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Orbitografia ORBITOGRAFIA SUPSI Bachelor in Comunicazione visiva Anno accademico 2013/2014 Dossier di tesi Lorenzo Gada Orbitografia Dossier di tesi Relatore: Franco Cavani Studente: Lorenzo Gada Tesi di Bachelor in Comunicazione Visiva SUPSI Anno accademico 2013/2014 Indice 1. Abstrac..........................................................................................6 2. Ricerca...........................................................................................8 2.1 Tema e motivazioni personali...........................................9 2.2 Domanda di ricerca..........................................................10 2.3 Ipotesi di ricerca...............................................................10 2.4 Ricerca..............................................................................11 2.5 Volume 1 – Ricerca............................................................12 Introduzione...................................................................12 Riepilogo storico - il modello geocentrico.................14 Riepilogo storico - il modello eliocentrico.................15 Moti apparenti................................................................17 La forma delle orbite......................................................24 Rapporti geometrici tra le orbite..................................28 2.6 Volume 2 – Ricerca............................................................32 2.7 Stato dell’arte.....................................................................39 3. Progetto......................................................................................54 3.1 Ipotesi di progetto............................................................55 3.2 Design del prodotto.........................................................56 Formato e griglia...........................................................56 Tipografia.......................................................................56 Paletta cromatica..........................................................60 Copertine........................................................................61 Illustrazioni.....................................................................64 Animazione....................................................................65 Volume 1 – Timone .......................................................67 Volume 2 – Timone.........................................................67 4. Conclusioni................................................................................70 5. Fonti..............................................................................................72 5.1 Bibliografia........................................................................73 5.2 Videografia.......................................................................73 5.3 Sitografia...........................................................................74 5.4 Crediti immagini...............................................................77 6. Ringraziamenti.........................................................................80 01. ABSTRACT 6 Questa tesi esplora la comunicazione scientifica in un ambito di design. Il suo scopo è quello di mettere la comu- nicazione visiva al servizio della divulgazione, per rafforzare il ponte informativo tra i ricercatori e sfera pubblica. Oltre a questo il prodotto finale può diventare un modello per i ri- cercatori, che hanno bisogno di esempi pratici quando si trovano a dover progettare artefatti comunicativi senza l’ap- poggio di professionisti del design. Per far questo è stato analizzato il linguaggio scienti- fico che attualmente rappresenta lo standard, e i bisogni di comunicazione dei ricercatori. Risulta che il bisogno è alto ma i prodotti comunicativi spesso non sono abbastanza fun- zionali per raggiungere gli scopi prefissati, non sfruttando a pieno il potenziale ritorno d’interesse che la comunicazione può creare. C’è quindi un margine di miglioramento sul quale è possibile lavorare. La ricerca ed il progetto si collocano nell’ambito dell’a- stronomia, più precisamente tratta la visualizzazione delle orbite e l’esplorazione dei pianeti nel sistema solare. Il pro- getto finale è una collana di libri studiati per la comunica- zione dei temi sopra citati, con la distintiva caratteristica di essere distribuiti in ambiti scientifici pubblici come i musei della scienza, gli osservatori, le esposizioni, eccetera. Tra le tipologie di persone che frequentano questi luoghi ci sono coloro che non conoscono la materia, ma che mostra un’in- teresse potenziale. Pertanto il luogo di distribuzione rappre- senta un’occasione di contatto con il target. Il prodotto finale quindi una sorta di catalogo e mono- grafia, che riassume e completa l’evento in atto. Anche se si tratta di un prodotto per neofiti, il linguaggio si pone un gra- dino più in alto, mantenendo però sempre accessibile l’infor- mazione tramite l’uso delle immagini. 7 02. RICERCA [Fig 2.1] Schema delle orbite di Mercurio e Venere di Giovanni Cassini 8 2.1 Tema e motivazioni personali Il tema di tesi verte sull’uso della comunicazione visiva nella una necessità, facile nell’accesso e nella comprensione, fino divulgazione di conoscenze scientifiche, nello specifico lo a diventare naturalmente integrata nella cultura generale. spettro della ricerca è ristretto alla parte di cosmologia che A causa di svariate ragioni la comunicazione scientifica è tratta i pianeti e i loro moti, unendo fisica e visualizzazione. spesso prodotta direttamente dai ricercatori e dagli enti di ri- cerca stessi, soffrendo pertanto di lacune tipiche (compren- Il progresso scientifico e tecnologico è un elemento centrale sibilmente) di chi ha seguito percorsi di studi non inerenti nella vita dell’uomo e nella comprensione di tutto l’ambiente alla comunicazione. circostante, nonché ricerca della verità. Esso è il primo fat- A questo proposito la presente tesi è un aiuto al bisogno di tore responsabile della qualità di vita, nel bene o nel male, e comunicazione del mondo scientifico. Anche se si tratta di modella il mondo in cui viviamo grazie a tutte le porte che ha una goccia nel mare, l’intento è di creare uno strumento utile aperto nei secoli. alla divulgazione, che utilizza anche il fascino delle immagini Molto spesso però i risultati non sono immediati, l’applica- scientifiche per creare potenziale attrattivo. zione pratica e su larga scala dei risultati lo è ancora meno. Il differimento tra ricerca ed applicazione offusca facilmente il Nelle numerose discipline delle scienze naturale, la scelta nesso tra quello che gli scienziati fanno, e come questo risol- di focalizzarsi sull’astronomia, ed in particolare sulle orbite, verà gli attuali problemi sociali, economici, ambientali, etc. deriva dalla secolare relazione tra osservazione, rappresen- L’immediatezza delle soluzioni è ciò che si domanda davanti tazione e grafica. Grazie alle magnifiche opere di divulgazio- a macro-problematiche, ma le soluzioni immediate spesso ne scientifico-astronomica giunte a noi nei secoli, ho sem- servono solo a tappare dei buchi, mentre è la ricerca prolun- pre ammirato la capacità degli scienziati designer, in grado gata ed incerta che eventualmente costruisce le fondamen- di produrre artefatti comunicativi che suscitano un fascino ta per soluzioni efficaci a lungo termine. più profondo della semplice rappresentazione. Credo che Inoltre l’alfabetizzazione scientifica è un vaccino inquisitore l’astronomia abbia un legame speciale con la grafica e più contro le superstizioni e la paura, permette il ragionamento ampiamente con la comunicazione visiva. autonomo e la capacità di porre le domande giuste per cer- Per quanto riguarda la gravità, la sua natura invisibile e ma- care le risposte giuste. nifesta, ed il suo stretto legame con la geometria, è un tema che offre infiniti spunti e risvolti che la comunicazione visiva A fronte di queste considerazioni credo che la comunicazio- può cogliere e sfruttare per un’efficace divulgazione delle ne scientifica debba rimanere costantemente un bene ed informazioni. 9 2.2 Domanda di ricerca 2.3 Ipotesi di ricerca Com’è possibile aumentare il livello di divulgazione scientifica, La comunicazione scientifica è fatta da scienziati e non da mantenendo la comunicazione comprensibile per i neofiti? designer della comunicazione, questo può causare proble- mi alla comprensione. L’aspetto estetico è importante per attrarre le persone. L’astronomia è complicata e questo non facilita il suo appro- fondimento da parte dei non professionisti. C’è una mancanza di unità nelle informazioni. 10 2.4 Ricerca La presente ricerca è affinata all’esplorazione dei temi che saranno contenuti nel progetto finale. Siccome il prodotto finale è una collana di nove libri e due saranno realizzati, la ricerca è divisa secondo i soggetti trattati nelle due parti. La prima parte è incentrata sulle caratteristiche delle orbite e dell’osservazione del cielo. Le macro tematiche sono divise nel modo seguente: un’introduzione definisce che cos’è la gravità e come modella il cosmo in base alle attuali cono- scenze scientifiche in materia. Una parte storica riepiloga i principali modelli del sistema solare utilizzati nel corso dei secoli. Data la vastità dell’ar- gomento, questa parte è limitata all’astronomia occidentale dagli antichi greci fino a noi, marcando solo i principali snodi nella comprensione della gravità e del moto planetario. La terza parte è incentrata sull’osservazione dei fenomeni astronomici dalla Terra, i moti apparenti e relativi ad un si- stema dove l’osservatore
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