DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, V.11, N.2, P.1-13, 2020 WOLFAPPLE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, V.11, N.2, P.1-13, 2020 WOLFAPPLE WOLFAPPLE (SOLANUM LYCOCARPUM ST. HILL) STARCH: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FRUTA-DO-LOBO (SOLANUM LYCOCARPUM ST. HILL): PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS E FÍSICAS DO AMIDO. Adriana dos Santos Fernandes1, Diego Palmiro Ramirez Ascheri1, Marcos Paulo Batista2, Jocielle Conceição Oliveira Cardoso3, Jacqueline Nascimento Gomes3, Yago Silva de Sousa1. Abstract: In this study, starch from S. informações sobre sua caracterização. Para lycocarpum fruit (wolfapple) was extracted to isto, realizou-se extração do amido e o cálculo determine physical and chemical properties do seu rendimento. Determinou-se também sua and provide more information and further composição química (cinzas, extrato etéreo, evidence on its characteristics. Starch yield fibras, proteínas e teor de amilose); forma e was calculated. The chemical composition of tamanho dos grânulos; análise de viscosidade the wolfapple starch was determined for ash, (RVA); análise calorimétrica (DSC) e análise ether extract, fiber, protein and amylose cristalográfica. A extração do amido da fruta content. The shape and size of the granules de S. lycocarpum teve um rendimento de were assessed, as well as rapid visco analysis 27,9% e este se caracterizou por apresentar (RVA); differential scanning calorimetry 0,19% ±0,01 de cinzas, 0,07% ± 0,00 de (DSC); and crystallographic analysis. The extrato etéreo, 0,32% ± 0,01de proteínas, yield of the wolfapple starch was 27.9% and 0,03% ± 0,01 de fibras e 29,16% ± 0,09 de the chemical composition was characterized amilose. A análise de imagem do amido by the presence of 0.19% ± 0.01 ash, 0.07% ± mostrou grânulos com formato cônico e 0.00 ether extract, 0.32 % ± 0.01% proteins, diâmetros médios e respectivos desvios padrão 0.03% ± 0.01 fibers, and 29.16% ± 0.09 de 16,59±3,68 e 16,52±3,36 μm, para diâmetro amylose. Starch image analysis presented maior e menor, respectivamente. As análises conical shaped granules with average da viscosidade de pasta; calorimétrica e diameters and respective standard deviations cristalográfica revelou que o amido da fruta de of 16.59 ± 3.68 and 16.52 ± 3.36 μm, for the S. lycocarpum mostrou perfil com largest and smallest diameter, respectively. características desejáveis, como boa Paste viscosity, calorimetric, and estabilidade a alta temperatura, o que o elege crystallographic analyses showed that the como um bom ingrediente a ser usado em starch from wolfapple has desirable diversos setores alimentícios e industriais. characteristics such as stability at high temperature, making it a promising material in PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Amilose, gelatinização, various food and industrial sectors. grânulos de amido. KEYWORDS: Amylose, gelatinization, 1Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus CET starch granule. - Henrique Santillo. [email protected]; 2Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi extrair Samambaia. e determinar as propriedades físicas e químicas 3Instituto Federal de Goiás. do amido da fruta de S. lycocarpum (fruta-do- lobo) visando obter e disponibilizar mais 1 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, v.11, n.2, p.1-13, 2020 INTRODUCTION consumed by humans (SPIER, 2010). Starch is a plant-produced polymer Starch can be extracted from cereal grains, stored in small and semicrystalline granules vegetables and tubers, and has a variety of composed by two main components: food and non-food applications amylose and amylopectin. Amylose (SCHIRMER et al., 2013; FERNANDES et predominantly consists of linear chains, al., 2019). typically consisting of α (1-4) D-glucose The starch industry extracts starch units, while amylopectin has large and from various sources and processes it into a branched chains formed by α (1-4) D- wide variety of products, such as native glucose units in the rectilinear portions and starches, glucose, maltose and fructose α bonds ( 1-6) in the branches (BENINCA syrups, dextrose and maltodextrins et al., 2013). It is the main source of reserve (CEREDA, 2002). Figure 1 shows some carbohydrate in plants and an important applications of starch, both in natural and source of energy for many organisms, modified forms. providing between 70 to 80% of the calories Figure 1. Main applications of starch in Brazil. Source: Adapted from Beninca et al, 2013. Among other usages in the food used due to its viscosity, gelling power, industries, starch can facilitate food adhesion, tendency to retrograde, among processing and is used as thickener in soups, other properties affected by the broths, and meat sauces. It provides amylose/amylopectin ratio as well as the suspended solids and texture, gelling agents shape and size of granules (CIACCO; in cured processed meat, stabilizers in salad CRUZ, 1987). dressings, and increase the shelf life of In the textile industry, starch is used products (CEREDA, 2002). Starch is also for gumming threads to facilitate weaving 2 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, v.11, n.2, p.1-13, 2020 and in papermaking to produce papers of The most prominent starchy species different strengths and high print quality in the world market are corn, potato, and (BENINCA, et al., 2013). In glue and cassava. However, recent studies have adhesive manufacturing, in general, it is searched for new sources of starch with used for providing more viscous products, potential to be used in various sectors for its easy preparation and for combining (DHANAPAL et al., 2012; KASIRAJAN; with various resins and synthetic emulsions NGOUAJIO, 2012). Industrial applications (CIACCO; CRUZ, 1987). It can be used in consider availability and physicochemical the composition of biodegradable characteristics of the starch, which may packaging (FERNANDES et al., 2019). In vary according to its origin. Thus, every culture media, starch can be useful as an natural or native starch is considered unique inductor of the production of enzymes and (MATSUGUMA et al., 2009). microbial biomass. In addition, it can be The Cerrado region in Brazil has a hydrolyzed and the sugar produced from variety of plants with very specific hydrolysis can be fermented to produce characteristics due to their adaptations to ethanol used for food, beverage, the climate and soil. These plants are still pharmacological and laboratory purposes little explored and could be used as a source (AJIBOLA et al., 2012). The glucose of starch. Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill , obtained from starch is also widely used in commonly known as wolfapple, belongs to the manufacture of organic acids such as the family Solanaceae, the most common citric acid, glutamic acid, lactic acid, and genus found in the Brazilian Cerrado amino acids such as lysine, or (Figure 2). It can produce from 40 to 100 commercialized as crystalline glucose. fruits, of masses varying between 400 to Therefore, it is very important to have 900g, with good potential for starch different starch sources available for this extraction (CAMPOS, 1994; very wide market (AQUINO et al., 2015). FERNANDES et al.; 2019). 3 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, v.11, n.2, p.1-13, 2020 Figure 2. S. lycocarpum a) plant; b) flower; c) and d) fruit cross section. Source: Adapted from Campos (1994). In the present study, starch from S. properties and provide more information lycocarpum fruit (wolfapple) was extracted and further evidence on its characteristics. to determine physical and chemical MATERIAL AND METHODS washed under running water for starch S. lycocarpum fruits were collected in separation and decantation in plastic the rural area of the municipality of containers. Following decantation, the Anápolis-GO. Pulp samples were collected material was washed with absolute alcohol in paper bags and stored in a refrigerator for to remove resins and vacuum filtered. After starch extraction. purification, the starch was vacuum dried at To obtain the starch, the pulp of the 40°C to constant weight. The dehydrated peeled fruits was cut into small pieces with starch was kept in a desiccator containing a stainless steel knife and stored in plastic silica gel for 12h and reduced to powder buckets containing a 5 g.L-1 sodium using mortar and pestle. Finally, the metabisulphite solution to prevent material was sieved to 48 mesh to obtain the browning. dry sample for analysis. The pulp was milled in a The yield was calculated as the ratio “CROTON” MA580 knife mill between the weight of the peeled pulp and (MARCONI, Piracicaba, Brazil) and sieved the starch produced. The material was to 10 mesh (1700 µm). The pulp was again characterized considering ash, fiber, ether sieved (150 to 400 mesh), and repeatedly extract, and protein content (AOAC, 2000). 4 Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, v.11, n.2, p.1-13, 2020 Amylose content was determined according Calorimetric analysis was performed to the methodology proposed by Williams on a DSC Q200 differential scanning et al. (1970). calorimeter (TA Instruments, New Castle, Image analysis was used to evaluate USA), using indium calibration. To the shape and size of the isolated starch determine the gelatinization temperature, granules. The samples were collected with approximately 5.0 mg of the sample (at platinum wire on a glass slide, mixed with a known moisture) was placed into an airtight drop of distilled water, and covered with a aluminum container. The scanning profile coverslip. The slides were examined with a used was balanced at 5ºC, heating at 110 LEICA DME optical microscope (Wetzlar, ºC, heating rate of 10ºC.min-1, and flow of Germany), and the selected images were 50 mL nitrogen per minute. Gelatinization analyzed with the software LAS EZ. enthalpy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Riqueza De Espécies E Relevância Para a Conservação
    O Brasil é reconhecidamente um dos países de megadiversidade de mamíferos do mundo, abrigando cerca de 12% de todas as espécies desse grupo existentes no nosso planeta, distribuídas em 12 Ordens e 50 Famílias. Dentre as espécies que ocorrem no País, 210 (30% do total) são exclusivas do território brasileiro. Esses números não só indicam a importância do País para a conservação mundial desses animais como também trazem para a mastozoologia brasileira a responsabilidade de produzir e disseminar conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre um grupo carismático, bastante ameaçado pela ação antrópica e importante componente dos ecossistemas naturais. O próprio aumento no número de espécies reconhecidas para o Brasil nos últimos 15 anos já é um indicativo da resposta que vem sendo dada pelos pesquisadores do País a esse desafio de gerar conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre os mamíferos. Na publicação pioneira de Fonseca e colaboradores (Lista Anotada dos Mamíferos do Brasil, 1996), houve a indicação de 524 espécies brasileiras de mamíferos. Na compilação mais recente, de 2012, esse número passou para 701, o que representa um aumento de quase 34% em 16 anos (Paglia et al., Lista Anotada dos Mamíferos do Brasil , 2a ed., 2012). Visando contribuir para essa produção de conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre mamíferos, há alguns anos atrás nós organizamos uma publicação que reunia estudos científicos inéditos sobre vários aspectos da biologia do grupo, intitulada Mamíferos do Brasil: Genética, Sistemática, Ecologia e Conservação. Esse livro, publicado em 2006, contou com a participação de vários mastozoólogos brasileiros de destaque. A nossa intenção, com o mesmo, era contribuir para a produção e divulgação da informação científica para um público mais amplo, incluindo alunos de graduação e não-acadêmicos interessados em mastozoologia, além é claro dos pesquisadores especialistas na área.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table 1. References Used to Build the Dataset on Bat-Plant Interactions in the Neotropics
    Supplementary Table 1. References used to build the dataset on bat-plant interactions in the Neotropics. 1. Acosta y Lara, E. 1950. Quirópteros de Uruguay. Commun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo III: 1-74. 2. Alcorn, S.M., S.E. McGregor & G. Olin. 1961. Pollination of saguaro cactus by doves, nectar-feeding bats and honey bees. Science 133: 1594-1595. 3. Alcorn, S.M., S.E. McGregor & G. Olin. 1962. Pollination requirements of the organ pipe cactus. Cactus Succ. J. Soc. Am. 34: 134-138. 4. Alonso-Mejía, A. & R.A. Medellín. 1991. Micronycteris megalotis. Mammalian Species 376: 1-6. 5. Altringham, J.D. 1998. Bats. Biology and behavior. Oxford University Press. 6. Alvarez, J., M.R. Willig, J.K. Jones, Jr. & W.D. Webster. 1991. Glossophaga soricina. Mammalian Species 379: 1-7. 7. Alverson, W.S. 1989. Quararibea (Bombacaceae): five new species from moist and wet forests of Costa Rica and Panama. Brittonia 41: 61-74. 8. Andrade, J.C.d. & A.G.d. Andrade. 1983. Pouteria psammophila var. xestophylla (Miq. & Eichl.) Baehni (Sapotaceae) no litoral do Rio de Janeiro; uma alerta de extinção. Atas Soc. Bot. Brasil 1-8. 9. Areces-Mallea, A.E. 2002. Leptocereus (A. Berger) Britton and Rose: a monographic study of a West Indian genus of Cactaceae (Cactoideae). Ph.D. Dissertation. City University of New York, New York. 10. Arias-Cóyotl, E., K.E. Stoner & A. Casas. 2006. Effectiveness of bats as pollinators of Stenocereus stellatus (Cactaceae) in wild, managed in situ, and cultivated populations in La Mixteca Baja, central Mexico. Amer. J. Bot.
    [Show full text]
  • Solanum Alkaloids and Their Pharmaceutical Roles: a Review
    Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research Solanum Alkaloids and their Pharmaceutical Roles: A Review Abstract Review Article The genus Solanum is treated to be one of the hypergenus among the flowering epithets. The genus is well represented in the tropical and warmer temperate Volume 3 Issue 6 - 2016 families and is comprised of about 1500 species with at least 5000 published Solanum species are endemic to the northeastern region. 1Department of Botany, India Many Solanum species are widely used in popular medicine or as vegetables. The 2Department of Botany, Trivandrum University College, India presenceregions. About of the 20 steroidal of these alkaloid solasodine, which is potentially an important starting material for the synthesis of steroid hormones, is characteristic of *Corresponding author: Murugan K, Plant Biochemistry the genus Solanum. Soladodine, and its glocosylated forms like solamargine, and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, solosonine and other compounds of potential therapeutic values. India, Email: Keywords: Solanum; Steroidal alkaloid; Solasodine; Hypergenus; Glocosylated; Trivandrum University College, Trivandrum 695 034, Kerala, Injuries; Infections Received: | Published: October 21, 2016 December 15, 2016 Abbreviations: TGA: Total Glycoalkaloid; SGA: Steroidal range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antirheumatics, Glycoalkaloid; SGT: Sergeant; HMG: Hydroxy Methylglutaryl; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; ACAT: Assistive Context Aware Further, these alkaloids are of paramount importance in drug Toolkit; HMDM: Human Monocyte Derived Macrophage; industriesanticonvulsants, as they anti-inflammatory, serve as precursors antioxidant or lead molecules and anticancer. for the synthesis of many of the steroidal drugs which have been used CE: Cholesterol Ester; CCl4: Carbon Tetrachloride; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; DPPH: Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl; FRAP: Fluorescence treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazilian Journal of Biology
    Brazilian Journal of Biology This is an Open Access artcle distributed under the terms of the Creatie Commons Attributon License ohich permits unrestricted use distributon and reproducton in any medium proiided the original oork is properly cited. Fonte: http:::ooo.scielo.br:scielo.php? script=sci_artteettpid=S1519-69842017000300506tlng=entnrm=iso. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2018. REFERÊNCIA SILVA-NETO C. M. et al. High species richness of natie pollinators in Brazilian tomato crops. Brazilian Journal of Biology São Carlos i. 77 n. 3 p. 506-513 jul.:set. 2017. Disponíiel em: <http:::ooo.scielo.br:scielo.php?script=sci_artteettpid=S1519- 69842017000300506tlng=entnrm=iso>. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2018. Epub Sep 26 2016. doi: http:::de.doi.org:10.1590:1519-6984.17515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17515 Original Article High species richness of native pollinators in Brazilian tomato crops C. M. Silva-Netoa*, L. L. Bergaminib, M. A. S. Eliasc, G. L. Moreirac, J. M. Moraisc, B. A. R. Bergaminib and E. V. Franceschinellia aDepartamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus Samambaia, CP 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil bDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus Samambaia, CP 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil cInstituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco E, Asa Norte, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: October 26, 2015 – Accepted: May 4, 2016 – Distributed: August 31, 2017 (With 3 figures) Abstract Pollinators provide an essential service to natural ecosystems and agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Food Product from Solanum Lycocarpum [1] Dhuruva Warshini
    www.foodagrispectrum.org FASJ010410 A new food product from solanum lycocarpum [1] Dhuruva warshini. T* [1] Department of agricultural engineering Dhanalakshmi srinivasan institute of research and technology, siruvachur -13 Tamilnadu, India. [1] [email protected]* Abstract— The wolf apple is otherwise known as fruit of wolf. It is grown in small brushes or small branched tree. It is perennial. It belongs to the family of tomato, but it is wild species. Now-a-days most of the people are suffer by diabetes, heart problem, hypertension, hypercholestrolemia, blood pressure,obesity due to high cholesterol in our body.The overall raised cholesterol is estimated to cause 2.6 million death and 29.7 million people cannot lead their normal life.Not only it control cholesterol but also it contains many medicine benefits,like resist slash and burn.The main advantage it is grown in dry and arid conditions.So it is grown where the cultivation is less due to irrigation. Index Terms— wolf apple; butter; diabetes; obesity; cholesterol The agar agar is completely dissolving in hot water and add to three vessels. Stir the mixture well. I. INTRODUCTION Keep the vessels on the stove and boil at the The solanum lycocarpum is known as wolf medium flame between 70-75°c.Turn off the stove, apple, because maned wolf’s feed these apples to if the mixture gets well cooked. Finally add little cure its health problems. It is perennial plant, but in amount of organic food red color which is extract rainy season the flowering intensity is high. The from beetroot.
    [Show full text]
  • USO, CLASSIFICAÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE DE Solanum L. (SOLANACEAE)
    USO, CLASSIFICAÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE DE Solanum L. (SOLANACEAE) Maria de Lurdes Bezerra de Oliveira1 Thiago Abraão Reis de França2 Felipe Sant’ Anna Cavalcante3 Renato Abreu Lima4 RESUMO: As pesquisas científicas são uma base fundamental nos dias atuais para melhoramentos na qualidade de vida da humanidade, novas descobertas e diversos avanços, entre eles estão os biológicos, tecnológicos e químicos. Tendo em vista tal dinâmica de conhecimentos pode-se então destacar o estudo de plantas, tendo em vista a rica biodiversidade existente no Brasil. Mediante tantas famílias e espécies, o presente estudo traz como proposta abordar os estudos e análises realizadas acerca da família Solanaceae A. L. Jussieu, tendo em vista que a mesma é constituída por cerca de 106 gêneros e 2.300 espécies. Um dos gêneros mais pesquisados e explorados dentro da família Solanaceae é o gênero Solanum, devido sua ampla quantidade de espécies e sua diversificada composição química. Assim o presente trabalho visa agrupar e explorar diversos pontos acerca da família Solanaceae, enfatizando ainda o gênero Solanum. Os trabalhos levantados foram lidos e selecionados a partir de suas respectivas temáticas e contribuições para o presente trabalho. Como metodologia para a análise dos artigos, foram utilizadas as categorizações propostas por Bardin. Foram selecionadas 8 categorias principais, as quais possibilitaram um novo olhar acerca da importância de pesquisar e conhecer as famílias de plantas. A família Solanaceae tem-se mostrado promissora no ramo das pesquisas científicas, ao analisar diretamente o gênero Solanum, tal afirmação se torna evidente, sendo esta empregada em áreas diversas, como fonte de novos conhecimentos científicos, os quais possibilitam a implementação em produtos para auxiliar a comunidade em geral, na forma de medicamentos, cosméticos, condimento, produtos industrializados.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Predation and Fruit Damage of Solanum Lycocarpum (Solanaceae) by Rodents in the Cerrado of Central Brazil
    acta oecologica 31 (2007) 8–12 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actoec Original article Seed predation and fruit damage of Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) by rodents in the cerrado of central Brazil Denis C. Briania, Paulo R. Guimara˜es, Jr.b,* aPrograma de Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A no. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-057, Brazil bPrograma de Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Caixa Postal 6109, 13083- 970, Campinas, SP, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Although neotropical savannas and grasslands, collectively referred to as cerrado, are rich Received 13 December 2004 in seed-eating species of rodents, little is known about seed predation and its determinants Accepted 11 January 2006 in this habitat. In this study, we investigated seed predation and damage to fruits of the Published online 4 January 2007 widespread shrub Solanum lycocarpum. In addition, the influence of two possible determi- nants (distance from the parental plant and total crop size) on the feeding behaviour of Keywords: Oryzomys scotti (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) was also examined. O. scotti were captured Cerrado more frequently close to the shrubs or on shrub crops, indicating that these rodents were Density-dependence attracted to the shrubs and that seed predation was probably distance-dependent. More- Fruit damage over, the proportion of damaged fruit on the plant decreased as the total crop size increased; Solanaceae consequently, more productive plants were attacked proportionally less by rodents.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Plants with Medicinal Properties in Suriname Dennis R.A
    Clinical and Medical Investigations Review Article ISSN: 2398-5763 “Nature, green in leaf and stem”. Research on plants with medicinal properties in Suriname Dennis R.A. Mans* Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, USA Abstract The widely held layman’s perception of nature as a collection of animals operating against a static green background of plants is a serious misunderstanding of the complexity and dynamics of the plant biodiversity. Plants fulfill all functions that superficially only seem reserved for animals including movement, communication, and defense. For the latter purposes, plants have developed intricate and highly sophisticated chemical warning signals and defense systems to alarm friends and ward off foes. Many of these plant substances possess meaningful pharmacological properties, and some were found useful against human diseases. This paper briefly describes several aspects of plant communication and defense; gives a few examples of plant-derived therapeutics; and focuses on the potential contribution of Suriname (South America) to this scientific area. Background organs of the plant and transport seeds away from the parent plant, enabling its propagation and the colonization of new niches, receiving The view of the plant kingdom as a green and static background valuable sources of food in return [7]. for moving animals - particularly (higher) vertebrates - is far from the reality. Paraphrasing Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s (1809-1892) words “Tho’ Other means of plant communication are so-called semiochemicals, nature, red in tooth and claw” in his poem ‘In Memoriam A.H.H.’, plant substances involved in the transfer of information between plants the American author, physician, producer, director, and screenwriter and other organisms [8].
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical, Morphological, Rheological and Thermal Properties of Solanum Lycocarpum Phosphorylated Starches
    458 Diego Palmiro Ramirez Ascheri et al. Chemical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of Solanum lycocarpum phosphorylated starches Diego Palmiro Ramirez Ascheri1, Luciane Dias Pereira2, Suely Miranda Cavalcante Bastos3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X201461040003 ABSTRACT The increasing need for starches with specific characteristics makes it important to study unconventional starches and their modifications in order to meet consumer demands. The aim of this work was to study physicochemical characteristics of native starch and phosphate starch of S. lycocarpum. Native starch was phosphated with sodium tripolyphosphate (5-11%) added with stirring. Chemical composition, morphology, density, binding ability to cold water, swelling power and solubility index, turbidity and syneresis, rheological and calorimetric properties were determined. Phosphorus was not detected in the native sample, but the phosphating process produced modified starches with phosphorus contents of 0.015, 0.092 and 0.397%, with the capacity of absorbing more water, either cold or hot. Rheological data showed the strong influence of phosphorus content on viscosity of phosphate starch, with lower pasting temperature and peak viscosity higher than those of native starch. Enthalpy was negatively correlated with the phosphorus content, requiring 9.7; 8.5; 8.1 and 6.4 kJ g-1 of energy for the transition from the amorphous to the crystalline state for the starch granules with phosphorus contents of 0; 0.015; 0.092 and 0.397%, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that starches with 0.015 and 0.092% phosphorus have similar characteristics and are different from the others. Our results show that the characteristics of phosphate modified S.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Sweet Grape' Tomato Post Harvest Packaging
    Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering ISSN: 1809-4430 (on-line) ‘SWEET GRAPE’ TOMATO POST HARVEST PACKAGING Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v35n6p 1093-1104/2015 DELVIO SANDRI1, MARIA M. RINALDI2, TAÍS A. ISHIZAWA3, ANANDA H. N. CUNHA4, HONORATO C. PACCO5, RAFAEL B. FERREIRA6 ABSTRACT: This paper aims at evaluating the shelf life of mini tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cultivar ‘Sweet Grape’, grown in hydroponics, and stored under environmental and refrigerated conditions inside different packages. We adopted a completely randomized design, in which treatments were combinations of storage conditions: environment (e) and refrigerated (r) with packaging: polyvinyl chloride film (PVC); low-density polyethylene (LDPE); biofilm of tomato fruit of Solanum lycocarpum A.St.-Hil (lobeira) (TFB); cassava starch biofilm (CSB); carnauba wax (Copernicia prunifera) (CW), and without packaging - control (C). Physicochemical and sensory tests were carried out at the beginning (day zero), and at 8, 19, and 33 days of storage (DS). Fruit stored inside PVCr, LDPEe, LDPEr, and CWr had an acceptable shelf life of 33 days. The use of cassava and tomato starches were not effective in controlling fruit fresh weight loss. ‘Sweet Grape’ tomato postharvest conservation was enhanced under refrigerated conditions. The sensory evaluation results revealed that CWr treatment most pleased appraisers, while PCV had the highest rejection rate. KEYWORDS: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; storage; shelf life; lifespan; expiration; expiry date. DIFERENTES EMBALAGENS NA CONSERVAÇÃO PÓS-COLHEITA DO MINITOMATE SWEET GRAPE RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a vida útil do minitomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), variedade Sweet Grape, produzido em hidroponia e armazenado sob condição ambiente e refrigerada, em diferentes embalagens.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Leaves of Solanum Lycocarpum A
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2015, Article ID 315987, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/315987 Research Article Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Leaves of Solanum lycocarpum A. St. Hil. (Solanaceae) Guilherme Augusto Ferreira da Costa, Melissa Grazielle Morais, Aline Aparecida Saldanha, Izabela Caputo Assis Silva, Álan Alex Aleixo, Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira, Adriana Cristina Soares, Joaquim Maurício Duarte-Almeida, and Luciana Alves Rodrigues dos Santos Lima Universidade Federal de Sao˜ Joao˜ Del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, 35501-296 Divinopolis,´ MG, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Luciana Alves Rodrigues dos Santos Lima; [email protected] Received 18 March 2015; Accepted 20 April 2015 Academic Editor: Daniela Rigano Copyright © 2015 Guilherme Augusto Ferreira da Costa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. EthanolextractandfractionsobtainedfromleavesofSolanum lycocarpum were examined in order to determine their phenolic composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potential. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with DAD analysis indicated that the flavonoids apigenin and kaempferol were the main phenolic compounds present in dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. The antioxidant activity was significantly more pronounced for dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and hydroethanol fractions than that of the commercial antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol. The hexane and dichloromethane fractions were more active against the tested bacteria. The hydroethanol fraction exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg in the later phase of inflammation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ogy As Applzed Anthropology in Amazonian Development
    INSTITUTO SOC!OM,-':BiHJThL . ..• data··-·-··········/ / _ e o d • ' '1> . .1> (2) © 1 _ '-/ 1 . Ethnoeco!Ogy as Applzed Anthropology in Amazonian Development DARRELL A. POSEY, .JOHN FRECHIONE, .JOHN EDDINS, LUIZ FRANCELINO DA SILVA, with DEBBIE MYERS, DIANE CASE, and PETER MACBEATH Social and ecological devastation in Amazônia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound developrnent, The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shownto offer the bases for these new strategies, Six categories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology, A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer altemative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to ali residents of Amazônia. Key words: ethnoecology, economic development, subsistence strategies, Amazônia To find altemative paths for the development ofhintedand regions in two problems that, by the 1970s, were commonly shared that lead to greater human riches for more people, we need to begin by the South American countries whose national tenitories with a less arrogant view of the superiority of our world of shiny encompass portions of Amazônia. First, these nations had hardware, a greater appreciation of the wisdom -and the potential power-ofthe villagers we would teach and guide (Keesing 1980:6). ali become net food importers (World Bank 1980); and sec• ondly, they all had developed severe balance of payment deficits {Hecht 1981 :62, Table 1 ). ln order to rectify these AMAZÔNIA {SEE FIGURE 1) IS CONSIDERED to be problems, these nations turned to their Amazonian hinter• one of the last terrestrial frontiers of the planet.
    [Show full text]