David Witiluk Msc Thesis 1

Running&head:&EFFECT&OF&WARM4UPS& & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&1& Masters Thesis: The Effect of Warm-ups and Elevated Oxygen Consumption on Running Performance in Trained Collegiate Distance Runners by David Witiluk Advisor: Dr. Derek Kivi Committee member: Dr. Ian Newhouse Committee member: Mr. Glen Paterson Lakehead University EFFECT OF WARM-UPS 2 & Abstract The mobilization hypothesis (Andzel & Gutin, 1976) states that starting a performance with an elevated baseline oxygen consumption will improve performance by reducing the oxygen deficit at the beginning of the task, allowing for greater anaerobic capacity at the end. The purpose of this study was to examine how recovering to different percentages of heart rate reserve (HRR) and oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) after a warm-up influences running performance in distance runners. Two research questions were developed: how does recovering to 50% HRR vs. 35% HRR after a warm-up influence run to exhaustion performance, and do % VO2R and % HRR decrease similarly when recovering to 35% and 50% HRR. Sixteen trained middle- and long-distance runners were recruited from the Lakehead University varsity track- and-field team and the Lakehead Athletics Club. Testing was completed over three sessions. First session involved treadmill accommodation and VO2max testing. The second and third sessions involved performing a warm-up followed by recovering to either 35% or 50% HRR before completing the performance of running at 105% vVO2max with 1% grade until exhaustion. Paired samples t-test found no significant differences in run to exhaustion time [t (15) = -1.016, p = .326] after recovering to either 50% HRR or 35% HRR. One-sample Chi-square goodness-of-fit test found values of %VO2R were significantly lower than the expected values for both 35% and 50% HRR recovery trials (p = .000, for both trials). In conclusion, participants may have been too close to baseline measures to facilitate the mobilization hypothesis. Alternatively, both trials may have been elevated sufficiently but there was no significant difference between the trials. % HRR and % VO2R were not equal during recovery, but this was likely impacted by the intensity of the stride (15-seconds at 105% vVO2max). Further research into the methods used to warm up prior to long-duration performance is recommended. EFFECT OF WARM-UPS 3 & Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Derek Kivi for his dedication of time and patience with both my project and myself. Secondly, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Ian Newhouse and Mr. Glen Paterson, and my external examiner, Dr. Graydon Raymer, for their time and input as well. I would like to thank Dr. Carlos Zerpa and Dan Vasiliu for their technical support and assistance with the laboratory equipment. Finishing my thesis would not have been possible without their assistance. Thank you to my fellow graduate students, especially Mike Asmussen, Andrew Nordin, and Kartar Kalsi. Thank you to Eric Mathieu, Robyn Smith, Kip Sigsworth and all of my participants for their assistance with my data collection and accommodating training schedules to work with my testing. Last but not least, thank you to all my friends and family for the support and encouragement. EFFECT OF WARM-UPS 4 & Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................3 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................6 List of Figures..................................................................................................................................7 Review of Literature......................................................................................................................8 Warm-up ..........................................................................................................................................8 Temperature related................................................................................................................9 Decreased viscous resistance of muscles and joints........................................................10 Oxyhemoglobin and myoglobin dissociation ..................................................................11 Speeding of metabolic reactions......................................................................................14 Increased nerve conduction rate ......................................................................................16 Increased thermoregulatory strain ...................................................................................17 Non-temperature related.......................................................................................................18 Increased blood flow to muscles......................................................................................18 Elevation of baseline oxygen consumption .....................................................................19 Postactivation potentiation...............................................................................................20 Psychological effects and increased preparedness ..........................................................22 Neuroendocrine system ........................................................................................................23 Warm-up benefits......................................................................................................................24 Performance..........................................................................................................................25 Injury Prevention..................................................................................................................28 Warm-up types (components)....................................................................................................29 Active ...................................................................................................................................29 General.............................................................................................................................30 Specific ............................................................................................................................30 Passive..................................................................................................................................31 Warm-up duration and intensity................................................................................................32 Rest intervals (recovery) ...........................................................................................................35 Theory .......................................................................................................................................36 Application (middle and long distance runners) .......................................................................37 Running Performance ....................................................................................................................37 Maximal oxygen consumption..................................................................................................38 Anaerobic threshold ..................................................................................................................40 Running economy .....................................................................................................................41 Monitoring heart rate and oxygen consumption .......................................................................44 & Research Problem ........................................................................................................................48 Research Question .........................................................................................................................52 Hypothesis .....................................................................................................................................52 & Methodology.................................................................................................................................54 Participants.....................................................................................................................................54 Procedures......................................................................................................................................55 EFFECT OF WARM-UPS 5 & Session 1: treadmill accommodation and VO2max testing.......................................................55 VO2max testing ....................................................................................................................57 Session 2 and 3: running performance starting at 35% and 50% HRR ....................................58 Warm-up and recovery.........................................................................................................58 Performance task ..................................................................................................................59 Filtering of Oxygen Consumption Data.........................................................................................60 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................61

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