individuals in the surveyed households in Punjab than in Balochistan (52% in Punjab and 44% in Balochistan).

6.6.8.3 Gender

6.6.8.3.1 National Level

The population of Pakistan is dominated by males, with a total population gender ratio of 1.06 males per female. This can be seen in every age group in Pakistan with the exception of over 65 years, where females are dominant.

The gender ratio breakdown for Pakistan is:

· 0-14 years: 1.06 males/female; · 15-24 years: 1.06 males/female; · 25-54 years: 1.08 males/female; · 55-64 years: 1.01 males/female; and · 65 years and over: 0.88 males/female.

According to Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics (2018), the proportion of women at work in the country has increased from 16.3% to 24.4% in the past decade; however, it still represents under a quarter of the working population. In 2017, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2017 review of Pakistan’s progress also showed that the gender pay gap had risen to 39% in 2015. In 2017, Pakistan ranked very low in international indices measuring gender equality and women and girls’ empowerment. Out of 144 ranked countries by in the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum in 2017, Pakistan came second to last at 143.

Despite advances in access to education and employment opportunities for women, Pakistan remains a patriarchal society and women continue to be subordinate to men. In terms of violence against women, the GOP reported approximately 3,500 incidents

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of rape, 1,266 incidents of domestic violence resulting in murder, an additional 1,227 domestic violence reports, and 309 ‘honor killings’1. This is likely to be an under- representation of the actual incidents (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 2018).

In 2012, Pakistan’s Supreme Court declared equal rights for transgender citizens, including the right to inherit property and assets, preceded a year earlier by the right to vote. There are no official figures on the number of transgender people living in Pakistan but advocacy group Trans Action estimates there are at least 500,000 in the country with a population of 190 million. The Lahore High Court issued an order to the government, National Database and Registration Authority, and the interior ministry that the transgender community needed to be part of the 2017 census. This stemmed from a petition filed by transgender Waqar Ali in November 2016 that argued Pakistan’s transgender community had been marginalized and their fundamental rights should be recognized by including them in the sixth national census. Shunned by mainstream society, transgender individuals in Pakistan are still often forced into begging, prostitution, or dancing to earn a living.

6.6.8.3.2 Provincial Level – Punjab

Punjab Province has a similar gender ratio to Pakistan as a whole, with males being the dominant gender in both urban and rural settlements. Table 6.6-9 and Table 6.6-10 show the breakdown of genders in Punjab Province in divisions and districts, respectively, for both urban and rural settlements and for the whole province. Table 6.6-9: Population by Gender in Divisions in Punjab – Population Census 2017

Province Division Gender Urban Rural Total Number % Number % Punjab Sahiwal Male 1,017,981 79 263,091 21 1,281,072 Female 982,379 79 253,990 21 1,236,369 Transgender 80 67 39 33 119 Household 309,865 79 82,644 21 392,509 Bahawalpur Male 1,274,019 68 605,292 32 1,879,311 Female 1,222,729 68 565,849 32 1,788,578 Transgender 100 46 117 54 217 Household 392,678 67 192,186 33 584,864 Dera Ghazi Male 1,171,502 81 278,603 19 1,450,105 Khan Female 1,152,806 81 269,217 19 1,422,023 Transgender 38 52 35 48 73 Household 270,524 79 72,837 21 343,361 Multan Male 1,376,006 56 1,061,406 44 2,437,412 Female 1,310,725 57 996,779 43 2,307,504 Transgender 88 46 105 54 193 Household 429,984 57 330,874 43 760,858 TOTAL Male 20,760,984 37 35,197,990 63 55,958,974 Female 19,621,729 36 34,425,030 64 54,046,759 Transgender 4,585 0 2 0 6,709 Household 6,389,733 37 10,714,102 63 17,103,835 Source: Population Census 2017

1 Murder of a member of a family, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonour upon the family.

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Table 6.6-9 shows that the divisions of Sahiwal, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan have a higher urban population than rural. Multan is the most populous division, which is almost an even mix between urban and rural populations. Table 6.6-10 confirms that the gender balance in Punjab matches the national statistics, in that there are slightly more men than women in all districts affected by the Project, except Dera Ghazi Khan, Vehari, and Multan.

Table 6.6-10: Population by Gender in Districts in Punjab – Population Census 2017

Province Division District Male Female Trans-gender Total Number % Number % Number % Punjab Sahiwal Okara 1,564,476 51 1,474,495 49 168 0 3,039,139 Pakpattan 927,881 51 895,656 49 150 0 1,823,687 Sahiwal 1,281,072 51 1,236,369 49 119 0 2,517,560 Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar 1,514,866 51 1,466,876 49 177 0 2,981,919 Dera Ghazi Dera Ghazi 1,450,105 50 1,422,023 50 73 0 2,872,201 Khan Khan Muzaffargarh 2,218,744 51 2,103,132 49 133 0 4,322,009 Multan Vehari 1,462,027 50 1,435,212 50 207 0 2,897,446 Multan 2,437,412 51 2,307,504 49 193 0 4,745,109 Khanewal 1,484,692 51 1,437,171 49 123 0 2,921,986 Source: Population Census 2017

6.6.8.3.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

Balochistan has a similar gender ratio to Pakistan as a whole, with males being the dominant gender in both urban and rural settlements. Table 6.6-11 and Table 6.6-12 show the breakdown of genders in Balochistan in divisions and districts, respectively, for both urban and rural settlements and for the whole province.

Table 6.6-11: Population by Gender in Divisions in Balochistan – Population Census 2017

Province Division Male Female Trans-gender Total Number % Number % Number % Balochistan Urban Population Quetta 664,410 52 610,079 48 5 0 1,274,494 Zhob 142,831 54 121,465 46 0 0 264,296 Sibi 38,131 54 33,014 46 0 0 71,145 Rural Population Quetta 529,503 53 471,676 47 26 0 1,001,205 Zhob 25,527 55 20,721 45 0 0 46,248 Sibi 33,521 52 30,904 48 2 0 64,427 Source: Population Census 2017

Table 6.6-12: Population by Gender in Districts in Balochistan – Population Census 2017

Province Division District Male Female Trans-gender Total Number % Number % Number % Balochistan Quetta Killa 397,591 52 359,982 48 5 0 757,578 Abdullah Pishin 379,122 52 357,356 48 3 0 736,481 Zhob Musa Khel 90,240 54 76,777 46 0 0 167,017 Loralai 212,451 53 184,948 47 1 0 397,400 Barkhan 90,196 53 81,359 47 1 0 171,556 Zhob 149,787 54 125,355 46 0 0 275,142

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Province Division District Male Female Trans-gender Total Number % Number % Number % Sibi Ziarat 71,652 53 63,918 47 2 0 135,572 Source: Population Census 2017

6.6.8.3.4 PAI Level

The findings from the Project-affected area show that of the total surveyed household population, 56% is comprised of males and 44% is comprised of females. Slight differences are evident between Punjab (55% males and 45% female) and Balochistan (60% male and 40% female). The higher number of men versus women in the PAI may be related to culturally associated under-reporting of women in the survey, but we do not have a clear idea as to why there is this discrepancy between the household survey and national statistics.

Age categories by gender are included in Figure 6.6-9 for Punjab and Figure 6.6-10 for Balochistan. These show the same pattern of males outnumbering females in all age categories in both provinces in the PAI. In Balochistan the differences are more marked than in Punjab in the age categories up to 30 years.

Figure 6.6-9: Age Categories by Gender in the Punjab PAI

Source: Population Census 2017

Figure 6.6-10: Age Categories by Gender in the Balochistan PAI

Source: Population Census 2017

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6.6.8.4 Household Size and Composition

6.6.8.4.1 National Level

The family is the most important social institution in society and members are dependent on one another for survival. The majority of the population live in small villages and average household size is 6.31 people (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2018), although this is indicated as slightly higher at 6.8 people by the United Nations (UN, 2017). The ADB indicated that in 2013, 10.9% of households in Pakistan were female-headed, with a slightly higher value at 11.5% in rural areas (ADB, 2016). This had increased from around 7% in 1996. The study indicated that a greater proportion of all chronically poor households were headed by females.

6.6.8.4.2 Provincial Level

In Punjab the average household size is quoted as lower than the national average at 6.04, while in Balochistan the figure is higher at 7.84 (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2018). A survey by the United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF, 2011) indicated that 0.4% of households in Balochistan in 2010 were female-headed, but this data is generally lacking at provincial level.

6.6.8.4.3 PAI Level

Within the PAI the average household size was 6.5 people, with a higher average in Balochistan at 7.3 compared with Punjab at 6.2. Female-headed households (% of households with a female head) in Pakistan was reported at 10.9% in 2013, according to the World Bank (2018). Within the PAI the female-headed households were reported to be 0.34%, much lower than the national average. The distribution of family members in the PAI households are included in Table 6.6-13, and as

Figure 6.6-11 for Punjab and Figure 6.6-12 for Balochistan.

Table 6.6-13: Household Size in Provinces Affected by the Project

Household Size Punjab PAI Balochistan PAI Number of Households % Number of Households % 1 5 0.54% 1 0.33% 2 42 4.50% 4 1.32% 3 74 7.93% 21 6.91% 4 144 15.43% 35 11.51% 5 164 17.58% 52 17.11% 6 159 17.04% 46 15.13% 7 125 13.40% 38 12.50% 8 76 8.15% 26 8.55% 9 48 5.14% 19 6.26% 10 25 2.68% 11 3.62% 11 19 2.04% 13 4.28% 12 16 1.71% 12 3.95% >12 36 3.86% 26 8.55% Sources: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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Figure 6.6-11: Household Size in the Punjab PAI

Sources: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Figure 6.6-12: Household Size in the Balochistan PAI

Sources: NAFTEC/MAB’s Subcontractor, 2018.

6.6.8.5 Ethnicity and Language

6.6.8.5.1 National Level

Pakistan includes six major ethnic groups, namely, Punjabi (44.7%), Pashtun (15.4%), Sindhi (14.1%), Saraiki (8.4%), Muhajirs (7.6%), and Balochi (3.6%). Other ethnic minorities make up the remaining 6.3% (CIA World Factbook, 2018).

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Punjabi

Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and northern India, accounting for 44.15% of the population in Pakistan. It is home to the Punjabi ethnic group and Baluch tribes (such as Qaisrani, Buzdar, Lund, Khosa, Leghari, Gorchani, Darishak, and Mazari) (ADB, 2013 and Shaheen, 1999). Punjabis hold senior military and civil service positions and govern. This leaves Pashtuns, Balochis, and particularly Sindhis underrepresented in government (Shaheen, 1999). Punjabi identity is traditionally cultural, linguistic, and geographical and is independent of historical religion and origin. Punjabi activity in the Indus Valley led to early civilization in the 5th and 4th millennium BCE. The majority of Punjabis are Muslims or Hindus, although Sikhism and Christianity are also practiced in the area. Punjabi culture is one of the oldest in the world.

Pashtun

Pashtun is an ethnic group predominant in Afghanistan and Pakistan, characterized as warriors. This ethnic group forms 15.42% of the Pakistani population. There has been debate over the definition of Pashtun, but it is generally agreed that Pashtuns are an eastern Iranian people who speak Pashto as their first language. Traditionally, Pashtuns are Muslims who adhere to Pashtunwali code. Thus, only those with Pashtun fathers qualify as Pashtun. Pashtunwali code defines the culture of the Pashtun and involves a self-governing tribal system.

Sindhi

Sindhi is an ethnic group native to the Sindhi Province in Pakistan. They speak Sindhi language. The main religion of the Sindhi ethnic group in Pakistan is Muslim. The Sindhi constitute 14.1% of the population of Pakistan.

Saraiki

The Saraiki are a subgroup of Punjabi people in Pakistan. Saraiki speak Saraiki dialect, also spoken by the Punjabi. This ethnic group forms 10.53% of the Pakistani population. Saraiki people practice several religions, but the majority are Muslim, with a Christian minority. The culture of the Saraikis has been greatly influenced by the Punjabis because of their close association.

Muhajirs

The Muhajirs are an ethnic group who migrated from various regions of India to Pakistan. They are of multi-ethnic origin and their main religion is Muslim. The main language spoken by Muhajirs is Urdu. The Muhajirs constitute 7.57% of the Pakistani population.

Baloch

The Baloch (also spelled Baluch or Beluch) are a group of tribes speaking the Balochi language and estimated at about five million inhabitants in the Balochistan Province, and also neighboring areas of Iran and Afghanistan. In Pakistan, the Baloch people are

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divided into two groups, the Sulaimani and the Makrani. The Balochs form 3.6% of the population of Pakistan.

Hazaras

The majority of Hazaras live in Hazarajat (or Hazarestan, the ‘land of the Hazara’), which is situated in the rugged central mountainous core of Afghanistan with an area of approximately 50,000 km2. Though their exact number is uncertain, relatively recent estimates have suggested that Hazaras make up around 9% of the population of Afghanistan. In the aftermath of Kabul’s campaign against them in the late 19th century, many Hazaras settled in western Turkestan, in JauzJan and Badghis provinces. The most recent two decades of war have driven many Hazaras away from their traditional heartland to live on the fringes of the state in close proximity to Iran and Pakistan. There is also a large cross-border community of Hazaras who make up an influential ethnic group in the Pakistani border city of Quetta. Hazaras speak a dialect of Dari (Farsi dialect) called Hazaragi and the vast majority follow the Shi’a sect (Twelver Imami) of Islam. A significant number are also followers of the Ismaili sect while a small number are Sunni Muslim.

6.6.8.5.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Punjabi is the majority ethnic group in Punjab Province. Punjabi is the main language of the province, with 75% of people speaking Punjabi as their native language. 17% speak Saraiki and 5% speak Urdu. Other minority languages in Punjab include Pashto, Balochi, and Sindhi. Ethnic minorities include Sindhis, Balochis, Mohajirss and Hazaras.

6.6.8.5.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

Baloch tribes are the dominant ethnic group in Balochistan Province and make up 52% of the population. Minority ethnicities include Brahuis, Sindhis, Punjabis, and Pashtun is the second largest ethnic group and makes up 36% of the population. Balochi is the provincial language of Balochistan, with 55% of the population speaking Balochi as their native language. Pashto is the second most widely spoken language, with 30% speaking Pashto. 6% speak Sindhi, 3% speak Punjabi, and 2% speak Saraiki.

6.6.8.5.4 PAI Level The household survey conducted for the Project shows the breakdown of ethnicities in the PAI as summarized in Table 6.6-14.

Figure 6.6-13 presents a graphical summary of the ethnicity in Punjab Province, where the majority are Punjabi, followed by Saraiki, Muahjir, with one individual identified as Hazara. In Balochistan there was much less diversity with 99.3% identified as Pashtun, with the balance Punjabi. As such, no graphical presentation for Balochistan is provided.

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Table 6.6-14: Population by Ethnicity in Provinces Affected by the Project

Ethnic Group Punjab Balochistan Number % Number % Punjabi 4157 72% 15 0.7% Pashtun 196 3.4% 2186 99.3% Saraiki 1248 21.6% 0 0.0% Muahjir (Urdu-Speaking) 163 2.8% 0 0.0% Brahui 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Hazara 1 0.02% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 5776 100% 2201 100% Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s Subcontractor, 2018

Figure 6.6-13: Ethnicities in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.8.6 Religion

6.6.8.6.1 National Level

The official religion in Pakistan is Islam, with 96.4% of the population identifying as belonging to this religion (FAO, 2010), with both Sunni and Shia denominations present. Estimated 85 to 90% of the Muslim population are Sunni, and 10 to 15% are Shia. The religions that make up the remaining 3.6% of the population include Christianity and Hinduism. The largest religious minority in both Punjab and Balochistan provinces is Christians, who make up 2.3% of the population.

6.6.8.6.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Estimated 97.2% of the population in Punjab Province are Muslim. The largest religious minority is Christian (2.3%), with other religious minorities including Ahmadiyya (a

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branch of Islam), Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Baha’i. Table 6.6-15 indicates the percentage distribution of the two main religions.

Table 6.6-15: Population by Religion in Districts in Punjab

Province Division District Christian Muslim Punjab Sahiwal Okara 1.8 98.1 Pakpattan 1.4 98.6 Sahiwal 1.4 98.6 Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar 0.2 99.8 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 0 100 Muzaffargarh 0.1 99.9 Multan Vehari 0.5 99.5 Multan 0.7 99.3 Khanewal 0.7 99.3 Source: Global Statistics, The Joshua Project (2018)

6.6.8.6.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

Balochistan Province is almost entirely Muslim, with a very small Christian minority. This is consistent throughout the province. Table 6.6-16 indicates the percentage distribution of the main religions.

Table 6.6-16: Population by Religion in Districts in Balochistan

Province Division District Christian Hindu Muslim Balochistan Quetta Killa Abdullah 0 0 100 Pishin 0.1 0 99.9 Zhob Musa Khel 0.1 0 99.9 Loralai 0 0 100 Barkhan 0 0.1 99.9 Zhob 0 0.1 99.9 Sibi Ziarat 0 0 100 Source: Global Statistics

6.6.8.6.4 PAI Level

Within the PAI, 99.8% of the respondents identified themselves as Muslim, with 0.02% (2 people) identifying themselves as Hindu, and the balance as not stated, which is consistent with the provinces.

6.6.9 Tribal People in Pakistan

According to the IFC PS 7, Indigenous Peoples (IP) are defined as social groups with identities that are distinct from mainstream groups. As such, they may be more vulnerable to the adverse impacts associated with project development and their culture and needs must be considered with special care.

ADB SPS (2009) defines IPs as "people with a social or cultural identify distinct from the dominant or mainstream society, which makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the process of development". In addition to this general definition, the

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policy lists several features for the identification of IPs and the assessment of their degree of vulnerability during project preparation. These are:

· Descent from groups present in specific areas prior to the establishment of modern states and relative borders; · Maintenance of distinct self/non-self-ascribed identities; · Use of distinct languages; · Active maintenance of socio-cultural systems/institutions that differ from the socio-cultural system/institutional-political tradition of dominant societies; · Pursuit of livelihoods at the margins of the market system; and · Unique ties/ attachments to natural resources and ancestral territories.

The above definitions apply directly to the populations classified in Pakistan as tribal. These groups:

· Have special attachment to ancestral territories; · Maintain specific cultural/social traits including language, belief, production patterns, and especially law and social institutions, which make them different from the national mainstream; · Are recognized by mainstream groups and government as having unique features; and · Because of their difference and isolation, may experience deprivation of rights, marginalization, and discrimination.

ADB SR3 (2009) requires lenders to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for IP’s identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as defined by the IP themselves so that they:

· Receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits; · Do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects; and · an participate actively in projects that affect them.

Based on the basic comparability of the IFC and ADB notion of IP with the Pakistan notion of Tribal People (TP) (Wagha, 2012 and Seyal and Ul-Hassan, 2017), this latter term could be adopted in substitution of IP. Therefore, it is concluded that TP are present and that the Project may have impacts on TP, requiring the provision of an Tribal Peoples Plan (TPP). However, despite it being clear that IPs are present in Pakistan, accessing these groups is challenging for multiple reasons. Many tribal and ethnic groups possess distinct cultural characteristics that are unique from mainstream society and could be considered indigenous (ADB, 2013).

As discussed before, Pakistan is organized by 1) provinces who are ethnically dominated and contain various tribes and multiple local identities and 2) Federally Administered Tribal Areas which date back to British rule. Minority groups in Pakistan are grouped into two categories: 1) ethnic and linguistic and 2) religious. Pakistan is a multi-ethnic and multilingual country; with minority groups referred to as Tribal People rather than IP (IFAD, 2012). The 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan includes the term “minority” but does not define the term, and the GOP acknowledges

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the existence of religious minorities but not ethnic minorities or IP (Minority Rights Group International, 2008). In fact, collecting data about minority groups is prohibited in the national census. Additionally, laws and policies do not identify or count tribal peoples, although Pakistan has been a signatory of ILO Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Populations since 1960 (IFAD, 2012).

Religious minorities such as Christians, Hindus, Ahmaddiyas, Sikhs, and Parsis are recognized by the constitution; however, the government limits the freedom of religious minorities by applying legislation involving religious offences (Minority Rights Group International, 2008). Also, the 2008 census identifies the following main ethnic groups: Punjabis (44.15%), Pashtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (10.53%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%), and others (4.66%); but information is not included on the tribal population (IFAD, 2012).

There are many tribal and ethnic groups in Pakistan who possess distinct cultural characteristics that are unique from mainstream society and qualify as indigenous. These groups have inhabited remote and often inaccessible areas and some have migrated to urban centers, retaining their unique cultural, linguistic, religious, economic, and political identity (ADB, 2013). Tribal people face key challenges including lack of land, basic services, and livelihood, continued displacement and environmental destruction, poverty, threats to culture, and low levels of education and literacy (IFAD, 2012). Lack of representation in government and decision-making ability is another key issue (IFAC, 2012; CCWA, n.d.).

Minority Rights Groups International (2008) notes the existence of four ethnic minorities, specifically Sindhis, Pakhtuns, Mohaijirs, and Balochis, which aligns to the 2008 national census. It is recognized that these ethnic minorities have suffered repressed and diminished rights (CCWA, n.d., Minority Rights Group International, 2008).

Sindhis comprise approximately 23% of the total population of Pakistan and (with Mohaijirs) comprise one of the two largest ethnic communities in Sindh Province. They are known to be a poor and vulnerable Hindu minority group that has been alienated by Punjabis (ADB, 2013). Their nationality has been recognized (Minority Rights Group International, 2008). They speak Sindhi language. Pakhtuns/Pathans are Pashtu-speaking people, largely live in the Northwest Frontier Province or in the semi-autonomous Federally Administered Tribal Area, which lies outside of the pipeline route. However, approximately 20% of their population are said to live in Balochistan province. In search of employment and opportunities, Pakhtuns have migrated to urban areas near Karachi. Their nationality has been recognized (Minority Rights Group International, 2008). Mohaijirs comprise one of the two (including Sindhi) largest ethnic communities in Sindh Province and speak Urdu, the main language in the province. They are a large group who immigrated from India and primarily live in Karachi and other urban areas, and comprise more than half of the population of the province of Sindh. Their nationhood has not been recognized. Balochi are a traditionally nomadic tribal people who speak Balochi and live in Balochistan. They comprise a mere 8 out of the 131 million persons who live in the country and are largely Sunni Muslim. Balochis are economically deprived with more than half of its population living in poverty.

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Their nationality has been recognized (Minority Rights Group International, 2008). In 2009, GOP issued a national apology to Balochis for discrimination and wrongs cast upon them by the government and announced constitutional, economic, and administrative measures to improve Balochi rights (IFAD, 2012). Aimaq are a numerically small, Sunni Muslim nomadic tribe present in Balochistan. These tribal members speak Persian that includes Turkic vocabulary. This once entirely nomadic tribe that has no territorial base is increasingly becoming semi-nomadic and traveling only in certain seasons. There are seven religious minorities, specifically Hindus (1.6%), Christians (c 1.5%), Ahmaddiyas (less than 1%), Shi’as, Isma’ilis, Bohras, and Parsis. Members of minority Muslim sects are frequently harassed and persecuted.

Ahmaddiyas are a religious sect and minority in Pakistan which began in India. Members of this group gained political and social influence. While many of the beliefs align with Islam, to counter growing influence, the Pakistani parliament declared the group non-Muslims and banned the religion. Hazara are an ethnic and religious minority in Pakistan who are present in Balochistan (Shackle, 2013). Members of this IP speak Hazaragi (known as Dari or a Farsi dialect) and are Shi’a Muslim. Known for their music and poetry, the Hazara have been systematically discriminated against and the targets of repeated violence, often resulting in displacement. The Hazara have undergone long- term persecution from the majority Sunni population. Given lack of inter-marriage, they have remained generally isolated from other cultural influences. As part of a religious and ethnic minority and barely surviving economically, the Hazara are particularly vulnerable. Hindus largely reside in Balochistan and comprise 1% of the total population. With a menial social standing, they live in rural areas in Sindh, working in bonded agricultural labor, and exploited. Hindus are harassed by religious extremist and afforded little protection. Kalasha/Kalash, are a Dardic tribal people residing in the Chitral District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalasha language and are considered unique among the peoples of Pakistan as they are considered to be Pakistan's smallest ethno-religious community. However, none of this community is known to reside in the PAI.

6.6.10 Vulnerable Groups

ADB refers to vulnerable groups on the basis of whether particular individuals and groups may be differentially or disproportionately affected by a project’s potential adverse environmental impacts because of their disadvantaged or vulnerable status, in particular, the poor, women and children, and tribal people. Where such individuals or groups are identified, targeted and differentiated measures are required so that adverse impacts do not fall disproportionately on them (ADB, 2009). More specifically in relation to resettlement, ADB has defined vulnerable people as those who might suffer disproportionately or face the risk of being marginalized from the effects of resettlement and includes:

· Female-headed households with dependents; · Disabled household heads; · Poor households that fall on or below the poverty line; · Landless; · Elderly households with no means of support;

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· Households without security of tenure; · Households of tribal groups or ethnic minority; and · Marginal farmers (with landholdings of five acres or less).

Vulnerable groups are those that could experience adverse Project impacts more severely than others or who are less able to take advantage of Project benefits based on a low level of existing livelihood assets (such as health or education) or inadequate access to structures or processes to protect or improve livelihoods (such as legal, political, or cultural structures).

Factors that determine whether an individual or group is vulnerable in general include income, integration in the community, access to services, resources, infrastructure, and decision-making processes. In addition to tribal people and ethnic/religious minorities, vulnerable groups in Pakistan have been identified as follows.

6.6.10.1 Women and Girls

The World Bank Country Gender Profile of Pakistan deplores the fact that the status of women in Pakistan is among the lowest in the world. Women are restricted to the inside space of home and household, embodied in the tradition of veiling. This restricts women's access to education, employment, training opportunities, and social services. The social disapproval of women working outside the home translates into the invisibility of women in the labor force. Although they participate actively in the family and farm affairs, their unpaid work is perceived as a social duty rather than an economic contribution.

Violence against women and girls (including rape, “honor” killings, acid attacks, domestic violence, and forced marriage) remains a serious problem. Pakistani activists estimate that there are about 1,000 “honor” killings every year. Women from religious minority communities are particularly vulnerable. A report by the Movement for Solidarity and Peace in Pakistan found that at least 1,000 girls belonging to Christian and Hindu communities are forced to marry Muslim men every year. The government fails to stop such forced marriages (Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018).

6.6.10.1.1 Punjab Province

Women in Punjab described similar home care duties to the women in Balochistan, including food preparation, child rearing, sewing, cleaning, and collecting water. They also noted, however, that women in their communities participate in agriculture including seed sowing, weed removal, crop harvesting (including cutting and sorting), and taking livestock to fields for grazing. Women in Balochistan noted similar challenges to those in Punjab, including water shortage and insufficient rainfall, along with limited fodder supply creating problems for the cattle industry.

It was noted that most girls stop attending school after Grade 5 and the main challenges faced by parents is ensuring kids go to school and complete education. The main issues facing access to education was reported as availability of schools within or near villages,

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availability of transport, and punctuality of teachers. Similar to education, women noted that the status of health facilities is not satisfactory in the villages. In terms of opportunities, women noted the need for vocational institutes and secondary schools for females to help contribute to their skills.

6.6.10.1.2 Balochistan Province

According to the women’s groups in Balochistan, in the PAI area most women reported being housewives engaged in cooking and cleaning work. They also engage in embroidery work such as sewing clothes for use in the household. Women’s household tasks include cooking, cleaning chores, watering to livestock, caring for kids, with participation in farming rare. Women participants noted that one of the biggest challenges for households is water shortages for farming and drinking purposes. Women also wanted to improve educational facilities for girls, in addition to stating that electricity is intermittent, and their lives would be improved if they had access to a continual supply.

It was noted that inheritance follows family males and if there are no male relatives, then culturally the rich people of village are obligated to take care of the household (manage household funds). Unsafe drinking water and dust were noted to cause health problems among the women and children of the village, although information is hard to find as seeking medical attention only occurs for major emergencies as the condition of the nearest health facilities are not good and transport to other facilities is difficult.

6.6.10.2 Migrants, Illegal Settlers, Refugees, and Displaced Persons

As Pakistan has experienced war and mass migration, and has a number of human rights and gender challenges, multiple groups are likely to be vulnerable. Current estimates of internally displaced people number over 500,000 in Pakistan. Some of the 80,000 Afghans returning from Pakistan in the first eight months of the year reported that Pakistani police continue to extort money from registered and undocumented Afghans in Pakistan. In July, the authorities began to register some of the estimated 1 million unregistered Afghans in Pakistan, although the purpose was not clear, leading to fears authorities might deport them. Pakistani authorities have carried out a campaign of abuse and threats to drive out nearly 600,000 Afghans since July 2016. The uncertain residency status of Afghan refugees in Pakistan leaves the population open to police harassment, threats, and extortion, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which hosts the majority of the Afghan population. According to the International Organization for Migration, 82,019 refugees and undocumented Afghans returned or were deported to Afghanistan between January and August 2017 (Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018).

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that there were around 200,000 Afghans in Punjab and 800,000 Afghans in Balochistan in 2005 (UNHCR, 2005). More recent figures indicate a total of 1.5 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan at the end of 2015, but this is not broken down by province (UNHCR, 2015). Pakistan is

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seeing to repatriate many of these refugees, but the repatriation has never been carried out in full, partly due to the fragile security situation in Afghanistan, where the continuing conflict displaced as many as 360,000 people in 2017 alone, according to the UN’s Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance.

According to the village elders from FGDs, migration is rare in the PAI in Punjab and Balochistan, accounting for just 2% or less of the population generally. In-migrants were reported to consist of Afghani and Pashto families, although official figures are difficult to source therefore it is not clear the number of Afghan or Pashto families in the PAI.

6.6.10.3 Nomadic People

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, nomads are officially defined as “persons without a fixed place of residence who move from one site to another, generally according to well-established patterns of territorial mobility”. In Pakistan, Baloch group of tribes speaking the Balochi language and estimated at about five million inhabitants in the province are recognized to be traditionally nomadic, but settled agricultural existence is becoming more common. In Pakistan the Baloch people are divided into two groups, the Sulaimani and the Makrani, separated from each other by a compact block of Brahui tribes. Their villages are collections of mud or stone huts, usually positioned on hills, with enclosures made of rough stone walls covered with matting to serve as temporary habitations. The Baloch raise camels, cattle, sheep, and goats and engage in carpet making and embroidery.

No nomads were observed in the PAI during the surveys, but this does not mean that they are not present during all or certain points of the year.

6.6.10.4 People with Disabilities

People with disabilities form Pakistan’s largest overlooked minority. There are various estimates of the number of people with disabilities living in Pakistan, ranging from 3.3 million to 20 million (1998). Although there is an overarching culture of sympathy for people with disabilities and there is a desire to help, the focus continues to be on a charity or a medical approach to disability. The grave lack of sensitivity when dealing with people with disability often means that they are denied access to even the most basic services. For women with disabilities, there is twice the amount of discrimination. This is also compounded by the fact that this is a largely agrarian area, where mobility issues are an even more pronounced disadvantage.

Per the household survey as summarized in Figure 6.6-14, very few parties in either province reported having a household member with a disability. However, given the stigma attached to disability in Pakistan, statistics for people with disabilities are likely to be underreported.

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Figure 6.6-14: Household Members with a Disability

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.11 Human Rights

Pakistan is a signatory to the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Seven Core human rights conventions that have been signed and ratified, including:

· International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); · International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); · Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); · Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); · Convention against Torture (CAT); · Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and · Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

Following the 18th Constitutional Amendment, Pakistan set in motion the devolution of federal ministries to the provinces. As a result of this, law-making powers now exist both at the federal and provincial level. One of the issues that immediately arose as a result of the devolution was a severe lack of coordination between the provinces and Federation, especially with regard to Pakistan’s obligations under international law. There was a great deal of confusion as to what obligations must be implemented at which level. Core among these obligations were the seven essential human rights treaties (RSIL, 2018).

Despite Pakistan being a signatory to these conventions, issues have still been reported (Amnesty International, 2018 and The Borgen Project, 2018) in relation to:

· Freedom of expression; · Intimidation of human rights activists;

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· Economic, social and cultural rights – included bonded labor in rural areas, lack of protection for workers in the informal economy and the gender pay gap; · LGBTI rights and associated harassment and violence; · Women’s rights - key legislation to protect women’s rights failed to be passed and enforcement of existing legislation was lacking; · Violence against women and girls, including killings by relatives in “honor” crimes; · Forced expulsion of Afghan refugees; and · Human rights violations by the security forces.

6.6.12 Economic Profile

6.6.12.1 National GDP

The GDP of Pakistan was US $283.66 billion in 2016. Pakistan’s GDP has gradually been increasing since 2012 but is low by global standards, as it is ranked 167 out of 198 countries in 2018 (Statistics Times, 2020). Pakistan’s GDP per capita is currently estimated at US $5,567 (2018 estimate). 29.5% of the population are classed as below the poverty line.

According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the majority of the population is engaged in the agriculture sector (43%), followed by manufacturing (14%), with the textile sector dominating in the manufacturing sector.

The main industries in Pakistan include textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, construction materials, paper products, and fertilizer. The main agricultural products include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, lamb, and eggs.

The service sector in Pakistan accounts for 56.3% of the GDP, agriculture 24.7%, and industry 19.1%. The industrial production growth rate was estimated at 5% in 2017.

6.6.12.2 Working Practices and Labor Rights

The informal economy2 in Pakistan is large, accounting for more than 73.3% of the employment outside of agriculture, more so in rural than in urban areas (ILO, 2018). These working practices mean it is difficult to track exchanges of time, labor, and goods as these occur unofficially and are therefore underreported.

According to ADB 2016 statistics, only about 25% of Pakistani women who have a university degree work outside the home. Almost 40% of women are not working, and in many instances, this is due to male family members not permitting them to work outside the home.

Pakistan has a high prevalence of child labor. The most recent ILO estimates indicate that 5.7 million of 10 to 17-year-olds, representing almost 20% of all children in this age group, are laborers, with more than two-thirds of those engaged within the agricultural

2 Not regulated or protected by the state, such as payments in cash or by barter

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sector in Pakistan. A similar proportion are in unpaid family work. Of the 15 to 17 years age group, 13.5% are engaged in hazardous work (ILO, 2015).

6.6.12.3 Economy and Livelihoods

6.6.12.3.1 Provincial Level - Punjab

Punjab Province accounts for approximately 60% of Pakistan’s total GDP. Agriculture and manufacturing are the most significant sources of income and Punjab is one of the more industrialized provinces of Pakistan. The province’s manufacturing industries produce textiles, machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, metals, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods (Britannica Place, 2018a).

6.6.12.3.2 Provincial Level - Balochistan

Agriculture is limited by the scarcity of water, power, and adequate transportation facilities. Wheat, sorghum, and rice are the major food crops, and fruits are the principal cash crops. Sheep raising employs the great majority of the population and occupies most of the land. Sheep provide a high-quality wool, part of which is exported. Almost all industry is small-scale, including cotton and wool manufacturing, food processing, carpet making, textile and leather embroidery, small machinery and appliance manufacturing, and handicrafts (Britannica Place, 2018b).

6.6.12.3.3 PAI Level

There is limited diversity in the livelihoods of surveyed households, as summarized in Table 6.6-17, with a third of males being students or scholars (30% of the total surveyed population) and an additional 27% being house-worker / care-giver. The designation of house-worker / care-giver covers all males that do not have a specific employment or occupation, but assist the family in a range of activities including farming, herding, trade, and home-care. Such a group are neither solely farmers, casual laborers, or care- givers, but a combination of the above.

Table 6.6-17: Population by Gender and Primary Occupation

Primary Occupation Punjab Balochistan Total M F T M F T M F T Pre-school Child 8 7 7 14 14 14 11 9 9 Student/Scholar 27 28 27 24 21 23 30 26 26 Crop Farmer 9 8 9 2 3 3 8 7 7 Livestock Farmer 3 3 3 0 1 0 3 2 2 House-Worker / Care-giver 27 29 28 18 20 19 28 27 26 Employed – Private Company 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Employed – Civil Servants 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 2 Contract Worker – Private Company 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Contract Worker – Civil Servants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Casual Laborer 8 8 8 6 6 6 9 7 7 Own Business / Trade 3 4 4 9 10 10 6 6 6 Retired (with pension) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Primary Occupation Punjab Balochistan Total M F T M F T M F T Retired (without pension) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disabled and Not-Employed 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 None 10 9 9 20 19 19 0 12 12

Notes: F = female M = male T = total Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Crop farming and livestock farming are only claimed by 9% of the total surveyed male population despite both being central livelihoods. This suggests that most males do not dedicate all their labor and time to a single livelihood, but adopt a range of activities. This may include farming, livestock rearing, formal and casual labor, and small businesses, which collectively account for 27% of all males.

The surveyed female population is comprised of students or scholars (26% of the surveyed female population). While young girls are generally defined as students or scholars, figures suggest that enrolment of females at all grades (both primary and secondary school) is very low so while they may fall into the general age category of scholar or student, it is equally likely that they remain at home and provide support as a house-worker / care-giver.

The elders in FGDs also noted that the majority of laborers in the PAI area work in farming, and landlords or property owners typically hire laborers on a daily salary basis.

6.6.12.4 Income

According to the survey, the average monthly combined income of all household members is PKR 48,560 in Punjab, which can be converted to a daily income per person of PKR 261 (approximately US $2), which is near the poverty line. A significant percentage of households reported higher income levels, at PKR 50,000 or higher (22.8%), PKR 75,000 or higher (10.3%), and PKR 100,000 or higher (6.5%), which indicates that there is a wealthy percentage of the population in the PAI as well.

According to the survey, the average monthly combined income of all household members is PKR 32,996 in Balochistan, which can be converted to a daily income per person of PKR 151 (approximately US $1.2), which is below the poverty line. A small percentage of households reported higher income levels, at PKR 50,000 or higher (12%), PKR 75,000 or higher (4.3%), and only one household at PKR 100,000 (0.27%). Household income in Balochistan was overall much lower than in Punjab.

6.6.12.5 Agricultural Products

6.6.12.5.1 National Level

Agriculture contributes 24.7% of Pakistan’s GDP, and is the main livelihood activity for income generation and household consumption. The main agricultural products

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produced in Pakistan are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, milk, beef, lamb, and eggs.

6.6.12.5.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Much of the Punjab Province once consisted of desert wastes that were unfavorable for settlement, but its character changed after an extensive network of irrigation canals was built in the early 20th century using the waters of the Indus River tributaries. The area of settlement, which had formerly been limited to the north and northeast, was enlarged to include the whole province, and now about three-quarters of the province’s cultivable land is irrigated. Wheat and cotton are the principal crops, with other crops grown on a smaller scale such as rice, sugarcane, millet, corn (maize), oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables. Livestock and poultry are also a key livelihood activity (ILO, 2018).

6.6.12.5.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

Balochistan still struggles to support extensive agricultural production due to the climate and scarcity of water. Livestock is more common, although this also presents challenges in terms of accessing fodder and water for animals.

6.6.12.5.4 PAI Level

There is minimal diversity in the crops being farmed by surveyed households with wheat being the dominant crop, farmed on 76% of all claimed farm plots, as summarized in Table 6.6-18). This is largely consistent in both Punjab and Balochistan. Wheat may be intercropped or farm plots partitioned to also grow other crops alongside wheat including cotton, fodder production, and to a lesser extent maize, mixed vegetables, millet and rice. None of these crops are farmed on a significant degree as a primary crop and account for only 1.2% of fields.

Fodder production is allocated to 8.6% of claimed fields in the Punjab Province, which may be related to the lack of open grazing land and that livestock are reared locally to households. Orchards are more common in Balochistan and account for 17% of all farmland, suggesting trees play an important role in an arid area that limits extensive crop production.

Table 6.6-18: Percent of Farmplots by Primary Crop Type

Land Ownership and Use Arrangement Punjab Balochistan Total Wheat 76.2 73.9 75.9 Rice 1.1 0.0 0.9 Maize 2.0 0.8 1.8 Cotton 5.6 0.0 4.7 Oilseeds 0.2 0.0 0.1 Groundnuts 0.2 0.0 0.1 Sorghum 0.0 0.0 0.0 Millet 1.4 0.0 1.2 Barley 0.3 0.0 0.3 Chickpea 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Land Ownership and Use Arrangement Punjab Balochistan Total Jawar / Bajra (millets) 1.5 2.5 1.7 Orchard / Trees 0.8 17.6 3.4 Mixed Vegetables 1.4 5.0 2.0 Fodder 8.6 0.0 7.3 Sugarcane 0.8 0.0 0.7 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Approximately 78% of households produce secondary crops. For households in Punjab Province, fodder, rice, and wheat collectively function as secondary crops on 15% of all claimed fields. For households in the Baluchistan Province, mixed vegetables, wheat, and rice are farmed as secondary crops on up to 52% of all farmland.

Less than 2% of surveyed household in the Punjab Province have established orchards, suggesting that this is not a central livelihood or commercial enterprise. The average tree holding of three to four trees per household in Punjab suggest that any tree produce is used to supplement household food with limited trade. Only Kikar, Sheesham, Ber are owned by any significant numbers and these primarily are used for their medicinal properties, timber, or fuel-wood, while Ber serves multiple purposes including fruit.

With respect to land preparation, most households (85% of all surveyed households) are reliant on rented tractors to till the farmland, as summarized in Table 6.6-19, although this is more common for households in the Punjab Province. Only 12% of households own their own private tractor. Households in Balochistan also commonly use rented tractors; however, there is also a greater use of community tractors.

A minimal number of households are reliant on draught animal or hand ploughing in the Punjab Province. These methods are however adopted by 7% of households in the Balochistan Province, and they are likely to the poorest households without ready access to private or community tractors.

Table 6.6-19: Percent of Farmplots by Types of Land Preparation

Land Preparation Punjab (%) Balochistan (%) Total (%) Personal Tractor 10.2 21.0 11.9 Rented Tractor 89.5 58.0 84.6 Community Tractor 0.2 13.4 2.2 Owned Draught Animals 0.0 0.8 0.1 Rented Draught Animals 0.0 0.0 0.0 Animals and Tractor 0.2 0.0 0.1 Hand Plough 0.0 6.7 1.0 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The GOP has invested heavily in the development of irrigation schemes in the Punjab Province, as summarized in Table 6.6-20, which has resulted in high density and extensive farming practices. This investment is reflected in the source of irrigation water, which is a combination of canal-water (13% of farmplots), borehole water (23% of farmplots) and a combination of the two (61% of farmplots).

The province of Balochistan has not benefited from similar levels of investment; hence, there is a substantial reliance of rain-fed irrigation (52% of farmplots) and borehole

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water (36% of farmplots). The scarcity of water is likely the major limiting factor in supporting crop agriculture in the province.

Table 6.6-20: Percent of Farmplots by Types of Irrigation Water Source

Land Preparation Punjab (%) Balochistan (%) Total (%) Rain Fed 0.2 51.7 8.1 Canal (Government) 12.5 1.7 10.9 Canal (Private) 1.4 1.7 1.4 Boreholes 23.1 35.8 25.1 Wells 0.0 4.2 0.6 Canal and Borehole 61.3 3.3 52.3 Canal and Wells 1.5 0.8 1.4 Water Tanks 0.0 0.8 0.1 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The conventional irrigation method of controlled flooding of fields is used for 45% of fields in the Punjab Province, as summarized in Table 6.6-21, and a lesser extent in the Balochistan Province (24% of fields). The remaining fields utilized either furrow or basin irrigation, with the former more common in the Punjab Province, while the latter is more commonly used in the Balochistan Province.

Table 6.6-21: Percent of Farmplots by Irrigation Method

Irrigation Method Punjab (%) Balochistan (%) Total (%) Wild Flooding 45.1 23.5 41.7 Furrow 44.9 28.6 42.4 Basin 10.0 47.9 15.9 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Land preparation, sowing, tending, and harvesting are predominately undertaken by males, as summarized in Table 6.6-22, while approximately 6% of surveyed households rely on local hired labor or seasonal laborers. Few households (approximately 3%) have females providing support; however, where this is done, the support extends through land preparation, sowing and tending crops, and harvesting, but not trade. Trade remains a sole preserve of males. Table 6.6-22: Percent of Households by Breakdown of Farm Labor

Description Clearing Sowing Irrigation Weeding Harvesting Trade in Land Produce Males 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.23 44.8 Females 3.2 3.3 2.8 4.2 5.0 0.1 Children 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 Other Family Member 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Hired Local Labor 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.7 7.6 0.6 Community Members 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.12.6 Livestock Rearing

Livestock rearing is a supplementary livelihood activity undertaken in conjunction with crop cultivation; however, it is only adopted by up to half of surveyed households, as

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summarized in Table 6.6-23. Buffalo, cattle, and goats are the only livestock reared by any significant number of households; however, this is largely limited to the Punjab Province, likely because of the greater availability of fodder production and water.

Table 6.6-23: Average Livestock Holdings per Household Livestock Type Punjab Balochistan Total % of Average % of Average % of Average Households Holdings Households Holdings Households Holdings Buffalo 33.0 4 2.7 2 25.3 4 Cattle 45.1 3 28.5 2 40.9 3 Goats 23.8 5 34.9 4 26.6 5 Sheep 3.5 8 12.9 8 5.9 8 Camel 0.5 1 0.3 2 0.4 1 Mules, Donkeys 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.1 1 Chickens 8.3 8 22.8 7 12.0 14 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The average holdings of only 3 to 4 buffalo or cattle per household suggest that the rearing of this livestock is not undertaken on a commercial basis. Rather, surveyed households in the Punjab Province claim that the livestock are used to supplement household food and generate income from trade, as summarized in Table 6.6-24. Household in the Balochistan Province near exclusively rely on buffalo and cattle for household food.

Goats are reared by 23% and 34% of households in the Punjab and Balochistan Province, respectively. Again, average holdings are low with 4 to 5 goats per households. Goats are likely used to secure both household food needs and trade, as summarized in Table 6.6-24. However, there is a greater emphasis on trade in the Punjab Province, while goats reared by households in the Balochistan Province near exclusively use them as food.

Table 6.6-24: Percent of Livestock Holdings by Use

Livestock Type Punjab Balochistan Total Food Trade Food and Food Trade Food and Food Trade Food and Trade Trade Trade Buffalo 32.7 3.4 64.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 34.5 3.3 62.2 Cattle 34.5 3.9 61.6 95.3 2.8 1.9 45.3 3.7 51.0 Goats 37.6 17.3 45.1 97.7 0.8 1.6 57.8 11.7 30.5 Sheep 21.6 43.2 35.1 91.7 4.2 4.2 61.2 21.2 17.6 Camel 25.0 25.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 50.0 Donkeys 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chickens 70.0 4.4 25.6 98.8 0.0 1.2 84.0 2.3 13.7 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The rearing of chickens is not commonly adopted by surveyed households – only 8% and 22% of households in the Punjab and Balochistan Province, respectively, as summarized in Table 6.6-23, and again average holdings are not high (8 chickens per household). Chicken are mostly used as household food with few households claiming to trade in chickens, as summarized in Table 6.6-24.

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The above information suggests that households in the Punjab Province are better able to rear livestock with the aim of supporting trade. A key aspect to livestock rearing is the ability to secure grazing land or enough fodder, and there are different approaches adopted in the Punjab and Balochistan Provinces. Both provinces permit both larger and small livestock to graze in and around the homestead.

Households in the Punjab Province also utilize private, state, or communal grazing land, which collectively accounts for 15% of all grazed large livestock. Given that land is extensively parceled into agricultural plots, the various state and communal land are likely to comprise of open and unclaimed wasteland interspersed between crop fields.

Households in the Punjab Province have a greater dependency on fodder, and fodder production is an important secondary crop. This suggests that there is significant pressure on local private and communal grazing land, and households are required to actively grow fodder to sustain small numbers of livestock.

Households in Balochistan rely on a small diversity of grazing sources. Livestock are permitted to graze in and around the homestead; however, nearly a third of larger livestock (buffalo and cattle) are grazing on private pastureland, with minimal reliance on state or communal land. This suggests that households actively demarcate pastureland and where possible, secure exclusive user rights to such land.

Livestock rearing is nearly exclusively a male activity, and this includes both young boys and adult males, as summarized in Table 6.6-25. Women provide some support; however, this is generally restricted to smaller livestock (such as chickens and goats) around the homestead, while males may focus on both small and large livestock. As livestock rearing is largely non-commercial in nature, external labor (such as herdsmen) is not commonly used.

Table 6.6-25: Percentage Breakdown of Labor by Relation

Description Herding Watering Feeding Selling Produce Males 82.2 79.1 79.6 84.9 Females 15.3 17.1 16.8 2.0 Children 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.2 Other Family Member 0.4 0.5 0.4 12.5 Hired Local labor 1.4 1.9 2.0 0.5 Community Members 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.12.7 Wage Employment

Income from wage employment is largely limited for surveyed households, as summarized in Error! Reference source not found.. Few households (less than 10% of surveyed households) support a person that is employed (including regular employee, casual, or peace-meal) and most are employed in the informal sector. There is also no significant variation in employment figures between the Punjab and Balochistan Provinces.

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Economic productivity centers on self-employment via small-scale agriculture (7.4% of surveyed population) and non-agriculture activities such as small-scale trade and service provision (5.4% of surveyed households). Again, nearly all forms of self- employment are limited to the informal sectors, as summarized in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 6.6-26: Percent of Population by Employment Status

Employment Status Punjab Balochistan Total F I F I F I Employer 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Self-Employed (Agriculture) 0.0 9.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 7.4 Self-Employed (Non-Agriculture) 0.0 3.7 0.1 9.1 0.1 5.3 Contributing Family Worker 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Employee (Regular, casual and peace-meal) 2.0 7.8 2.4 6.0 2.1 7.3 Unemployed (without work and seeking work) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 Not Economically Active 76.7 79.4 77.4 Notes: F = Formal Sector I = Informal Sector Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s Subcontractor, 2018

6.6.13 Land Use

Land use in Pakistan and in the provinces of Punjab and Balochistan is included in Table 6.6-27. It is apparent that Balochistan has a much lower proportion of agricultural land use than Punjab, but a similar proportion of rangeland. The predominant land classification in Balochistan is exposed rocks (barren land) at 47.3% of the land area. The predominant land use in Punjab is agricultural land at 49.2% of the land area. Overall Punjab has 61% of the agricultural land of Pakistan. Table 6.6-27: Land Use Classification in Pakistan

Land Use/Land Cover Balochistan Punjab Pakistan Thousand ha % Thousand ha % Thousand ha % Forest 508.1 1.46 855.1 4.1 4523.4 5.4 Rangeland 9255.8 26.7 5385.7 26.1 22451.3 26.9 Agricultural 822.2 2.37 10143.4 49.2 16604.7 19.9 Open/Fallow 4494.7 12.9 1618.8 7.8 8315.5 10.0 Exposed Rocks 16425.1 47.3 318.4 1.5 20396 24.4 Desert 3189.4 9.2 1796.9 8.7 8127.1 9.7 Built-up 6.7 <0.02 196.6 0.95 319.9 0.38 Waterlogged/Saline 15.2 0.04 130.4 0.63 440.1 0.53 Water Bodies 1.8 <0.01 179.8 0.87 417.6 0.50 Snow/Glaciers 0 0 0 0 1829.6 2.2 Total 34,719 100 20,625.1 100 83,425.2 100 Source: Land Atlas of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment, 2009

As reported in Section 6.5. Ecology and Biodiversity Baseline, agricultural land use within the 500 m corridor is 7.3% in Balochistan, and 75% in Punjab, both of which are higher than the provincial analysis. Rangeland in the 500 m corridor at 2.7% in Balochistan and 4.7% in Punjab are much lower than the provincial analysis. Barren land/hills in the corridor at 80% in Balochistan and 12.4% in Punjab suggest some

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differences in the classifications and the associated analysis therefore differs somewhat.

6.6.14 Land Tenure

Details of the legislative framework for Pakistan are included in Chapter 4. Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Analysis. Land in Pakistan is administered by the Board of Revenue of the Provincial Governments. Land administration has been devolved to multiple administrative levels from province to individual villages, which has resulted in a complex arrangement of land administration.

The most basic unit of land administration is a village and a group of villages forms a Patwar Circle headed by a Patwari. The Patwari plays a key role in land administration as they are the custodians of all records of land rights of people in their Patwar Circle. The Patwari is required to maintain an updated record of ownership and tenancies and is directly involved in the process of land acquisition.

The Land Acquisition Act 1894 grants the legal power for the state to compulsorily acquire land for public and commercial purposes. A key provision of the Act is the definition of land, which not only includes the land itself, but also states that “the benefits to arise out of the land, and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the land”. This extends the definition of land to cover all assets (such as structures and infrastructures) on the land and any improvements made to the land.

The economy of Pakistan is mainly dependent on agriculture which is mainly owned by small farm householders. The rapidly increasing population and stagnant agricultural growth coupled with other economic issues are threatening food security and livelihood of the rural population in Pakistan. Land ownership in Pakistan includes state land, village common land, and private land. State land is owned by the relevant state ministry, department or public entity with formalized ownership of the affected land. Village common land includes any village that is recognized by the state as owner of common or village land. Private land is owned by persons with full rights under law, or similar legally recognized rights.

Land is either owned or rented, 78% of the holdings are owned, 14% are rented and the remainder is under more than one form of tenure. The government owns about 0.15% percent of the total land area. 50% of farmers are owner-operators and 26% are pure tenants (FAO, 2018). Tenancy contracts guarantee tenants with land, credit, access to irrigation networks and agricultural input in exchange for their labor on the farms owned by a landlord. The most frequent system of tenancy is sharecropping - batai - in which the produce is shared by the landlord and the tenant, usually at a 50% rate. Leases are mostly without contracts, for one year or one season only; often they might be prolonged for a longer period but without security for the tenant.

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6.6.14.1 Provincial Level

The ratio of cultivated area to geographical area in Punjab is 61%, compared with 6% in Balochistan, mainly due to scarcity of water in the province.

In Punjab 79% of land holdings are owned and 10% are rented, compared with 83% and 15% in Balochistan respectively.

6.6.14.2 PAI Level

Common types of land tenure in the PAI are illustrated in Figure 6.6-15 for Punjab and Figure 6.6-16 for Balochistan.

The various classifications of tenure are defined as follows:

· Titleholders are defined as private land with documented title (Intiqal), which is a document from the Board of Revenue confirming land rights; · Tenants have some form of lease agreement to use the land, this may be documented or may be more informal; · Traditional rights are normally recorded in the form of a Wajib-ul-Arz (village administrative papers); and · None means none of the above. Figure 6.6-15: Types of Land Tenure in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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Figure 6.6-16: Types of Land Tenure in the Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The majority of households in both provinces in the PAI regard themselves as titleholders to their land. Traditional rights holders are the second highest classification with 20% in Punjab compared with 7% in Balochistan. There are more tenants in Punjab at 6%, and half of them replied that they have no rights.

Across the household survey in the Punjab PAI, 10.7% of the respondents had no proof of tenure. Having no proof of tenure was lower in the Balochistan PAI at 7.0%.

6.6.15 Health Profile

6.6.15.1 National Level

The health sector in Pakistan is managed jointly by the Federal Ministry of Health and the Provincial Health Ministry of each respective province. Health expenditure accounts for 2.6% of Pakistan’s GDP.

The first national health facility assessment for Pakistan was published in 2012 (Technical Resource Facility, 2012). This study listed 6,022 facilities nationally and assessed 2,018 of them. The major issues faced by the facilities were due to the lack of maternal, newborn, and child health related staff at the facilities, like women medical officers at rural health centers and specialists. Staff availability for 24/7 care in general was also identified as a major issue.

According to the World Bank, Pakistan has 0.6 hospital beds per 1,000 population in 2012, 0.2 physicians per 1,000, and 0.5 nurses and midwifes per 1,000.

Pakistan has a mixed health system that includes public, parastatal, private, civil society, philanthropic contributors, and donor agencies. In Pakistan, healthcare delivery to the consumers is systematized through four modes of preventive, promotive,

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curative, and rehabilitative services. The private sector provides healthcare for 70% of the population through a diverse group of trained health team members to traditional faith healers (Kumar and Bano, 2017). Recent data on patient satisfaction was not available but the high proportion of private sector medical facilities suggests dissatisfaction with public services.

Wide disparities exist between rural and urban areas, with better access to health services in urban areas. Life expectancy at birth is currently 68.1 years and Pakistan ranks 23rd in the world for deaths of children under five, with 89 deaths out of every 1,000.

The WHO health profile for Pakistan lists ischaemic heart disease as the biggest cause of death in Pakistan at 8.4%, followed by lower respiratory infections (7.8%), stroke (6.8%), and pre-term birth complications (5.8%). Malnutrition is a major contributor to illness in all provinces (WHO, 2015).

6.6.15.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Despite an extensive network of healthcare facilities in the Punjab, the health status of the people of this province is below the national average. According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, there are a total of 368 hospitals, 1,325 dispensaries and 280 maternity centers in Punjab. A total of 57,648 hospital beds in the province to cater to the needs of the population.

Currently, about four million children are considered to be malnourished in Punjab, with 14% suffering from acute malnutrition, and about a third of all pregnant women estimated to have anaemia (iron deficiency). Over 34% of children under the age of five are below their developmental milestones for growth, over 10% of children are underweighted for their age, and 50% are anaemic. Malnutrition is a major contributor to infant and maternal deaths. The child mortality rate in Punjab Province is 104 deaths out of every 100,000.

Poor health status in Punjab is in part explained by poverty, low levels of education especially for women, low economic status of women, inadequate sanitation and potable water facilities, and low spending/expenditure on health even by Asian standards (0.7% as compared to 1.3% in the rest of Asia (WHO, 2015). There are also serious deficiencies in health services, in both the public and private sectors.

6.6.15.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

The Department for Health under the Government of Balochistan is responsible for the provision of health services in the province. Provision and access to healthcare is low in the province. As of 2016, there are a total of 127 hospitals, 567 dispensaries, and 96 maternity centers in Balochistan, and 7,541 beds to cater to the needs of the population. The hospitals are located at only the major population centers of the province, far from the villages. Often complications arise due to the long travelling distances to hospitals and mother and child health centers (MCHs), which result in death.

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Balochistan Province has the highest child and maternal mortality rate in Pakistan. Child mortality is 111 deaths out of every 1,000 and 16% of children are malnourished, with 52% below the developmental milestones for their age, and 39.6% underweight for their age (WHO, 2015 and CIA World Factbook, 2018). Malnutrition is a major contributor to the high mortality rate, particularly in children.

6.6.15.4 Mortality and Morbidity

The life expectancy in Pakistan for the total population is 68.1 years. The life expectancy for females is 70.1 years, and for males it is 66.1 years. The death rate is 6.3 deaths per 1,000 people (2017).

The infant mortality rate is 52.1 deaths for every 1,000 live births. This is similar for both males and females, with 55.2 deaths per 1,000 live births for males and 48.8 deaths for every 1,000 live births for females. The maternal mortality rate is 178 deaths for every 100,000 live births (2015 estimate). Pakistan is ranked as the 53rd country worldwide for maternal mortality rates out of 183 counties (CIA World Fact Book, 2018). The infant mortality rate in Punjab Province is 65 deaths per 1,000 live births, whilst in Balochistan Province it is 111 deaths per 1,000 live births.

No data is available for the PAI.

6.6.15.5 Incidence of Infectious and Chronic Diseases

6.6.15.5.1 National Level

Pakistan’s risk of major infectious diseases is classified as high (CIA World Factbook, 2018). Diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene account for 110 deaths of children under five every day. The most prevalent infectious diseases in Pakistan include:

· Acute respiratory infection (51%); · Malaria (16%); · Diarrhoea (15%); · Dysentery (8%); and · Scabies (7%).

The major food or waterborne diseases in Pakistan are bacterial diarrhoea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever. Vector borne diseases include dengue fever and malaria, with animal contact diseases including rabies.

Along with Afghanistan, Pakistan remains one of the only two countries left on the polio- endemic nations list. It accounts for more than half of the global polio cases. The virus remains active in three core reservoir zones – the Khyber-Peshawar corridor, Karachi and the Quetta block as well as areas outside of the core reservoirs zones including northern Sindh and Bannu district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Quetta block consists of Quetta, Pishin, and Killa Abdhulla in the northern Balochistan Province where the

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pipeline route is planned. Pakistan has been implementing a program to stop the spread of polio in the country (End Polio, 2018).

According to the WHO (2020), chronic diseases account for approximately 42% of deaths in Pakistan. Prevalent chronic diseases in Pakistan include heart disease, strokes, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. It is estimated that cardiovascular diseases accounts for 22% of all deaths caused by chronic diseases, cancer 6%, chronic respiratory disease 5%, diabetes 1%, and other chronic diseases 8% (WHO, 2020).

6.6.15.5.2 Provincial Level

No incidence data by province was available.

6.6.15.5.3 PAI Level

On the basis of the household survey in the PAI, the communicable and non- communicable disease incidence reported in the previous 6-month period is provided in Table 6.6-28. The most prevalent diseases nationally are also the most prevalent in the PAI. It is notable that the reported incidence in Balochistan PAI for many of the most prevalent diseases was lower than in Punjab PAI. The reason for this is unclear.

Table 6.6-28: Disease Incidence in the PAI over the Previous 6 Months

Disease Punjab PAI Balochistan PAI People Affected % Incidence People Affected % Incidence Respiratory Infections 903 13 95 3.5 Malaria 813 12 282 10 Dysentery 505 7.5 77 2.9 Diarrhoea 291 4.3 22 0.81 Scabies 190 2.8 13 0.48 Hypertension 168 2.5 145 5.5 Hepatitis 153 2.3 13 0.48 Heart Disease/ Attack 68 1.0 18 0.67 Kidney Disease 57 0.85 70 2.6 Bone Disease 49 0.73 34 1.26 Eye Disease/Cataract 43 0.64 58 2.2 Tuberculosis/Lung Disease 23 0.34 10 0.37 Mental/Physical Disability 21 0.31 27 1.0 Malnourishment 5 <0.1 13 0.48 Population Surveyed 6722 2699 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.15.6 Diet and Nutrition

The main staple food in Pakistan is cereals. Milk consumption is high, whist the consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish is low (FAO, 2010). The consumption of fruit and vegetables is limited as it is highly dependent on seasonal variation, and there is a shortage of markets for fresh produce.

Many Pakistani children are faced with long-term nutritional deprivation, due to poverty, food insecurity, poor health services, illnesses linked to hygiene such as diarrhoea, and poor feeding practices. About 44% of Pakistani children suffer from stunting, indicating

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chronic malnutrition. At 15%, the proportion of children who suffer from wasting, indicating acute malnutrition, exceeds the international emergency threshold (UNICEF, 2018).

In the Punjab PAI less than 0.1% (5 people) in the surveyed population reported malnutrition within the last 6 months, and 0.48% (13 people) in the Balochistan PAI.

6.6.15.7 Food Security

6.6.15.7.1 National Level

The proportion of the population of Pakistan that faces food insecurity from a nutrition survey in 2018 is 36.9% (World Food Programme, 2020). According to the 2013 UN Millennium Development Goals progress report for Pakistan, Pakistan is still struggling to attain its goals to eradicate hunger and poverty. The number of underweight children under five years is high, as is the proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption (UNDP, 2014).

6.6.15.7.2 PAI Level

Per the household survey, residents of Punjab are more likely to be faced with hunger or food insecurity than Balochistan, with the percentage reporting hunger for one month per year being 0.5% for Balochistan and 1.1% for Punjab, which is quite low.

6.6.15.8 Mental Health and Wellbeing

6.6.15.8.1 National Level

Overall prevalence of depressive disorder and anxiety in Pakistan is high at 34%. Inaccessibility to mental healthcare facilities is due to stigmatization of patients as “crazy”, stereotyping mental illnesses and negative association of mentally ill people with ‘Pir Babas’ and ‘hakims’. One deeply rooted barrier to mental health is the cultural belief system in Pakistan, due to which mental illness is often associated with supernatural forces, and thus tagging them as witchcraft, possession, and black magic. In Pakistan, about 53% patients attributed their disease to control by evil spirits. In addition to this, families often hide the mental illness to prevent the sufferer from being an object of discussion in the society (JPMS, 2018).

The national suicide rate is 9.3 per 100,000 people per year. Mental health disorders in the population have been rising in recent years (WHO, 2009). Lack of official statistics for suicide prevents the problem being recognized. Since suicide and deliberate self- harm remain criminal acts in Pakistan, this further poses a challenge in accurate data collection. Studies have reported a discrepancy in reported rates between newspaper reports and police data (Shekhani et. al, 2018).

A mental health policy was enacted in 2001 and was revised in 2003 and 2006. The policy includes an emergency preparedness plan for mental health, access to mental healthcare, competency, capacity and guardian issues, rights of mental healthcare

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consumers, voluntary and involuntary treatment and law enforcement. The National Mental Health Authority provides advice to the government on mental health policies and legislation.

The mental health services in Pakistan includes outpatient mental health facilities, including child and adolescent facilities, mental health mobile teams, community based psychiatric inpatient facilities, and country mental health hospitals. Mental health resources are scarce in particular in rural areas, where the majority of the population lives (66%) (Heartfile, 2007).

6.6.15.8.2 Provincial Level

The province-wide prevalence of depressive disorder and anxiety is: Balochistan 40%, Sindh 16%, Punjab 8%, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 5%. No other provincial data was available.

6.6.15.8.3 PAI Level

Within the surveyed population of the PAI, 0.31% in Punjab reported mental and physical disability issues and 1% in Balochistan. This is likely underreported due the stigma associated with disability. No mental health facilities were reportedly available in the PAI.

6.6.15.9 Access to Healthcare Services

6.6.15.9.1 National Level

The healthcare sector in Pakistan consists of both a private and public sector. The private sector serves nearly 70% of the population, is primarily a fee for service system and covers a range of healthcare provision, from trained allopathic physicians to faith healers operating in the informal private sector. Neither private nor non-government sectors work within a regulatory framework and very little information is available regarding the extent of human, physical, and financial resources involved.

A survey by the Federal Bureau of Statistics indicated that about 50% of the basic health units were without doctors and that about 70% of government health facilities were without any female staff. Even when attending the government funded system, a patient is expected to cover various costs, user’s charges, and medication and consumables. With more than 25% of the population below the poverty line of less than US $1 a day, many spend catastrophically and are pushed into the medical poverty trap, or worst, do not receive any care (Pakistan Observer, 2018).

Many children in Pakistan are suffering from nutritional disorders, which is common and particularly effect women and children. According to statistics, 27 infant deaths occur per 1,000, 19 child deaths per 1,000, and 11% babies are born with low birth weight. Child mortality in Pakistan is a major cause of concern, with every 1 in 10 children dying before reaching the age of five and 1 in 30 just after they are born. Pneumonia and air pollution seem to be the factors affecting the health of the children. On the other hand,

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women in rural Pakistan have lesser access to healthcare than men, because of the absence of female doctors. Factors like lack of awareness regarding women’s health requirements, low literacy ratio, low social status, and civil constrains on females are responsible for women’s below-standard health. Pakistan is a signatory to the UN mandate of the Millennium Development Goals, which were to be attained by 2015. While there have been successes in some areas, the country has not fared well in health-related goals.

6.6.15.9.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

The Health Department is responsible for community health facilities in Punjab. The Health Department delivers healthcare services from primary to specialized healthcare. The following healthcare infrastructure facilities are located in Punjab Province (WHO, 2017):

· 2,454 Basic Health Units (BHUs), which are the minimum degree of healthcare considered necessary to maintain adequate health and protection from disease, including outpatient facilities; · 291 Rural Health Centers (RHCs); · 84 Tehsil Headquarter Hospitals (THQs); and · 34 District Headquarter Hospitals (DHQs).

6.6.15.9.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

Healthcare services in Balochistan are delivered by both public and private providers, however the government is the main provider of healthcare. Healthcare services are provided through a tiered referral system of health care facilities. Primary care facilities include BHUs, RHCs, government rural dispensaries, MCHs and TB centers. THQs and DHQs provide specialized secondary healthcare.

The following healthcare infrastructure facilities are located in Balochistan Province (WHO, 2017):

· 549 BHUs; · 82 RHCs; · 10 THQs; and · 27 DHQs.

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6.6.15.9.4 Punjab PAI

Households within the Punjab PAI reported use of various healthcare facilities as shown in Figure 6.6-17.

Figure 6.6-17: Healthcare Facilities Used in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The use of private doctors and hospitals is high with more than one third of surveyed households using these facilities. The village elders reported that 60% of the villages lacked healthcare facilities.

Per the household survey as summarized in Figure 6.6-18, the average household travels more than 30 minutes to access healthcare in Punjab.

Figure 6.6-18: Household Survey Access to Healthcare in Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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6.6.15.9.5 Balochistan PAI

Households within the Balochistan PAI reported use of the healthcare facilities as shown in Figure 6.6-19.

Figure 6.6-19: Healthcare Facilities Used in the Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The use of government doctors and hospitals is much higher with more than two thirds of the surveyed households using these facilities. The village elders along the entire PAI reported that 60% of the villages lacked healthcare facilities, which is the same for Punjab. Per the household survey as summarized in Figure 6.6-20, the average household travels 10 to 30 minutes to access healthcare in Balochistan. Figure 6.6-20: Household Survey Access to Healthcare Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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6.6.16 Educational Profile

Education in Pakistan is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Education and provincial governments. To cope with the demand for education, the GOP has encouraged investment in education in the private sector, which has contributed significantly to improving primary, secondary, and university-level education (Institute of Social and Policy Sciences, 2010). The GOP’s Five-Year Development Plan (2010-2015) set the priorities of providing free and high-quality, basic-level education (Grades 1 to 8) and expanding equitable and participatory access to high-quality education to the secondary level (Grades 9 to 12).

As part of its commitment to the Dakar Framework for Action 2000, Pakistan has adopted an “education for all” strategy. Recently, various measures have been adopted to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals target of ensuring universal primary education by 2015, whereby all children (and particularly girls, children in disadvantaged situations, and children from ethnic minority groups) have access to compulsory and good-quality primary education. The literacy rate in Pakistan is 57.9%, 69.5% of males are classified as literate in comparison to 45.8% females. Education expenditure accounts for 2.8% of Pakistan’s GDP (CIA World Factbook, 2018).

6.6.16.1 Educational Attainment

6.6.16.1.1 National Level

As of 2010, 17.25 % of those aged 15 or above had completed primary level education. Nearly 24 million children (50% of the school-aged population) are reported to be out- of-school.

The extremely low level of public investment in education (2.68% as of 2015) is considered the major cause of the poor performance of Pakistan’s educational sector. In addition, the allocation of government funds favors higher education, so that the benefits of public funding for education are largely experienced by more affluent people.

Educational attainment in Pakistan remains low, with only approximately 60% of children completing primary school. Single sex education is preferred, particularly in rural areas, and there is a disparity between male and female education levels. It is estimated that 53% of women have never been to school, whereas 22% have completed primary school, 9% have completed middle school, and 16% have secondary education or higher.

A comparison of educational attainment levels shows that although the percentage of women with no education has not changed, the proportion of women completing middle school or above has increased over time. The proportion of females with no schooling is lowest in the 10 to 14 age group and gradually increases in subsequent age groups. Completion of primary, middle, and secondary school is highest in the 15 to 19 age group, indicating that school attendance and continuation of education up to secondary levels have improved among younger females in recent years. These results may

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reflect the impact of recent efforts to promote universal primary education, with a particular focus on girls.

6.6.16.1.2 Provincial Level

The literacy rate in Punjab Province is 58%, while in Balochistan Province it is 43%, the lowest in Pakistan. Balochistan is home to the highest proportion of out-of-school children.

The proportion of the female population with no education is higher in rural areas (63%) than in urban areas (33%). Among regions, Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory have the lowest percentages of women with no schooling (47% and 22%, respectively), whereas Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have the highest percentages (72% and 63%, respectively). There is a strong correlation between income and educational attainment. Women in the highest wealth quintile (79%) are more likely to be educated than women in the lowest quintile (14%).

6.6.16.1.3 PAI Level

Per the household survey, 44% of the population in the survey area are illiterate and 29% have only completed primary school educational. The PAI level data for Punjab is shown in Figure 6.6-21 and for Balochistan in Figure 6.6-22.

Figure 6.6-21: Educational Attainment Level in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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Figure 6.6-22: Educational Attainment Level in the Balochistan PA

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

It is apparent that there are significant differences between the two provinces with much higher rates of illiteracy and much lower rates of primary, middle, and higher education in Balochistan. Graduate and Master’s level education was slightly higher in Balochistan at 2.7%, compared with 2.14% in Punjab, but overall both are low. The percentage with primary school education in Balochistan at 17.9% is comparable with the national value, with Punjab at 33.2% is much higher than the national average.

The village elders commented that a major constraint in their communities was lack of access to education for the majority of the population, and especially girls.

6.6.16.2 Educational Infrastructure

6.6.16.2.1 National Level

Pakistan has approximately 260,900 educational institutions. The large majority of these (69%) are government run and 31% are private.

6.6.16.2.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

There are approximately 28,670 male schools and 24,260 female government-run schools in Punjab Province, including primary, middle, high schools and higher educational sector schools, with 11.3 million pupils attending school. 47% of students in Punjab are out of school.

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6.6.16.2.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

There are approximately 13,000 government run schools consisting of primary, middle, and high schools, and 1.3 million female and male students. It is estimated that 1.7 million children (66% of the population) in Balochistan Province do not attend school, and two out of three females of school age do not attend school. Many schools consist of just one room for a multi grade system.

6.6.16.3 Vocational Training

6.6.16.3.1 National Level

Vocational education is controlled by the Pakistani Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority, which aims to provide both technical and vocational training institutes across the provinces of Pakistan. Vocational education focuses on trades that are required in the local communities such as electricians, plumbing, agriculture, auto mechanics, computer applications, and surveyors are available. Vocational education also includes basic language and literacy skills.

6.6.16.3.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

The Punjab Vocational Training Council is the largest vocational training provider in Pakistan. Approximately 200,000 students a year attend vocational training courses with a gender ratio of 2:3 female to male (PVTC, 2018). No PAI data is available.

6.6.16.3.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

There are currently 58 female, 48 male, and 18 mixed gender vocational institutes operating in Balochistan Province. There are nine male and two female technical institutes in Balochistan Province (Skilling Pakistan, 2018). Provincial level information on vocational programs is limited. No PAI data is available.

6.6.17 Access, Services, and Infrastructure

6.6.17.1 Access to Drinking Water

6.6.17.1.1 National Level

Although there have been improvements in recent years, Pakistan is facing a decrease in per capita water availability due to the rapid increase in population. The water shortage and increasing competition for multiple uses of water has adversely affected the quality of water. A report by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) indicates that 44% of the total population in Pakistan is without access to safe drinking water, whereas in rural areas 90% of the population lacks such access. The PCRWR launched a national water quality monitoring program, which covered water sampling and their analysis from 21 major cities. The water samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological contamination. Results showed that most of the samples in all four provinces are microbiologically contaminated.

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Arsenic problem is major in cities of Punjab, nitrate contamination in Balochistan, iron contamination in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and higher turbidity values found in water samples in Sindh.

6.6.17.1.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Only 43% of people in urban areas and 13% of people in rural areas have access to tap water in Punjab. The main sources of water are hand pumps and turbines, which often supply contaminated water.

6.6.17.1.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

The province sees low rainfall, which has led to drought and water shortages in recent years. In rural areas only approximately 15% of the population have access to piped water, and the water shortages are common in both rural and urban areas.

6.6.17.1.4 Punjab PAI

In the Punjab PAI the following water sources (Figure 6.6-23) were reported by the household survey, which shows a dependence on private boreholes/tubewells. 98% of water for the households in the PAI was collected by women.

Figure 6.6-23: Drinking Water Sources in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.17.1.5 Balochistan PAI

Based on FGDs, the village elders stated that in terms of economics, the biggest challenge in the PAI community was noted as being drought related. The following water sources (Figure 6.6-24) were reported by the household survey. This shows a wide diversity of water sources including rivers and streams as well as groundwater.

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In the Balochistan PAI, 48% of water for the households in the PAI was collected by women and 52% by men, which is quite different from Punjab. This may be related to restrictions on the movement of women in Balochistan.

Figure 6.6-24: Drinking Water Sources in the Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.17.2 Sanitation

6.6.17.2.1 National Level

It is estimated that 79 million people in Pakistan do not have access to sanitation facilities (Water Aid, 2018), with only 58% of the population having access to sanitation. The remaining 42% of the population do have access to sanitation facilities, including flush toilet facilities.

6.6.17.2.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

In Punjab, approximately 72% of the population have access to sanitation facilities, which is higher than the national average. In urban areas 98% of the population have flush toilets, compared to 66% in rural areas. 18% of the population have no toilet facilities (WASH, 2015).

Figure 6.6-25 includes the sanitation types reported in the household survey in the Punjab PAI.

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Figure 6.6-25: Sanitation Types Used in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

It is notable that only 21% of households have a flush toilet connected to a sewerage system, and 51% have a flush toilet connected to a septic tank. The balance use pit latrines, soak pits, or other.

6.6.17.2.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

It is estimated that 40% of the population of Balochistan Province have access to adequate sanitary facilities (WASH, 2015), with 91% in urban areas as compared to 29% in rural areas. 60% of the population do not have access to toilet facilities.

Figure 6.6-26 includes the sanitation types reported in the household survey in Balochistan. The distribution of sanitation methods in use is very similar to Punjab.

Figure 6.6-26: Sanitation Types Used in the Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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6.6.17.3 Energy

6.6.17.3.1 National Level

Fossil fuels account for 64% of Pakistan’s energy supply, made up of both oil and gas. There are four main power plants in Pakistan, with three currently under construction. Hydroelectric power makes up 29% of the energy supply, and nuclear power 5.8%. The current electricity demand of the country is 25,000 megawatts (MW) and is projected to increase to 40,000 MW in 2030. However, the electricity supply remains between 18,000 and 20,000 MW causing an electricity deficit of 5,000 to 7,000 MW. Energy shortages in Pakistan have led to protests by local communities. It is estimated that 51 million people in Pakistan do not currently have access to electricity, and 20% of all villages are not connected to the energy grid. The majority of the remaining population who do have access to electricity do not have a reliable source, with blackouts and shortages common.

Across Pakistan, only 61% of the rural population has access to electricity. Cylinder gas is prevalent in villages (Energypedia, 2018), with 68.8% of the population in villages having access to this energy source.

The main fuel for cooking and heating in rural Pakistan is biomass, with 63% of the population relying on fuel of this nature. Biomass includes wood, dung cakes and agricultural waste (Energypedia, 2018).

6.6.17.3.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

In Punjab there is almost full electrification in cities, and around 80% in rural areas. Approximately 621 villages in Punjab Province were reported to be without electricity as of 2013-2014 (ADB, 2014).

6.6.17.3.3 Provincial Level – Balochistan

Electrification has been a challenge in Balochistan due to the scattered nature of the communities (85% of the provincial population lives in rural areas and about 90% of villages are unelectrified) and the low level of demand per rural household (lighting is often the only requirement of houses in these rural areas) (Ali Shah et al. 2018). There are approximately 3,496 villages that are un-electrified in Balochistan, with the majority of people collecting their own firewood as their main source of fuel. Overall, 61% of the rural population has access to electricity (ILO, 2018).

6.6.17.3.4 Punjab PAI

More than 90% of respondents of the PAI household survey reported having access to electricity, with 95% reporting using electricity for lighting, with solar panels at 2.7% and candles at 2.1%. For cooking 74% of households reported using wood, and 24% used gas, less than 1% used electricity.

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6.6.17.3.5 Balochistan PAI

More than 80% of respondents of the PAI household survey reported having access to electricity. 92% of surveyed households reported using electricity for lighting, with solar panels at 5.1% and candles at 1.3% and gas at 0.8%. For cooking 73% of households reported using wood, and 25% used gas, none reported using electricity. It is assumed that the electricity supply is a combination of mains, solar and generators, but the proportion is not known.

6.6.17.4 Road and Transport Infrastructure

6.6.17.4.1 National Level

Pakistan has a total of 263,942 km of roadways, of which 28.9% are unpaved. There are 108 airports with paved runways (CIA World Factbook, 2018). WHO had estimated that road accidents are claiming 30,310 lives in Pakistan annually. This means that approximately 20 fatalities per 100,000 people in road accidents in a year, making Pakistan rank 67th globally for a higher percentage of road traffic accidents. Punjab has the highest rate of road accident fatalities, and Balochistan the lowest rate.

Poor maintenance of overused vehicles, lack of awareness among drivers, and reckless driving habits have been blamed in relation to the high level of accidents. The Pakistan Institutes of Medical Sciences stated that road accidents cause long-term stress, leading to depression, anxiety and sleep issues for the injured ones. The injured are sometimes permanently disabled. Furthermore, the statistics show that traffic accidents are the leading cause of deaths among people with ages ranging from 15 to 30 in Pakistan. According to traffic police, 80% of Pakistanis don’t follow basic safety precautions like, fastening of seat belts, or wearing helmets.

6.6.17.4.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Pakistan’s main north-south road and railway connect Lahore with Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, to the north and with the ocean port of Karachi to the south. Punjab is connected by road or railway to India, China, and Afghanistan, and its major cities are linked by road. Lahore’s airport provides domestic service.

6.6.17.4.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

The transportation network in this province is poorly developed, but roads connect the major towns, with Quetta connected by road to the ocean port of Karachi in Sindh Province. Quetta is a center of the railway network, and its airport offers domestic service.

6.6.17.4.4 Punjab PAI

There is no available quantitative information on the state of the roads in the PAI, but it was noted by the elders in the PAI that most infrastructure in the community is badly damaged, particularly roads. In the PAI, findings from the household survey showed

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that 89% of respondents noted that they were aware of a traffic accident occurring within their village during the past year. The most common form of transport in regular use was motorbikes, followed by rickshaws. Less than 10% of households used buses or other forms of public transport, and similar numbers for private cars.

Survey results indicate that road traffic incidents regularly occur in villages located throughout the PAI. Figure 6.6-27 presents the frequency noted by respondents.

Figure 6.6-27: Frequency of Road Traffic Accidents in Punjab HH Village Frequency expressed as Percentage

Once every year 0.00

10.95 Once a week

17.57 46.73 Once every month to 6 months

24.38 Once a month

Others

0.37 N/A

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.17.4.5 Balochistan PAI

There is no available quantitative information on the state of the roads in the PAI, but it was noted by the elders in the PAI that most infrastructure in the community is badly damaged, particularly roads. Findings from the household survey showed 90% of respondents noted that they were aware of a traffic accident occurring within their village during the past year. The most common form of transport in regular use was motorbikes, followed by rickshaws. Less than 10% of households commonly used buses or other forms of public transport, and similar numbers for private cars.

Survey results indicate that road traffic incidents regularly occur in villages located throughout the PAI. Figure 6.6-28 presents the frequency noted by respondents.

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Figure 6.6-28: Frequency of Road Traffic Accidents in Balochistan HH Village Frequency expressed as Percentage

Once every year 0.00

10.22 Once a week

20.16 48.39 Once every month to 6 months Once a month 20.43

Others

0.81 N/A

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.17.5 Waste Management

6.6.17.5.1 National Level

Pakistan generates approximately 30 million tonnes of solid waste per year. In the majority of areas, municipal waste is burned, dumped, or buried on vacant land.

The local and municipal governments are responsible for collecting waste in the major cities; however, typically only 60-70% waste is often collected, and much of the solid waste that is collected does not reach official disposal sites but accumulates in towns or is dumped in non-official sites.

6.6.17.5.2 Provincial Level - Punjab

Only one city in Punjab Province, Lahore, has a proper waste management system. There is no solid waste collection and disposal system in 93% of rural areas (WASH, 2015), and only 64% of the solid waste is collected and disposed of in urban areas.

The household survey showed that 70% of the population dispose of their waste indiscriminately (Figure 6.6-29).

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Figure 6.6-29: Waste Disposal in Punjab

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.6.17.5.3 Provincial Level - Balochistan

Balochistan Province has no major official infrastructure for waste management. The household survey showed that more than 67% of the population dispose of their waste indiscriminately (Figure 6.6-30).

Figure 6.6-30: Waste Disposal Balochistan.

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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6.6.17.6 Telecommunications

Mobile phone usage in Pakistan is significantly higher than landline usage, with approximately 68% of the population having mobile phone subscriptions compared to 2% of the population with landline subscriptions. The relatively recent roll out of 3G and 4G services has greatly increased the use of mobile phones, with 90% of the population now living within areas with mobile phone coverage.

Broadband access in Pakistan is relatively low. It is estimated that only 15.5% of Pakistan’s population has access to the internet (Indexmundi Factbook, 2018). Fibre optic networks are being constructed across the country with the aim of increasing internet access. There is no available data for the percentage of people with internet access in the individual provinces; however, it is likely that Balochistan and Punjab Provinces are similar to the national statistics in Pakistan, with low internet access to the majority of the population.

The household surveys indicated that 90% of the Punjab households had cell phones and 87% of the Balochistan households. Within the PAI, the elders reported that the community predominantly uses mobile phones.

6.6.18 Ecosystem Services

IFC PS6 defines ecosystem services as “the benefits that people, including businesses, obtain from ecosystems”. While there is no single system for categorizing ecosystem services, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) framework is widely accepted and provides a useful starting point. The MA identifies four broad categories of ecosystem service:

· Provisioning services: the goods or products obtained from ecosystems, such as food, timber, fiber, and freshwater; · Regulating services: the contributions to human well-being arising from an ecosystem’s control of natural processes, such as climate regulation, disease control, erosion prevention, water flow regulation, and protection from natural hazards; · Cultural services: the nonmaterial contributions of ecosystems to human well- being, such as recreation, spiritual values, and aesthetic enjoyment; and · Supporting services: the natural processes, such as nutrient cycling and primary production, that maintain the other services.

6.6.18.1 Identification of Ecosystem Services in the PAI

In Punjab (Figure 6.6-31), survey results showed that 70% of households collect firewood for fuel. Additionally, 9.4% collected grass for thatching, 2.6% collected wood for charcoal making, and a few houses respectively collected medicinal plants, wood for carpentry, and artisanal items and wild fruit and vegetables.

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Figure 6.6-31: Resources Collected by Households in the Punjab PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Gathering of natural resources is important for household consumption, but only 2 households (0.2%) reported this as an income earning activity.

In Balochistan, the household survey results showed that 87% of households collect firewood for fuel. Additionally, a few households collected wood for charcoal making, hunted animals and birds, and collected medicinal plants (Figure 6.6-32).

Figure 6.6-32: Resources Collected by Households in the Balochistan PAI

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018.

6.6.19 Conclusion

On the basis of the household surveys and FGDs, the Affected Communities in Pakistan appear to be largely unemployed, poor, farming communities, with women’s roles being limited to home care and some farming support. Income levels were higher in Punjab than Balochistan but were generally very low, close to or below the poverty threshold. More land is held in the PAI by titleholders in Balochistan than in Punjab.

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Drought and other irrigation challenges, substandard or absent education and healthcare facilities, and damaged infrastructure were noted as some of the key community challenges. There is generally less ethnic diversity in Balochistan than in Punjab. There is more dependence on government healthcare facilities in Balochistan and most of their housing stock (77%) is constructed from Kucha materials, mud brick which is constantly wearing away, indicating that these households are poor and cannot afford more permanent structures, although there is still a sizeable proportion of Kucha in Punjab (39%), all of which is likely linked with their lower income. Punjab has a higher literacy rate than Balochistan. Punjab has a higher diversity in agricultural products and greater access to electricity than Balochistan.

The data presented confirms that the potentially Affected Communities in both provinces are generally impoverished, rural areas where most livelihoods are dependent on agriculture, with Balochistan being generally poorer than Punjab. Women’s rights, education, and child labor concerns are also major issues in Pakistan. Thus, the sensitivity in potentially affected areas can be considered medium to high.

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