SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 Ottobre 2006

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SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 Ottobre 2006 “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 ottobre 2006 SEMINARIO DI AGGIORNAMENTO “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” INDICE RELATORI: Dott. PIERO BENELLI Dott. ENEKO FERNÁNDEZ PEÑA Dott. FRANCESCO GIACOMINI Dott. ANDREA POLLARINI Dott. ssa MARIA FRANCESCA PIACENTINI Prof. PIERO PIGLIAPOCO Dott. CESARE SANTINI ANCONA 19 OTTOBRE 2006 “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 ottobre 2006 E’ NECESSARIA UNA REVISIONE DELLE CLASSIFICAZIONI DELLE ATTIVITÀ MOTORIE E SPORTIVE? - PER UNA NUOVA TASSONOMIA NELLO SPORT E NEL FITNESS Dott. Piero Benelli – Scuola Regionale dello Sport-CONI Marche, Facoltà Scienze Motorie Università di Urbino “Carlo Bo” Negli ultimi anni si è assistito allo sviluppo di tutta una serie di nuove proposte di attività motorie e sportive, determinate da varie esigenze o finalità (evoluzione tecnologica, nuove acquisizioni scientifiche, innovazioni regolamentari, necessità socioeconomiche, mode, etc.). Il mondo sportivo, e in particolare quello della ricerca applicata, deve a nostro parere analizzare questi fenomeni senza pregiudizi e/o posizioni rigide, anzi con curiosità costruttiva, cercando di comprenderne reali esigenze, spinte innovative, eventuali prospettive; contemporaneamente, deve contribuire a studiarne i vari aspetti per poter codificare in maniera “scientifica” o perlomeno metodologicamente corretta le nuove attività e gli adattamenti di quelle tradizionali. Un modo di affrontare le problematiche in questione è quello di rivisitare in maniera critica le varie proposte di classificazione delle attività motorie e sportive, cercando di verificarne la fondatezza e l’utilità. In letteratura, e nella pratica generale, ne esistono diverse, con impostazioni e con finalità differenti: la tendenza è da una parte quella di codificare le varie attività con criteri estremamente specifici (aspetti bioenergetici, tecnici, clinici e medico-legali, sociali, etc.), l’altra quella di creare sistemi di classificazione basati su codificazioni a vari livelli (macrofamiglie, classi, codici etc.). Per fare alcuni esempi delle principali classificazioni, potremmo citare: - la classificazione degli sport in base all’impegno energetico (Dal Monte 1969, aggiornata da Lubitsch e coll. nel 1990) - in base a criteri clinici e medico-legali (ACSM 2005, COCIS 2003) - in base a criteri tecnici (Farfel 1988, Scotton 2003, Starosta 2004) - in base al costo energetico (Ainsworth 1992) - in base a criteri sociali (Belloc 2003, LISPO 2000, Nextgames 2006) Con l’evolversi dei tempi, il proliferare di nuove proposte, l’affermarsi di nuove esigenze, lo svilupparsi di nuovi studi scientifici, è risultata ormai necessaria una revisione delle classificazioni esistenti, basata su criteri anche diversi rispetto a quelli utilizzati in passato. E’ auspicabile comunque un’analisi attenta delle nuove proposte di sport, per capirne i presupposti e valutarne gli effetti ai fini di una codificazione più precisa. Oltre ai possibili aggiornamenti in relazione a modificazioni di regolamenti e attrezzature, e all’acquisizione di nuovi studi scientifici, si possono elencare tutta una “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 ottobre 2006 serie di nuovi sport, anche divisi per categorie, che potrebbero essere inseriti nelle classificazioni tradizionali o esigerne di nuove, ad esempio: - Sport da spiaggia (beach-volley, beach-soccer, footvolley, beach-tennis, beach- ultimate, beach-tchoukball, beach-rugby, etc.) - Sport estremi (estreme ironing, ironman, ultraman, hyperman, decatriathlon, iditarod, etc.) - Sport a rischio (canyoning, hidrospeed, rafting, arrampicata libera, base jumping, parapendio, deltaplano, freeride, glisse, torrentismo, bungee-jumping, scialpinismo, km lanciato, moto freestyle, etc.) - Sport “locali” (highland games, nadam, corse su struzzi, xikunahiti, buzkaschi, kiotoshi, boscaiolo->5 specialità, etc.) - Nuovi sport di squadra (korfball, waterbasket, canoapolo, ultimate, tchoukball, hockey on line, football-five, elephant-polo, sport da spiaggia, etc.) - Sport combinati (duathlon, aquathlon, salvamento e life-saving, biathlon con tiro con l’arco, etc.) - Sport di abilità/acrobatici (kitesurfing, snowboard, moto freestyle, frisbee- freestyle, surf da onda, tree-climbing, skycross, etc.) - Sport “derivati” (es. canoa: olimpica, slalom, rodeo, eskimo; corsa: corsa in salita, corsa di montagna o in altitudine(skyrunning), retrorunning; mountain- bike: bmx, dirt, arrampicata-bouldering, etc.) - Sport “antichi” (tiro alla fune, tamburello, palla al bracciale, pallone elastico, pelota, jeu de paume, kaatsen, chazas, pallapugno, etc.) - Sport con giuria (Yoga (olimpico, ritmico, artistico, onrap), body-building, etc.) - Danza sportiva, danza moderna, etc. - Altri sport di combattimento (lotta celtica, s’istrumpa, gouren o lotta bretone, kickboxe, thaiboxe, full-contact,.oktagon) Anche le attività di fitness hanno subito un processo analogo, anzi, probabilmente per la struttura meno codificata delle varie specialità, si è assistito a un proliferare di nuove proposte, spesso con presupposti razionali e giustificate finalità, talvolta invece con modalità più discutibili e forzate. Fare ordine in questo settore è sicuramente più complesso, anche per la confusione che ancora permane sulla definizione del fitness e dei suoi obiettivi e per le caratteristiche estremamente variegate che ha assunto attualmente. Volendo fare un primo tentativo di codificazione delle varie categorie delle specialità di fitness, aldilà di una prima necessaria diversificazione tra fitness terrestre e fitness acquatico (settore che ha avuto un impulso eccezionale negli ultimi anni), potremmo codificare le seguenti categorie di attività, a seconda delle finalità: - attività con finalità di: divertimento - attività con finalità di mantenimento e miglioramento dello stato di salute - attività con ricerca di stimoli estremi (fitness-avventura, fitness estremo, etc.) - attività con finalità di benessere/rilassamento “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 ottobre 2006 E’ chiaro che in questa ottica viene ridefinito il concetto stesso di fitness, già messo in discussione da alcuni studi scientifici recenti sull’impegno energetico e cardiovascolare in alcune proposte del settore. Anche la distinzione tra attività sportive e attività di fitness potrebbe essere superata secondo i criteri di molte delle proposte di classificazione presentate. In definitiva, potremmo concludere con una serie di considerazioni che evidenziano alcuni aspetti rilevanti delle problematiche analizzate: - occorre rivedere ed aggiornare alcune classificazioni e codificazioni delle attività sportive in relazione a modificazioni ed innovazioni sopraggiunte negli ultimi anni (di regolamenti, di attrezzature, di tecnologie, di studi scientifici) - occorre probabilmente rivedere l’approccio metodologico relativamente a distinzioni nette effettuate in passato (tra sport e fitness, tra attività in relazione agli scopi, etc.) - appare decisamente improbabile una classificazione unificata ed univoca delle attività considerate - le nuove proposte di classificazione dovrebbero essere estremamente flessibili, dato il continuo proliferare di nuove attività, e lo sviluppo di quelle già codificate - è auspicabile lo svilupparsi di studi scientifici nel settore per poter determinare con maggior consapevolezza effetti e conseguenze delle varie attività, e ottimizzare mezzi e metodi di allenamento specifici. “SPORT E FITNESS NEL TERZO MILLENNIO: ATTUALI TENDENZE E PROSPETTIVE” Ancona, 19 ottobre 2006 Sport e fitness nel terzo millennio: attuali tendenze e prospettive Sport “estremi” e sport a rischio Tradizionalmente, gli sport a rischio sono stati classificati a seconda del luogo di pratica, dell’impegno fisiologico richiesto, della loro difficoltà tecnica o dei fattori di pericolosità reali o percepiti. La presente relazione intende proporre uno strumento per la loro classificazione, basato sul rapporto tra il rischio (probabilità) di subire infortuni e la gravità degli eventuali infortuni. Nelle attività di breve durata il rischio di infortuni viene misurata per singola attività, come nel bungee jumping, mentre nelle attività più lunghe si usa il rapporto (ratio) rispetto alle ore di pratica per persona, come nel rafting o nel pugilato. Ad esempio nello skydiving si registra una percentuale di infortuni dello 0,17% e nelle gare di equitazione con ostacoli dell’1,21%. Nel rugby si registrano 13,9 infortuni per persona ogni 1000 ore di pratica, e nella boxe l’incidenza sale a 317,6 inf./1000h. Per calcolare la gravità dell’infortunio, in ambito sanitario si usano degli indici quali l’Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), l’Organ Injury Scaling (OIS) e l’Injury Severity Score (ISS). Benché quest’ultimo sia molto utilizzato nella letteratura relativa agli infortuni sportivi, in tale ambito possono essere più significativi indicatori quali il tempo di recupero (il tempo che ci vuole perché l’atleta infortunato torni a gareggiare) o il tasso di recupero (percentuale di recupero rispetto allo stato pre-infortunio). Nella presente proposta, invece, si classificano gli infortuni come lievi (tendiniti, piccole fratture), gravi (commozioni, grandi fratture) o molto gravi (invalidità o morte), e viene calcolata la percentuale con cui si distribuiscono tra tutti gli infortuni accaduti, per ricavare un indice adimensionale di gravità. Così
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