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Geodetic Method to Obtain a Digital Elevation Model Associated to the Brazilian Geodetic System

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Geodetic Method to Obtain a Digital Elevation Model Associated to the Brazilian Geodetic System International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-7, Issue-9, September 2017 Geodetic method to obtain a digital elevation model associated to the Brazilian Geodetic System Robert Martins da Silva, Virnei Silva Moreira, Alexandre Bernardino Lopes Abstract— The present paper presents a geodetic environment that shows as consequence impossibility of the methodological proposal used to link limnimetric ruler to the areas near rivers and creeks absorb floods [13]. Brazilian Geodetic System (SGB) and obtain a Digital Elevation It is important to highlight that, in addition to the lack of Model (MDE) applied to flood areas also linked to the GBS. The financial resources to be invested in the municipality, there is bond of the rules to the GBS was given by the geometric an almost frequent expense with the damages caused by the levelling using as a starting point a Reference of Level (RN) of the Basic Altimetric Network of Brazil (RAFB) and finalizing in increase in river level. Most riverside families live in one of the limnimetric rules implanted by the Geological Service so-called flying houses, these are wooden houses and can be of Brazil (CPRM) the margins of the Uruguay River. The transported from one place to another. But in some extreme coordinates within the study area were determined by the events such as the one occurred in the year 2014, some relative static positioning of the GNSS, using as reference a families lost all their belongings and in some cases, even their forced centering frame whose coordinates were obtained by homes, leaving to the public power to help with the expenses Positioning by Precision Point (PPP) made available by the of these families.. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The The possible measures for flood control are of the orthometric altitudes were determined by relative mode GNSS structural type that alter the fluvial system and tend to avoid altimetry, using an RN together with the IBGE gravimetric geoid, and the MDE was generated in ArcGis environment using the damages caused by the flood, with the use of hydraulic the top to raster interpolator. The resulting MDE allowed the works, channeling of the runoff and dikes, and those of the delimitation of the areas constantly affected by the floods based non-structural type in which it is tried to minimize flood on the data provided by the CPRM and monitoring of the level damage through strategic planning, mapping and modeling. of the river and the areas affected during the flood of the year The way in which the control of the flood can be reached more 2017. efficiently would be through a set of structural and non-structural measures combined, allowing the harmonious index Terms— orthometric height, floods, modeling coexistence between the rivers and the river minimizing their losses [2]. In this context, a study to determine an MDE that I. INTRODUCTION represents the areas near the Uruguay River in the city of The city of Itaqui is located to the edges of the Rio Uruguay Itaqui, can subsidize and encourage the elaboration of an and not rarely it is flooded during the flood season, as well as MDE encompassing the cities of the western border that are several other cities of this region. Itaqui survives the same also affected by the constant variations of the level of the reality of most of the Brazilian small cities, the lack of River. resources and of specialized professionals in order that they The development of such work will be possible due to the act in the projection and in the orderly urbane development. recent technological advances that have led to an evolution in This fact reflects in the lack of studies and information that aid topographic and geodetic survey techniques, directly the urban management aim to minimize the negative impacts influencing the cost and quality of the work developed. For to the society. example, the Global Positioning System (GNSS) has shown A peculiarity of the city is that, having the river in this that its use enables fast, accurate, and low cost surveys, region a width of about six hundred meters, its Permanent including altimetric surveys with significant improvements in Preservation Area (APP) along the marginal strip of the the quality of its final product. waterway would be five hundred meters as it is explained in The application of geodetic concepts and the use of new the new forest code. This rule does not apply in the geodetic data collection resources are powerful tools for the municipality, since part of the urban network containing development of new methodologies for describing and several houses occupy the area that should be destined to monitoring physical space. In the case of the municipality of APP. Itaqui, the different data sources combined will serve as a The undue occupation causes various problems that have a basis for the elaboration of a precise and georeferenced MDE, direct impact on society, including floods and floods within which can be used as a basis for the main engineering works the urban area. One of the reasons is the disorderly urban and assistance to the population that is constantly reached by sprawl, without the adequate infrastructure along with the the river waters. non-observance of the natural characteristics of the occupied II. GEODESIC SURVEY Robert Martins da Silva, Department of Engineering, Federal In 1958 began the development of satellite positioning University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA/ Itaqui, RS, Brazil, Virnei Silva Moreira, Department of Engineering, Federal University systems with the well-known TRANSIT system that had as of Pampa - UNIPAMPA/ Itaqui, RS, Brazil principle the Doppler effect. This effect was observed by the Alexandre Bernardino Lopes, Center of studies of the sea, Federal terrestrial receivers in the signals transmitted from satellites, University of Paraná - UFPR, Pontal do Paraná-PR, Brazil 14 www.erpublication.org Geodetic method to obtain a digital elevation model associated to the Brazilian Geodetic System which is a function of the distance of the satellites and their (XP, YP) is the two-dimensional coordinate pair of the point direction in relation to the receivers. Knowing the frequency P, where P varies from 1,2,3, ..., n total number of points that the signals were transmitted, together with the data of the sampled on the surface. position of the orbit and the time of the observations, the Adopting here the denomination given by [6], MDT tends to position of the receiving stations was determined [4]. have a broader meaning and will incorporate specific terrain The positioning consists of determining the position of features into the model. In the case where the value of m is objects in relation to a frame. They can be classified in equal to one, the only information of the relief to be absolute positioning (or positioning per point) method, when represented will be its elevation being called MDE. the coordinates are determined relative to the geocenter, and relative, when the coordinates are determined in relation to V. INTERPOLATION one or more materialized reference points of known coordinates [10]. Currently the mapped attributes require an increasingly accurate assessment of their quality. An example of this is the In positioning by the relative method, the coordinates of the study of data interpolators used in determining spatial point of interest are determined in relation to one or more representation models [12]. known coordinate points (base station). In this case it is Modeling a surface is a process in which value estimates are necessary for the receivers to collect the data simultaneously performed for a variable having a single value, z (x, y), as x on the points, and according to the state of the receiver to be and y (spatial position) vary by study area [15]. positioned, it can be classified in relative static when the The value estimation process is performed through receiver is stopped and kinematic relative when in movement interpolators that will depend on a number of factors, such as [14]. the type of surface to be modeled and the purpose of the modeling. Interpolators are used in applications to estimate III. LEVELING conditions that exist in places where there are no observations The altimetric topographic survey or leveling is the or data recorded [7]. procedure that aims to determine the heights relative to a The various interpolators can be divided into deterministic reference surface, points of support and / or details, where it is ones, which through mathematical equations adjust the assumed that its planimetric coordinates are known, in order surface to the point values taking into account that closer to represent the altimetry of the raised region. Geometric points resemble more than distant points, and in probabilistic leveling determines the level difference between points on the ones, where the mathematical formulation is applied together ground through horizontal views made with a level on with the statistic analyzing the spatial autocorrelation of vertically positioned sights on the points to determine the values with the use of Geostatistics [8]. height difference. It is considered the most accurate method of leveling being simple or composed [16]. VI. STUDY OF AREA The study area, as shown in fig. 2, is located in the city of In this work to link the linimetric ruler to the SGB was used Itaqui, situated in region of the western frontier in the state of the compound geometric leveling method that consists of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has the Cambaí stream, the installing the level more than once to obtain the unevenness of Sanga das Olarias and the Uruguay river as the main water the section to be leveled.
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