DOCSLIB.ORG

Tough Love. Managerial State and Research Evaluation in Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tough Love. Managerial State and Research Evaluation in Poland See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236596465 TOUGH LOVE. MANAGERIAL STATE AND RESEARCH EVALUATION IN POLAND Article · January 2010 CITATIONS READS 0 30 1 author: Dominik Antonowicz Nicolaus Copernicus University 95 PUBLICATIONS 823 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: High participation systems of higher education View project [IN POLISH] Ustawa 2.0 (Law 2.0) - Polish Higher Education Reforms View project All content following this page was uploaded by Dominik Antonowicz on 16 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Kultura i Edukacja 2010, No. 5 (79) ISSN 1230-266X Dominik Antonowicz TOUGH LOVE. MANAGERIAL STATE AND RESEARCH EVALUATION IN POLAND 1. Introduction In the beginning I would like to make two important points. First, the main idea behind this paper is to enrich the existing public discussion in Poland that insofar has taken place only within the academic community. By doing so, this paper takes the point of view of an average taxpayer because her/his point of view is largely miss- ing, which makes the debate incomplete. Secondly, the policy in science and higher education must take into account wider historical, political and economic context. Since now, most of the mainstream discussions on science and higher education have been completely decoupled from any wider context. Its only explanation was the assumption that science and higher education is so unique and notable that has to be read, treated and understood separately. Th e starting point of this paper is rather opposite. In order to understand the recent changes in scientifi c policy one needs to explore it from the perspective of an average tax-payer and see transformations of scientifi c policy as a wider project of the falling welfare state. 2. From welfare to managerial state. Political u-turn Th e evaluative model of scientifi c policy is an integral part of managerial state and liberal model of public policy. It was brought to mainstream politics with fi rst signs of the falling welfare-state model. Ideological foundation of managerial state and evaluative model of public policy were market mechanisms and consumers’ choic- Tough Love. Managerial State and Research Evaluation in Poland 45 es. Th e “market state” or “managerial state” revolutionized public policy in the USA and Western Europe (in particular the UK) in the beginning of the 80s. Th is un- precedented political u-turn had a major impact on the public realm. Th e manage- rial approach has a number of names such as “manageralism”; “new public manage- ment”, “market based public administration” , the post bureaucratic paradigm (or entrepreneurial government) or “entrepreneurial government” . Th e fi rst distinctive feature of the political u-turn in public policy involved separation steering from rowing. Th e government involvement does not always involve government provision trough bureaucratic means. In practice, it meant allowing private and non-profi t organizations to provide public services. In gen- eral, it was also related to the transfer of ideology and business techniques from the private sector to the public realm . It was built on an assumption that public aims could be equally delivered by public and private organizations. What really counts in the public realm is what works. Hence, it is outcomes, not ownership, which matter in the modern public service. Th erefore the traditional political de- bate about private and public ownership became no longer meaningful so long as the tasks are performed. It was a radical move in the context of the welfare-state that put strong emphasis on equal distribution of public service and process of provisions services. It was more process oriented that outcomes-oriented perform- ance. Th e introduction of the liberal public policy was a necessary measure to undertake in order to rescue a falling welfare state and stop further economic downfall. It led to establishment of market mechanisms in order to direct public organizations in three major directions Effi ciency, Economy, Eff ectiveness (3E) pushing to a far reaching austerity in public spending but also critical approach to existing means of funding public sector . Th e second major feature of the transformation from the welfare-state to the managerial one was to direct the spotlight on the accountability of public sector institutions. Any public institutions or institutions that deliver public goals must be ready to justify tax-payers money spent on them. But as shows, the principal– agent problem or agency dilemma interests of both sides can be very diff erent or sometimes contradictory. Th e fi scal responsibility was obligatory to all public sec- tor organizations, but accountability involves much more than just correct alloca- tion of fi nancial resources. It puts strong emphasis on eff ective and effi cient use of public fi nancial resources. Accountability replaced institutional trust typical for the welfare-state, in which government (on behalf of taxpayers) let public institutions do their best in order to achieve what is required from them. In higher education a symbol of institutional trust became the British University Grant Committee founded in 1919 by the Ministry of Treasure. It was an independent agency estab- 46 Dominik Antonowicz lished to provide funding for higher education institutions. From the very begin- ning it was a means to channel funds to universities according to unknown criteria. Th e UGC’s role at this time was to examine the fi nancial needs of the universities and to advise on grants. But it did not have a permit to plan for the development of universities. It was believed that if universities had known the fi nancial algo- rithm they might have changed their activities, violated institutional autonomy and academic freedom. In the past universities did not have to be accountable because as professional organizations they enjoyed a high degree of public trust. In gen- eral it was believed that universities know best for and how to spend public mon- ey. Neither the government, nor UGC interfere in universities’ performance, inter- nal aff airs or balance between teaching and research. Nobody dares question the ethics and professional integrity of the academic profession. But in the postwar decades – initially unconditional – trust gradually became questioned because radical increase of the number of higher education institutions forced the govern- ment to be more economic in planning public spending on research. Th e third feature, and a natural consequence of the liberal u-turn in public policy was application of a simple rule who pays the piper called the tune. Institu- tional trust and generosity of welfare state was replaced by contractual relationship and market mechanisms that should have provided effi ciency and eff ectiveness. Th e government contracted out various services and introduced compulsory ten- dering in the public sector, there was clearly a room and need for institutional mechanisms that would secure public interest. Th is form of relations between the government and public sector institutions can be defi ned as quasi-market relations or state’s managed market. In contrast to welfare state, the managerial state develop public policy that could be characterized as goal-oriented and with a strong pres- sure on public accountability. Th is led to introduction of that evaluative mecha- nisms in order to secure public interest and help to achieve public goals. Decen- tralization of the state and contracting out public services requires better outcomes control. Th e managerial state became an anti-welfare state more distrustful toward its institutions. Eff ectiveness, effi ciency and control of public spending became key drivers for the change in public policy. Aft er the policies of the golden age of expansion, European welfare states have been shaped by the “politics of austerity”. Th e rhetoric of a “crisis” in the welfare state has been developed since the 1970s. From this time we have observed radical fi scal reforms, modernization of government and the end of the welfare state as we know it. Th e balance between state and market in meeting people’s needs (so far met by public sector healthcare and pensions, and possibly including education) shift ed towards the market. Following the changes in the model of a state, public Tough Love. Managerial State and Research Evaluation in Poland 47 policy in science and higher education turned into a more competitive model, in which the central role was attached to evaluative mechanisms. 3. Evaluation as an instrument of scientific policy Th e policy of institutional trust of the welfare-state does not pay any special attention to the achievement of results. Universities used to be self-governing and autonomous organizations, free to set their own missions, goals and agendas. Th e government, taxpayers had little impact on their activities but this kind of policy was possible when research was conducted in a few universities by a small number of academics. Spending on research was so insignifi cant in the national budget that there was no use paying too much attention to what they were spent on. Th e research (in particu- lar conducted at universities) did not have a great impact on the economic develop- ment. It was mostly basic research that did not aff ect the world outside the ivory tower. Since 1960s the fi nancial expectations of a growing number of higher educa- tion institutions has gone up rapidly and they exceeded national budget limits. Th ere was a number of social processes that had a major impact on revolution of policy of institutional trust. It was (a) massifi cation of research activity, (b) in- crease in the instrumental role of research conduct at universities and research institutes, (c) growing pressure on accountability of higher education institutions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Post-Communist Managerial State and Freedom of Religion Or Belief
    FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ The right to believe, to worship and witness The right to change one's belief or religion The right to join together and express one's belief This article was published by F18News on: 20 March 2012 CHINA: A post-Communist managerial state and freedom of religion or belief By Magda Hornemann, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org> Violations of freedom of religion or belief in China have continued, yet religious communities of all kinds have been growing rapidly. The Chinese Communist Party's attitude toward religion - and so towards the fundamental human right of freedom of religion or belief - has reflected the views of Chinese political elites from the 19th century onwards that religion is "superstition" and a barrier to modernisation, Forum 18 News Service notes. This has led to a political approach that could be characterised as "managerial", which allows the state to retain the will and power to control religious communities. The managerial approach in today's China is more practical and flexible than the ideologically-oriented approach of the Cultural Revolution. It leaves room for religious believers and communities to manoeuvre and even grow. Indeed, there is evidence of influences from religious believers among Communist Party officials. The long-term impact this may have on freedom of religion or belief and related human rights remains to be seen. But the future of religious freedom in China is not necessarily bleak. Violations of freedom of religion or belief in China have been widespread, persistent, and egregious.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyses of Policy Texts in European Contexts
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 473 414 EA 032 244 AUTHOR Lindblad, Sverker, Ed.; Popkewitz, Thomas S., Ed. TITLE Public Discourses on Education Governance and Social Integration and Exclusion: Analyses of Policy Texts in European Contexts. Uppsala Reports on Education. REPORT NO No-36 ISBN ISBN-91-86744-98-4 ISSN ISSN-0348-3649 PUB DATE 2000-01-00 NOTE 268p.; For Report No. 35 in this series, see EA 032 243. AVAILABLE Department of Education, Uppsala University, Box 2109, SF-750 FROM 02 Uppsala, Sweden. Tel: +46-18-461-16-52; Fax: +46-18- 461 -16- 51; Web site: http://info.uu.se/fakta.nsf/sidor/uppsala.university.id5D.html. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Comparative Analysis; *Discourse Analysis; Educational Change; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; *Governance; International Studies; *Policy Analysis; *Social Integration IDENTIFIERS *Europe; Globalization; Social Exclusion ABSTRACT This volume is a collection of public discourses on European education governance, and social integration and exclusion, focusing in particular on changes in education governance in Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, England, and Scotland. Ten chapters include: (1) "Introduction: Research Problematics and Approaches" (Sverker Lindblad and Thomas S. Popkewitz); (2) "Finland: From Comprehensive School Citizen Towards Self-Selective Individual" (Risto Rinne, Joel Kivirauma, Piia Hirvenoja, and Hannu Simola); (3) "Germany: Discourses on Education Governance and/or Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Political Parties in Germany" (Edwin Keiner, Sandra Muskat, Rita Stolbinger, and Kathrin Tietze); (4) "Greece: Crisis and Reform in Greek Education--A Modern Greek Sisyphus: Analysis of Texts" (Andreas Kazamias and Evie Zambeta); (5)"Iceland: Curriculum Management and Self-Evaluation in Icelandic Primary and Secondary Schools" (Ingolfur Asgeir Johannesson, Gunnar E.
    [Show full text]
  • State Traditions in Institutional Reform
    STATE TRADITIONS IN INSTITUTIONAL REFORM. A CASE STUDY OF FRENCH AND GERMAN TELEPHONE POLICY DEBATES FROM 1876 UNTIL 1997 Thesis submitted for the Ph.D. degree June 2004 London School of Economics and Political Science Government Department Marit Sjovaag Marino UMI Number: U194823 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U194823 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 «y «Political anc Economic Science TKtS^S F 836/ Abstract This thesis tests the claim that national differences in sectoral state traditions diminish over time. The case study covers telephone policy debates in France and Germany in five time periods fi*om 1876 until 1997: the ‘consolidation phase’ (1876 - 1900); the 1920s; the post-Second World War years; the debates leading up to corporatisation in the 1980s; and the debates around opening for full competition in the 1990s. The analytical framework is founded in writings on state traditions and on the role of ideas and discourse in policymaking. The study’s object of investigation, ‘sectoral state traditions’, is developed to allow for comparison both longitudi­ nally within one country and cross-nationally.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review: Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism, Edited by Jeremiah Morelock
    tripleC 17(1): 101-110, 2019 http://www.triple-c.at Book review: Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism, edited by Jeremiah Morelock Daniel Sullivan University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, [email protected], culturalexistential.lab.arizona.edu Abstract: Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism (2018; University of Westminster Press), edited by Jeremiah Morelock, brings together the work of sociologists, political scientists, historians, and philosophers attempting to revitalise the empirical and theoretical work on antidemocratic trends of the early Frankfurt School, or Institute for Social Research. They do so in the analytic context of contemporary, globally observed ‘authoritarian populist’ movements, in which political (often right-wing) agitators pit a symbolically-constructed national ‘people’ against purported corrupt elites and minority scapegoat groups. The chapters cover wide ground and can be contrasted to some extent in terms of whether they frame the contemporary moment as highly similar to the era of the Great Depression and 1930s Fascism, or emphasise the unique nature of neoliberalism as a historical backdrop. Notable strengths of the volume include Morelock’s systematic introductory overview of early Frankfurt School work, as well as a thematic section on “Digital Authoritarianism” which resurrects the Institute’s tradition of propaganda content analysis for the social media era. Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism offers a highly comprehensive picture of the current geopolitical nightmare and the conceptual tools for attacking it, and serves as a welcome corrective to several recent simplistic applications of the authoritarianism concept in popular science outlets. Keywords: critical theory, authoritarian populism, early Frankfurt School, Institute for Social Research, digital authoritarianism, propaganda 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagination Movers: the Construction of Conservative Counter-Narratives in Reaction to Consensus Liberalism
    Imagination Movers: The Construction of Conservative Counter-Narratives in Reaction to Consensus Liberalism Seth James Bartee Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Social, Political, Ethical, and Cultural Thought Francois Debrix, Chair Matthew Gabriele Matthew Dallek James Garrison Timothy Luke February 19, 2014 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: conservatism, imagination, historicism, intellectual history counter-narrative, populism, traditionalism, paleo-conservatism Imagination Movers: The Construction of Conservative Counter-Narratives in Reaction to Consensus Liberalism Seth James Bartee ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore what exactly bound post-Second World War American conservatives together. Since modern conservatism’s recent birth in the United States in the last half century or more, many historians have claimed that both anti-communism and capitalism kept conservatives working in cooperation. My contention was that the intellectual founder of postwar conservatism, Russell Kirk, made imagination, and not anti-communism or capitalism, the thrust behind that movement in his seminal work The Conservative Mind. In The Conservative Mind, published in 1953, Russell Kirk created a conservative genealogy that began with English parliamentarian Edmund Burke. Using Burke and his dislike for the modern revolutionary spirit, Kirk uncovered a supposedly conservative seed that began in late eighteenth-century England, and traced it through various interlocutors into the United States that culminated in the writings of American expatriate poet T.S. Eliot. What Kirk really did was to create a counter-narrative to the American liberal tradition that usually began with the French Revolution and revolutionary figures such as English-American revolutionary Thomas Paine.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 11 Changing Nature of the Indian State
    UNIT 11 CHANGING NATURE OF THE INDIAN STATE Structure 11.0 Learning Outcome 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Role of the State in India 11.3 Emergence of the Modern State 11.4 The Structural and Functional Evolution 11.5 Issues before the Indian State 11.6 Conclusion 11.7 Key Concepts 11.8 Refereneces and Further Reading 11.9 Activity 11.0 LEARNING OUTCOME After reading this Unit, you will be able to: • Appreciate the changing role of the State in India • Understand the structural and functional evolution of the State, and • Analyse the issues confronting the State in India 11.1 INTRODUCTION We have all read about the nature, scope, perspectives and evolution of the State in our previous Units. The discussions have basically been in theoretical terms. In this Unit, we propose to study the role of the State in the Indian context. You will appreciate that the issues involved in the kind of discussion are pretty complex. One has to take into account the special nature of State-society relationship in a developing State like India. Besides, there are other issues such as the evolution of the idea of Indian State as evolved during the national movement, the Constitutional mandate for it, the goals as set out by the Constitution makers and the working of the Indian State as reflected in its experiments with federalism, coalition government, bureaucracy and development administration, judiciary and judicial activism etc. All these issues need to be discussed and analysed. In the process, the problems of democratic participation, socio-political moblisation and the crisis of governability need to be probed and some future direction explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Never a Dull Moment.Pdf
    NEVER A DULL MOMENT NEVER A DULL MOMENT A LIBERTARIAN LOOK AT THE SIXTIES MURRAY N. ROTHBARD EDITED BY JUSTIN RAIMONDO M ISESI NSTITUTE AUBURN, ALABAMA Published 2016 by the Mises Institute. Th is work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Mises Institute 518 West Magnolia Ave. Auburn, Ala. 36832 mises.org paperback edition: 978-1-61016-649-2 large print edition: 978-1-61016-650-8 epub: 978-1-61016-651-5 To Ralph Raico Contents Introduction. 11 1. Education in California . 15 2. Reaching for the Zoning Club . 17 3. Desecrating the Flag . 19 4. Abolish Slavery! — Part I . 21 5. Abolish Slavery! — Part II . 23 6. Abolish Slavery! — Part III . 25 7. Th e Middle East Crisis . 27 8. We’re In a Recession . 29 9. Abolish Slavery! — Part IV . 31 10. Abolish Slavery! — Part V . 33 11. “Little” Israel. 35 12. “Rebellion” in Newark . 37 13. Abolish Slavery! — Part VI . 39 14. Civil War in July, 1967 — Part I . 41 15. Civil War in July, 1967 — Part II. 43 16. Civil War in July, 1967 — Part III . 45 17. Th e Principle of Secession . 47 18. Should Th ere Be a Tax Hike? — Part I . 49 19. Should Th ere Be a Tax Hike? — Part II . 51 20. Abolish Slavery! — Part VII. 53 7 8 Never a Dull Moment: A Libertarian Look at the Sixties 21. Businessmen for Peace . 55 22. “Incitement” to Riot . 57 23. Gun Laws . 59 24.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Services Or Corporate Welfare Rethinking the Nation State in the Global Economy
    Dexter Whitfield Public Services or Corporate Welfare Rethinking the Nation State in the Global Economy Pluto P Press LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA First published 2001 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Dexter Whitfield 2001 The right of Dexter Whitfield to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Whitfield, Dexter. Public services or corporate welfare : rethinking the nation state in the global economy / Dexter Whitfield. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7453–0855–4 (hc) — ISBN 0–7453–0856–2 (pb) 1. Welfare state. 2. State, The. 3. Privatization. 4. Globalization. I. Title. JC479.W483 2000 320.1—dc21 00–008744 ISBN 0 7453 0855 4 hardback ISBN 0 7453 0856 2 paperback 10 09 08 07 0605 04 03 02 01 10987654321 Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton Printed from PDF files in the European Union by TJ International, Padstow, England To Dorothy Calvert Contents List of Tables and Figures x Abbreviations xii Acknowledgements xiv Preface xv Introduction: The
    [Show full text]
  • Disputing Citizenship
    Disputing CITIZENSHIP John Clarke, Kathleen Coll, Evelina Dagnino and Catherine Neveu DISPUTING CITIZENSHIP John Clarke, Kathleen Coll, Evelina Dagnino and Catherine Neveu First published in Great Britain in 2014 by Policy Press North American office: University of Bristol Policy Press 6th Floor c/o The University of Chicago Press Howard House 1427 East 60th Street Queen’s Avenue Chicago, IL 60637, USA Clifton t: +1 773 702 7700 Bristol BS8 1SD f: +1 773-702-9756 UK e:[email protected] Tel +44 (0)117 331 5020 www.press.uchicago.edu Fax +44 (0)117 331 5367 e-mail [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk © Policy Press 2014 An electronic version of this book [978-1-4473-1254-3] is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Knowledge Unlatched British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 978 1 44731 253 6 paperback ISBN 978 1 44731 252 9 hardcover The right of John Clarke, Kathleen Coll, Evelina Dagnino and Catherine Neveu to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the 1988 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Policy Press.
    [Show full text]
  • 92 'Whither the Welfare State: Public Versus Private Consumption? by Professor Ben Fine
    SOAS Working Paper Series No: 92 'Whither the Welfare State: Public versus Private Consumption? By Professor Ben Fine. Whither the Welfare State: Public versus Private Consumption?* 1 Introduction This paper is an attempt to settle a debt, or at least pay some interest on a debt, that was left unpaid in the closing chapter of my first major effort to address consumption in The World of Consumption, Fine and Leopold (1993). There, with a strong tinge of guilt, it was recognised that the book had conformed to an overwhelming feature of the explosively growing literature on consumption that had just been critically assessed - its almost exclusive pre-occupation with private consumption as realised through the purchase of commodities. This represented a double omission; for, not only does it neglect public consumption, it also leaves unchallenged, the notion attached to laissez-faire ideology, that public consumption is merely an alternative form of private consumption, and liable to be inferior in efficiency and quality of delivery. Even those rejecting the presumed inferiority of public provision, on efficiency and/or equity grounds have been subject to an assault of making the public more like, or meeting the standards of, the private sector, with the practices and terminology of the latter being aped as public consumption is attached to commercial criteria and the serving of clients and customers, etc. So the time has come to redress the analytical balance between public and private consumption, especially in order to bring out their respective distinctiveness. This is easier said than done. For we all have a fully formed and daily personal and individual experience of private consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Building a Grand Paris: French Neoliberalism and the Politics of Urban Spatial Production Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kf7j6nx Author Enright, Theresa Erin Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ BUILDING A GRAND PARIS: FRENCH NEOLIBERALISM AND THE POLITICS OF URBAN SPATIAL PRODUCTION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICS with an emphasis in HISTORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS by Theresa Enright June 2012 The Dissertation of Theresa Enright is approved: _______________________________ Professor Robert Meister, Chair _______________________________ Professor Dean Mathiowetz _______________________________ Professor Miriam Greenberg _____________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Theresa E. Enright 2012 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iv List of Acronyms v Abstract vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction: What Makes a City Great? 1 Chapter One: The Shared Dream of Grand Paris 63 Chapter Two: Moving through Grand Paris: Mobility, Connectivity and 140 Transit-Oriented Redevelopment Chapter Three: A Thousand Layers of Governance 215 Conclusion: Making Space for Whom? 287 Bibliography 310 iii List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Regional economic and demographic indicators by Department 6 Table
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Democracy? Liberal Institutions and Stability in Changing Societies
    What Is Democracy? Liberal Institutions and Stability in Changing Societies by William Anthony Hay William Anthony Hay ([email protected]) is assistant professor of history at Mississippi State University and author of The Whig Revival, 1808–1830 (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005). This article is based on a presentation he made to FPRI’s Study Group on America and the West on September 12, 2005, in Philadelphia. Is it possible to export democracy? That question underlies current U.S. foreign policy, and answering it requires an operational definition of democracy that distinguishes its essential attributes from circumstantial ones. Liberal representative government under law, sustained by a political culture that accepts open disagreement and demands accountability, provides the only form of democracy that has sustained itself over time. Democracy typically emerges from within a society, and history demonstrates the difficulty of making democracy work. Imposing it externally presents further challenges while risking a backlash. The project of spreading democracy must therefore be separated from the objective of establishing a stable order favoring American interests so that the latter end can be achieved by more modest means. Promoting democracy overseas has been an important theme in American grand strategy since the days of Woodrow Wilson. In 2005, George W. Bush, in his second inaugural address, put support for democratic movements at the center of his foreign policy. Behind the debate over current American policy lies the operational question of whether outsiders can impose democracy on Iraq or other societies. Answering that question, however, requires a definition of democracy that explains how it works as a political system.
    [Show full text]