DOCSLIB.ORG

Can Religious Pluralism Survive?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE PLIGHT OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES: CAN RELIGIOUS PLURALISM SURVIVE? HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JUNE 30, 2006 Serial No. 109–202 Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international—relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 28–430PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 21 2002 16:45 Oct 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\AGI\063006\28430.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois, Chairman JAMES A. LEACH, Iowa TOM LANTOS, California CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, HOWARD L. BERMAN, California Vice Chairman GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York DAN BURTON, Indiana ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American ELTON GALLEGLY, California Samoa ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey DANA ROHRABACHER, California SHERROD BROWN, Ohio EDWARD R. ROYCE, California BRAD SHERMAN, California PETER T. KING, New York ROBERT WEXLER, Florida STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York THOMAS G. TANCREDO, Colorado WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts RON PAUL, Texas GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York DARRELL ISSA, California BARBARA LEE, California JEFF FLAKE, Arizona JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon MARK GREEN, Wisconsin SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada JERRY WELLER, Illinois GRACE F. NAPOLITANO, California MIKE PENCE, Indiana ADAM B. SCHIFF, California THADDEUS G. MCCOTTER, Michigan DIANE E. WATSON, California KATHERINE HARRIS, Florida ADAM SMITH, Washington JOE WILSON, South Carolina BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina DENNIS A. CARDOZA, California CONNIE MACK, Florida RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska MICHAEL MCCAUL, Texas TED POE, Texas THOMAS E. MOONEY, SR., Staff Director/General Counsel ROBERT R. KING, Democratic Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, Chairman THOMAS G. TANCREDO, Colorado DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey JEFF FLAKE, Arizona GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York MARK GREEN, Wisconsin BARBARA LEE, California JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas DIANE E. WATSON, California JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon Vice Chairman MARY M. NOONAN, Subcommittee Staff Director GREG SIMPKINS, Subcommittee Professional Staff Member NOELLE LUSANE, Democratic Professional Staff Member SHERI A. RICKERT, Subcommittee Professional Staff Member and Counsel LINDSEY M. PLUMLEY, Staff Associate (II) VerDate Mar 21 2002 16:45 Oct 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 F:\WORK\AGI\063006\28430.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL C O N T E N T S Page WITNESSES The Honorable Henry J. Hyde, a Representative in Congress from the State of Illinois ............................................................................................................... 1 The Honorable John V. Hanford III, Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State ................................................... 11 Ms. Nina Shea, Vice Chair, U.S. Commission on International Religious Free- dom ........................................................................................................................ 33 Father Firas Aridah, Our Lady Mother of Sorrows Church, Aboud, West Bank ...................................................................................................................... 51 Ms. Rosie Malek-Yonan, Author, ‘‘The Crimson Field’’ ........................................ 58 Ms. Kit Bigelow, Director of the Office of External Affairs, National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha’is of the United States ................................................... 88 LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING The Honorable Henry J. Hyde: Prepared statement ............................................ 3 The Honorable Christopher H. Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey, and Chairman, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations: Prepared statement ................ 9 The Honorable John V. Hanford III: Prepared statement ................................... 16 Ms. Nina Shea: Prepared statement ...................................................................... 38 Father Firas Aridah: Prepared statement ............................................................. 54 Ms. Rosie Malek-Yonan: Prepared statement ....................................................... 64 Ms. Kit Bigelow: Prepared statement .................................................................... 89 APPENDIX Material Submitted for the Hearing Record .......................................................... 97 (III) VerDate Mar 21 2002 16:45 Oct 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 F:\WORK\AGI\063006\28430.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL VerDate Mar 21 2002 16:45 Oct 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 F:\WORK\AGI\063006\28430.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL THE PLIGHT OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES: CAN RELIGIOUS PLURALISM SURVIVE? FRIDAY, JUNE 30, 2006 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS, COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:38 a.m. in room 2172, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Christopher H. Smith (Chairman of the Subcommittee) presiding. Mr. SMITH. The Subcommittee will come to order. Good morning, everybody. Since we have the distinct privilege of having the Chair- man of the Full Committee, Congressman Henry Hyde, as our opening witness for today’s hearing, I will defer opening statements on the part of the Members, including myself, and would welcome our very distinguished Chairman Henry Hyde, who I have known for my 26 years as a Member of Congress. He is probably the most passionate and the most effective debater I have ever known, and I think many of us share this view. In any debate any Member is ever in, you hope that Henry Hyde is the closer because nobody is more persuasive and articulate than the gentleman from Illinois. He is also one of the most effective lawmakers, having written many laws as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, which is prob- ably the most powerhouse-oriented, legislation-producing, Com- mittee in the House of Representatives. Henry took the lead on so many important pieces of legislation over the years, and continued that tradition when he came over and became Chairman of the International Relations Committee. It is truly an honor to serve with Chairman Hyde, and for such time as he would like, I yield the floor to Mr. Hyde. STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE HENRY J. HYDE, A REP- RESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Chairman HYDE. Well, thank you, Mr. Smith. If I had known you were going to be so extravagant in your introduction, I would have come in sooner. I want to thank you for holding this important hearing, and I want to thank Father Firas for coming all the way from the Holy Land to provide testimony. He will be discussing the plight of Pal- estinian Christians living in Aboud. Over the course of the past 3 years, I have become increasingly engaged in the challenges facing Christian institutions and their communities in the Holy Land. The more I learn, the more I realize (1) VerDate Mar 21 2002 16:45 Oct 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 F:\WORK\AGI\063006\28430.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL 2 how central their situation is to the resolution of the Israeli-Pales- tinian conflict. The plight and security of Christians in the Holy Land is com- plex, and it is nuanced. There are historical, current, and future obstacles that threaten the survival of their community. A commu- nity not able to survive in its land of origin would be an historical injustice. We must do all we can to preserve the indigenous Chris- tian community in the Holy Land. My concerns have emphasized the current reality that this dwin- dling community faces. Ignoring the present challenges only adds fuel to the fire and accelerates the arrival of long-term concerns that are more difficult to resolve. I conveyed these concerns in a letter to then-Secretary Powell in 2004, and more recently to Presi- dent Bush this past month. Through articulating these concerns, I do not wish to imply ill will toward either Israel or the Palestin- ians. My only intent is to report the facts and see how the United States Government can help to improve the situation without com- promising Israel’s legitimate security concerns or religious freedom in Israel and Palestine. Palestinian Christians are increasingly finding themselves caught in the middle of a bipolar situation between Islamic and Jewish extremism. It is this divide that is undermining the plural- istic character of Palestinian society. The implications of this reality has strategic implications on U.S. national security interests. If the heart of moderate and secular elements in Israel and Palestinian societies is weakened, it will de- rail the implementation of President Bush’s vision of two states
Recommended publications
  • The Rise of the Islamic Movement in Sudan 1945-1989

    The Rise of the Islamic Movement in Sudan 1945-1989

    THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. ______________________________________ Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Certificate of Approval: ________________________________ ________________________________ James A. Nathan Jill Crystal, Chair Professor Professor Political Science Political Science _______________________________ _______________________________ Lee A. Farrow Linda Dennard Associate Professor Associate Professor History Political Science and Public Administration ______________________________________ Joe F. Pittman Interim Dean Graduate School THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, AL May 10, 2008 THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ________________________________ Signature of Author ________________________________ Date of Graduation iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMNET IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Doctor of Philosophy, May 10, 2008 (M.L.I.S., University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, 2003) (B.A., University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2000) (L.L.M., Baku State University, 1993) 262 Typed Pages Directed by Jill Crystal Using a wider theoretical framework and recognizing the gaps that exist in studying political Islam, this study utilized Social Movement Theory (SMT) in examining the rise of the Islamic Movement in Sudan (1945-1989).
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: ROBOTICS and the FUTURE OF

    ABSTRACT Title of Document: ROBOTICS and the FUTURE OF

    ABSTRACT Title of Document: ROBOTICS AND THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ASYMMETRIC WARFARE Nicholas Grossman, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Professor George Quester, Department of Government and Politics In the post-Cold War world, the world's most powerful states have cooperated or avoided conflict with each other, easily defeated smaller state governments, engaged in protracted conflicts against insurgencies and resistance networks, and lost civilians to terrorist attacks. This dissertation explores various explanations for this pattern, proposing that some non-state networks adapt to major international transitions more quickly than bureaucratic states. Networks have taken advantage of the information technology revolution to enhance their capabilities, but states have begun to adjust, producing robotic systems with the potential to grant them an advantage in asymmetric warfare. ROBOTICS AND THE FUTURE OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE By Nicholas Grossman Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor George Quester, Chair Professor Paul Huth Professor Shibley Telhami Professor Piotr Swistak Professor William Nolte Professor Keith Olson © Copyright by Nicholas Grossman 2013 Dedication To Marc and Tracy Grossman, who made this all possible, and to Alyssa Prorok, who made it all worth it. ii Acknowledgements Thank you to my dissertation committee for all the advice and support, Anne Marie Clark and Cissy Roberts for making everything run smoothly, Jacob Aronson and Rabih Helou for the comments and encouragement, Alyssa Prorok for invaluable help, and especially to George Quester for years of mentorship.
  • 2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 28, 2005

    2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 28, 2005

    Iran Page 1 of 20 Iran Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 28, 2005 The Islamic Republic of Iran [note 1] is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shi'a Muslim clergy dominate the key power structures. Article Four of the Constitution states that "All laws and regulations…shall be based on Islamic principles." Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty (Article Six) and the rule of the Supreme Jurisconsulate (Article Five). The unelected Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ali Khamene'i, dominates a tricameral division of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Khamene'i directly controls the armed forces and exercises indirect control over the internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The executive branch was headed by President Mohammad Khatami, who won a second 4-year term in June 2001, with 77 percent of the popular vote in a multiparty election. The legislative branch featured a popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, Majlis, which develops and passes legislation, and an unelected 12-member Council of Guardians, which reviews all legislation passed by the Majlis for adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles and also has the duty of screening Majlis candidates for eligibility. Conservative candidates won a majority of seats in the February Seventh Majlis election that was widely perceived as neither free nor fair, due to the Council of Guardians' exclusion of thousands of qualified candidates. The 34-member Expediency Council is empowered to resolve legislative impasses between the Council of Guardians and the Majlis.
  • The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges

    The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges

    The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Editor Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Editor Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman 1 The Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2018/2/529) 277 AbuRumman, Mohammad Suliman The Prospects Of Political Islam In A Troubled Region / Moham- mad Suliman Abu Rumman; Translated by William Joseph Ward. – Am- man: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2018 (178) p. Deposit No.: 2018/2/529 Descriptors: /Politics//Islam/ يتحمل المؤلف كامل المسؤولية القانونية عن محتوى مصنفه وﻻ ّيعبر هذا المصنف عن رأي دائرة المكتبة الوطنية أو أي جهة حكومية أخرى. Published in 2018 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website:www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Translation: William Joseph Ward Cover and Lay-out: Mua’th Al Saied Printing: Economic Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-80-4 2 The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Contributed Authors Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman Dr. Khalil Anani Dr. Neven Bondokji Hassan Abu Hanieh Dr.
  • Kuwait 29Jan10

    Kuwait 29Jan10

    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT KUWAIT 29 JANUARY 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN KUWAIT , FROM 25 DECEMBER 2009 TO 29 JANUARY 2010 REPORTS ON KUWAIT PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 25 DECEMBER 2009 AND 29 JANUARY 2010 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 1.01 Map .............................................................................................. 1.04 2. ECONOMY ........................................................................................... 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................. 3.01 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (M ARCH -DECEMBER 2009) ............................ 4.01 5. CONSTITUTION .................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM .............................................................................. 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 7.01 8. SECURITY SITUATION ........................................................................... 8.01 9. SECURITY FORCES ............................................................................... 9.01 Police........................................................................................... 9.02 Arbitrary arrest and detention................................................... 9.03 Torture
  • Christen Und Christinnen Im Iran

    Christen Und Christinnen Im Iran

    Christen und Christinnen im Iran Themenpapier Florian Lüthy 18 . Oktober 2005 Angaben zum Autor: Florian Lüthy ist Historiker mit dem Schwerpunkt Neuzeit. Er ist schon seit mehreren Jahren im Menschenrechtsbereich tätig und arbeitete bei verschi edenen s chweizerischen NGO. Von April bis September 2005 absolvierte Floria n Lüthy ein Berufspraktikum bei der Länderanal y- se der Schweizerischen Flüchtlingshilfe (SFH). Impressum HERAUSGEBERIN Schweizerische Flüchtlingshilfe SFH Postfach 8154, 3001 Bern Tel. 031 / 370 75 75 Fax 031 / 370 75 00 E-Mail: INFO@ osar.ch Internet: www.osar.ch PC -Konto: 30 -1085 -7 AUTOR Florian Lüthy SPRACHVERSIONEN deutsch, französisch PREIS Fr. 2 0. -- inkl. 2,4 Prozent MWSt., zuzgl. Versan dkosten COPYRIGHT © 20 05 Schweizerische Flüchtlingshilfe, Bern Kopieren und Abdruck unter Quellenangabe e rlaubt. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 4 1 Rec htliche Stellung von Nicht -Muslimen in Iran ................................ ........ 5 1.1 Bestimmungen gemäss Verfassung ................................ ...................... 5 1.2 Bestimmungen gemäss Strafgesetzbuch ................................ ............... 6 1.3 Bestimmungen gemäss Zivilgesetzbuch ................................ ................ 7 2 Angehörige traditioneller Kirchen ................................ .............................. 7 2.1 Armenische Christen ................................ ................................ ...........
  • Assessment of the Electoral Framework KUWAIT

    Assessment of the Electoral Framework KUWAIT

    ,OGO 7?A5D35K *7BADF;@9 !@F7D@3F;A@3> Assessment of the Electoral Framework Final Report Kuwait November 2008 | 1 | © by Democracy Reporting International (DRI) and the Kuwait Transparency Society (KTS), Berlin/Kuwait, November 2008 All rights reserved. Distribution for all non-commercial purposes is encouraged provided DRI and KTS are acknowledged as the source and are sent copies of any translations. | 2 | Executive Summary Kuwait’s framework for parliamentary elections is largely in line with international standards, although a few shortcomings should be addressed. Even though Kuwait does not permit the formation of political parties, and women received the right to vote and to stand in elections only in 2005, the country has a long-standing history of pluralistic and genuine elections. Generally, there is confidence in the work of the electoral administration. However, the equality of the vote is not respected because the size of the electorate in the five electoral districts, each of which is represented by 10 MPs, varies significantly. After the May 2008 elections, the election authorities experienced significant difficulties with the counting and aggregation of the votes, resulting in controversy and court appeals. Certainly, there is scope to introduce measures to enhance transparency, improve the counting and aggregation of votes (e.g. by requiring a prompt and detailed publication of election results at all levels) and reforming procedures for adjudicating election related complaints and appeals. Currently, the elections are managed jointly by the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Justice and the judiciary. Representatives of the candidates also have a role in administering the election during polling.
  • Strategic Survey for Israel 2010 Shlomo Brom and Anat Kurz, Editors

    Strategic Survey for Israel 2010 Shlomo Brom and Anat Kurz, Editors

    Strategic Survey for Israel 2010 Shlomo Brom and Anat Kurz, Editors Strategic Survey for Israel 2010 Shlomo Brom and Anat Kurz, Editors Institute for National Security Studies The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), incorporating the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, was founded in 2006. The purpose of the Institute for National Security Studies is, first, to conduct basic research that meets the highest academic standards on matters related to Israel’s national security as well as Middle East regional and international security affairs. Second, the Institute aims to contribute to the public debate and governmental deliberation of issues that are – or should be – at the top of Israel’s national security agenda. INSS seeks to address Israeli decision makers and policymakers, the defense establishment, public opinion makers, the academic community in Israel and abroad, and the general public. INSS publishes research that it deems worthy of public attention, while it maintains a strict policy of non-partisanship. The opinions expressed in this publication are the authors’ alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute, its trustees, boards, research staff, or the organization and individuals that support its research. Strategic Survey for Israel 2010 Shlomo Brom and Anat Kurz, Editors המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURcITY STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE bd CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES Graphic design: Michal Semo-Kovetz and Yael Bieber Cover design: Michal Semo-Kovetz Printing: Kedem Ltd. Cover Photo: Prime Minister Netanyahu with President Obama, July 6, 2010 Courtesy: Image Bank / Getty Images Institute for National Security Studies 40 Haim Levanon Street POB 39950 Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 61398 Israel Tel.
  • IRAN Executive Summary the Constitution and Other Laws And

    IRAN Executive Summary the Constitution and Other Laws And

    IRAN Executive Summary The constitution and other laws and policies do not protect religious freedom and in practice, the government severely restricted religious freedom. The government’s respect for and protection of the right to religious freedom continued to deteriorate. Reports of government imprisonment, harassment, intimidation, and discrimination based on religious beliefs continued during the year. The constitution states that Ja’afari (Twelver) Shia Islam is the official state religion. It provides that “other Islamic denominations are to be accorded full respect” and officially recognizes only three non-Islamic religious groups--Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews--as religious minorities. These three religions are allowed to practice freely under the constitution as long as their members do not proselytize; however, Christian pastor Youcef Nadarkhani remained jailed and sentenced to death for practicing his faith. While not discussed in the constitution, the government considers Baha’is to be apostates and defines the Baha’i Faith as a political “sect.” The government prohibits Baha’is from teaching and practicing their faith and subjects them to many forms of discrimination that followers of other religions do not face. Government rhetoric and actions created a threatening atmosphere for nearly all non-Shia religious groups, most notably for Baha’is, as well as for Sufi Muslims, evangelical Christians, Jews, and Shia groups that did not share the government’s official religious views. Baha’i and Christian groups reported arbitrary arrests, prolonged detentions, and confiscation of property. During the year, government- controlled broadcast and print media intensified negative campaigns against religious minorities, particularly Baha’is. All religious minorities suffered varying degrees of officially sanctioned discrimination, particularly in the areas of employment, education, and housing.
  • Honolulu 2020

    Honolulu 2020

    Tuesday PWK22: Tuesday 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Research Grant Women in Negoaons (By Invitaon Only) PWK06: Tuesday 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Research Grant Research & Workshop Grants Commiee Understanding Peaceful Change in Internaonal Relaons (By Invitaon Only) Part. Marie-Joelle Zahar (University of Montreal) Part. Karin Aggestam (Lund University) Research & Workshop Grants Commiee Part. Brian Urlacher (University of North Dakota) Part. Cornelia B. Navari (University of Buckingham) Part. Caa Cecilia Conforni (Wellesley College) Part. Anne Clunan (Naval Postgraduate School) Part. Piki Ish-Shalom (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Part. Victoria Tin-bor Hui (University of Notre Dame) Part. Laura Montanaro (University of Essex) Part. John Ravenhill (University of Waterloo) Part. Lucy Maycox (University of Oxford) Part. Rajesh Basrur (S. Rajaratnam School of Internaonal Studies, Part. Catriona Standfield (University of Notre Dame) Nanyang Technological University) Coord. Galia Golan (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Part. Manjeet Pardesi (Victoria University of Wellington) Coord. Miriam J. Anderson (Ryerson University) Part. Torbjorn Knutsen (University of Trondheim) Part. Markus Kornprobst (Vienna School of Internaonal Studies) PIF: Tuesday 8:30 AM - 5:00 PM Commiee Panel Part. Xiaoyu Pu (University of Nevada, Reno) Pay It Forward Workshop (by invitaon only) Part. Lars Skalnes (University of Oregon) Internaonal Studies Associaon Part. Vendulka Kubalkova (University of Miami, USA; Vising Professor, VŠE Prague, Czech Republic) Disc. Katherine Barbieri (University of South Carolina) Part. Thomas Davies (City, University of London) Disc. Marijke Breuning (University of North Texas) Coord. T. V. Paul (McGill University) Disc. Kathryn Marie Fisher (Naonal Defense University) Coord. Deborah W. Larson (University of California, Los Angeles) Disc.
  • 17 December 2007)

    17 December 2007)

    071543239 [2007] RRTA 335 (17 December 2007) DECISION RECORD RRT CASE NUMBER: 071543239 COUNTRY OF REFERENCE: Iran TRIBUNAL MEMBER: Wendy Boddison DATE DECISION SIGNED: 17 December 2007 PLACE OF DECISION: Melbourne DECISION: The Tribunal remits the matter for reconsideration with the direction that the applicant satisfies s.36(2)(a) of the Migration Act, being a person to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Refugees Convention. STATEMENT OF DECISION AND REASONS APPLICATION FOR REVIEW This is an application for review of a decision made by a delegate of the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship to refuse to grant the applicant a Protection (Class XA) visa under s.65 of the Migration Act 1958 (the Act). The applicant, who claims to be a citizen of Iran, arrived in Australia and applied to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for a Protection (Class XA) visa. The delegate decided to refuse to grant the visa and notified the applicant of the decision and his review rights by letter. The delegate refused the visa application on the basis that the applicant is not a person to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Refugees Convention. The applicant applied to the Tribunal for review of the delegate’s decision. The Tribunal finds that the delegate’s decision is an RRT-reviewable decision under s.411(1)(c) of the Act. The Tribunal finds that the applicant has made a valid application for review under s.412 of the Act. RELEVANT LAW Under s.65(1) a visa may be granted only if the decision maker is satisfied that the prescribed criteria for the visa have been satisfied.
  • Nikola Gjorshoski Goran Ilik

    Nikola Gjorshoski Goran Ilik

    Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 3, No. 3, 2018 | eISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e-jlia.com © 2018 Nikola Gjorshoski and Goran Ilik This is an open access article distributed under the CC-BY 3.0 License. Peer review method: Double-Blind Date of acceptance: January 18, 2018 Date of publication: February 24, 2018 Review article UDC 316.75:32]:28 Nikola Gjorshoski Faculty of Law, “St. Kliment Ohridski” University - Bitola ngjorshoski[at]gmail.com Goran Ilik Faculty of Law, “St. Kliment Ohridski” University - Bitola ilic_rm[at]yahoo.com Abstract The relation between religion and politics is a field of mutual interaction, as well as source and promoter of many historical, current and probably future political movements, parties, and organizations. Political Islam represents the old-new dimension in the spectrum of contemporary political ideologies with specific characteristic and own socio-political worldview which pretend to penetrate into countries with Muslim inhabitants. The authors analyze those value’s elements, their first term, and modern interpretation, as well as their indicators for change. Level and dynamic of society’s development in many cases are determinate in political ideologies and Political Islam tries to present itself in this light with affirmation of its/own postulates of organization and regulation on socio-political living. This paper in addition to analyzing on those values’ framework logically offers and review of political doctrine sources which concept Political Islam in the whole of its time-space aspects. Keywords: Political ideology, Political Islam, Shariа law, Islamic parties, Islamic movements, Islamic values INTRODUCTION The relationship between religion and politics has always been a field of a kind of double-sided interaction.